4.4BSD-Literelease, with some
4.4BSD-Lite2enhancements. It is also based indirectly on William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's
Net/2to the i386, known as
386BSD, though very little of the 386BSD code remains. A fuller description of what FreeBSD is and how it can work for you may be found on the
missionis to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets the widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit. This is, we believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free Software and one that we enthusiastically support.
freeis being used in two ways here, one meaning
at no cost, the other meaning
you can do whatever you like. Apart from one or two things you
glitches. Questions such as
make world produces some error about groupson the -CURRENT mailing list are sometimes treated with contempt.
production qualityfor any purpose. If you want to run a stable and fully tested system, you will have to stick to full releases, or use the -STABLE snapshots.
raw, using the low-level tools (e.g.
lostmemory out of the 640kB to 1MB region, then you may still be able to get FreeBSD 2.1.7 up. Try to go into your BIOS setup and look for a
remapoption. Enable it. You may also have to disable ROM shadowing. It may be easier to get 4 more MB just for the install. Build a custom kernel with only the options you need and then remove the 4MB out. You can also install 2.0.5 and then upgrade your system to 2.1.7 with the
upgradeoption of the 2.1.7 installation program.
Boot Manager. This will re-write the boot manager to disk. Now quit out of the installation menu and reboot off the hard disk as normal.
Fixitmenu item. Select either the Fixit floppy or CDROM #2 (the
livefile system option) as appropriate and enter the fixit shell. Then execute the following command:
Emergency Holographic Shell(
fixitshell.
geometryof a disk, we mean the number of cylinders, heads and sectors/track on a disk. We will refer to this as C/H/S for convenience. This is how the PC's BIOS works out which area on a disk to read/write from.
thephysical geometry, as the sector density varies across the disk. What manufacturers claim is the
physical geometryis usually the geometry that they have determined wastes the least space. For IDE disks, FreeBSD does work in terms of C/H/S, but all modern drives internally convert this into block references.
what is your geometry?It then uses this geometry to access the disk. As FreeBSD uses the BIOS when booting, it is very important to get this right. In particular, if you have more than one operating system on a disk, they must all agree on the geometry. Otherwise you will have serious problems booting!
support for DOS disks >1GBor something similar). If it is turned off, then use
>1GB drive support), try toggling its setting and reinstalling FreeBSD.
cryptodistribution in sysinstall, or by installing the crypto sources if building from source). Which password format to use for new passwords is controlled by the
passwd_formatlogin capability in
des(if available) or
md5. See the &man.login.conf.5; manpage for more information about login capabilities.
security profiles?
security profileis a set of configuration options that attempts to achieve the desired ratio of security to convenience by enabling and disabling certain programs and other settings. The more severe the security profile, the fewer programs will be enabled by default. This is one of the basic principles of security: do not run anything except what you must.
Western Digitalinterface (MFM, RLL, ESDI, and of course IDE). A few ESDI controllers that use proprietary interfaces may not work: stick to WD1002/3/6/7 interfaces and clones.
formattingin the Administration chapter.
formatting.
mouse portor
keyboard) mouse?
extendthe selected region of text. If your mouse does not have the middle button, you may wish to emulate it or remap buttons using moused options. See the &man.moused.8; man page for details.
It depends. These mice with additional features require specialized driver in most cases. Unless the mouse device driver or the user program has specific support for the mouse, it will act just like a standard two, or three button mouse.
Plug and Play Operating Systemflag in the BIOS to work around this problem. More information can be found at
Plug and Play Operating Systemflag in the BIOS.
boot virus protection.
Bad Blockscanning to ON in the FreeBSD fdisk screen during the initial install. This works up through FreeBSD 2.2.7. The disk must have less than 1024 cylinders. It is generally recommended that the disk drive has been in operation for at least 4 hours prior to this to allow for thermal expansion and track wandering.
translatedgeometry with the
set geometrycommand in fdisk. You must also NOT use the
dangerously dedicatedmode of creating the FreeBSD partition, as this ignores the geometry. Also, even though fdisk will use your overridden geometry, it still knows the true size of the disk, and will attempt to create a too large FreeBSD partition. If the disk geometry is changed to the translated geometry, the partition MUST be manually created with the number of blocks.
cooperativeFreeBSD partition using the blocksize you recorded earlier. Then, set the partition bootable and turn on bad block scanning. During the actual install, bad144 will run first, before any filesystems are created. (you can view this with an Alt-F2) If it has any trouble creating the badsector file, you have set too large a disk geometry - reboot the system and start all over again (including repartitioning and reformatting with DOS).
versionsof the 742a card. They are hardware revisions A-G, and revisions H - onwards. The revision letter is located after the Assembly number on the edge of the card. The 742a has 2 ROM chips on it, one is the BIOS chip and the other is the Firmware chip. FreeBSD does not care what version of BIOS chip you have but it does care about what version of firmware chip. Buslogic will send upgrade ROMS out if you call their tech support dept. The BIOS and Firmware chips are shipped as a matched pair. You must have the most current Firmware ROM in your adapter card for your hardware revision.
round robin
emulationmode. This is not a good thing for an EISA card, however.
trueEISA slots are in front of it. Alas, the address space for EISA slots >= 10 collides with the address space assigned to PCI, and FreeBSD's auto-configuration currently cannot handle this situation very well.
visualinterface, but the plain command-line interface there. Simply type
?on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD?
Jolietextension for storing information about files and directories. This extension specifies that all filenames are stored using Unicode two-byte characters. Currently, efforts are under way to introduce a generic Unicode interface into the FreeBSD kernel, but since that is not ready yet, the CD9660 driver does not have the ability to decode the characters in the filenames.
polledmode:
make buildworld, and the compile fails while trying to compile
make buildworldagain, and the compile fails in the same place then this is a broken build -- try updating your sources and try again. If the compile fails elsewhere then this is almost certainly hardware.
RAM Speed: Turbooption, or similar in the BIOS will cause strange behaviour. A possible idea is to set to BIOS defaults, but it might be worth noting down your settings first!
?mail loops back to myself
SIGXCPU exceeded cpu time limit.
The PNP bios preconfigured it [the modem] and left it laying around in port space, so [in 3.x] the old-style ISA probes foundit there.Under 4.0, the ISA code is much more PnP-centric. It was possible [in 3.x] for an ISA probe to find a straydevice and then for the PNP device id to match and then fail due to resource conflicts. So, it disables the programmable cards first so this double probing cannot happen. It also means that it needs to know the PnP id's for supported PnP hardware. Making this more user tweakable is on the TODO list.
Vendor IDline at the start of the output. The hexadecimal number in parentheses (0x3024a341 in this example) is the PnP id and the string immediately before this (PMC2430) is a unique ASCII id. This information needs adding to the file
developement editionand the
runtime edition(for much less). These distributions includes:
compatibility demoof version 5.0 available.
package, essentially no more than a gzipped binary distribution with a little extra intelligence embedded in it for doing whatever custom installation work is required. A package can be installed and uninstalled again easily without having to know the gory details of which files it includes.
VSZand
RSScolumns in a
COMMON ITEMSsection at the end.
Epartition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create the special files for
slice 5in /dev, then mount /dev/da1s5:
dangerously dedicateddisk endanger my health?
slicesin FreeBSD), with a FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own. Optionally, one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch between the possible operating systems on the disk(s). The alternative uses the entire disk for FreeBSD, and makes no attempt to be compatible with other operating systems.
dangerous? A disk in this mode does not contain what normal PC utilities would consider a valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have been designed, they might complain at you once they are getting in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might damage the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying you. In addition, the
dangerously dedicateddisk's layout is known to confuse many BIOSsen, including those from AWARD (eg. as found in HP Netserver and Micronics systems as well as many others) and Symbios/NCR (for the popular 53C8xx range of SCSI controllers). This is not a complete list, there are more. Symptoms of this confusion include the
Dangerously dedicatedmode's origins lie in a desire to avoid one of the most common problems plaguing new FreeBSD installers - matching the BIOS
geometrynumbers for a disk to the disk itself.
Geometryis an outdated concept, but one still at the heart of the PC's BIOS and its interaction with disks. When the FreeBSD installer creates slices, it has to record the location of these slices on the disk in a fashion that corresponds with the way the BIOS expects to find them. If it gets it wrong, you will not be able to boot.
Dangerously dedicatedmode tries to work around this by making the problem simpler. In some cases, it gets it right. But it is meant to be used as a last-ditch alternative - there are better ways to solve the problem 99 times out of 100.
DDmode when you are installing? Start by making a note of the geometry that your BIOS claims to be using for your disks. You can arrange to have the kernel print this as it boots by specifying at the
DDmode at all. If, however, you are still greeted with the dreaded
dangerously dedicateddisk for normal PC use, there are basically two options. The first is, you write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any subsequent installation believe this to be a blank disk. You can do this for example with
feature
programmed). It is still suggested that you put your swap partition on a separate driver, however: the drives are so cheap, it is not worth worrying about.
WinPrintersare not natively supported by FreeBSD. If your printer does not work in DOS or Windows NT 4.0, it is probably a WinPrinter. Your only hope of getting one of these to work is to check if the
&a.wollman;, 24 April 2001 The can't assign resourcesmessages indicate that the devices are legacy ISA devices for which a non-PnP-aware driver is compiled into the kernel. These include devices such as keyboard controllers, the programmable interrupt controller chip, and several other bits of standard infrastructure. The resources cannot be assigned because there is already a driver using those addresses.
fakeone that is not really on the disk. You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in:
shortcutthe delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a
Is Sendmail better than Qmail?in the mailing lists. If you do feel like asking, first check the mailing list archives. The advantages and disadvantages of each and every one of the available MTA's have already been discussed a few times.
Sandboxis a security term. It can mean two things:
playinside the walls. That is, nothing the process does in regards to executing code is supposed to be able to breech the walls so you do not have to do a detailed audit of its code to be able to say certain things about its security.
Release Candidate. It signifies that a release is imminent. In FreeBSD, -BETA is typically synonymous with the code freeze before a release.
fixthis, you can do one of the following:
Pointersection of
Pointersection in
IntelliMouseprotocol. However, XFree86 does support other protocols, such as
MouseManPlusPS/2for the Logitech MouseMan+ mice. Once you have chosen the protocol you will use, you need to add a
Pointersection.
virtual console! When you want to go back to the original session, do Alt-F1.
Virtual terminals:
tapfeature of the ALPS GlidePoint device attached to the PS/2 mouse port.
high resolutionmode. Otherwise, the mouse cursor may jump to the upper-left corner of the screen every so often.
splashscreens during the boot messages. The splash screens currently must be a 256 color bitmap (
Windows(tm)keyboards are standard then the keycodes for the 3 keys are
diskless booting?
Diskless bootingmeans that the FreeBSD box is booted over a network, and reads the necessary files from a server instead of its hard disk. For full details, please read
shell account, you may want to have a look at the
Each line in the file (other than comment lines that begin with a #) specifies the mount point(s) and export flags within one local server filesystem for one or more hosts. A host may be specified only once for each local filesystem on the server and there may be only one default entry for each server filesystem that applies to all other hosts.
boundary between local and public administration, as RFC 1535 calls it.
fwdrule to redirect a service to another machine not working?
fwdrule does exactly what it says; it forwards packets. It does not actually change the data inside the packet. Say we have a rule like:
fwdrule does not often work the way the user expects. This behavior is a feature and not a bug.
sysutils. Simply replace the service's command line to call socket instead, like so:
icmp-response bandwidth limit 300/200 ppsin my log files?
alternativesuperuser account (toor is root spelt backwards). Previously it was created when the &man.bash.1; shell was installed but now it is created by default. It is intended to be used with a non-standard shell so you do not have to change
Memory fault, core dumped?).
Login OK!message?
magic is the same. Sometimes, these messages are harmless, and sometimes one side or the other exits. Most PPP implementations cannot survive this problem, and even if the link seems to come up, you will see repeated configure requests and configure acknowledgments in the log file until &man.ppp.8; eventually gives up and closes the connection.
reflectback.
reflectionscan be detected. The protocol says that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a NAK should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. During the period that the server port has ECHO turned on, the client &man.ppp.8; sends LCP packets, sees the same magic in the reflected packet and NAKs it. It also sees the NAK reflect (which also means &man.ppp.8; must change its magic). This produces a potentially enormous number of magic number changes, all of which are happily piling into the server's tty buffer. As soon as &man.ppp.8; starts on the server, it is flooded with magic number changes and almost immediately decides it has tried enough to negotiate LCP and gives up. Meanwhile, the client, who no longer sees the reflections, becomes happy just in time to see a hangup from the server.
conversation, you must enable the following:
expectstring.
chatafter the CONNECT in the dial script - no
expectthe whole CONNECT line, something like this:
special casescan be found in
routein the alias table so that the subsequent packets know where to go.
cvsupcase) may have a
passiveoption that avoids ever requesting that the peer open connections back to the local machine.
Black Holerouter. MacOS and Windows 98 (and maybe other Microsoft OSs) send TCP packets with a requested segment size too big to fit into a PPPoE frame (MTU is 1500 by default for Ethernet)
do not fragmentbit set (default of TCP) and the Telco router is not sending ICMP
must fragmentback to the www site you are trying to load. (Alternatively, the router is sending the ICMP packet correctly, but the firewall at the www site is dropping it.) When the www server is sending you frames that do not fit into the PPPoE pipe the Telco router drops them on the floor and your page does not load (some pages/graphics do as they are smaller than a MSS.) This seems to be the default of most Telco PPPoE configurations (if only they knew how to program a router... sigh...)
1436, as some ADSL routers are reported to be unable to deal with packets larger than this. This registry key has been changed to
attachedto the port.
stealsit from the
initial statedevice. For example, to turn on CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and XON/XOFF flow control by default for ttyd5, do:
lock statedevice. For example, to lock the speed of
directentry in your
genericentry in your
forcecharacter, used to tell &man.tip.1; that the next character is literal data. You can set the force character to any other character with the
set a variable.
raise character, specially designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use
raisecharto something reasonable. In fact, you can set it to the same as the force character, if you never expect to use either of these features.
dominantexecutable formats for Unix:
classicUnix object format. It uses a short and compact header with a magic number at the beginning that is often used to characterize the format (see &man.a.out.5; for more details). It contains three loaded segments: .text, .data, and .bss plus a symbol table and a string table.
classiccamp and has traditionally used the &man.a.out.5; format, a technology tried and proven through many generations of BSD releases. Though it has also been possible for some time to build and run native ELF binaries (and kernels) on a FreeBSD system, FreeBSD initially resisted the
pushto switch to ELF as the default format. Why? Well, when the Linux camp made their painful transition to ELF, it was not so much to flee the
the way forwardanyway, the migration cost was accepted as necessary and the transition made.
the BSD daemon. If you insist upon using a name, call him
beastie. Note that
beastieis pronounced
BSD.
Merged From -CURRENT. It is used in the CVS logs to denote when a change was migrated from the CURRENT to the STABLE branches.
Formula-1 Racing Team,
Penguins are tasty snacks, and
We have a better sense of humor than Linux. :-)
Berkeley Software Distribution, which is the name the Berkeley CSRG (Computer Systems Research Group) chose for their Unix distribution way back when.
repository copy) refers to the direct copying of files within the CVS repository.
. The appropriate portions of that message are quoted below.A bike shed (any colour will do) on greener grass...
&a.phk; on freebsd-hackers, October 2, 1999 It is a long story, or rather it is an old story, but it is quite short actually. C. Northcote Parkinson wrote a book in the early 1960'ies, called Parkinson's Law, which contains a lot of insight into the dynamics of management.[snip a bit of commentary on the book] In the specific example involving the bike shed, the other vital component is an atomic power-plant, I guess that illustrates the age of the book. Parkinson shows how you can go in to the board of directors and get approval for building a multi-million or even billion dollar atomic power plant, but if you want to build a bike shed you will be tangled up in endless discussions. Parkinson explains that this is because an atomic plant is so vast, so expensive and so complicated that people cannot grasp it, and rather than try, they fall back on the assumption that somebody else checked all the details before it got this far. Richard P. Feynmann gives a couple of interesting, and very much to the point, examples relating to Los Alamos in his books. A bike shed on the other hand. Anyone can build one of those over a weekend, and still have time to watch the game on TV. So no matter how well prepared, no matter how reasonable you are with your proposal, somebody will seize the chance to show that he is doing his job, that he is paying attention, that he is here .In Denmark we call it setting your fingerprint. It is about personal pride and prestige, it is about being able to point somewhere and sayThere!It is a strong trait in politicians, but present in most people given the chance. Just think about footsteps in wet cement.I did that.
scratch and sniffGUI. It is a funny old business we are in!
oddthat FreeBSD does when compiling the kernel which would cause the memory to make a scratchy sound? When compiling (and for a brief moment after recognizing the floppy drive upon startup, as well), a strange scratchy sound emanates from what appears to be the memory banks.
daemonsin the BSD documentation, and what most people do not know is that this refers to genuine, non-corporeal entities that now possess your computer. The scratchy sound coming from your memory is actually high-pitched whispering exchanged among the daemons as they best decide how to deal with various system administration tasks.
which we simply refer to asthe current, non-branched development stream
-CURRENT.
-CURRENTis the 5.0 development stream and the
-CURRENTin Mar 2000.
(bus speed defaulted)?
yesto that question. At least one bit will be on in that reply. Then the probe code is able to cause boards with board model IDs (assigned by Microsoft/Intel) lower than X to go
off-line. It then looks to see if any boards are still responding to the query. If the answer was
tough. So they do a write to the printer status port for setting addresses, plus that use that address +
FreeBSD Core Team If you see a problem with this FAQ, or wish to submit an entry, please mail the &a.faq;. We appreciate your feedback, and cannot make this a better FAQ without your help!
rootfile (i.e., the one that contains the start of the document.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.]]>
An ordered list, with list items consisting of multiple paragraphs. Each item (note: not each paragraph) will be numbered.
This is the first item. It only has one paragraph.
This is the first paragraph of the second item.
This is the second paragraph of the second item.
This is the first and only paragraph of the third item.
Paragraph 1 of definition 1.
Paragraph 2 of definition 1.
Paragraph 1 of definition 2.
| Top left cell | Top right cell |
| Bottom left cell | Bottom right cell |
| Long and thin | |
| Top cell | Bottom cell |
| Top cell | |
| Bottom left cell | Bottom right cell |
| Top left large cell | Top right cell | |
| Middle right cell | ||
| Bottom left cell | Bottom middle cell | Bottom right cell |
teletype).
This text is slightly smaller. But
this text is slightly bigger
This text is slightly smaller. But
this text is slightly bigger.
DocBookis used to mean the FreeBSD extended DocBook DTD.
]]>Preamble to the Constitution of the United States Copied from a web site somewhere We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Preamble to the Constitution of the United States Copied from a web site somewhere We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
metainformation that the user should be aware of.
command(number)format so common in Unix manuals.
in-linebut present it as something the user should type in.
literaltext in the Handbook. This is text that is excerpted from another file, or which should be copied from the Handbook into another file verbatim.
in-linewith the rest of the paragraph.
More information can be found in Chapter One .More specific information can be found in the section called Sub-sect 1 .
More information can be found in the first chapter .More specific information can be found in this section.
thisor
hereas the source for the link. The reader will need to hunt around the surrounding context to see where the link is actually taking them.
typewriterstyle font for viewing on screen, but as
italicswhen printed, or any of a myriad of other options for presentation.
and easily see which parts are filenames, which are commands to be typed in, which parts are references to manual pages, and so on. But the computer processing the document cannot. For this we need markup.To remove /tmp/foo use &man.rm.1;.&prompt.user; rm /tmp/foo
Markupis commonly used to describe
adding valueor
increasing cost. The term takes on both these meanings when applied to text. Markup is additional text included in the document, distinguished from the document's content in some way, so that programs that process the document can read the markup and use it when making decisions about the document. Editors can hide the markup from the user, so the user is not distracted by it.
validating the document.
bookelement obviously contains chapters, which can be considered to be elements in their own right. Each chapter will contain more elements, such as paragraphs, quotations, and footnotes. Each paragraph might contain further elements, identifying content that was direct speech, or the name of a character in the story.
chunkingcontent. At the very top level you have one chunk, the book. Look a little deeper, and you have more chunks, the individual chapters. These are chunked further into paragraphs, footnotes, character names, and so on.
This is another paragraph. But this one is much shorter.
]]>This is another paragraph. A horizontal rule separates this from the previous paragraph.
]]>the <p> tagthey mean the literal text consisting of the three characters
the <p> elementrefers to the whole element.
This may appear in the center.
]]>This is a paragraph containing some text.
This paragraph contains some more text.
This paragraph might be right-justified.
]]>ISOthen this is an ISO owned FPI. For example, the FPI
. The first occurrence of this string opens a comment, and the second closes it.--
This is a paragraph containing some text.
This paragraph contains some more text.
This paragraph might be right-justified.
The current version of this document is: &version;
]]>The current version of this document is: &version;
¶1; ¶2; ¶3; ]]>The current version of this document is: &version;
¶1; ¶2; ¶3; ]]>marked sections.
content model.
Character Data. If the parser is in this content model then it is expecting to see characters, and characters only. In this model the < and & symbols lose their special status, and will be treated as ordinary characters.
Entity references and character dataIf the parser is in this content model then it is expecting to see characters
This is the end of the example.
]]> ]]> </programlisting>ifollowed by 18 letters, followed by
n. Similarly,
lfollowed by 10 letters, followed by
n.
FreeBSD. Welcome aboard.your-language-here Documentation Translation Project
ewith an acute accent
Ewith an acute accent
uwith an umlaut
you, there is no formal/informal distinction as there is in some languages.
packing listbecause the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually
Descriptionfield of the PR and the shar or uuencoded tarfile to the
Fixfield. The latter one helps the committers a lot, who use scripts for the ports-work.
Additional FreeBSD contributorsin the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :-)
New port: <short description of the port>for new ports and
Update port: <category>/<port> <short description of the update>for port updates. If you stick to this scheme, the chance that one takes a look at your PR soon is much bigger.
maintargets (e.g.,
houseit ourselves on
plug-and-playas possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space.
overnight buildsto skip your port if the user sets the variable
what comes after 0.9- oops, too late now). Since the new minor version
buildhere means everything from extraction to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the
requirementsscript. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed.
do not sell for profittype of license, set the variable
no commercial uselicense, set the variable
2.2.5-STABLEafter the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference.
localtree (e.g.,
X11tree (e.g.,
news. They may use