diff --git a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/Makefile b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/Makefile index bf5a8268f9..cff05e434e 100644 --- a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/Makefile +++ b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/Makefile @@ -1,25 +1,26 @@ # # $FreeBSD$ # # Build the FreeBSD Chinese-Big5 FAQ # -MAINTAINER=foxfair@FreeBSD.org +MAINTAINER=vanilla@FreeBSD.org ijliao@FreeBSD.org clive@FreeBSD.org DOC?= book FORMATS?= html-split html INSTALL_COMPRESSED?= gz INSTALL_ONLY_COMPRESSED?= +JADEFLAGS+=-Vbiblio-xref-title # # SRCS lists the individual SGML files that make up the document. Changes # to any of these files will force a rebuild # # SGML content SRCS= book.sgml DOC_PREFIX?= ${.CURDIR}/../../.. .include "${DOC_PREFIX}/share/mk/doc.project.mk" diff --git a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml index 90c344654b..4ed0d8bcab 100644 --- a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml +++ b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml @@ -1,7607 +1,11667 @@ - + +%bookinfo; - - - - -FreeBSD 2.X ±`¨£°Ýµª¶° - - - - -FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe - - - -$Id: book.sgml,v 1.13 2001-07-13 16:31:40 nik Exp $ - - ³o¥÷¤å¥ó¬O FreeBSD 2.X ªº±`¨£°Ýµª¶°¡C°£«D¦³¯S§O¥[µù¡A§_«h³o¨Ç¶µ¥Ø¥Ø³£¾A - ¥Î©ó FreeBSD 2.0.5 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡C¦pªG±ø¥Ø¤º®e¤¤¦³ <XXX> «h¬O©|¥¼ - §¹¦¨ªº³¡¥÷¡C¦pªG±z¹ï¨ó§U¥»­pµeªº¶i¦æ¦³¿³½ìªº¸Ü¡A½Ð±H¤@«Ê¹q¤l¶l¥ó¨ì - FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµeªº mailing list <freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org>¡C - ±z¥i¥H±q FreeBSD World Wide Web server ®³¨ì³o¥÷¤å¥óªº³Ì·sª©¥»¡C±z¤]¥i¥H - §Q¥Î HTTP ¨Ó¤U¸ü¤@¥÷Ãe¤jªº HTML ¤å¥ó¡A©Î¬O¸g¥Ñ - FreeBSD FTP ¯¸ - ¤U¸ü¯Â¤å¦r¡Apostscript¡A©Î PDF ª©¥»ªºÀɮסC±z¤]¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì¨Ï¥Î - ·j´M¸ê®Æ ªº¥\¯à¡C - - - - - -«e¨¥ - -Åwªï¨Ó¨ì FreeBSD 2.X FAQ¡I - -¸ò¨ä¥L Usenet ¤Wªº FAQ ¤@¼Ë¡A³o¥÷¤å¥ó¥D­n²[»\¤F¦³Ãö FreeBSD ³o®M§@ - ·~¨t²Î³Ì±`³Q°Ý¨ìªº°ÝÃD (·íµM¥]¬A¤F¦^µª¡I)¡CÁöµM»¡§Ú­Ì¥»¨Óªº¥Øªº¬O¬°¤F - ´î¤Öºô¸ôÀW¼eªº®ö¶O¥H¤ÎÁקK¦P¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¤@¦A¥X²{¡A¦ý¬O FAQ ¤w¸g³Qµø¬°¬O¤@ - ºØ«Ü¦³»ù­Èªº¸ê°T¤F¡C - -§Ú­Ì¤w¸g¾¨¥i¯à¦a¨Ï³o¥÷ FAQ §óÂ×´I¤F¡F¦pªG±z¹ï¦p¦ó¨Ï¨ä§ó¶i¨B¦³¥ô¦ó - «Øij¡A½ÐÀH®É±H¹q¤l¶l¥óµ¹ FAQ ºûÅ@ªÌ¡C - - -¤°»ò¬O FreeBSD¡H - -²³æ¦a¨Ó»¡¡AFreeBSD 2.X ¬O¤@®M®Ú¾Ú U.C. Berkeley's 4.4BSD-lite - release for the i386 platform ©Ò§¹¦¨ªº UN*X-like §@·~¨t²Î¡C¥¦¦P®É¤]¶¡ - ±µ¨Ï¥Î¤F William Jolitz ²¾´Ó¨ì i386 ¤Wªº U.C. Berkeley's Net/2¡A¤]´N¬O - 386BSD¡C¤£¹L²{¦b 386BSD ªºµ{¦¡½X¥u³Ñ¤U·¥¤Ö¼ÆÁÙ¯d¦s¦b FreeBSD ¤¤¡C±z¥i - ¥H¦b FreeBSD ­º­¶ §ä¨ì¦³Ãö¤° - »ò¬O FreeBSD ¥H¤Î¥¦¥i¥HÀ°±z°µ¨Ç¤°»òªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C - -FreeBSD ¤w³Q¼sªx¦a³Q¥@¬É¦U¦aªº¤½¥q¦æ¸¹¡AISP¡A¬ã¨s¤H­û¡A¹q¸£±M®a¡A¾Ç - ¥Í¡A¥H¤Î®a®x¥Î¤á©Ò¨Ï¥Î¡A¥Î¦b¤u§@¡A±Ð¨|¡A¥H¤Î®T¼Ö¤W¡C±z¥i¥H¦b - FreeBSD Gallery¬Ý¨ì¤@¨Ç¦³ - Ãö¥L­Ìªº¸ê®Æ¡C - -¦pªG·Q¬ÝÃö©ó FreeBSD §ó²`¤Jªº¸ê®Æ¡A½Ð¬Ý - FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¡C - - - - -µo®i FreeBSD ªº¥Øªº¬O¤°»ò¡H + +%mailing-lists; -FreeBSD ­pµeªº¥Øªº¬O´£¨Ñ¥i¥H¥ô·N¨Ï¥Î¥B¨S¦³­­¨îªº³nÅé¡C§Ú­Ì¦bµ{¦¡½X - (¥H¤Î­p±Þ¥»¨­) ¤W¥I¥X¤F¤j¶q¤ß¦å¡AÁöµM§Ú­Ì¨S¦³¯S§O±j½Õ¡A¤£¹L¨Ã¤£­n¨D¥ô - ¦óª÷¿ú¤Wªº¦^õX¡C§Ú­Ì¬Û«H§Ú­Ì­º­nªº``¥ô°È''´N¬O´£¨Ñµ{¦¡½Xµ¹¨C¤@­Ó¨Ï¥Î - ªÌ¡A¤£ºÞ¥L­Ìªº¥Øªº¬O¤°»ò¡F³o»ò¤@¨Ó¡A³o¨Çµ{¦¡½X¤~¯à³Q¥Î¦b³Ì¦h¦a¤è¡A¤] - ¤~¯àµo´§¥¦­Ì³Ì¤jªº§Q¯q¡C§Ú­Ì¬Û«H³o´N¬O¦Û¥Ñ³nÅé³Ì°ò¥»ªº¥Ø¼Ð¤§¤@¡A¦Ó¥B§Ú - ­Ì·|ºÉ¥þ¤O¥h¤ä«ù¥¦¡C - -¦b§Ú­Ì source tree ¤¤¦³³¡¥÷ªºµ{¦¡½X¬O±Ä¥Î©Ò¿×ªº GPL ©Î¬O LGPL ª©Åv - «Å§i¡AÁöµM³o¨Çª©Åv«Å§i¬O¥Î¨Ó«O»Ù¦Ó«D­­¨î¨Ï¥ÎªÌªºÅv§Q¡A²¦³º¬O¤£¨º»ò¦Û¥Ñ - ¤F¨Ç¡C¥Ñ©ó³o¨Ç GPL ªº³nÅé¦b°Ó·~¨Ï¥Î¤W·|¤Þ°_«D±`½ÆÂøªºª©Åv°ÝÃD¡A¦]¦¹¥u - ­n¦³¾÷·|¡A§Ú­Ì·|ºÉ¶q¥H±Ä¥Î¤ñ¸ûÃPªº BSD ª©Åvªº³nÅé¨Ó¨ú¥N³o¨Ç GPL ª©Åv«Å - §iªº³nÅé¡C - - + +]> - -¬°¤°»ò­n¥s°µ FreeBSD¡H + + + FreeBSD 2.X¡A3.X ¤Î 4.X ±`¨£°Ýµª¶° + + FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe + + $FreeBSD$ + + + 1995 + 1996 + 1997 + 1998 + 1999 + 2000 + 2001 + 2002 + FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe + + + &bookinfo.legalnotice; + + + ³o¥÷¤å¥ó¬O FreeBSD 2.X¡A3.X ¤Î 4.X ªº±`¨£°Ýµª¶°¡C + °£«D¦³¯S§O¥[µù¡A§_«h³o¨Ç¶µ¥Ø¥Ø³£¾A¥Î©ó FreeBSD 2.0.5 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡C + ¦pªG±ø¥Ø¤º®e¤¤¦³ <XXX> «h¬O©|¥¼§¹¦¨ªº³¡¥÷¡C ¦pªG±z¹ï¨ó§U¥»­pµe + ªº¶i¦æ¦³¿³½ìªº¸Ü¡A½Ð±H¤@«Ê¹q¤l¶l¥ó¨ìFreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµeªº mailing list + &a.doc;¡C±z¥i¥H±q + FreeBSD World Wide Web ®³¨ì³o¥÷¤å¥óªº³Ì·sª©¥»¡C + ±z¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î HTTP ¨Ó¤U¸ü¤@¥÷Ãe¤jªº HTML + ¤å¥ó¡A©Î¬O¸g¥Ñ + FreeBSD FTP ¯¸ ¤U¸ü¯Â¤å¦r¡Apostscript¡A©Î PDF ª©¥»ªºÀɮסC + ±z¤]¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì¨Ï¥Î + ·j´M¸ê®Æ + ªº¥\¯à¡C + + + + + + + Ying-Chieh + Liao + +
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| [3.0-stable] - *BRANCH* 3.1 (Feb 1999) -> 3.2 -> ... future 3.x releases ... - | (May 1999) + | [4.0-STABLE] + *BRANCH* 4.0 (Mar 2000) -> 4.1 -> 4.1.1 -> 4.2 -> 4.3 -> 4.4 -> ... future 4.x releases ... | + | (July 2000) (Sep 2000) (Nov 2000) \|/ + - [4.0-current continues] - - --current ³o­Ó¤À¤ä¥¿½wºC¦a´Â¦V 4.0 ¥H¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»«e¶iµÛ¡A¦Ó¤§«eªº - 2.2-stable ¤À¤ä«hÀHµÛ 2.2.8 ªºµoªí¦Ó¥\¦¨¨­°h¡C3.0-stable ±N·|¦¨¬°¥D­n - ªºµo®i½u¡A3.3 ±N·|¦b 1999 ¦~²Ä¤T©u¤½¥¬¡A4.0 ¬O¥Ø«eªº "current ¤À¤ä"¡A - 4.0 ªº²Ä¤@¦¸ release À³¸Ó·|¦b 2000 ¦~²Ä¤@©u¡C - - + [5.0-CURRENT continues] - -·sªº FreeBSD ±N©ó¤°»ò®É­Ô±À¥X¡H + 2.2-STABLE ³o­Ó¤À¤äÀHµÛ 2.2.8 ªºµoªí¦Ó¥\¦¨¨­°h¡C3-STABLE ³o­Ó + ¤À¤ä«h¬Oµ²§ô¦b 3.5.1 µoªí¤§«á¡A¥¦¤]¬O 3.X ªº³Ì«á¤@¦¸µoªí¡C¤§«á°£¤F + ¦w¥þ¬ÛÃöªº­×¥¿¤§¥~¡A³o¨â­Ó¤À¤ä´N´X¥G¨S¦³¦A§ó°Ê¹L¡C -¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A·í FreeBSD core team »{¬°¤w¸g²Ö¿n¤F¨¬°÷¦hªº·s¥\¯à©M¿ù»~­× - ¥¿¡A¦Ó¥B³o¨Ç§ó°Ê¨Ã¤£¼vÅT¨t²Îí©w«×ªº®É­Ô¡A¥L­Ì¤~·|±À¥X·sª©ªº FreeBSD¡C - ÁöµMµ¥«Ý³o¨Ç¦nªF¦èªº®É¶¡¥O¤H¦³ÂIªq³à¡A¦ý¬O¤j¦h¼Æªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ³£»{¬°³oºØÂÔ·V - 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©w½Ö¥i¥H§ï source tree ¸Ìªºµ{¦¡½X³oÃþªº¨Æ¡A¬O¥Ñ¤@­Ó¬ù 15 ­Ó¤H©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº - core team ¨Ó¨M©w¡C¦Ó¦³ - ¥t¤@¸s¬ù 150 ­Ó commiters ¦³Åv§Q¥i¥Hª½±µ­×§ï FreeBSD ªº source tree¡C - -µL½×¦p¦ó¡A¤j¦h¼Æªº§ïÅܳ£·|¨Æ«e¦b - mailing lists ¥ý°Q½×¹L¡A¦Ó¥B¨C­Ó¤H³£¥i¥H°Ñ»P - °Q½×¡C - - + ¥­§¡¦Ó¨¥¡A§Ú­Ì¨C¥|­Ó¤ëµo¦æ¤@¦¸ release¡C - -§Ú­n¦p¦ó¨ú±o FreeBSD¡H + ¬°¤Fº¡¨¬¨º¨Ç»Ý­n (©Î·Q­n) ¨ë¿Eªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A¤W­±¤w¸g»¡¹L§Ú­Ì¨C¤Ñ + ³£·|µo¦æ snapshots ª©¥i¨Ñ¨Ï¥Î¡C + + -¨C­Ó FreeBSD ªº­«­nª©¥»³£¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ°Î¦W ftp ±q - FreeBSD FTP site - ¨ú±o¡C - - - + + + ½Ö­t³d FreeBSD ªºµo®i¡H + + + + ¦pªG¬O¤@¨Ç¦³Ãö FreeBSD ­pµeªºÃöÁä©Ê¨M©w¡A¹³¬O¾ã­Ó­pµeªº¨«¦V + ©Î¬O¨M©w½Ö¥i¥H§ï source tree ¸Ìªºµ{¦¡½X³oÃþªº¨Æ¡A¬O¥Ñ¤@­Ó¥Ñ 9 ­Ó + ¤H©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº core + team ¨Ó¨M©w¡C¦Ó¦³¥t¤@¸s¶W¹L 200 ­Ó¤Hªº + commiters ¦³Åv§Q¥i¥Hª½±µ­×§ï FreeBSD ªº source tree¡C + + + µL½×¦p¦ó¡A¤j¦h¼Æªº§ïÅܳ£·|¨Æ«e¦b + mailing lists ¥ý°Q½×¹L¡A¦Ó¥B¨C­Ó¤H³£¥i¥H°Ñ»P°Q½×¡C + + - -¦pªG¬O¥Ø«eªº 2.2-stable release¡A2.2.8R¡A½Ð¬Ý - 2.2.8-RELEASE ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¡C + + + §Ú­n¦p¦ó¨ú±o FreeBSD¡H + + + + ¨C­Ó FreeBSD ªº­«­nª©¥»³£¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ°Î¦W ftp ±q FreeBSD FTP site + ¨ú±o¡G + + + + ¦pªG­nªº¬O 3.X-STABLE ªº³Ì·sª©¡A¤]´N¬O 3.5.1-RELEASE¡A½Ð¨ì + 3.5.1-RELEASE ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¡C + + + + ¦pªG­nªº¬O 4-STABLE ªº³Ì·sª©¡A¤]´N¬O &rel.current;-RELEASE + ¡A½Ð¨ì &rel.current;-RELEASE ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý + + + + 4.X + snapshots ³q±`¨C¤Ñ³£·|°µ¤@¥÷¡C + + + + + 5.0 Snapshot ³q±`¤]¬O¨C¤Ñ³£·|°µ¤@¥÷¡A³o¬O±q -CURRENT ¤À¤ä°µ¥X¨Óªº¡A¥D­n¬O¬°¤FªA + °È¨º¨Ç¼ö¤ßªº´ú¸ÕªÌ©M¶}µo¤H­û©Ò´£¨Ñªº¡C + + + + FreeBSD ªº CD¡ADVD¡AÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç¨ä¥LªºªF¦èªº¨ú±oªk¥i¥H¦b ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤¤§ä¨ì¸Ñµª¡C + + - - + + + §Ú­n¦p¦ó¥h¦s¨ú¿ù»~¦^³ø¸ê®Æ®w©O¡H + + + + ©Ò¦³¨Ï¥ÎªÌªºÅܧó­n¨D³£¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ§Ú­Ìºô­¶¤¶­±ªº PR submission ¤Î + + query ¨Ó¬d¸ß (©Î¬O¦^³ø) §Ú­Ìªº¿ù»~¦^³ø¸ê®Æ®w¡C¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î + &man.send-pr.1; ³o­Ó«ü¥O³z¹L¹q¤l¶l¥ó¨Ó¦^³ø¿ù»~©Î¬O­n¨DÅܧó¡C + + ¦b¦^³ø¿ù»~¤§«e¡A½Ð¥ýŪ¹L ¦p¦ó¼¶¼g + FreeBSD ªº¿ù»~¦^³ø³æ¡A³o¬O¤@½g§i¶D§A«ç¼Ë¤~¯à¼g¥X¤@½g¦³¥Îªº + ¿ù»~¦^³ø³æ¡C + + - -¦pªG¬O¥Ø«eªº 3.0-stable release¡A3.0-RELEASE¡A½Ð¬Ý - 3.0-RELEASE - ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¡C + + + ­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯à¦¨¬° FreeBSD ªººô­¶¬M®g¯¸¥x¡H + + + + ¦³«Ü¦h¤èªk¥i¥H¬M®g§Ú­Ìªººô­¶¡C + + + + ±z¥i¥H§Q¥Î net/cvsup + ±q cvsup.FreeBSD.org ¨ú±o®æ¦¡¤Æ¹LªºÀɮסC + /usr/share/examples/cvsup/www-supfile´N + ¬O¤@­Ó±Ð§A«ç¼Ë°µºô­¶¬M®gªº CVSup ³]©w½d¨Ò¡C + + + + + ±z¥i¥H§Q¥Î±z³ßÅwªº ftp mirror ¤u¨ã±q FreeBSD ªº FTP ¯¸»O + ¤¤¨ú±oºô­¶ªº­ì©l½X¡C¦ý¬O­nª`·Nªº¬O¦b§A¥´ºâ´£¨Ñ¤½¶}ªA°È¤§«e¡A + °O±o­n¥ý§Q¥Î³o¨Ç­ì©l½X§âºô­¶­««Ø°_¨Ó¡C½Ð±q ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/www ¶}©l§ì¨ú¡C + + + + - - + + + ¦³¨ä¥Lªº¸ê°T¨Ó·½¶Ü¡H + - -ÀHµÛ RELENG_2_2 ¤À¤ä («á¨Óªº 2.2.8) ºCºC¦a¶i¤JºûÅ@¶¥¬q¡A§Ú­Ì¨C - ¤Ñ³£·|µo¦æ 2.2 Snapshot¡C§Ú­Ì¥Ø«e¥¿§´µ½ºûÅ@µÛ RELENG_2_2 ³o­Ó¤À¤ä¡A°£«D - ¹ï¨t²Î¦w¥þ©Î¬O¨t²Îªº¥i¾a©Ê¦³©Ò¼W±j¡A§_«h§Ú­Ì±N¤£¦A§ó°Ê¡C + + ¸Ô¨£ FreeBSD ºô¯¸¤Wªº ¤å¥ó ¦Cªí¡C + + + + - - + + Documentation and Support + + + + + What good books are there about FreeBSD? + + + + The project produces a wide range of documentation, available + from this link: + http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html. + + In addition, the Bibliography at the end of this FAQ, and the + one in the Handbook reference other recommended books. + + + + + + Is the documentation available in other formats, such as plain + text (ASCII), or Postscript? + + + + Yes. The documentation is available in a number of + different formats and compression schemes on the FreeBSD + FTP site, in the /pub/FreeBSD/doc/ + directory. + + The documentation is categorized in a number of different + ways. These include: + + + + The document's name, such as faq, or + handbook. + + + + The document's language and encoding. These are based on + the locale names you will find under + /usr/share/locale on your FreeBSD + system. The current languages and encodings that we have for + documentation are as follows: + + + + + + Name + + Meaning + + + + + + en_US.ISO8859-1 + + US English + + + + de_DE.ISO8859-1 + + German + + + + es_ES.ISO8859-1 + + Spanish + + + + fr_FR.ISO8859-1 + + French + + + + ja_JP.eucJP + + Japanese (EUC encoding) + + + + ru_RU.KOI8-R + + Russian (KOI8-R encoding) + + + + zh_TW.Big5 + + Chinese (Big5 encoding) + + + + + + + Some documents may not be available in all + languages. + + + + + The document's format. We produce the documentation in a + number of different output formats. Each format has its own + advantages and disadvantages. Some formats are better suited + for online reading, while others are meant to be aesthetically + pleasing when printed on paper. Having the documentation + available in any of these formats ensures that our readers + will be able to read the parts they are interested in, either + on their monitor, or on paper after printing the documents. + The currently available formats are: + + + + + + Format + + Meaning + + + + + + html-split + + A collection of small, linked, HTML + files. + + + + html + + One large HTML file containing the entire + document + + + + pdb + + Palm Pilot database format, for use with the + iSilo + reader. + + + + pdf + + Adobe's Portable Document Format + + + + ps + + Postscript + + + + rtf + + Microsoft's Rich Text Format + Page numbers are not automatically updated + when loading this format in to Word. Press + CTRLA, + CTRLEND, + F9 after loading the document, to + update the page numbers. + + + + + + txt + + Plain text + + + + + + + + The compression and packaging scheme. There are three of + these currently in use. + + + + Where the format is html-split, the + files are bundled up using &man.tar.1;. The resulting + .tar file is then compressed using + the compression schemes detailed in the next point. + + + + All the other formats generate one file, called + book.format + (i.e., book.pdb, + book.html, and so on). + + These files are then compressed using three + compression schemes. + + + + + + Scheme + + Description + + + + + + zip + + The Zip format. If you want to uncompress + this on FreeBSD you will need to install the + archivers/unzip port + first. + + + + gz + + The GNU Zip format. Use &man.gunzip.1; to + uncompress these files, which is part of + FreeBSD. + + + + bz2 + + The BZip2 format. Less widespread than the + others, but generally gives smaller files. + Install the archivers/bzip2 + port to uncompress these files. + + + + + + So the Postscript version of the Handbook, compressed + using BZip2 will be stored in a file called + book.ps.bz2 in the + handbook/ directory. + + + + The formatted documentation is also available as a + FreeBSD package, of which more later. + + + + + + After choosing the format and compression mechanism that you + want to download, you must then decide whether or not you want to + download the document as a FreeBSD + package. + + The advantage of downloading and installing the package is + that the documentation can then be managed using the normal + FreeBSD package management comments, such as &man.pkg.add.1; and + &man.pkg.delete.1;. + + If you decide to download and install the package then you + must know the filename to download. The documentation-as-packages + files are stored in a directory called + packages. Each package file looks like + document-name.lang.encoding.format.tgz. + + For example, the FAQ, in English, formatted as PDF, is in the + package called + faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz. + + Knowing this, you can use the following command to install the + English PDF FAQ package. + + &prompt.root; pkg_add ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/packages/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz + + Having done that, you can use &man.pkg.info.1; to determine + where the file has been installed. + + &prompt.root; pkg_info -f faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf +Information for faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf: + +Packing list: + Package name: faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf + CWD to /usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq +File: book.pdf + CWD to . +File: +COMMENT (ignored) +File: +DESC (ignored) + + As you can see, book.pdf will have been + installed in to + /usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq. + + + If you do not want to use the packages then you will have to + download the compressed files yourself, uncompress them, and then + copy the appropriate documents in to place. + + For example, the split HTML version of the FAQ, compressed + using &man.gzip.1;, can be found in the + doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.gz + file. To download and uncompress that file you would have to do + this. + + &prompt.root; fetch ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.gz +&prompt.root; gzip -d book.html-split.tar.gz +&prompt.root; tar xvf book.html-split.tar + + You will be left with a collection of + .html files. The main one is called + index.html, which will contain the table of + contents, introductory material, and links to the other parts of + the document. You can then copy or move these to their final + location as necessary. + + - -ÀHµÛ RELENG_3 ¤À¤ä («á¨Óªº 3.0-release) ºCºC´ÂµÛ 3.2-RELEASE - µo®i¡A§Ú­Ì¤]·|¨C¤Ñµo¦æ 3.0 Snapshot¡C + + + Where do I find info on the FreeBSD mailing lists? + - - + + You can find full information in the Handbook + entry on mailing-lists. + + - --current ¤À¤ä¨C¤Ñ³£·|±À¥X - 4.0 Snapshot¡A¯Âºé¬O¬°¤F¼ö¤ßªº´ú¸ÕªÌ¥H¤Îµo®i¤H­û©Ò´£¨Ñªº¡C - - + + + Where do I find the FreeBSD Y2K info? + - - - -FreeBSD ªº CDROM ¥i¥H±q¤U¦C¦a¤è¨ú±o : - -Walnut Creek CDROM - 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F - Concord, CA 94520 USA - Orders: +1 800 786-9907 - Questions: +1 925 674-0783 - FAX: +1 925 674-0821 - email: WC Orders address - - WWW: WC Home page - - -¦pªG±z¦b¿D¬w¡A±z¥i¥H§ä¡G - -Advanced Multimedia Distributors - Factory 1/1 Ovata Drive - Tullamarine, Melbourne - Victoria - Australia - Voice: +61 3 9338 6777 - - CDROM Support BBS - 17 Irvine St - Peppermint Grove WA 6011 - Voice: +61 9 385-3793 - Fax: +61 9 385-2360 - - ¦b­^°ê¡G - - The Public Domain & Shareware Library - Winscombe House¡ABeacon Rd - Crowborough - Sussex. TN6 1UL - Voice: +44 1892 663-298 - Fax: +44 1892 667-473 - - + + You can find full information in the FreeBSD Y2K + page. + + - - §Ú¦b¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì¦³Ãö FreeBSD mailing lists ªº¸ê°T¡H - + + + What FreeBSD news groups are available? + -±z¥i¥H¦b ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U - mailing-lists ¤¤§ä¨ì§¹¾ãªº¸ê°T¡C - - + + You can find full information in the Handbook entry on + newsgroups. + + - -¦b¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì FreeBSD Y2K ªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡H + + + Are there FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat) + channels? + + + + Yes, most major IRC networks host a FreeBSD chat + channel: + + + + Channel #FreeBSD on + EFNet + is a FreeBSD forum, but do not go there for tech + support or try to get folks there to help you avoid + the pain of reading man pages or doing your own research. + It is a chat channel, first and foremost, and topics there + are just as likely to involve sex, sports or nuclear + weapons as they are FreeBSD. You Have Been Warned! + Available at server irc.chat.org. + + + + Channel #FreeBSDhelp on + EFNet + is a channel dedicated to helping FreeBSD users. They + are much more sympathetic to questions then + #FreeBSD is. + + + + Channel #FreeBSD on + DALNET + is available at irc.dal.net in the + US and irc.eu.dal.net in Europe. + + + + Channel #FreeBSD on + UNDERNET + is available at us.undernet.org + in the US and eu.undernet.org in Europe. + Since it is a help channel, be prepared to read the + documents you are referred to. + + + + Channel #FreeBSD on HybNet. This channel + is a help channel. A list of servers + can be found on the HybNet web site. + + + + Each of these channels are distinct and are not + connected to each other. Their chat styles also differ, + so you may need to try each to find one suited to your + chat style. As with all types of IRC + traffic, if you are easily offended or cannot deal with + lots of young people (and more than a few older ones) + doing the verbal equivalent of jello wrestling, do not + even bother with it. + + -±z¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD Y2K ±MÄæ ¨ú±o§¹¾ãªº¸ê°T¡C - - + + + Where can I get commercial FreeBSD training and support? + + + + DaemonNews provides commercial training and support for + FreeBSD. More information can be found at their + BSD Mall + site. + + FreeBSD Services Ltd provide commercial support for FreeBSD + in the UK (as well as selling FreeBSD on DVD). See their + web site + for more information. + + The FreeBSD Mall provides commercial FreeBSD support. + You can get more information at their web site. + + Any other organizations providing training and support should + contact the project in order to be listed here. + + + + + + + + + Nik + Clayton + +
nik@FreeBSD.org
+ + + + + Installation + + + + + Which file do I download to get FreeBSD? + + + + Prior to release 3.1, you only needed one floppy image to + install FreeBSD, namely floppies/boot.flp. + However, since release 3.1 the Project has added out-of-the-box + support for a wide variety of hardware, which takes up more + space. For 3.x and later you need two floppy images: + floppies/kernel.flp and + floppies/mfsroot.flp. These images need to + be copied onto floppies by tools like + fdimage or &man.dd.1;. + + If you need to download the distributions yourself (for a + DOS filesystem install, for instance), below are some + recommendations for distributions to grab: + + + + + bin/ + + + + manpages/ + + + + compat*/ + + + + doc/ + + + + src/ssys.* + + + + + Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more + about installation issues in general can be found in the + Handbook entry on + installing FreeBSD. + + + - -¦³¤°»ò°Q½× FreeBSD ªº·s»D°Q½×¸s²Õ¶Ü¡H + + + What do I do if the floppy images does not fit on a single + floppy? + + + + A 3.5 inch (1.44MB) floppy can accommodate 1474560 bytes + of data. The boot image is exactly 1474560 bytes in size. + + Common mistakes when preparing the boot floppy are: + + + + Not downloading the floppy image in + binary mode when using + FTP. + + + Some FTP clients default their transfer mode to + ascii and attempt to change any + end-of-line characters received to match the conventions + used by the client's system. This will almost invariably + corrupt the boot image. Check the size of the downloaded + boot image: if it is not exactly that + on the server, then the download process is suspect. + + To workaround: type binary at the + FTP command prompt after getting connected to the server + and before starting the download of the image. + + + + Using the DOS copy command (or + equivalent GUI tool) to transfer the boot image to + floppy. + + Programs like copy will not work as + the boot image has been created to be booted into directly. + The image has the complete content of the floppy, track for + track, and is not meant to be placed on the floppy as a + regular file. You have to transfer it to the floppy + raw, using the low-level tools (e.g. + fdimage or rawrite) + described in the installation guide to + FreeBSD. + + + + -±z¥i¥H¦b ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U - ·s»D°Q½×¸s²Õ ¤¤§ä¨ì§¹¾ãªº¸ê°T¡C - - + + + Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD? + - - ¦³±Mªù°Q½× FreeBSD ªº IRC ÀW¹D¶Ü¡H - + + Installation instructions can be found in the + Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD. + + -¬Oªº¡A¤j³¡¥÷¥D­nªº IRC ºô¸ô¥D¾÷³£´£¨Ñ¤F FreeBSD ªº²á¤ÑÀW¹D¡G - - - - - -EFNet ©Ò´£¨Ñªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¬O¤@­Ó FreeBSD ªº½× - ¾Â¡A¦ý¬O±z¥i¯àµLªk±q¨ºÃä±o¨ì§Þ³N¤è­±ªº¤ä´©¡A±z¤]§O·Q¦b¨ºÃä§ä¨ì¥ô¦ó - ¤H¥i¥HÀ°±zÁקK±¼¾\Ū man page ¥H¤Î¦Û¤v¬ã¨sªºµh­W¡C¨º¬O¤@­Ó¥H²á¤Ñ¬° - ¥DªºÀW¹D¡A¦b¨ºÃä²á¨ì FreeBSD ©M²á¨ì©Ê¡B¹B°Ê¡B¥H¤Î®Ö¤lªZ¾¹ªº¾÷·|¬O - ¤@¼Ë°ªªº¡C - §Ú­Ì¤w¸gĵ§i¹L±z¤F¡C - ±z¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ irc.chat.org ¨Ó³s½u¡C - - - - - -DALNET ©Ò´£¨Ñªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¡A¦b¬ü°ê¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ - irc.dal.net ¨Ó³s½u¡A¦b¼Ú¬w¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ irc.eu.dal.net - ¨Ó³s½u¡C - - - - - -UNDERNET ©Ò´£¨Ñªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¡A¦b¬ü°ê¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ - us.undernet.org ¨Ó³s½u¡A¦b¼Ú¬w¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ - eu.undernet.org ¨Ó³s½u¡C - - - - - -³Ì«á¡A±z¤]¥i¥H¥[¤J BSDNET ©Ò´£¨Ñªº #FreeBSD ÀW - ¹D¡A³o¬O¤@­Ó¤p«¬ªº BSD ±M¥Î²á¤Ñºô¸ô¡A¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ - irc.FreeBSD.org ¨Ó³s½u¡C - - - - - - -¥H¤Wªº³o¨ÇÀW¹D³£¬O¤£¦Pªº¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦­Ì¨Ã¨S¦³¤¬¬Û³s³q¡C¥¦­Ì²á¤Ñªº¤è¦¡¤] - ¤£¾¨¬Û¦P¡A©Ò¥H±z¥i¯à¨C­Ó³£­n¥hÀ|¸Õ¤@¤U¡A¥H§ä¨ì³Ì¾A¦X±zªºÀW¹D¡C - - + + + What do I need in order to run FreeBSD? + - -FreeBSD ¬ÛÃö®ÑÄy + + You will need a 386 or better PC, with 5 MB or more of RAM + and at least 60 MB of hard disk space. It can run with a low + end MDA graphics card but to run X11R6, a VGA or better video + card is needed. -±z©Î³\¥i¥H¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý doc mailing list¡G - <freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org> ¤Wªº FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe (¦pªG±z - ¯à¥[¤J³o¬O­pµe¨º¬O¦A¦n¤£¹Lªº¤F)¡C³o­Ó mailing list ¬O¥Î¨Ó°Q½× FreeBSD - ¤å¥óªº¡C¦pªG±z·Q­nµo°Ý°ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A§Ú­Ì¤]¦³ questions mailing - list¡G - <freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org> ¡C - -±z¤]¥i¥H±q - FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U - ¨ú±o FreeBSD``¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U''¡C½Ðª`·N¡A³o¥÷¤å¥ó¤´³B©ó»s§@¶¥¬q¡A¦³«Ü¦h³¡¥÷³£ - ÁÙ¨S¦³§¹¦¨¡C - -¦³Ãö FreeBSD ªº®ÑÄy¤¤¡A³Ì¦nªºÀ³¸Ó´N¬O Greg Lehey µÛ§@¡AWalnut Creek - CDROM Books ¥Xª©ªº``The Complete FreeBSD''¤F¡C²{¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤w¸g¥X¨ì²Ä¤Gª© - ¤F¡AÁ`¦@ 1750 ­¶¥ª¥k¡A¤º®e¥]¬A¦w¸Ë¡A¨t²ÎºÞ²z«ü¾É¡Aµ{¦¡¦w¸Ë¨ó§U¡A¥H¤Î - manual pages¡C³o¥»®Ñ (¥H¤Î³Ì·sª©ªº FreeBSD release) ¥i¥H¦V - Walnut Creek¡A - CheapBytes¡A©Î¬O¥ô¦ó¤@¶¡ - ±z³ßÅwªº®Ñ§½­qÁÊ¡C¥Lªº ISBN ¸¹½X¬O 1-57176-227-2¡C - -µM¦Ó¡A¦]¬° FreeBSD 2.2.X ¬O¥H 4.4BSD-Lite2 ¬°°ò¦¨Óµo®iªº¨t²Î¡A©Ò¥H - ¤j³¡¥÷ 4.4BSD ªº¤â¥U³£¾A¥Î©ó FreeBSD 2.2.X¡CO'Reilly and Associates - ¥Xª©¤F¤U¦C¤â¥U¡G - - - - - -4.4BSD System Manager's Manual - By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley - 1st Edition June 1994, 804 pages - ISBN: 1-56592-080-5 - - - - - -4.4BSD User's Reference Manual - By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley - 1st Edition June 1994, 905 pages - ISBN: 1-56592-075-9 - - - - - -4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents - By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley - 1st Edition July 1994, 712 pages - ISBN: 1-56592-076-7 - - - - - -4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual - By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley - 1st Edition June 1994, 886 pages - ISBN: 1-56592-078-3 - - - - - -4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents - By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley - 1st Edition July 1994, 596 pages - ISBN: 1-56592-079-1 - - - - - - -±z¥i¥H¦b WWW ¤W§ä¨ì¬ÛÃö¤¶²Ð¡G - - 4.4BSD books description¡C¦]¬°¾P°â±¡§Î¨Ã¤£¬O«Ü¦n¡A©Ò¥H±z¥i¯à«Ü - Ãø¥h¨ú±o³o¨Ç®ÑÄy¡C - -¦pªG±z·Q¹ï 4.4BSD ªº®Ö¤ß¬[ºc¦³§ó²`¼hªº»{ÃÑ¡A±zµ´¤£¯à¿ù¹L³o¥»®Ñ : - -McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, - and John Quarterman. - -The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating - System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. - ISBN 0-201-54979-4 - -¤@¥»¦³Ãö¨t²ÎºÞ²zªº¦n®Ñ¡G - -Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott Seebass & Trent R. Hein, - ``Unix System Administration Handbook'', Prentice-Hall, 1995 - ISBN: 0-13-151051-7 - -NOTE ½Ð½T»{±z¶R¨ìªºªº½T¬O²Ä¤Gª©¡A¥¦¬O¬õ¦â®Ñ¥Öªº¡A²Ä¤@ª©ªº¤£¬O¡C - -³o¥»®Ñ²[»\¤F¤@¨Ç°ò¦ªºªF¦è¡A¥]¬A TCP/IP¡ADNS¡ANFS¡ASLIP/PPP¡A - sendmail¡AINN/NNTP¡Aprinting¡Aµ¥¡C³o¥»®ÑÆZ¶Qªº (¤j¬ù - US$45-$55) ¡A¤£¹L¥¦ªº½T¦³³o­Ó»ù­È¡C¥¦¤]ªþ¤F¤@¤ù¤º§t¤@¨Ç - ¤u¨ãµ{¦¡­ì©l½Xªº CDROM¡F¤j³¡¥÷ªºªF¦è¦b FreeBSD 2.2.6R ªº CDROM ¸Ì¤]¦³ ( - ³q±` FreeBSD CDROM ¸Ìªº¬O¤ñ¸û·sª©ªº) ¡C - - + See also + - -§Ú­n¦p¦ó¥h¦s¨ú±z­Ìªº¿ù»~¦^³ø¸ê®Æ®w©O¡H + + -©Ò¦³¨Ï¥ÎªÌ open ªºÅܧó­n¨D³£¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ§Ú­Ì web ¬É­±ªº PR - submission ¤Î - query - ¨Ó¬d¸ß (©Î¬O¦^³ø) §Ú­Ìªº¿ù»~¦^³ø¸ê®Æ®w¡Csend-pr(1) ³o­Ó«ü¥O¤] - ¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ¹q¤l¶l¥ó¨Ó¦^³ø¿ù»~©Î¬O­n¨DÅܧó¡C - - + + + I have only 4 MB of RAM. Can I install FreeBSD? + + + + FreeBSD 2.1.7 was the last version of FreeBSD that + could be installed on a 4MB system. FreeBSD 2.2 and later + needs at least 5MB to install on a new system. + + All versions of FreeBSD will run + in 4MB of RAM, they just cannot run the installation + program in 4MB. You can add extra memory for the install + process, if you like, and then after the system is up and + running, go back to 4MB. Or you could swap your disk into + a system which has >4MB, install onto the disk and then + swap it back. + + FreeBSD 2.1.7 will not install with 640 kB base + 3 MB + extended memory. If your motherboard can remap some of the + lost memory out of the 640kB to 1MB region, + then you may still be able to get FreeBSD 2.1.7 up. Try + to go into your BIOS setup and look for a + remap option. Enable it. You may also + have to disable ROM shadowing. It may be easier to get 4 + more MB just for the install. Build a custom kernel with + only the options you need and then remove the 4MB out. + You can also install 2.0.5 and then upgrade your system to + 2.1.7 with the upgrade option of the 2.1.7 + installation program. + + After the installation, if you build a custom kernel, + it will run in 4 MB. Someone has even successfully booted + with 2 MB, although the system was almost unusable. + + - -¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì PostScript¡BPDF ©Î¬O¯Â¤å¦r®æ¦¡ªº FAQ¡H + + + How can I make my own custom install floppy? + -³Ì·sªº FAQ ¥i¥H±q FreeBSD ºô¯¸©Î¬O¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó mirror ¯¸»O¨ú±o¡A¤£½×¬O - PostScript ©Î¬O¯Â¤å¦rªº (¥]¬A 7 bit ASCII ¥H¤Î 8-bit Latin1) ³£¦³¡C + + Currently there is no way to just + make a custom install floppy. You have to cut a whole new + release, which will include your install floppy. -PostScript ®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 150KB)¡G + To make a custom release, follow the instructions in the + Release + Engineering article. + + - + + + Can I have more than one operating system on my PC? + - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/pkg/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.ps.tgz - - + + Have a look at + + the multi-OS page. + + - - + + + Can Windows 95/98 co-exist with FreeBSD? + + + + Install Windows 95/98 first, after that FreeBSD. + FreeBSD's boot manager will then manage to boot Win95/98 and + FreeBSD. If you install Windows 95/98 second, it will boorishly + overwrite your boot manager without even asking. If that + happens, see the next section. + + -PDF ®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 280KB)¡G + + + Windows 95/98 killed my boot manager! + How do I get it back? + + + + You can reinstall the boot manager FreeBSD comes with in + one of three ways: + + + + Running DOS, go into the tools/ directory of your + FreeBSD distribution and look for + bootinst.exe. You run it like + so: + + ...\TOOLS> bootinst.exe boot.bin + + and the boot manager will be reinstalled. + + + + Boot the FreeBSD boot floppy again and go to the + Custom installation menu item. Choose Partition. Select the + drive which used to contain your boot manager (likely the + first one) and when you come to the partition editor for + it, as the very first thing (e.g. do not make any changes) + select (W)rite. This will ask for confirmation, say yes, + and when you get the Boot Manager selection prompt, be + sure to select Boot Manager. This will + re-write the boot manager to disk. Now quit out of the + installation menu and reboot off the hard disk as + normal. + + + + Boot the FreeBSD boot floppy (or CDROM) and choose the + Fixit menu item. Select either the Fixit + floppy or CDROM #2 (the live file system + option) as appropriate and enter the fixit shell. Then + execute the following command: + + Fixit# fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 bootdevice + + substituting bootdevice for + your real + boot device such as ad0 (first IDE + disk), ad4 (first IDE disk on + auxiliary controller), da0 (first + SCSI disk), etc. + + + + - + + + My A, T, or X series IBM Thinkpad locks up when I first + booted up my FreeBSD installation. How can I solve this? + + + + A bug in early revisions of IBM's BIOS on these machines + mistakenly identifies the FreeBSD partition as a potential FAT + suspend-to-disk partition. When the BIOS tries to parse the + FreeBSD partition it hangs. + + According to IBMIn an e-mail from Keith + Frechette + kfrechet@us.ibm.com., the + following model/BIOS release numbers incorporate the fix. + + + + + + Model + BIOS revision + + + + + + T20 + IYET49WW or later + + + + T21 + KZET22WW or later + + + + A20p + IVET62WW or later + + + + A20m + IWET54WW or later + + + + A21p + KYET27WW or later + + + + A21m + KXET24WW or later + + + + A21e + KUET30WW + + + + + + It has been reported that later IBM BIOS revisions may have + reintroduced the bug. This message + from Jacques Vidrine to the &a.mobile; describes a procedure + which may work if your newer IBM laptop does not boot FreeBSD + properly, and you can upgrade or downgrade the BIOS.. + + If you have an earlier BIOS, and upgrading is not an option a + workaround is to install FreeBSD, change the partition ID FreeBSD + uses, and install new boot blocks that can handle the different + partition ID. + + First, you will need to restore the machine to a state where + it can get through its self-test screen. Doing this requires + powering up the machine without letting it find a FreeBSD + partition on its primary disk. One way is to remove the hard disk + and temporarily move it to an older ThinkPad (such as a ThinkPad + 600) or a desktop PC with an appropriate conversion cable. Once + it is there, you can delete the FreeBSD partition and move the hard + disk back. The ThinkPad should now be in a bootable state + again. + + With the machine functional again, you can use the workaround + procedure described here to get a working FreeBSD + installation. + + + + Download boot1 and + boot2 from http://people.FreeBSD.org/~bmah/ThinkPad/. + Put these files somewhere you will be able to retrieve them + later. + + + + Install FreeBSD as normal on to the ThinkPad. + Do not use Dangerously + Dedicated mode. Do not + reboot when the install has finished. + + + + Either switch to the Emergency Holographic + Shell (ALT + F4) or start a + fixit shell. + + + + Use &man.fdisk.8; to change the FreeBSD partition ID from + 165 to 166 (this is the + type used by OpenBSD). + + + + Bring the boot1 and + boot2 files to the local + filesystem. + + + + Use &man.disklabel.8; to write boot1 + and boot2 to your FreeBSD slice. + + &prompt.root; disklabel -B -b boot1 -s boot2 ad0sn + + n is the number of the slice + where you installed FreeBSD. + + + + Reboot. At the boot prompt you will be given the option + of booting OpenBSD. This will actually + boot FreeBSD. + + + + Getting this to work in the case where you want to dual boot + OpenBSD and FreeBSD on the same laptop is left as an exercise for + the reader. + + - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/pkg/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz - - + + + Can I install on a disk with bad blocks? + + + + Prior to 3.0, FreeBSD included a utility known as + bad144, which automatically remapped bad + blocks. Because modern IDE drives perform this function + themselves, bad144 has been removed from the + FreeBSD source tree. If you wish to install FreeBSD 3.0 or + later, we strongly suggest you purchase a newer disk drive. If + you do not wish to do this, you must run FreeBSD 2.x. + If you are seeing bad block errors with a modern IDE + drive, chances are the drive is going to die very soon (the + drive's internal remapping functions are no longer sufficient + to fix the bad blocks, which means the disk is heavily + corrupted); we suggest you buy a new hard drive. + + If you have a SCSI drive with bad blocks, see + this answer. + + - - + + + I have just upgraded from 3.X to 4.X, and my first boot + failed with bad sector table not + supported + + + + FreeBSD 3.X and earlier supported + bad144, which automatically remapped + bad blocks. FreeBSD 4.X and later do not support this, as + modern IDE drives include this functionality. See this question for + more information. + + To fix this after an upgrade, you need to physically + place the drive in a working system and use + &man.disklabel.8; as discussed in the following + questions. + + -¯Â¤å¦r®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 88KB)¡G + + + How do I tell if a drive has bad144 + information on it before I try to upgrade to FreeBSD 4.0 + and it fails? + + + + Use &man.disklabel.8; for this. disklabel -r + drive device will + give you the contents of your disk label. Look for a + flags field. If you see + flags: badsect, this drive is using + bad144. For example, the following drive has + bad144 enabled.: + + &prompt.root; disklabel -r wd0 +# /dev/rwd0c: +type: ESDI +disk: wd0s1 +label: +flags: badsect +bytes/sector: 512 +sectors/track: 63 + + - + + + How do I remove bad144 from my + pre-4.X system so I can upgrade safely? + + + + Use disklabel -e -rwd0 to edit the + disklabel in place. Just remove the word + badsect from the flags field, save, and + exit. The bad144 file will still take up some space on + your drive, but the disk itself will be usable. + + We still recommend you purchase a new disk if you have + a large number of bad blocks. + + - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/pkg/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.txt.tgz - - + + + Strange things happen when I boot the install floppy! + What is happening? + + + + If you are seeing things like the machine grinding to a halt + or spontaneously rebooting when you try to boot the install + floppy, here are three questions to ask yourself:- + + + + Did you use a new, freshly-formatted, error-free floppy + (preferably a brand-new one straight out of the box, as + opposed to the magazine cover disk that has been lying under + the bed for the last three years)? + + + + Did you download the floppy image in binary (or image) + mode? (do not be embarrassed, even the best of us have + accidentally downloaded a binary file in ASCII mode at + least once!) + + + + If you are using Windows95 or Win98 did you run + fdimage or rawrite in + pure DOS mode? These operating systems can interfere with programs that + write directly to hardware, which the disk creation program + does; even running it inside a DOS shell in the GUI can + cause this problem. + + + + There have also been reports of Netscape causing problems + when downloading the boot floppy, so it is probably best to use + a different FTP client if you can. + + - - + + + I booted from my ATAPI CDROM, but the install program says no + CDROM is found. Where did it go? + + + + The usual cause of this problem is a mis-configured CDROM + drive. Many PCs now ship with the CDROM as the slave device on + the secondary IDE controller, with no master device on that + controller. This is illegal according to the ATAPI specification, + but Windows plays fast and loose with the specification, and the + BIOS ignores it when booting. This is why the BIOS was able to + see the CDROM to boot from it, but why FreeBSD cannot see it to + complete the install. + + Reconfigure your system so that the CDROM is either the + master device on the IDE controller it is attached to, or make + sure that it is the slave on an IDE controller that also has a + master device. + + - + + + Can I install on my laptop over PLIP (Parallel Line + IP)? + + + + Yes. Use a standard Laplink cable. If necessary, you + can check out the PLIP + section of the Handbook for details on parallel + port networking. + + If you are running FreeBSD 3.X or earlier, also look at + the Mobile + Computing page. + + - -¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì ASCII ©Î¬O PostScript ª©ªº¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¡H + + + Which geometry should I use for a disk drive? + + + + + By the geometry of a disk, we mean + the number of cylinders, heads and sectors/track on a + disk. We will refer to this as C/H/S for + convenience. This is how the PC's BIOS works out which + area on a disk to read/write from. + + + This causes a lot of confusion among new system + administrators. First of all, the + physical geometry of a SCSI drive is + totally irrelevant, as FreeBSD works in term of disk + blocks. In fact, there is no such thing as + the physical geometry, as the sector + density varies across the disk. What manufacturers claim + is the physical geometry is usually the + geometry that they have determined wastes the least + space. For IDE disks, FreeBSD does work in terms of C/H/S, + but all modern drives internally convert this into block + references. + + + All that matters is the logical + geometry. This is the answer that the BIOS gets when it + asks the drive what is your geometry? It + then uses this geometry to access the disk. As FreeBSD + uses the BIOS when booting, it is very important to get + this right. In particular, if you have more than one + operating system on a disk, they must all agree on the + geometry. Otherwise you will have serious problems + booting! + + For SCSI disks, the geometry to use depends on whether + extended translation support is turned on in your + controller (this is often referred to as support for + DOS disks >1GB or something similar). If it is + turned off, then use N + cylinders, 64 heads and 32 sectors/track, where + N is the capacity of the disk in + MB. For example, a 2GB disk should pretend to have 2048 + cylinders, 64 heads and 32 sectors/track. + + If it is turned on (it is often + supplied this way to get around certain limitations in + MSDOS) and the disk capacity is more than 1GB, use M + cylinders, 63 sectors per track (not + 64), and 255 heads, where 'M' is the disk capacity in MB + divided by 7.844238 (!). So our example 2GB drive would + have 261 cylinders, 63 sectors per track and 255 + heads. + + If you are not sure about this, or FreeBSD fails to + detect the geometry correctly during installation, the + simplest way around this is usually to create a small DOS + partition on the disk. The BIOS should then detect the + correct geometry, and you can always remove the DOS + partition in the partition editor if you do not want to + keep it. You might want to leave it around for + programming network cards and the like, however. + + Alternatively, there is a freely available utility + distributed with FreeBSD called + pfdisk.exe. You can find it in the + tools subdirectory on the FreeBSD + CDROM or on the various FreeBSD FTP sites. This program + can be used to work out what geometry the other operating + systems on the disk are using. You can then enter this + geometry in the partition editor. + + -³Ì·sªº FAQ ¥i¥H±q FreeBSD ºô¯¸©Î¬O¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó mirror ¯¸»O¨ú±o¡A¤£½×¬O - PostScript ©Î¬O¯Â¤å¦rªº (¥]¬A 7 bit ASCII ¥H¤Î 8-bit Latin1) ³£¦³¡C - -PostScript ®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 1.7MB)¡G - - + + + Are there any restrictions on how I divide the disk up? + + + + Yes. You must make sure that your root partition is below + 1024 + cylinders so the BIOS can boot the kernel from it. (Note that + this is a limitation in the PC's BIOS, not FreeBSD). + + For a SCSI drive, this will normally imply that the root + partition will be in the first 1024MB (or in the first 4096MB + if extended translation is turned on - see previous question). + For IDE, the corresponding figure is 504MB. + + - -http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/handbook.ps - - + + + Is FreeBSD compatible with any disk managers? + + + + FreeBSD recognizes the Ontrack Disk Manager and makes + allowances for it. Other disk managers are not supported. + + If you just want to use the disk with FreeBSD you do not + need a disk manager. Just configure the disk for as much space + as the BIOS can deal with (usually 504 megabytes), and FreeBSD + should figure out how much space you really have. If you are + using an old disk with an MFM controller, you may need to + explicitly tell FreeBSD how many cylinders to use. + + If you want to use the disk with FreeBSD and another + operating system, you may be able to do without a disk manager: + just make sure the FreeBSD boot partition and the slice for + the other operating system are in the first 1024 cylinders. If + you are reasonably careful, a 20 megabyte boot partition should + be plenty. + + - - - -ASCII ®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 1080KB)¡G - - + + + When I boot FreeBSD I get Missing Operating + System. What is happening? + + + + This is classically a case of FreeBSD and DOS or some other + OS conflicting over their ideas of disk geometry. You will have to reinstall + FreeBSD, but obeying the instructions given above will almost + always get you going. + + - -http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/handbook.ascii - - + + + Why can I not get past the boot manager's F? + prompt? + + + + This is another symptom of the problem described in the + preceding question. Your BIOS geometry and FreeBSD geometry + settings do not agree! If your controller or BIOS supports + cylinder translation (often marked as >1GB drive + support), try toggling its setting and reinstalling + FreeBSD. + + - - - -ISO 8859-1 ®æ¦¡ (¤j¬ù 1080KB)¡G - - + + + Do I need to install the complete sources? + + + + In general, no. However, we would strongly recommend that + you install, at a minimum, the base source + kit, which includes several of the files mentioned here, and + the sys (kernel) source kit, which includes + sources for the kernel. There is nothing in the system which + requires the presence of the sources to operate, however, + except for the kernel-configuration program &man.config.8;. + With the exception of the kernel sources, our build structure + is set up so that you can read-only mount the sources from + elsewhere via NFS and still be able to make new binaries. + (Because of the kernel-source restriction, we recommend that + you not mount this on /usr/src directly, + but rather in some other location with appropriate symbolic + links to duplicate the top-level structure of the source + tree.) + + Having the sources on-line and knowing how to build a + system with them will make it much easier for you to upgrade + to future releases of FreeBSD. + + To actually select a subset of the sources, use the Custom + menu item when you are in the Distributions menu of the + system installation tool. + + - -http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/handbook.latin1 - - + + + Do I need to build a kernel? + + + + Building a new kernel was originally pretty much a required + step in a FreeBSD installation, but more recent releases have + benefited from the introduction of a much friendlier kernel + configuration tool. When at the FreeBSD boot prompt (boot:), + use the flag and you will be dropped into a + visual configuration screen which allows you to configure the + kernel's settings for most common ISA cards. + + It is still recommended that you eventually build a new + kernel containing just the drivers that you need, just to save a + bit of RAM, but it is no longer a strict requirement for most + systems. + + + - - - - + + + Should I use DES, Blowfish, or MD5 passwords and how do I specify + which form my users receive? + + + + The default password format on FreeBSD is to use + MD5-based passwords. These are believed to + be more secure than the traditional Unix password format, which + used a scheme based on the DES algorithm. + DES passwords are still available if you need to share your + password file with legacy operating systems which still use the + less secure password format (they are available if you choose + to install the crypto distribution in + sysinstall, or by installing the crypto sources if building + from source). Installing the crypto libraries will also allow you + to use the Blowfish password format, which is more secure. + Which password format to use for new passwords is + controlled by the passwd_format login capability + in /etc/login.conf, which takes values of + des, blf (if these are available) or md5. + See the &man.login.conf.5; manual page for more information about login + capabilities. + + - -ASCII ª©ªº¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤£¬O¯Â¤å¦rÀÉ¡I + + + Why does the boot floppy start, but hang at the + Probing Devices... screen? + -¬Oªº¡AASCII ©M Latin1 ®æ¦¡ªº FAQ ¥H¤Î¨Ï¥Î¤â¥UÄY®æ¨Ó»¡¨Ã¤£¯àºâ¬O¯Â - ¤å¦rÀÉ¡F¥¦­Ì¥]§t¤F¤@¨Ç¦L¥X©³½u¥H¤Î­«ÂЦC¦Lªº±±¨î½X¥H«K¯àª½±µ¥ÑÂI¯x°} - ¦¡¦Lªí¾÷¿é¥X¡C¦pªG±z·Q§â¥¦­ÌÂন¤@¯ëªº¤å¦rÀɪº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H§Q¥Î col¡G - - - $ col -b < inputfile > outputfile - - - - + - -§Ú·Q¦¨¬° FreeBSD ªº mirror ¯¸»O¡I + If you have a IDE Zip or Jaz drive installed, remove it + and try again. The boot floppy can get confused by the drives. + After the system is installed you can reconnect the drive. + Hopefully this will be fixed in a later release. + + -·íµM¥i¥H¡I¦³«Ü¦h¤èªk¥i¥H mirror §Ú­Ìªººô­¶¡C - - - + + + Why do I get a panic: can't mount root + error when rebooting the system after installation? + + + + This error comes from confusion between the boot block's + and the kernel's understanding of the disk devices. The error + usually manifests on two-disk IDE systems, with the hard disks + arranged as the master or single device on separate IDE + controllers, with FreeBSD installed on the secondary IDE + controller. The boot blocks think the system is installed on + wd1 (the second BIOS disk) while the kernel assigns the first + disk on the secondary controller device wd2. After the device + probing, the kernel tries to mount what the boot blocks think + is the boot disk, wd1, while it is really wd2, and + fails. + + To fix the problem, do one of the following: + + + + For FreeBSD 3.3 and later, reboot the system and hit + Enter at the Booting kernel + in 10 seconds; hit [Enter] to interrupt prompt. + This will drop you into the boot loader. + + Then type + + set root_disk_unit="disk_number" + . disk_number + will be 0 if FreeBSD is installed on + the master drive on the first IDE controller, + 1 if it is installed on the slave on + the first IDE controller, 2 if it is + installed on the master of the second IDE controller, and + 3 if it is installed on the slave of + the second IDE controller. + + Then type boot, and your system + should boot correctly. + + To make this change permanent (ie so you do not have to + do this every time you reboot or turn on your FreeBSD + machine), put the line + root_disk_unit="disk_number" in /boot/loader.conf.local + . + + + + If using FreeBSD 3.2 or earlier, at the Boot: prompt, + enter 1:wd(2,a)kernel and press Enter. + If the system starts, then run the command + echo "1:wd(2,a)kernel" > /boot.config + to make it the default boot string. + + + + Move the FreeBSD disk onto the primary IDE controller, + so the hard disks are consecutive. + + + + Rebuild + your kernel, modify the wd configuration lines to + read: + + controller wdc0 at isa? port "IO_WD1" bio irq 14 vector wdintr +disk wd0 at wdc0 drive 0 +# disk wd1 at wdc0 drive 1 # comment out this line - -§Q¥Î CVSUP¡G±z¥i¥H§Q¥Î CVSUP ±q cvsup.FreeBSD.org ¨ú±o®æ¦¡¤Æ - ¹LªºÀɮסC±z¥u»Ý­n§â¤U­±³o¦æ¥[¤J±zªº cvsup ³]©wÀÉ¡G +controller wdc1 at isa? port "IO_WD2" bio irq 15 vector wdintr +disk wd1 at wdc1 drive 0 # change from wd2 to wd1 +disk wd2 at wdc1 drive 1 # change from wd3 to wd2 + + Install the new kernel. If you moved your disks and + wish to restore the previous configuration, replace the + disks in the desired configuration and reboot. Your + system should boot successfully. + + + + -www release=current hostname=/home base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup -prefix=/usr/local/www/data/www.FreeBSD.org delete old use-rel-suffix - + + + What are the limits for memory? + + + + For memory, the limit is 4 gigabytes. This configuration + has been tested, see wcarchive's + configuration for more details. If you plan to install + this much memory into a machine, you need to be careful. You will + probably want to use ECC memory and to reduce capacitive + loading use 9 chip memory modules versus 18 chip memory + modules. + + + + + What are the limits for ffs filesystems? + - - + + For ffs filesystems, the maximum theoretical limit is 8 + terabytes (2G blocks), or 16TB for the default block size of + 8K. In practice, there is a soft limit of 1 terabyte, but with + modifications filesystems with 4 terabytes are possible (and + exist). - -§Q¥Î rsync¡G½Ð°Ñ¾\ - the mirroring page ¥HÀò±o§ó¦h¸ê°T¡C + The maximum size of a single ffs file is approximately 1G + blocks (4TB) if the block size is 4K. - - + + Maximum file sizes - -§Q¥Î ftp mirror¡G±z¥i¥H§Q¥Î±z³ßÅwªº ftp mirror ¤u¨ã±q FTP ¯¸ - »O¤¤¨ú±oºô­¶¸ê®Æ¡C´N±q - ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/www ¶}©l§a¡C - - + + + + fs block size - - - - + 2.2.7-stable - -§Ú·Q­n½Ķ¤å¥ó + 3.0-current -¶â¡A§Ú­Ì¨S¯à¤Oµ¹±zÁ~¤ô¡A¤£¹L¦pªG±z¯à´£¨Ñ½Ķ¦nªº¤å¥óªº¸Ü¡A§Ú­Ì·|°e - ±z CD ©Î¬O T-shirt¡A¨Ã§â±z¥[¤J¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¸Ì Contributor ªº¦æ¦C¡C - - + works - -¨ä¥L¸ê°T¨Ó·½ + should work + + -¤U¦C newsgroups ¤¤¥]¬A¤F FreeBSD ¬ÛÃöªº°Q½×¡G - - - + + + 4K - -comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce (moderated) + 4T-1 - - + 4T-1 - -comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc + 4T-1 - - + >4T + - -comp.unix.bsd.misc - - + + 8K - - - -ºô­¶¸ê·½¡G - - - + >32G - -The FreeBSD Home Page. + 8T-1 - - + >32G - -¦pªG±z¦³½¥¤W«¬¹q¸£ (laptop) ªº¸Ü¡A§O§Ñ¤F¥h¬Ý¬Ý - ¦ì©ó¤é¥»ªº - Tatsumi Hosokawa's Mobile Computing page¡C + 32T-1 + - - + + 16K - -SMP (¥­¦æ¦h³B²z¾¹¬[ºc) ªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T½Ð¬Ý - SMP support page¡C + >128G - - + 16T-1 - -¦³Ãö FreeBSD ¦h´CÅé¤è­±ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¡A½Ð¬Ý - multimedia¡C¦pªG±z¹ï Bt848 ³o­Ó¼v¹³Â^¨ú´¹¤ù¯S§O¦³¿³½ìªº¸Ü¡A - ½Ð¬Ý³o­Óºô­¶¡C - - + >128G - - - -FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤]¦³¤@¤À«Ü§¹¾ãªº - °Ñ¦Ò®ÑÄy¦Cªí¡A¦pªG±z - ¥¿·Q¶R®Ñªº¸Ü¡A³o³¡¥÷­È±o¤@¬Ý¡C - - - + 32T-1 + - -¦w¸Ë FreeBSD + + 32K + >512G - -§Ú¸Ó¤U¸ü­þ¨ÇÀÉ®×¥H¨ú±o FreeBSD¡H + 32T-1 -³q±`§A¥u»Ý­n¤@±i³nºÐ image ÀÉ¡Afloppies/boot.flp¡A§â¥¦«þ -¨©¨ì 1.44MB ³nºÐ¤ù¤WµM«á±Ò°Ê¥¦¡A¦A¥h¤U¸ü¨ä¥Lªº³¡¥÷(¦w¸Ëµ{§Ç·|ºÞ -²z§Aªº TCP/IP ³s½u¡A¥H¤Î tapes¡A¥úºÐ¾÷¡A³nºÐ¾÷¡ADOS ¤À³Î°Ï¡A¤Î -¨ä¥L¥u­n¬O¦w¸Ë¹Lµ{¤¤»Ý­n¥Î¨ìªº¨Æª«)¡C - -­Y§A¥u»Ý­n¦Û¤v¤U¸ü distributions(¥i¨³³tªº¥Ñ DOS Àɮרt²Î¨Ó¦w¸Ë) -¡A¥H¤U¬O§Ú­Ì«Øij§A§ì¨Ó¦w¸Ëªº distributions¡G - - - - - - bin/ - - - - - manpages/ - - - - - compat*/ - - - - - doc/ - - - - - src/ssys.* - - - - - - -¦w¸Ëµ{§Çªº§¹¾ã«ü¥O¡A¥H¤Î§ó¦h´¶¹M©Ê¦w¸Ë®É·|¸I¨ìªº°ÝÃD¥i¥H¦b -Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD.³o¸Ì§ä¨ì¡C - - + >512G - -±Ï©R¡I±Ò°Êªº³nºÐ image ÀɵLªk¶ë¨ì¤@¤ù³æ¿Wªº³nºÐ¤ù¸Ì¡I - + 64T-1 + -¤@±i 3.5 ­^¦T(1.44MB)³nºÐ¤ù¥i¥H®e¯Ç 1474560 ¦ì¤¸²Õªº¸ê®Æ¡C -±Ò°Êªº image ÀÉ´N­è¦n¬O³o­Ó¤j¤p¡C - - -¦b·Ç³Æ±Ò°Ê³nºÐ¤ù®É±`¨£ªº¿ù»~¦³¡G - - - - -¨Ï¥Î FTP ®É¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î binary ¼Ò¦¡¤U¸ü³nºÐ -image¡C - - -¬Y¨Ç FTP client ³nÅ饦­Ì¤º©wªº¶Ç¿é¼Ò¦¡¬O ascii -¨Ã¥B¸ÕµÛ§ó§ï¥ô¦óªº end-of-line ¦r¤¸¡A¥H²Å¦X³o­Ó client ¨t²Î -¥»¨­ªºÂà´«¡C¤j³¡¤À±¡§Î¤U³o¥²µM·|·´·l±Ò°Ê image ÀÉ¡AÀˬd¤@¤U -§A¤U¸üªº±Ò°Ê image Àɤj¤p¡G¦pªG³o¤£¬O§¹¥þ¦a»P server -ºÝ¤Wªº¤j¤p¬Û¦P¡A¨º»ò§Aªº¤U¸üµ{§Ç´N¦³°ÝÃD¡C - -¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¡G¦b§A³s±µ¤W server ¦ý©|¥¼¶}©l¤U¸ü¬M¹³Àɤ§«e¡A -¬Ý¨ì FTP ©R¥O´£¥Ü¸¹®É¥´ binary¡C - - - - -¨Ï¥Î DOS ªº copy ©R¥O(©Îµ¥®Äªº GUI ¤u¨ã)¨Ó§â±Ò -°Ê image Àɶǰe¨ì³nºÐ¤ù¡C - - -Ãþ¦ü¹³ copy ªºµ{¦¡¡A¦b±Ò°Ê image ÀɳQ«Ø¥ß¨Ã¥Bª½±µ -¶}¾÷«á¨Ã¨S¦³¥\¥Î¡C¬M¹³Àɸ̦³§¹¾ãªººÏºÐ¤º®e¡AºÏ­y¹ïºÏ­y¡A³o¥N - ªíµÛ§AµLªk¥ÎºÏ¤ù¤W©T©wªºÀÉ®×¥h¨ú¥N¥¦¡C -§A¥²¶·§â¥¦¶Ç°e¨ì³nºÐ¤ùªº``raw''¤W¡A¨Ï¥Î§C¶¥¤Æ¤u¨ã(¹³¬O -fdimage ©Î rawrite)¡A³o¨Ç¦b -installation guide to FreeBSD¸Ì­±¦h¦³´y­z¡C - - - - - - - + + 64K - -¦w¸Ë FreeBSD ªº«ü¥O¦b­þ¸Ì¡H + >2048G -§A¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì§ä¨ì¦w¸Ë«ü¥O¡C - Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD. - - + 64T-1 - -­n°õ¦æ FreeBSD §ÚÁٻݭn¤°»ò¡H + >2048G -§A»Ý­n¤@¥x 386 ©Î§ó¦nªº PC¡A¥]§t 5MB ©Î§ó¦hªº RAM ¥H¤Î¦Ü¤Ö 60MB -ªººÏºÐªÅ¶¡¡C¥i¥H¶È¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó§C¶¥ªº MDA ¹Ï§Î¥d¡A¦pªG§A­n°õ¦æ X11R6 -¡A´N»Ý­n VGA ©Î§ó¦nªºµø°T¥d¡C - -¥t¥~¥i°Ñ¦Ò²Ä¤G³¹¸`¡G µwÅ骺¬Û®e©Ê ¡C - - + 128T-1 + + + +
- -§Ú¥u¦³ 4MB RAM¡A¨º§Ú¯à¦w¸Ë FreeBSD ¶Ü¡H + When the fs block size is 4K, triple indirect blocks work + and everything should be limited by the maximum fs block number + that can be represented using triple indirect blocks (approx. + 1K^3 + 1K^2 + 1K), but everything is limited by a (wrong) limit + of 1G-1 on fs block numbers. The limit on fs block numbers + should be 2G-1. There are some bugs for fs block numbers near + 2G-1, but such block numbers are unreachable when the fs block + size is 4K. -FreeBSD 2.1.7 ¬O³Ì«á¤@­Ó¥i¦b 4MB ¨t²Î¤W³Q¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»¡C·sª©ªº -FreeBSD¡A¹³¬O 2.2¡A»Ý­n¦Ü¤Ö 5MB ¨Ó¦w¸Ë¥¦¦b¤@­Ó¥þ·sªº¨t²Î¤W¡C - -FreeBSD ªº©Ò¦³ª©¥»¡A¥]¬A 3.0¡A³£¯à¦b 4MB ªº°O¾ÐÅé¤U°õ¦æ¡A¤£ -¹L¦w¸Ë®É¤£¯à¥u¥Î 4MB¡C¦pªG§A·Q³o¼Ë¡A§A¥i¥H¦b¦w¸Ë®É¥[¤JÃB¥~ªº -°O¾ÐÅé¡AµM«áµ¥¨t²Î¥i¥H°õ¦æ«á¡A´«¦^ 4MB¡C©Î¬O§A¥i¥H§â§AªººÏºÐ -¾÷¤Á¥X¤@­Ó 4MB ¥H¤W¸m´«ªÅ¶¡¡A¦w¸Ë¦n¨t²Î«á¦A§â¸m´«ªÅ¶¡¬å±¼¡C - -FreeBSD 2.1.7 ¤]¦³¤£¯à¦b 4MB ¦w¸Ëªº±¡§Î¡C¥¿½Tªº»¡¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O«ü -¤£¯à¦b°ò¥»ªº 640kB ¥[¤W 3MB ©µ¦ù°O¾ÐÅé¸Ì¦w¸Ë¡C¦pªG§Aªº¥D¾÷ªO -¥i¥H­«·s§ä¦^¦b 640kB ¨ì 1MB ½d³ò¤¤¨º¨Ç``¿ò¥¢''ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A¨º»ò -©Î³\§AÁÙ¬O¥i¥H§â FreeBSD 2.1.7 ¸Ë°_¨Ó¡C - -¸ÕµÛ¶i¤J§Aªº BIOS ³]©w¿ï³æ¨Ã§ä¤@­Ó``remap''¿ï¶µ¡A§â¥¦¥´¶}¡C -§A©Î³\¤]¸Ó§â ROM shadowing µ¹Ãö±¼¡C - -¥u¦b¦w¸Ë®É¨Ï¥Î 4MB ¥i¯à®e©ö¤@ÂI¡A«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¥u¦³§A»Ý­nªº¿ï¶µªº -®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¡AµM«á´N¥i¥H¥u¥Î 4MB¡C - -§A¤]¥i¥H¦w¸Ë 2.0.5 µM«á¦A§â§Aªº¨t²Î¥Î 2.1.7 ¦w¸Ëµ{¦¡¸Ì -``upgrade''ªº¿ï¶µ¤É¯Å¨ì 2.1.7 ª©¥»¡C - -¦w¸Ë«á¦pªG§A«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¦Û­qªº®Ö¤ß¡A³o±N·|¦b 4MB ¤U°õ¦æ¡C´¿¦³ -¤H¦¨¥\ªº¥Î 2MB ¶}¾÷(¤£¹L¨t²Î´X¥G¤£¯à¥Î :-))¡C - - + For block sizes of 8K and larger, everything should be + limited by the 2G-1 limit on fs block numbers, but is actually + limited by the 1G-1 limit on fs block numbers, except under + -STABLE triple indirect blocks are unreachable, so the limit is + the maximum fs block number that can be represented using + double indirect blocks (approx. (blocksize/4)^2 + + (blocksize/4)), and under -CURRENT exceeding this limit may + cause problems. Using the correct limit of 2G-1 blocks does + cause problems. - - §Ú¸Ó«ç»ò»s§@¦Û­qªº¦w¸Ë³nºÐ¤ù¡H - + + -¥Ø«e§AµLªk*¥u*»s§@¤@­Ó¦Û­qªº¦w¸Ë³nºÐ¤ù¡C§A¥²¶·°µ¥X¾ã­Ó¥þ·sªº -release ¨t²Î¡A³o¸Ì­±´N¥]¬A§Aªº¦w¸Ë³nºÐ¤ù¡C¬Y¨Ç¦b -/usr/src/release/floppies/Makefile ¸Ìªºµ{¦¡½X°²³]¯àÅý -§A*¥u*°µ¥X¨º¨Ç³nºÐ¤ù¡A¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê¤WÁÙ¤£¦æ¡C - -­n°µ¥X¦Û­qªº release ª©¥»¡A½Ð¿í´` ³o¸Ì -ªº«ü¥O¡C - - + + + Why do I get an error message, + archsw.readin.failed after compiling + and booting a new kernel? + + + + You can boot by specifying the kernel directly at the second + stage, pressing any key when the | shows up before loader is + started. More specifically, you have upgraded the source for + your kernel, and installed a new kernel builtin from them + without making world. This is not + supported. Make world. + + - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b§Úªº PC ¤W¾Ö¦³¶W¹L¤@­Ó¥H¤Wªº§@·~¨t²Î¶Ü¡H + + + How do I upgrade from 3.X -> 4.X? + + + + We strongly recommend that you use + binary snapshots to do this. 4-STABLE snapshots are available at + ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/. + + Because of the many changes between 3.X and 4-STABLE, + a direct upgrade from source will probably fail. A source + upgrade can be done, but only in stages. First, upgrade + to the latest 3-STABLE (RELENG_3). + Then upgrade to 4.1.1-RELEASE + (RELENG_4_1_1_RELEASE). Finally, + upgrade to 4-STABLE (RELENG_4). + + If you wish to upgrade using source, please see the FreeBSD + Handbook for more information. + + + Upgrading via source is never recommended for new + users, and upgrading from 3.X to 4.X is even less so; make sure + you have read the instructions carefully before attempting to + upgrade via source. + + + -½Ð°Ñ¦Ò The multi-OS page. - - + + + What are these security profiles? + + + + A security profile is a set of configuration + options that attempts to achieve the desired ratio of security + to convenience by enabling and disabling certain programs and + other settings. For full details, see the Security + Profile section of the Handbook's post-install + chapter. + + + + + + + Hardware compatibility + + + + + Does FreeBSD support architectures other than the + x86? + + + + + Yes. FreeBSD currently runs on both Intel x86 and + DEC (now Compaq) Alpha architectures. Interest has also + been expressed in a port of FreeBSD to the SPARC architecture, + join the &a.sparc; if you are interested in joining that project. + Most recent additions to the list of upcoming platforms are + IA-64 and PowerPC, join the &a.ia64; and/or the &a.ppc; for more + information. For general discussion on new architectures, join + the &a.platforms;. + + If your machine has a different architecture and you need + something right now, we suggest you look at NetBSD or OpenBSD. + + - -Windows 95 ¥i¥H¸ò FreeBSD ¨Ã¦s¶Ü¡H + + + I want to get a piece of hardware for my FreeBSD + system. Which model/brand/type is best? + + + + This is discussed continually on the FreeBSD mailing + lists. Since hardware changes so quickly, however, we + expect this. We still strongly + recommend that you read through the + Hardware Notes + and search the mailing list + + archives before asking about the latest and + greatest hardware. Chances are a discussion about the + type of hardware you are looking for took place just last + week. + + If you are looking for a laptop, check the + FreeBSD-mobile mailing list archives. Otherwise, you + probably want the archives for FreeBSD-questions, or + possibly a specific mailing list for a particular hardware + type. + + -¥ý¦w¸Ë Windows 95¡AµM«á¦A¸Ë FreeBSD¡CFreeBSD ªº±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­û -·|±µµÛºÞ²z±Ò°Ê Win95 ©M FreeBSD ªº¤u§@¡C°²¨Ï§A²Ä¤G­Ó¤~¥h¸Ë -Win95¡A¥¦±N·|°Ý³£¤£°Ýªº²Ê¾|¦a§â§Aªº±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­ûÂмg¹L¥h¡C°² -¦p³o¤w¸gµo¥Í¡A½Ð¬Ý¤U¤@¸`¡C - - + + + What kind of hard drives does FreeBSD support? + + + + FreeBSD supports EIDE and SCSI drives (with a compatible + controller; see the next section), and all drives using the + original Western Digital interface (MFM, RLL, + ESDI, and of course IDE). A few ESDI controllers that use + proprietary interfaces may not work: stick to WD1002/3/6/7 + interfaces and clones. + + - - Windows 95 §â§Úªº±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­û±þ±¼¤F¡I§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò§â¥¦±Ï¦^¨Ó¡H - + + + Which SCSI controllers are supported? + -§A¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤U¨âºØ¤èªk¤§¤@¨Ó­«·s¦w¸Ë FreeBSD ªº±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­û¡G - - - + + See the complete list in the current Hardware Notes. + + - -°õ¦æ DOS¡A¶i¤J§Aªº FreeBSD distributions ªº tools/ ¥Ø¿ý -¨Ã§ä¨ì bootinst.exe¡C§A¥i¥H³o¼Ë°õ¦æ¥¦¡G + + + Which CDROM drives are supported by FreeBSD? + - + + Any SCSI drive connected to a supported controller is + supported. -bootinst.exe boot.bin + The following proprietary CDROM interfaces are also + supported: -³o¼Ë±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­û±N·|¦A¦¸³Q¦w¸Ë¡C + + + Mitsumi LU002 (8bit), LU005 (16bit) and FX001D + (16bit 2x Speed). + - + + Sony CDU 31/33A + - -¥Î FreeBSD ±Ò°Ê³nºÐ¤ù¦A¦¸¶}¾÷µM«á¶i¤J Custom ¦w¸Ë¿ï³æ -¶µ¥Ø¡A¿ï¾Ü Partition¡A¿ï¾Ü¨º­Ó¥]§t±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­ûªººÏºÐ¾÷(¤j¦h¬O -²Ä¤@­Ó)¡AµM«á·í¤À³Î°Ï½s¿è¾¹(partition editor)¥X²{®É¡A²Ä¤@¥ó -¨Æ(·N«ä´N¬O¡G¤£­n°µ¥ô¦ó§ó§ï) ¥ý¿ï¾Ü (W)rite¡C·|¥X²{½T»{ªº¸ß -°Ý¡A¦^µª yes¡AµM«á·í§A¬Ý¨ì Boot Manager ªº¿ï¾Ü´£¥Ü®É¡A½T©w - §A¿ïªº¬O"Boot Manager"³o¶µ¡C -³o·|§â±Ò°ÊºÞ²z­û­«·s¼g¦^ºÏºÐ¸Ì¡C¸õÂ÷¦w¸Ë¿ï³æµM«á´N¸ò¥¿±`±¡§Î -¤@¼Ë­«·s±Ò°ÊµwºÐ¡C - - + + Sound Blaster Non-SCSI CDROM + - - - - + + Matsushita/Panasonic CDROM + - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b¤@­Ó¦³Ãa­y(bad blocks)ªººÏºÐ¤W¶i¦æ¦w¸Ë¶Ü¡H + + ATAPI compatible IDE CDROMs + + -FreeBSD ªº bad block (bad144 - ©R¥O) ³B²z¨Ã«D 100% §¹¥þ(¥Î¹Ï§Î¤Æ¨Ó¬Ý)¡A¦Ó¥B«Ü¤£©¯§Ú­n§i -¶D§A°²¦p§A¦³¤@­Ó IDE ©Î ESDI ¸Ë¸m¥]§t¤j¶qªº bad blocks¡A¨º»ò -FreeBSD ¥i¯à¤£¾A¦X§A¡I³oªí¥Ü¡A¹ï¨ä¥L¤j¦h¼Æªº IDE ¨t²Î¥i¯à¦³ -¥Î¡A§A¥i¯à·Q¦b©ñ±ó«e¥ý¹Á¸Õ¬Ý¬Ý¡C - -¦pªG§A¦³¤@­Ó¦³ bad blocks ªº SCSI ¸Ë¸m¡A½Ð¬Ý ³o¸Ìªº¸Ñµª¡C - - + All non-SCSI cards are known to be extremely slow compared + to SCSI drives, and some ATAPI CDROMs may not work. - -·í§Ú±Ò°Ê¦w¸Ë³nºÐ¤ù®É¡A©_©Çªº¨Æ±¡µo¥Í¤F¡I + As of 2.2 the FreeBSD CDROM from the FreeBSD Mall supports + booting directly from the CD. + + -¦pªG§A¬Ý¨ì©_©Çªº¨Æ±¡¡A¹³¬O¾÷¾¹°±¦í¤F©Î¬O·í§A¸ÕµÛ±q¦w¸ËºÏ¤ù°_ -°Ê®É¬ðµM¦Û°Ê­«·s¶}¾÷¤F¡A³o¸Ì¦³¤T­Ó°ÝÃD§A¸Ó¥ý°Ý°Ý¦Û¤v:- - - - - - -§A¬O§_¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó·sªº¡A­è®æ¦¡¤Æ¹L¡A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¿ù»~ªº³nºÐ¤ù(¥i -¥H¬O¤@±i¥þ·s­è©î«Êªº¡A¦Ó«D¬O¨ººØ¤w¸g§Aªº§É¤U½ö¤F¤T¦~¡A¬OÂø»xÃØ -°eªº«Ê­±ºÏ¤ù)¡H - - - - - -§A¬O§_¥Î binary ¼Ò¦¡¤U¸ü³nºÐ¬M¹³ÀÉ¡H -(¤£¥Î¤£¦n·N«ä¡A´Nºâ¬O§Ú­Ì¤§¤¤³Ì¦nªº¤@­Ó¤H¤]´¿·N¥~ªº§â binary -ÀɥΠASCII ¼Ò¦¡¤U¸ü¦Ü¤Ö¤@¦¸¡I) - - - - - -¦pªG§A¥¿¦b¨Ï¥Î¹³¬O Windows95 ©Î Windows NT ³o´XºØ·s«¬ªº - §@·~¨t²Î¡A§A¦³¨S¦³§â¨t²ÎÃö¾÷µM«á±Ò°Ê¨ì³Ì­ì©lª¬ºA¡A¥u¦³ DOS¡H -³o¨Ç OS ¬Ý°_¨Ó·|ªý꨺¨Çª½±µ¾Þ§@µwÅ骺µ{¦¡¡A¹³¬O«Ø¥ßºÏºÐªºµ{¦¡ -¡A¥u­n¦b GUI Àô¹Ò¤Uªº DOS shell ´N·|¾É­P³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C - - - - - - -¤]¦³¹L³ø§i¦³Ãö Netscape ·|¾É­P¤U¸ü±Ò°Ê³nºÐªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¦¹¦pªG§A -¥i¥H¡A³Ì¦n¨Ï¥Î§OºØ¤£¦Pªº FTP client ¡C - - + + + Which CD-RW drives are supported by FreeBSD? + + + + FreeBSD supports any ATAPI-compatible IDE CD-R or CD-RW + drive. For FreeBSD versions 4.0 and later, see the man page for + &man.burncd.8;. For earlier FreeBSD versions, see the examples + in /usr/share/examples/atapi. + + FreeBSD also supports any SCSI CD-R or CD-RW drives. + Install and use the cdrecord command from the + ports or packages system, and make sure that you have the + pass device compiled in your + kernel. + + - -±Ï©R¡I§Ú¤£¯à±q tape ¦w¸Ë¡I + + + Does FreeBSD support ZIP drives? + + + + FreeBSD supports the SCSI ZIP drive out of the box, of + course. The ZIP drive can only be set to run at SCSI target IDs + 5 or 6, but if your SCSI host adapter's BIOS supports it you + can even boot from it. It is not clear which host + adapters support booting from targets other than 0 or 1, + so you will have to consult your adapter's documentation + if you would like to use this feature. + + ATAPI (IDE) Zip drives are supported in FreeBSD 2.2.6 and + later releases. + + FreeBSD has contained support for Parallel Port Zip Drives + since version 3.0. If you are using a sufficiently up to date + version, then you should check that your kernel contains the + scbus0, da0, + ppbus0, and + vp0 drivers (the GENERIC kernel + contains everything except vp0). With + all these drivers present, the Parallel Port drive should be + available as /dev/da0s4. Disks can be + mounted using mount /dev/da0s4 /mnt OR (for + dos disks) mount_msdos /dev/da0s4 /mnt as + appropriate. + + Also check out the FAQ on removable + drives later in this chapter, and the note on + formattingin the Administration chapter. + + -¦pªG§A±q tape ¦w¸Ë 2.1.7¡A§A¥²¶·¥Î¨C­Ó tar blocksize ¬O 10 -(5120 bytes)«Ø¥ß³o­Ó tape¡C¤º©wªº tar blocksize ¬O 20(10240 -bytes)¡AµM¦Ó¥Î³oºØ¤º©w¤j¤p«Ø¥ßªº tape µLªk¥Î¨Ó¦w¸Ë 2.1.7R¡F -¦pªG§A¥Î³oºØ tapes¡A§A·|¬Ý¨ì¦³Ãö¸ê®Æ°O¿ý°Ï¤j¤p¹L¤jªº©ê«è°T -®§¡C - - + + + Does FreeBSD support JAZ, EZ and other removable + drives? + + + + Apart from the IDE version of the EZ drive, these are all + SCSI devices, so they should all look like SCSI disks to + FreeBSD, and the IDE EZ should look like an IDE drive. + + I am not sure how well FreeBSD supports + changing the media out while running. You will of course need + to dismount the drive before swapping media, and make sure that + any external units are powered on when you boot the system so + FreeBSD can see them. + + See this note on + formatting. + + - -¥Î¤@±ø¨ÃÁp½u(PLIP)³s±µ¨â¥x FreeBSD¡C - + + + Which multi-port serial cards are supported by + FreeBSD? + -§ä¤@±ø laplink ½u¡A½T©w¨âÃä¹q¸£ªº®Ö¤ß³£¤ä´© lpt ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡C - - - $ dmesg | grep lp - lpt0 at 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa - lpt0: Interrupt-driven port - lp0: TCP/IP capable interface - - - -§â laplink ½u´¡¤J¨ÃÁp¬É­±¤W¡C - -¥Î root ¨­¤À¦b¨â¥x¹q¸£¤W³]©w lp0 ªººô¸ô¬É­±°Ñ¼Æ¡CÁ|¨Ò¡A¦pªG -§A·Q¥Î max ³s±µ moritz¡G - - - max <-----> moritz -IP Address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 - - - - max ºÝÀ³¸Ó³o¼Ë¶}©l¡G - - # ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 - - - - moritz «h³o¼Ë¡G - - - # ifconfig lp0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 - - - -¦n¤F¡I¤]½Ð§A¬Ý¬Ý lp(4) ©M lpt(4) ªº manpages¡C - -§A¤]¸Ó§â³o¨Ç¥D¾÷¥[¨ì /etc/hosts ¸Ì­±¡C - - - 127.0.0.1 localhost.my.domain localhost - 10.0.0.1 max.my.domain max - 10.0.0.2 moritz.my.domain moritz - - - -¥Î¥H¤U¤èªkÀˬd¬O§_¦³¥¿±`°Ê§@¡G - - on max: - - -$ ifconfig lp0 -lp0: flags=8851<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 - inet 10.0.0.1 --> 10.0.0.2 netmask 0xff000000 - - - -$ netstat -r -Routing tables - -Internet: -Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire -moritz max UH 4 127592 lp0 - - - -$ ping -c 4 moritz -PING moritz (10.0.0.2): 56 data bytes -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=2.774 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=2.530 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=2.556 ms -64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.714 ms - ---- moritz ping statistics --- -4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss -round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 2.530/2.643/2.774/0.103 ms - - - + + There is a list of these in the Miscellaneous + devices section of the handbook. - - §Ú¥i¥H¦b§Úªº½¥¤W«¬¹q¸£¥Î PLIP(Parallel Line IP)¦w¸Ë¶Ü¡H - + Some unnamed clone cards have also been known to work, + especially those that claim to be AST compatible. -¥Î laplink ¨ÃÁp½u³s±µ¨â¥x¹q¸£¥H¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó¯S©Ê¡G - - - +----------------------------------------+ - |A-name A-End B-End Descr. Port/Bit | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA0 2 15 Data 0/0x01 | - |-ERROR 15 2 1/0x08 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA1 3 13 Data 0/0x02 | - |+SLCT 13 3 1/0x10 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA2 4 12 Data 0/0x04 | - |+PE 12 4 1/0x20 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA3 5 10 Strobe 0/0x08 | - |-ACK 10 5 1/0x40 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |DATA4 6 11 Data 0/0x10 | - |BUSY 11 6 1/0x80 | - +----------------------------------------+ - |GND 18-25 18-25 GND - | - +----------------------------------------+ - - - -½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Mobile Computing ºô­¶ªº ³o­Óµù¸Ñ¡C - - - + Check the &man.sio.4; + man page to get more information on configuring such cards. + + - - §Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¨Ï¥Î¤@­ÓºÏºÐ¸Ë¸mªº geometry¡H - + + + Does FreeBSD support my USB keyboard? + -(¤@¥xºÏºÐªº"gromrtry"¡A§Ú­Ì«üªº¬O³o¥xºÏºÐ¤W cylinders¡Aheads -©M sectors/track ªº¼Æ¥Ø - ¬°¤F¤è«K¥BºÙ¤§¬° C/H/S¡C³o¬O PC ªº -BIOS ¥Î¨ÓŪ/¼gºÏºÐªº¨Ì¾Ú)¡C - -¬°¤F¬Y¨Ç²z¥Ñ¡A³o¦ü¥G·|¾É­P«Ü¦h§xÂZ¡C­º¥ý¡A¤@¥x SCSI ¸Ë¸mªº -physical geometry ¸ò FreeBSD ¦b¨Ï¥Îªº disk blocks ¬O§¹ -¥þµLÃöªº¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¨Ã¨S¦³©Ò¿×"physical geometry"³oºØªF¦è¡A³o -¬O«üºÏºÐ¾÷¤WºÏ°Ï±K«×ªºÅÜ¤Æ - »s³y°Ó­n¨D¬O"¯u¹êªº"physical -geometry ³q±`¬O«ü¡A¥L­Ì©Ò¯à§ä¥X®ö¶O³Ì¤ÖªÅ¶¡ªº geometry µ²ªG¡C - ¹ï IDE ºÏºÐ¨Ó»¡¡AFreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î C/H/S ¤è¦¡¤u§@¡A¦ý¬O©Ò¦³²{¦b -ªººÏºÐ¤w¸g¦b¤º³¡°Ñ¦Ò®É§â¥¦Âà´«¦¨ block ¤F¡C - -¥t¥~´N¬O©Ò¿×ªºlogical geometry - ³o¬O·í BIOS °Ý"§Aªº -geometry ¬O¤°»ò¡H"ªº®É­Ô¡A©Ò±o¨ìªºµª®×¨Ã¥B§â¥¦¥Î¨Ó¦s¨úºÏºÐ¡C -·í¶}¾÷®É FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î BIOS ¸ê®Æ¡AÅý³o­Ó¥¿½T¬O¬Û·í­«­nªº¡C¥t¥~ -¡A¦pªG§A¦b¦P¤@­ÓºÏºÐ¾÷¤W¦³¤@­Ó¥H¤Wªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¥L­Ì¥²¶·³£¦P·N -grometry¡A§_«h§A¦b¶}¾÷®É·|¦³¤j°ÝÃD¡I - -¹ï SCSI ºÏºÐ¾÷¨Ó»¡¡Ageometry ªº¨Ï¥Î¬O¨Ì¾a±Ò°Ê±±¨î¾¹¨Ó¤ä´© - extended translation (³o³q±`ºÙ¤§¬°"¹ï>1GB DOS ºÏºÐ¾÷ - ªº¤ä´©©Î"Ãþ¦üªººÙ©I)¡C¦pªG¤£¤ä´©¡A¨º»ò¨Ï¥Î N cylinders¡A64 - heads ©M 32 sectors/track¡A³o¸Ì'N'¬O«üºÏºÐ¾÷ªº MB ®e¶q¡CÁ|¨Ò - ¨Ó»¡¡A¤@­Ó 2GB ªººÏºÐ¾÷À³¸Ó°²³]¥¦¦³ 2048 cylinders¡A64 heads - ©M 32 sectors/track¡C - -¦pªG¥¦½T©w¬O ¥´¶}ªº(³q±`´£¨Ñ³oºØ¤èªk¦b MSDOS ¤U¦³¬Y¨Ç­­ - ¨î)¡A¨Ã¥BºÏºÐ®e¶q¶W¹L 1GB¡A¨Ï¥Î M cylinders¡A¨C­Ó track 63 sectors -(*¦Ó«D* 64)¡A¥H¤Î 255 heads¡A³o¸Ì 'M' ¬O¨C MB ªººÏºÐ®e¶q°£¥H -7.844238 (!)¡C©Ò¥H§Ú­Ìªº³o­Ó½d¨Ò¡A2G ºÏºÐ¾÷´N¦³ 261 cylinders¡A -¨C­Ó track 63 sectors ¥H¤Î 255 heads¡C - -¦pªG§A¤£½T©w¥H¤W³o­Ó¡A©Î¬O FreeBSD ¦b¦w¸Ë¹Lµ{¤¤­n°»´ú geometry -ªº¥¿½T©Ê®É¥¢±Ñ¤F¡A³Ì²³æªº¸Ñ¨M¤èªk³q±`¬O¦bºÏºÐ¤W«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¤pªº DOS -¤À³Î°Ï¡C¥¿½Tªº geometry À³¸Ó¯à³Q°»´ú¨ì¡]¦Ó¥B¦pªG§A¤£·Q«O¯d¥¦¡A -§AÁ`¬O¥i¥H¦b¤À³Î°Ï½s¿è¾¹¸Ì§â³o­Ó DOS ¤À³Î°Ï²¾°£±¼¡A©Î¬O§â¥¦¯d¤U - ¨Ó¡Aµ¹µ{¦¡¤Æºô¸ô¥d¨Ï¥Î©ÎÀH§A°ª¿³«ç»ò¥Î¥¦¡^¡C - -¥t¥~¡A¦³¤@­Ó§K¶O¦Ó¦³¥Îªº¤½¥Îµ{¦¡¥s ``pfdisk.exe'' ÀHµÛ - FreeBSD ´²¼½¥X¨Ó¡]¦ì©ó FreeBSD CDROM ªº tools ¤l¥Ø¿ý - ¤U©Î¬O¦b¤j¦h¼Æªº FreeBSD ftp ¯¸¥x¤º¥i§ä¨ì¡^¡A³o­Óµ{¦¡¥i¥Î¨Ó§ä -¥X¥t¤@§@·~¨t²Î¥¿¦b¨Ï¥ÎºÏºÐ¾÷¤Wªº­þ¶ô geometry¡CµM«á§A´N¥i¥H¦b -¤À³Î°Ï½s¿è¾¹¸Ì­±¿é¤J¥¦¡C - - + + USB device support was added to FreeBSD 3.1. However, it + is still in preliminary state and may not always work as of + version 3.2. If you want to experiment with the USB keyboard + support, follow the procedure described below. - -·í§Ú¤À³ÎºÏºÐ¾÷®É¦³¥ô¦ó­­¨î¶Ü¡S + + + Use FreeBSD 3.2 or later. + -¬Oªº¡C§A¥²¶·½T»{§Aªº root ¤À³Î°Ï¬O¦b 1024 cylinders ¤§¤º¡AÅý - BIOS ¥i¥H±q¨ä¤¤±Ò°Ê®Ö¤ß¡C(ª`·N¡G³o¬O PC ªº BIOS ¥\¯à­­¨î¡A¦Ó¤£ - ¬O FreeBSD ªº) - -¹ï SCSI ¸Ë¸m¨Ó»¡¡A³o³q±`·t¥ÜµÛ root ¤À³Î°Ï±N©ñ¦b¶}©lªº 1024 - MB(©Î¬O¶}©lªº 4096MB¡A¦pªG extended translation ¬O¥´¶}ªº - ½Ð - °Ñ¦Ò«e¤@¸`)¡C¹ï IDE ¨Ó»¡¡A¬ÛÃöªº³¡¥÷¬O 504MB¡C - - + + Add the following lines to your kernel configuration + file, and rebuild the kernel. - - ¥i¥H¨Ï¥ÎºÏºÐºÞ²zµ{¦¡(disk managers)¶Ü¡S©Î¬O¡A§Ú¦³¤@­Ó¥¨¤jªººÏºÐ¾÷¡I - + device uhci +device ohci +device usb +device ukbd +options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV -FreeBSD »{ÃÑ Ontrack Disk Manager ¨Ã¥B¤¹³\¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡A¨ä¥Lªº disk -managers «h¤£¦b¤ä´©¤§¦C¡C - -¦pªG§A¥u·Q¦bºÏºÐ¾÷¤W¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ¨º»ò§A®Ú¥»¤£»Ý­n disk manager¡C -¥u­n§âºÏºÐ³]©w¦¨ BIOS ¯à§ì¨ìªº³Ì¤jªÅ¶¡(³q±`¬O 504 megabytes)¡A¨º»ò -FreeBSD À³¸Ó´N¥i¥Hºâ¥X§A¨Æ¹ê¤W¾Ö¦³¦h¤ÖªÅ¶¡¡C¦pªG§A¥¿¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó MFM - ±±¨î¾¹¨Ó±±¨îªº¦ÑºÏºÐ¡A§A¥i¯à»Ý­n©ú¥Õªº§i¶D FreeBSD ­n¨Ï¥Î¦h¤Ö­Ó -cylinders¡C - -¦pªG§A·Q¦bºÏºÐ¤W¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ©M¥t¤@­Ó§@·~¨t²Î¡A§A¥i¯à¤£»Ý­n -disk manager¡G¥u­n½T©w FreeBSD ªº±Ò°Ê¤À³Î°Ï¸ò¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Îªº -slice ³£¦ì©ó¶}©lªº 1024 cylinders ¤º¡C¦pªG§A¬Û·í¦a¤p¤ß¡A¤@­Ó -20 megabytes ªº±Ò°Ê¤À³Î°ÏÀ³¸Ó´N°÷¤F¡C - - + In versions of FreeBSD before 4.0, use this + instead: - - ·í§Ú±Ò°Ê FreeBSD¡A§Ú¬Ý¨ì ``Missing Operating System'' - - + controller uhci0 +controller ohci0 +controller usb0 +controller ukbd0 +options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV + -³o¬O¤@­Ó¨å«¬ªº±¡§Î¡A·í FreeBSD »P DOS©Î¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Î¦b³B²zºÏºÐ geometry -¤W¦³½Ä¬ðªº®É­Ô´N·|µo¥Í¡C§A»Ý­n­«·s¦w¸Ë FreeBSD¡A¦ý¬O½Ð¿í·Ó»¡©ú¤W­±©Ò´£¨ìªº«ü¥OÀ³¸Ó´N¥i¥H¤F¡C - - + + Go to the /dev directory and create + device nodes as follows: - -§Ú¬Ý¤£¨ì boot manager ªº 'F?' ´£¥Ü¸¹¡C + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; ./MAKEDEV kbd0 kbd1 -³o¬O«e¤@­¶©Ò´y­z°ÝÃDªº¥t¤@­Ó¼x¥ü¡C§Aªº BIOS geometry ©M FreeBSD -ªº geometry ³]©w¤£¬Û¦P¡I¦pªG§Aªº±±¨î¾¹©Î BIOS ¤ä´© cylinders -translation (³q±`³Q¼Ð¥Ü¦¨``>1GB drive support'')¡A¸ÕµÛ§â³o­Ó -³]©w¥´¶}µM«á­«·s¦w¸Ë FreeBSD¡C - - + - - §Ú¦³ >16MB RAM¡C³o·|¾É­P¥ô¦ó°ÝÃD¶Ü¡S - + + Edit /etc/rc.conf and add the + following lines: -±q®Ä¯àªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤£·|¡CFreeBSD 2.X ¤º§t bounce buffers¡A³o¤¹³\ -§Aªº bus mastering controller ¦s¨ú¶W¹L 16MB¡C(ª`·N¦pªG§A¥¿¨Ï¥Î -ISA ¸Ë¸m³oÀ³¸Ó¬O¥²»Ýªº¡A¾¨ºÞ¤@­Ó©Î¨â­Ó§ó¦­ªº EISA ©M VLB ¸Ë¸m¤] -¥i¯à»Ý­n¥¦)¡C - -¤]½Ð°Ñ¦Ò >64M machines -³o¸`¡A°²¦p§A¦³³o»ò¦h°O¾ÐÅé¡A©Î§A¨Ï¥Îªº¬O Compaq ©Î¬O¨ä¥L¯à³B²z -³o»ò¦h¦³¥Î°O¾ÐÅ骺¾÷¾¹¡C - - - - -§Ú»Ý­n¦w¸Ë§¹¾ãªº­ì©lµ{¦¡(sources)¶Ü¡S - -³q±`¬O¤£»Ý­n¡CµM¦Ó¡A·|±j¯P«Øij§A¦Ü¤Ö¦w¸Ë ``base'' ³o­Ó -source kit¡A³o¥]§t¼Æ­Ó³o¸Ì²³æ´y­z¹LªºÀɮסAÁÙ¦³ ``sys'' -(kernel) source kit¡A³o¥]§t®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡ªº sources¡C¨t²Î¸Ì­±¤£»Ý -­n¦³ sources ¤~¯à¾Þ§@¡AµM¦Ó¡A°£¤F kernel-configuration µ{¦¡ - config ¥H¥~¡C¯Ê¤Ö®Ö¤ßªº sources¡A§Ú­Ìªº«Ø¿v¬[ºc¬O³]©w -¦¨Åý§A¥i¥H±q§O³B¦p NFS ¨Ó±¾¤W°ß¿Wªº­ì©lµ{¦¡¡A¦]¦¹ÁÙ¬O¥i¥H»s -§@·sªº binaries¡C¡]¦]¬° kernel-source ªº­­¨î¡A§Ú­Ì«Øij§A¤£­n -ª½±µ§â¥¦±¾¦b /usr/src ¤U¡A³Ì¦n¥Î¨ä¥L¾A¦Xªº²Å¸¹©Ê­« -½Æ³sµ²¨ì source tree ªº¤W¼h¬[ºc¡C¡ - - -½u¤W¾Ö¦³ sources ¨Ãª¾¹D¦p¦ó«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¨t²Î¡A±N·|Åý§A¦b¤É¯Å¤µ«á -FreeBSD ªº releases ª©¥»§ó®e©ö¤@ÂI¡C - -­n¹ê»Úªº¿ï¾Ü sources ªº¤@­Ó¤l¶°¦X¡A¦b§A¦b¨t²Î¦w¸Ë¤u¨ãªº -Distributions ¿ï³æ®É¡A¨Ï¥Î Custom ¿ï³æ¶µ¥Ø¡Csrc/install.sh -script ±N·|§â sources distribution ªº³¡¥÷¦w¸Ë¶i¥h¡A¥D­n¬O¬Ý -§A¶Ç¤J­þ¨Ç°Ñ¼Æ¡C - - + usbd_enable="YES" +usbd_flags="" - -§Ú»Ý­n«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó®Ö¤ß¶Ü¡S + + -«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¦b FreeBSD ¦w¸Ë¹Lµ{¤¤¬Oµ´¹ï¥²»Ýªº¤@­Ó¨BÆJ¡C -¦ý·sª© releases ±a¨Ó¤@­Ó§ó¤Íµ½ªº®Ö¤ß³]©w¤u¨ã«ü¥Oªº¦n³B¡C¦b -FreeBSD ±Ò°Ê´£¥Ü¸¹(boot:)®É¡A¨Ï¥Î "-c" flag §A´N·|¶i¤J¤@­Ó³] -©w¿Ã¹õ¡A³o¤¹³\§A°µ±`¨£ ISA ¥dªº®Ö¤ß³]©w¡C - -¤´µM«Øij§A³Ì«á«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó®Ö¤ß¡A¥u¥]§t§A»Ý­nªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡A³o¬O¬°¤F -¸`¬Ù¤@ÂI RAM¡A¦ý¬O¹ï¤j¦h¼Æªº¨t²Î¨Ó»¡³o«o¤£¬OÄY®æªº­n¨D¡C - - - - -§Ú¤£¬O¦í¦b¬ü°ê¡A¨º§Ú¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î DES ¶Ü¡S - -¦pªG¹ï§A¨Ó»¡¨Ï¥Î DES ®æ¦¡ªº¥[±K§Þ³N¤£¬Oµ´¹ï»Ý­nªº¡A§A¥i¥H¨Ï -¥Î FreeBSD ªº¤º©w¥[±K§Þ³N¡A¦³§ó¦n ªº¦w¥þ©Ê¡A¨Ã¥B¨S¦³ÃB¥~ -ªº­­¨î¡CFreeBSD 2.0 ªº±K½X²{¦b¨Ï¥Î¤º©wªº MD5-based ¥[¥H -²V¦X¡A­n¥Î¦Û°Ê¯}¸Ñ±K½Xªºµ{¦¡¥h¯}¸Ñ¥¦¡A¤ñ°_ DES »Ý­n¨Ï¥Î§ó¦h -CPU ±j¤Æ©Ê¥H«K¥Î¦Û°Ê±K½X¯}¸Ñ¾¹¡A¥¦ÁÙ¤¹³\§óªøªº±K½X¡C¤µ¤é¤£¨Ï -¥Î MD5-based ¥[±K§Þ³Nªº°ß¤@²z¥Ñ¬O¦b FreeBSD ©M«D FreeBSD -¨t²Î¤W¨Ï¥Î¬Û¦Pªº±K½X¶µ¥Ø¡C - -¦]¬° DES ¥[±Kºtºâªk¤£¯à¥Ñ US ¦Xªk¿é¥X¨ì°ê¥~¡A«D US ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£ -À³¸Ó±q US FTP ¯¸¥x¤U¸ü³o­Ó³nÅé(secrdistªº¥ô¤@³¡¥÷)¡C - -µM¦Ó¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³­Ó¦³®Äªº libcrypt¡A­ì©lµ{¦¡°ò¥»¤W¥Ñ¿D¬wªº -David Burren ¼g¦¨¡C³o­Óµ{¦¡½X¥Ø«e¦b¬Y¨Ç«D US FreeBSD mirror -¯¸¥x¤W¥i¥H§ä¨ì¡C³o­Ó¨S¦³­­¨îªº libcrypt ­ì©lµ{¦¡¡A¥H¤Î¨Ï¥Î¥¦ -ªº binaries µ{¦¡¡A¥i¥H¦b¥H¤U FTP ¯¸¥xÀò±o¡G - - - -South Africa - -ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD - ftp://storm.sea.uct.ac.za/pub/FreeBSD - - - + After the system is rebooted, the AT keyboard becomes + /dev/kbd0 and the USB keyboard becomes + /dev/kbd1, if both are connected to the + system. If there is the USB keyboard only, it will be + /dev/ukbd0. -Brazil + If you want to use the USB keyboard in the console, you + have to explicitly tell the console driver to use the existing + USB keyboard. This can be done by running the following + command as a part of system initialization. - -ftp://ftp.iqm.unicamp.br/pub/FreeBSD - - - + &prompt.root; kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd1 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null -Finland + Note that if the USB keyboard is the only keyboard, it is + accessed as /dev/kbd0, thus, the command + should look like: - -ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt - - - - - - - -«D US ªº securedist ¥i¥H·í­­¨î©Ê US securedist -ªº§¹¥þ´À¥N¡C³o­Ó securedist package ¦w¸Ë¤èªk¸ò US -package §¹¥þ¤@¼Ë(²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¦w¸Ë¶·ª¾)¡C¦pªG§A­n¸Ë DES ¥[±Kªk -§AÀ³¸Ó¾¨¥i¯à¦a¦b¦w¸Ë¨ä¥L³nÅ餧«e¥ý¸Ë¦n¥¦¡A¦A¸Ë¨ä¥L³nÅé¡C - -«D US ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ½Ð¤Å±q USA ¤U¸ü¥ô¦ó¥[±K³nÅé¡C³o·|¾É­P¯¸¥xªººÞ²z -ªÌ¦]¬°³Q¤U¸üªº³nÅé·S¤W¼Æ­Óªk«ß©Êªº§xÃø¡C - -¤@­Ó«D US ªº Kerberos distribution ¥ç¥¿¦bµo®i¤¤¡A²{¦æª©¥»³q -±`¥i¥Ñ°Î¦W FTP braae.ru.ac.za ¨ÓÀò±o¡C - -¤]¦³¤@­Ó mailing list ±Mªù¥Î¨Ó°Q½× -«D US ¥[±K³nÅé¡C±ýÀò±o§ó¦h¸ê°T¡A±H¤@«Ê«H¡A¦b«H¥ó¤º®e¥]§t³æ¿W¤@¦æ°T®§»¡ -``help'' ¨ì¥H¤U¦ì§}¡G - - majordomo@braae.ru.ac.za. - - + &prompt.root; kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd0 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null - - ±Ò°Ê³nºÐ¶}©lŪ¤F¥i¬O«o°±¦b``Probing Devices...''¿Ã¹õ¡C - + /etc/rc.i386 is a good place to add the + above command. -¦pªG§A¦w¸Ë¤F IDE Zip ©Î Jaz ¸Ë¸m¡A²¾°£¥¦¨Ã­«·s¸Õ¤@¹M¡C -±Ò°Ê³nºÐ¤ù¥i¯à·|³Q³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m²V²c¤F¡C·í¨t²Î¦w¸Ë¦n¥H«á§A¥i¥H¦A -§â¥¦±µ¦^¨Ó¡C§Æ±æ³o¦b¤§«áªº release ª©¥»¥i¥H³Q­×¥¿¡C - - - - -·í§Ú¦w¸Ë¦n­«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î«á¡A§Ú¬Ý¨ì``panic: cant mount root'' ªº¿ù»~°T®§¡C - - -³o­Ó¿ù»~¬O¦]¬°±Ò°Ê°Ï¶ô¸ò®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¹ïºÏºÐ¸Ë¸mªº»{ª¾¤£¬Û¦P¡C³q±`³o­Ó -¿ù»~·|¥X²{¦bÂùºÏºÐªº IDE ¨t²Î¡AµwºÐ©ñ¦b master¡A©Î¬O¦b¤ÀÂ÷ªº -IDE ±±¨î¾¹¤W¥u¦³³æ¤@ºÏºÐ¾÷¡A¦ý¬O FreeBSD ¸Ë¦b secondary IDE ¤W - ¡C·í®Ö¤ß«ü©w²Ä¤G­ÓºÏºÐ±±¨î¾¹ªº²Ä¤@­ÓºÏºÐ¾÷ wd2 ®É¡A±Ò°Ê block - «o»{¬°¨t²Î¸Ë¦b wd1(²Ä¤G­Ó BIOS ºÏºÐ¾÷)¡C°»´ú§¹¸Ë¸m«á¡A®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡ - ¸ÕµÛ§â±Ò°Ê block »{¬°ªº±Ò°ÊºÏºÐ(wd1) mount °_¨Ó¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W«o¬O wd2 - ¡A©Ò¥H¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C - -­n­×¥¿³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥H¤U´XºØ¤èªk¤§¤@³£¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¡G - - - + Once this is done, the USB keyboard should work in the X + environment as well without any special settings. - -·í Boot: ´£¥Ü¸¹¥X²{®É¡A¿é¤J¡G 1:wd(2,a)kernel -µM«á«ö Enter¡C¦pªG¨t²Î¶}©l¤F¡A´N°õ¦æ¥H¤U©R¥O¡G -echo "1:wd(2,a)kernel" > /boot.config + Hot-plugging and unplugging of the USB keyboard may not + work quite right yet. It is a good idea to connect the keyboard + before you start the system and leave it connected until the + system is shutdown to avoid troubles. - Åý¥¦Åܦ¨¤º©wªº boot string¡C - - + See the &man.ukbd.4; man page for more information. + + - -§â FreeBSD ºÏºÐ¾÷²¾¨ì primary IDE controller¡A¦]¦¹µwºÐ¾÷¬O -³sÄòªº¡C - - + + + I have an unusual bus mouse. How do I set it up? + - -Rebuild your kernel, ­×§ï¦³Ãö wd ³]©wªº¦æ¼Æ¡G + + FreeBSD supports the bus mouse and the InPort bus mouse + from such manufactures as Microsoft, Logitech and ATI. The bus + device driver is compiled in the GENERIC kernel by default in + FreeBSD versions 2.X, but not included in version 3.0 or later. + If you are building a custom kernel with the bus mouse driver, + make sure to add the following line to the kernel config + file -controller wdc0 at isa? port "IO_WD1" bio irq 14 vector wdintr -disk wd0 at wdc0 drive 0 -# disk wd1 at wdc0 drive 1 # comment out this line + In FreeBSD 3.0 or before, add: -controller wdc1 at isa? port "IO_WD2" bio irq 15 vector wdintr -disk wd1 at wdc1 drive 0 # change from wd2 to wd1 -disk wd2 at wdc1 drive 1 # change from wd3 to wd2 + device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5 vector mseintr + In FreeBSD 3.X, the line should be: -¦w¸Ë·sªº®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¡C -¦pªG§A²¾°Ê§AªººÏºÐ¾÷¡A¨Ã§Æ±æ§â¥ý«eªº³]©w«ì´_¡A¥u­n§âºÏºÐ¥Î¹w´Á -ªº³]©w¸m´«¦^¨ÓµM«á­«·s¶}¾÷¡C§Aªº¨t²ÎÀ³¸Ó´N¯à¦¨¥\ªº±Ò°Ê¡C - - + device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5 - - - - + And in FreeBSD 4.X and later, the line should read: - -°O¾ÐÅ骺­­¨î¬O¤°»ò¡S + device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c irq5 -¹ï°O¾ÐÅé¨Ó»¡¡A(²z½×¤W)­­¨î¬O 4 gigabytes¡C§ó¦h¸ê°T¥i°Ñ¦Òwcarchive ªº³]©w ¡C -¦pªG±z¹w©w¦b¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¤W¦w¸Ë³o»ò¦h°O¾ÐÅé¡A±z»Ý­n§ó¥[¤p¤ß¡A±z¥i¯à­n¨Ï¥Î ECC -°O¾ÐÅé¥H´î¤Ö 9/18 pin °O¾ÐÅé¼Ò²Õ¤§¶¡ªº¬Û®e©Ê°ÝÃD¡C - - + Bus mice usually comes with dedicated interface cards. + These cards may allow you to set the port address and the IRQ + number other than shown above. Refer to the manual of your + mouse and the &man.mse.4; man page for more information. + + - -ffs Àɮרt²Îªº­­¨î¬O¤°»ò¡S + + + How do I use my PS/2 (mouse port or + keyboard) mouse? + -¹ï ffs filesystems ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¤j²z½×­È­­¨î¦b 8 terabytes(2G blocks -)¡A©Î·í¨Ï¥Î¤º©w 8K block ¤j¤p®É¡A­­¨î¬O 16TB¡CÁÙ¦³¡A³nÅé­­¨î¬O -1 terabytes¡A¦ý¦pªG¬O¸g¹L­×§ïªºÀɮרt²Î¤W 4 terabytes ¬O¥i¯à(¨Ã -¥B¦s¦b)ªº¡C - -³æ¤@ ffs Àɮתº¤j¤p³Ì¤j¬OÁͪñ 1G blocks(4TB) - °²¦p block ¤j¤p¬O -4K¡C - - - maxfilesize - ---------------------------------- - 2.2.7 3.0 -fs block size -stable -current works should-work -------------- ------- -------- ----- ----------- -4K 4T-1 4T-1 4T-1 4+T -8K 32+G 8T-1 32+G 16T-1 -16K 128+G 16T-1 128+G 32T-1 -32K 512+G 32T-1 512+G 64T-1 -64K 2048+G 64T-1 2048+G 128T-1 - - - -·í fs block ¤j¤p¬O 4K¡Atriple indirect block ¹B§@¨Ã¥B©Ò¦³ªº¨Æ±¡ -³£À³¸Ó¥Hªí¥Ü¦¨¨Ï¥Î triple indirect block ªº³Ì¤j fs block ¨Ó§@­­ -¨î(ªñ¦ü©ó 1K^3 + 1K^2 + 1K)¡A¦ý¦b fs block ¼Æ¥Ø¤W«o¦³¤@­Ó(¿ù»~) -ªº 1G-1 ­­¨î¡C¹ï fs block ¼Æ¥Øªº­­¨îÀ³¸Ó¬O 2G-1¡C¦b fs block -¼Æ¥Ø±µªñ 2G-1 ®É¦³ÂI¿ù»~¡A¦ý·í fs block ¤j¤p¬O 4K ®É³o­Ó block -¼Æ¥Ø¬O¤£¯à¹F¨ìªº¡C - -block ¤j¤p¦pªG¬O 8K ©Î§ó¤j¡Afs block ¼Æ¥ØÀ³¸Ó­­¨î¦b 2G-1¡A¦ý¹ê -»Ú fs block ¼Æ¥Ø«o­­¨î¦b 1G-1¡A°£¤F¦b -stable ®É triple indirect -blocks ¬OµLªk¹F¨ìªº¡A©Ò¥H³Ì¦h fs block ¼Æ¥Øªº­­¨î¥i¥Hªí¥Ü¦¨¥Î -double indirect blocks(ªñ¦ü©ó(blocksize/4)^2 + (blocksize/4)) -¡A¥B¦b -current ¤U¶W¹L³o­Ó­­¨î¥i¯à·|¾É­P°ÝÃD²£¥Í¡C¨Ï¥Î¥¿½Tªº -2G-1 block ­­¨îªº½T·|¾É­P°ÝÃDµo¥Í¡C - - + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¦b³nºÐ¤W©ñ¤J 1TB ÀɮסH + If you are running a post-2.2.5 version of FreeBSD, the + necessary driver, psm, is included and + enabled in the kernel. The kernel should detect your PS/2 mouse + at boot time. -§Ú¦Û¤v´N¦b³nºÐ¤ù¤W©ñ¦n´X­Ó :-)¡CÀɮתº³Ì¤j®e¶q¨Æ¹ê¤W¸òºÏºÐ³Ì¤j - ªº®e¶q¨Ã¨S¦³±K¤Á¬ÛÃö¡CºÏºÐªº³Ì¤j®e¶q¬O 1TB¡A³o¬O¤@­ÓÀɮפj¤p¥i -¥H¶W¹LºÏºÐ®e¶qªº¤@­Ó¯S¦â¡C - -¥H¤U½d¨Ò·|¦b¤@­Ó¨Ï¥Î¾ã­Ó 32K ªÅ¶¡³o¼Ë¤pªº root partition ºÏºÐ -¤W«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¤j¤p¬O 8T-1 ªºÀÉ®×(3 indirect blocks and 1 data block -)¡Cdd «ü¥O»Ý­nÅý dd ¯à¦b¤@­Ó¤jÀɮפU°õ¦æ¡C - - -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> cat foo -df . -dd if=/dev/zero of=z bs=1 seek=`echo 2^43 - 2 | bc` count=1 -ls -l z -du z -df . -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> sh foo -Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on -/dev/sd0a 64479 27702 31619 47% / -1+0 records in -1+0 records out -1 bytes transferred in 0.000187 secs (5346 bytes/sec) --rw-r--r-- 1 bde bin 8796093022207 Sep 7 16:04 z -32 z -Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on -/dev/sd0a 64479 27734 31587 47% / -ttyv0:bde@alphplex:/tmp/q> exit - - -Bruce Evans, September 1998 - - + If you are running a previous but relatively recent version + of FreeBSD (2.1.x or better) then you can simply enable it in + the kernel configuration menu at installation time, otherwise + later with at the boot: + prompt. It is disabled by default, so you will need to enable + it explicitly. - -¦b±Ò°Ê·sªº kernel ®É¡A¬Ý¨ì "archsw.readin.failed" ³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§ - + If you are running an older version of FreeBSD then you will + have to add the following lines to your kernel configuration + file and compile a new kernel. -¦b±Ò°Ê loader ¤§«e·|¬Ý¨ì "|" ³o­Ó²Å¸¹¦bÂà¡A³o®É¥i¥H«ö¥ô¦óÁ䤤Â_¡AµM - «á¦A«ü©w­n¸ü¤J¨º­Ó kernel¡C¥J²Ó¨Ó»¡¡A§A¤w¸g§ó·s kernel ªº­ì©l½X¡B¤]¥Î¥¦ - °µ¤F·sªº kernel¡A¦ý«o *¨S¦³­«·s make world*¡C§Ú­Ì¤£¤ä´©³o»ò°µ¡A½Ð¥ý - make world¡A¦A§ó·s kernel¡C - - - + In FreeBSD 3.0 or earlier, the line should be: - -µwÅ骺¬Û®e©Ê + device psm0 at isa? port "IO_KBD" conflicts tty irq 12 vector psmintr + In FreeBSD 3.1 or later, the line should be: - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¨ÇµwºÐªº¤¶­±¡H + device psm0 at isa? tty irq 12 -FreeBSD ¤ä´© EIDE ¤Î SCSI ¶gÃä (¦³µÛ¬Û®eªº controller¡F - ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤U¤@¬q)¡A¥H¤Î¨Ï¥Î¡uWestern Digital¡v¤¶­±ªº¶gÃä (MEM¡B - ¡BRLL¡BESDI¡A·íµM¡AIDE ¤]¦b¥]¬A¤º)¡C¦ý¤Ö¼Æ¨Ï¥Î±M¦³ªº ESDI - ªº¤¶­±µLªk¹B§@¡G¹³¬O WD1002/3/6/7 ¤¶­±µ¥µ¥¡C - - + In FreeBSD 4.0 or later, the line should be: - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¤@¨Ç SCSI ¥d¡H + device psm0 at atkbdc? irq 12 -¦b Handbook ¸Ì¦³§¹¾ãªº¸ê®Æ¡C - - + See the Handbook entry on + configuring the kernel if you have no experience with + building kernels. - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¤@¨Ç CD-ROM¡H + Once you have a kernel detecting + psm0 correctly at boot time, make sure + that an entry for psm0 exists in + /dev. You can do this by typing: -­º¥ý¡A¥ô¦ó±µ¦b SCSI ¤¶­±¤Wªº CDROM ³£¦³³Q FreeBSD ©Ò¤ä´©¡C - -¨ä¦¸¡A¤U­±©Ò¦Cªº CD-ROM ¤]³£¦³³Q¤ä´©¡G - - - - - -Mitsumi LU002 (8bit), LU005 (16bit) ¤Î FX001D (16bit ¨â­¿³t)¡C - - - - -Sony CDU 31/33A - - - - -±µ¦b Sound Blaster ¤W«D SCSI ¤¶­±ªº CD-ROM - - - - -Matsushita/Panasonic CD-ROM - - - - -¬Û®e©ó ATAPI IDE ¤¶­±ªº CD-ROM - - - - - - -¤w¸gª¾¹D«D SCSI ªº¶gÃä³]³Æ·|¤ñ SCSI ªººC«Ü¦h¡A¥t¥~¡A¦³¤@¨Ç ATAPI - CDROM (³o¤]´N¬O»¡«D SCSI ªº CDROM) ¥i¯àµLªk¹B§@¡C - -¹ï¤F¡A2.2 ª©ªº FreeBSD CDROM (¥Ñ Walnut Creek ¾ã²zªº) ¤ä´©¥úºÐ¶}¾÷¡C - - + &prompt.root; cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0 - -FreeBSD ¤ä´© ZIP ¶Ü¡H + when logged in as root. + + -FreeBSD ·íµM¤ä´© SCSI ZIP¡C¦ý¬O ZIP ¥u¯à°÷³Q³]©w¦b SCSI ID 5 ©Î¬O 6 - ¡C¦ý¦pªG SCSI ¥d¤Wªº BIOS ¤ä´©¥¦¡A§A¬Æ¦Ü¥i¥H¥Î¥¦¨Ó¶}¾÷¡C§Ú­Ì¤£¾å±o­þ¤@ - ¶ô¥d¥i¥HÅý§A§â¥dªº ID ³]¦b°£¤F 0 ©Î 1 ¥H¥~ªº¦a¤è¶}¾÷... ¬Ý¬Ý§Aªº»¡©ú¤â - ¥U (ªG§A¦¨¥\ªº¸Ü¡A¤]½Ð§AÅý§Ú­Ìª¾¹D) - -ATAPI (¤]´N¬O IDE ¤¶­±) ZIP ¤w¸g¦b FreeBSD 2.2.6 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»³Q¤ä´©¤F¡C - -FreeBSD ±q 3.0 ¶}©l¤]¤ä´© Parallel Port Zip¡C¦pªG§A¥Îªºª©¥»°÷·sªº - ¸Ü¡A¥ýÀˬd kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¬O§_¦³ scbus0¡Bda0¡B - ppbus0 ©M vp0 ³o´X­ÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡]Generic kernel ³]©wÀÉ - ¤¤°£¤F vp0 ¤§¥~³£¦³¡^¡C¥[¤F³o´X­ÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤§«á¡AParallel Port Zip ´N¥i - ¥H·í§@ /dev/da0s4¡A¬Ý¬O¥Î mount /dev/da0s4 /mnt¡B©Î¬O¡]DOS - ºÏ¤ù¡ - mount_msdos /dev/da0s4 /mnt ¨ÓŪ¼g¡C - -¤]¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò¦³Ãö ¥i²¾°£³]³Æªºµù¸Ñ ¡A - ¤Î ®æ¦¡¤Æªº¸ê®Æ ªº¸ê®Æ¡C - - + + + Is it possible to make use of a mouse in any way outside + the X Window system? + + + + If you are using the default console driver, syscons, you + can use a mouse pointer in text consoles to cut & paste + text. Run the mouse daemon, moused, and turn on the mouse + pointer in the virtual console: + + &prompt.root; moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy +&prompt.root; vidcontrol -m on + + Where xxxx is the mouse device + name and yyyy is a protocol type for + the mouse. See the &man.moused.8; man page for supported + protocol types. + + You may wish to run the mouse daemon automatically when the + system starts. In version 2.2.1, set the following variables in + /etc/sysconfig. + + mousedtype="yyyy" +mousedport="xxxx" +mousedflags="" + + In versions 2.2.2 to 3.0, set the following variables in + /etc/rc.conf. + + moused_type="yyyy" +moused_port="xxxx" +moused_flags="" + + In 3.1 and later, assuming you have a PS/2 mouse, all you + need to is add moused_enable="YES" to + /etc/rc.conf. + + In addition, if you would like to be able to use the mouse + daemon on all virtual terminals instead of just console at + boot-time, add the following to + /etc/rc.conf. + + allscreens_flags="-m on" + + Staring from FreeBSD 2.2.6, the mouse daemon is capable of + determining the correct protocol type automatically unless the + mouse is a relatively old serial mouse model. Specify + auto the protocol to invoke automatic + detection. + + When the mouse daemon is running, access to the mouse + needs to be coordinated between the mouse daemon and other + programs such as the X Window. Refer to another section on this + issue. + + - - FreeBSD ¦³¤ä´© JAZ¡BEZ ¤Î¨ä¥L¹³³o¤@Ãþ¥i¥H²¾°Êªº³]³Æ¶Ü¡H - + + + How do I cut and paste text with mouse in the text + console? + + + + Once you get the mouse daemon running (see + previous section), hold down the + button 1 (left button) and move the mouse to select a region of + text. Then, press the button 2 (middle button) or the button 3 + (right button) to paste it at the text cursor. + + In versions 2.2.6 and later, pressing the button 2 will + paste the text. Pressing the button 3 will + extend the selected region of text. If your + mouse does not have the middle button, you may wish to emulate + it or remap buttons using moused options. See the + &man.moused.8; man page for details. + + -°£¤F IDE ªº EZ drive ¥~¡A¨ä¥LªºÀ³¸Ó³£¬O SCSI ¤¶­±¡C©Ò¥H§AÀ³¸Ó±N¤j³¡ - ¥÷³]³Æ¬Ý¦¨ SCSI ºÏºÐ¾÷¡A§â³Ñ¤U¨º¨Çªº IDE EZ ªº³]³Æ¬Ý¦¨ IDE ³]³Æ¡C - -§Ú­Ì¨Ã¤£½T©w FreeBSD ¹ï©ó§ó´« jaz ºÏ¤ù®Éªº¤ä´©«ç¼Ë - ¡C¦ý§Ú­Ìª¾¹D¥²»Ý¦b©â´« jaz ºÏ¤ù«e±N³o­ÓÀɮרt²Î¥ý¨ø¤U¡C·íµM¡A§A¥²»Ý½T - ©w¦b¶}¾÷®É³o¨Ç³]³Æªº¹q·½¬O¥´¶}ªº¡A¥H«KÅý FreeBSD ¥i¥H°»´ú¨ì¡C - -°Ñ¦Ò®æ¦¡¤Æªº¸ê®Æ¡C - - + + + Does FreeBSD support any USB mice? + + + + + Preliminary USB device support was added to FreeBSD + 3.1. It did not always work through early versions of + 3.X. As of FreeBSD 4.0, USB devices should work out of + the box. If you want to experiment with the USB mouse + support under FreeBSD 3.X, follow the procedure described + below. + + + + Use FreeBSD 3.2 or later. + + + + Add the following lines to your kernel configuration + file, and rebuild the kernel. + + device uhci +device ohci +device usb +device ums + + In versions of FreeBSD before 4.0, use this + instead: + + controller uhci0 +controller ohci0 +controller usb0 +device ums0 + + + + Go to the /dev directory and + create a device node as follows: + + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; ./MAKEDEV ums0 + + + + Edit /etc/rc.conf and add the + following lines: + + moused_enable="YES" +moused_type="auto" +moused_port="/dev/ums0" +moused_flags="" +usbd_enable="YES" +usbd_flags="" + + See the previous section + for more detailed discussion on moused. + + + + In order to use the USB mouse in the X session, edit + XF86Config. If you are using XFree86 + 3.3.2 or later, be sure to have the following lines in the + Pointer section: + + Device "/dev/sysmouse" +Protocol "Auto" + + If you are using earlier versions of XFree86, be sure to + have the following lines in the Pointer + section: + + Device "/dev/sysmouse" +Protocol "SysMouse" + + + + Refer to another section + on the mouse support in the X environment. + + Hot-plugging and unplugging of the USB mouse may not work + quite right yet. It is a good idea connect the mouse before you + start the system and leave it connected until the system is + shutdown to avoid trouble. + + - -¦³¨º¨Ç multi-port serial ¥d³Q FreeBSD ©Ò¤ä´©¡H + + + My mouse has a fancy wheel and buttons. Can I use them in + FreeBSD? + + + + The answer is, unfortunately, It depends. + These mice with additional features require specialized driver + in most cases. Unless the mouse device driver or the user + program has specific support for the mouse, it will act just + like a standard two, or three button mouse. + + For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window + environment, refer to that + section. + + -§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò ¨ä¥L¶gÃä³]³Æ ªº²M³æ¡C - -ÁöµM¦³¨Ç¥d¬O¨SµPªº¡A¦ý¤]¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤U¤u§@¡A¹³¬O¸¹ºÙ¤ä´© AST ªº¥d¡C - -°Ñ¦Ò sio ³o¥÷»¡©ú¤å¥ó¥i¥HÅý§A¤F¸Ñ§ó¦h¦³Ãö©ó³o¤@Ãþ¥dªº¸ê°T¡C - - + + + Why does my wheel-equipped PS/2 mouse cause my mouse cursor + to jump around the screen? + + + + The PS/2 mouse driver psm in FreeBSD versions 3.2 or + earlier has difficulty with some wheel mice, including Logitech + model M-S48 and its OEM siblings. Apply the following patch to + /sys/i386/isa/psm.c and rebuild the + kernel. + + Index: psm.c +=================================================================== +RCS file: /src/CVS/src/sys/i386/isa/Attic/psm.c,v +retrieving revision 1.60.2.1 +retrieving revision 1.60.2.2 +diff -u -r1.60.2.1 -r1.60.2.2 +--- psm.c 1999/06/03 12:41:13 1.60.2.1 ++++ psm.c 1999/07/12 13:40:52 1.60.2.2 +@@ -959,14 +959,28 @@ + sc->mode.packetsize = vendortype[i].packetsize; + + /* set mouse parameters */ ++#if 0 ++ /* ++ * A version of Logitech FirstMouse+ won't report wheel movement, ++ * if SET_DEFAULTS is sent... Don't use this command. ++ * This fix was found by Takashi Nishida. ++ */ + i = send_aux_command(sc->kbdc, PSMC_SET_DEFAULTS); + if (verbose >= 2) + printf("psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n", unit, i); ++#endif + if (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) { + sc->mode.resolution + = set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc, +- (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) - 1); ++ (sc->config & PSM_CONFIG_RESOLUTION) - 1); ++ } else if (sc->mode.resolution >= 0) { ++ sc->mode.resolution ++ = set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc, sc->dflt_mode.resolution); ++ } ++ if (sc->mode.rate > 0) { ++ sc->mode.rate = set_mouse_sampling_rate(sc->kbdc, sc->dflt_mode.rate); + } ++ set_mouse_scaling(sc->kbdc, 1); + + /* request a data packet and extract sync. bits */ + if (get_mouse_status(sc->kbdc, stat, 1, 3) < 3) { + + Versions later than 3.2 should be all right. + + - -§Ú¦³¤@°¦ bus mouse¡C§Ú¸Ó¦p¦ó³]©w¡H + + + How do I use the mouse/trackball/touchpad on my + laptop? + + + + Please refer to the answer to + the previous question. Also check out the Mobile + Computing page. + + -FreeBSD ¤ä´©¥Ñ Microsoft¡ALogitech ¤Î ATI ©Ò¥Í²£ªº bus mouse ¤Î InPort - bus mouse¡C³o¨Ç·Æ¹«ªº driver ³£¤w¸g¤º§t¦b GENERIC ¸Ì­±¤F¡C¦pªG§A¦Û¤v¦³­«·s - °µ¤@­Ó kernel¡A½Ð½T©w¦³¨S¦³§â¤U¦C³o¤@¦æ¥[¤J§Aªº kernel config file¡G - - - device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5 vector mseintr - - - -¶R bus mouse ®ÉÀ³¸Ó·|§t¤@¶ô¤¶­±¥d¡C³o¶ô¥d¤¹³\§A³]©w¤£¦Pªº port address ¤Î - IRQ number¡C°Ñ¦Ò§Aªº»¡©ú¤â¥U¤Î mse man page ¨Ó±o¨ì§ó¦hªº¸ê°T. - - + + + What types of tape drives are supported? + - - §Ú¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î PS/2 mouse ©Î¬O PS/2 keyboard¡H + -¦pªG§Aªº FreeBSD ¬O 2.2.5 ¥H¤Wªºª©¥» (§t 2.2.5)¡A¨º»ò§A»Ý­nªº driver ¤£¶È©ñ¨ì - kernel ¸Ì­±¤F¡A¦Ó¥B§Aªº PS/2 ³]³ÆÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦b¶}¾÷®É³Q°»´ú¨ì¡C - -¦pªG§A¥Îªº¬O 2.1.x ¨ì 2.2.5 (¤£§t 2.2.5) ª©ªº FreeBSD¡A§A¥i¥H¦b - ¶}¾÷ªº®É­Ô¶i¤J¡ukernel configuration menu¡v¸Ì¥h±Ò°Ê¡A¤]´N¬O¦b¶}¾÷®É¥X²{ - boot: ªº²Å¸¹«á¥´¤J -c¡C¦]¬°¹w³]­È¬OÃö±¼ªº¡A©Ò¥H§A¥²»Ý¦Û¤v¥h±Ò°Ê¥¦¡C - -¦pªG§A¥Îªº¬O§óªºª©¥»¡A§A»Ý­n¦Û¤v½s¤@­Ó kernel¡A¦b§Aªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɸ̭±¥[¤J¡G - - - device psm0 at isa? port "IO_KBD" conflicts tty irq 12 vector psmintr - - - -¦pªG§A¹ï©ó¦Û¤v½s¤@­Ó®Ö¤ß¨S¦³¸gÅç¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ¦Û­q®Ö¤ß ³o¸ªº»¡©ú¡C - -¦pªG¦b¶}¾÷®É¦³§ä¨ì psm0 «o¤£¯à¨Ï¥Î¡A½Ð½T©w¦b /dev ¤U¦³ psm0 ³o­Ó³]³ÆÀÉ¡C - ¦pªG¨S¦³¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥Î root ªº¨­¥÷¿é¤J¤U­±³o¦æ¨Ó°µ¥X¡G - - - cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0 - - - - + FreeBSD supports SCSI and QIC-36 (with a QIC-02 interface). + This includes 8-mm (aka Exabyte) and DAT drives. - -¬O§_¦³¥i¯à¦b X Window ¤§¥~¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«©O¡H + Some of the early 8-mm drives are not quite compatible + with SCSI-2, and may not work well with FreeBSD. + + -¦pªG§A¥Îªº¬O default console driver¡A¤]´N¬O syscons¡A¦Ó·Q­n¥Î - ·Æ¹««ü¼Ð¨Ó°Å¶K¤å¦r¡A¨º»ò´N°õ¦æ·Æ¹«ªº daemon¡A¤]´N¬O moused¡AµM«á - ¥Î¤U­±³o¨â¦æ¨Ó±Ò°Ê¥¦¡G - - - moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy - vidcontrol -m on - - - -xxxx ªº¦a¤è¶ñ¤J mouse ªº device name¡A¦Ó yyyy - ¶ñ¤J³o°¦·Æ¹«ªº protocol type¡C§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò moused - ³o­Ó man page ¨Ó§ä¬Ý¬Ý¦³¨º¨Ç protocol types ¥i¥H¶ñ¡C - -¦pªG§A·Q­n¦b¶}¾÷®É´N°õ¦æ moused¡C¦b 2.2.1 ª©¤§«e (§t 2.2.1)¡A¨ì - /etc/sysconfig ³]©w¤U­±ªº­È¡G - - - mousedtype="yyyy" - mousedport="xxxx" - mousedflags="" - - - - ¦b 2.2.2 ª©¥H«á (§t 2.2.2) ¨ì /etc/rc.conf ³]©w¤U­±ªº­È¡G - - - moused_type="yyyy" - moused_port="xxxx" - moused_flags="" - - - -¥t¥~±q 2.2.6 ª©¶}©l¡Amoused ¥i¥H¦Û°Ê¨M©w protocol type¡A°£«D·Æ¹«¹ê¦b - ¬O¤Ó¤F¡C¦pªG¤Óªº¸Ü¡A¦b moused_type ¶ñ¤J ``auto''¡AµM«á¬èë - ¥i¥H°»´úªº¨ì¡C - -·í°õ¦æ moused «á¡A·Q­n¦b¨ä¥Lµ{¦¡¸Ì¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«»Ý­n¹³ X Window ³oÃþªºÀ³¥Î - µ{¦¡¡A°Ñ¦Ò ¥t¥~³o¬q ¡C - - + + + Does FreeBSD support tape changers? + + + + FreeBSD 2.2 supports SCSI changers using the + &man.ch.4; + device and the + &man.chio.1; + command. The details of how you actually control the changer + can be found in the + &man.chio.1; + man page. + + If you are not using AMANDA + or some other product that already understands changers, + remember that they only know how to move a tape from one + point to another, so you need to keep track of which slot a + tape is in, and which slot the tape currently in the drive + needs to go back to. + + - -¦p¦ó¦b text console ¸Ì°Å¶K¡H + + + Which sound cards are supported by FreeBSD? + + + + FreeBSD supports the SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, + SoundBlaster 16, Pro Audio Spectrum 16, AdLib and Gravis + UltraSound sound cards. There is also limited support for + MPU-401 and compatible MIDI cards. Cards conforming to the + Microsoft Sound System specification are also supported through + the pcm driver. + + + This is only for sound! This driver does not support + CDROMs, SCSI or joysticks on these cards, except for the + SoundBlaster. The SoundBlaster SCSI interface and some + non-SCSI CDROMs are supported, but you cannot boot off this + device. + + + -·í°õ¦æ moused «á¡A(°Ñ¦Ò«e¤@¸`)¡A«ö¦í¥ªÁä¡A - ²¾°Ê·Æ¹«¨Ó¿ï¾Ü¤@­Ó°Ï°ì¤§«á©ñ¶}¡CµM«á¡A«ö¤U¤¤Áä©Î¥kÁä¡A´N¥i¥H¶K¤W¥h¤F¡C - -¦b 2.2.6 ª©«á (§t 2.2.6)¡A«ö¤U¤¤Áä·|°õ¦æ¶K¤W³o­Ó°Ê§@¡A¦ý«ö¤U¥kÁä·|©µ¦ù - ©Ò¿ï¨úªº°Ï°ì¡C¦pªG§Aªº·Æ¹«¨S¦³¤¤Áä¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î¼ÒÀÀªº¤è¦¡©Î¬O­«·s©w¸q·Æ¹««ö - Á䪺¤è¦¡¨Ó¹F¦¨¡u©µ¦ù¡vªº¥\¯à¡C°Ñ¦Ò moused ³o­Ó man - pages ¨Ó±o¨ì§ó¦h¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C - - + + + Workarounds for no sound from es1370 with pcm driver? + - -§Úªº·Æ¹«¤W¦³ºu½ü¡A¯à¤£¯à¦b FreeBSD ¤U¨Ï¥Î¡H + + You can run the following command every time the machine + booted up: -«Ü¤£©¯ªº¡A¦b¤j¦h¼Æªº±¡ªp¤U¤£¦æ¡C³o¨Ç±a¦³ºu½üªº·Æ¹«»Ý­n¥Î¯S - ®íªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡C°£«D·Æ¹«¦³³Q§Aªºµ{¦¡©Î¬OÅX°Êµ{¦¡©Ò¤ä´©¡A¤£µM³o¨Ç·Æ - ¹«¥u¯à°÷·í¦¨¬O´¶³qªº¨âÁä©Î¤TÁ䪺·Æ¹«¨Ï¥Î¡C - - + &prompt.root; mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100 + + - - §Ú¯à¦b§Úªº laptop ¤W¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«/­y¸ñ²y/touchpad ¶Ü¡H - + + + Which network cards does FreeBSD support? + + + + See the + Ethernet cards section of the handbook for a more + complete list. + + -°Ñ¦Ò¤W¤@¬qªºµª®×¡A¨Ã¥B°Ñ¦Ò Mobile Computing ºô­¶ªº - ³o­Óµù¸Ñ¡C - - + + + I do not have a math co-processor - is that bad? + + + + + This will only affect 386/486SX/486SLC owners - other + machines will have one built into the CPU. + + + In general this will not cause any problems, but there are + circumstances where you will take a hit, either in performance + or accuracy of the math emulation code (see the section on FP emulation). In particular, drawing + arcs in X will be VERY slow. It is highly recommended that you + buy a math co-processor; it is well worth it. + + + Some math co-processors are better than others. It + pains us to say it, but nobody ever got fired for buying + Intel. Unless you are sure it works with FreeBSD, beware of + clones. + + + - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¨Ç tape ©PÃä¡H + + + What other devices does FreeBSD support? + -FreeBSD ¤ä´© SCSI¡AQIC-36 (QIC-02 ¤¶­±) ¤Î QIC-40/80 (Floppy ¤¶­±) tape drives¡C - ¥]¬A 8-mm (aka Exabyte) ¤Î DAT drives¡C¤w¸gª¾¹D QIC-40/80 drives «ÜºC¡C - -¬Y¨Ç¦­´Áªº 8-mm drives ¨Ã¤£¬Û®e©ó SCSI-2¡A¥i¯à¨S¦³¿ìªk¦b FreeBSD ¤W¹B§@¡C - - + + See the Handbook + for the list of other devices supported. - -FreeBSD ¤ä´© tape changer ¶Ü¡H + + -FreeBSD 2.2 §Q¥Î ch ³o­Ó³]³Æ¨Ó¤ä´© SCSI changers¡A§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò chio ³o­Ó«ü¥O¡C - ¦p¦ó±±¨î changer ªº¤èªk¥i¥H¦b chio ³o¥÷»¡©ú¤å¥ó¸Ì§ä¨ì¡C - -¦pªG§A¤£¬O¥Î AMANDA ©Î - ¨ä¥L¤w¸g³Qª¾¹Dªº changer¡A°O¦í¡A§A¥uª¾¹D¦p¦ó±N¤@­Ó tape ±q¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó²¾¨ì¥t¥~¤@­Ó¡A - ©Ò¥H§A»Ý­n°O¦í¨º¤@­Ó tape ¦b¸Ì­±¡A¤Î²{¦b¦³¨º¤@­Ó tape »Ý­n©ñ¦^¥h¡C - - + + + Does FreeBSD support power management on my laptop? + - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¨Ç­µ®Ä¥d¡H + + FreeBSD supports APM on certain machines. Please look in + the LINT kernel config file, searching for + the + APM + keyword. Further information can be found in &man.apm.4;. -FreeBSD ¤ä´© SoundBlaster¡ASoundBlaster Pro¡ASoundBlaster 16¡A - Pro Audio Spectrum 16¡AAdLib ¤Î Gravis UltraSound sound cards¡C - ¦ý¹ï©ó MPU-401 ¤Î¨ä¬Û®e MIDI ¥dªº¤ä·½¦³­­¡C¹ï©ó¨Ï¥Î Microsoft - Sound System ªº¥d¥i¥H³z¹L pcm ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡C - -NOTE ³o­ÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥u¾A¥Î©óÁn­µ¤è­±¡A¦Ó¥B¨Ã¤£¤ä´©¦b³o¨Ç - ¥d¤Wªº CD-ROM¡ASCSI ©Î joysticks¡C¦ý¤]¦³¨Ç¨Ò¥~¡A¹³¬O SoundBlaster¡B - SoundBlaster SCSI ¤¶­±¤Î¬Y¨Ç«D SCSI CDROMS ¦³³Q¤ä´©¡A¦ý§AµLªk¨Ï¥Î³o - ¨Ç³]³Æ¶}¾÷¡C - - + + - -es1370 ªº­µ®Ä¥d¥Î pcm ÅX°Êµ{¦¡Å¥¤£¨ìÁn­µ¡H + + + Why does my Micron system hang at boot time? + + + + Certain Micron motherboards have a non-conforming PCI BIOS + implementation that causes grief when FreeBSD boots because PCI + devices do not get configured at their reported addresses. + + Disable the Plug and Play Operating System + flag in the BIOS to work around this problem. More information + can be found at + http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron + + -±z¥i¥H¦b¨C¦¸¶}¾÷®É°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡G - -mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100 - - + + + Why does FreeBSD not recognize my Adaptec SCSI + controller card? + + + + The newer AIC789x series Adaptec chips are supported under + the CAM SCSI framework which made its debut in 3.0. Patches + against 2.2-STABLE are in + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/cam/. + A CAM-enhanced boot floppy is available at + http://people.FreeBSD.org/~abial/cam-boot/. + In both cases read the README before beginning. + + - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©­þ¨Çºô¸ô¥d¡H + + + Why is FreeBSD not finding my internal Plug & Play + modem? + + + + You will need to add the modem's PnP ID to the PnP ID + list in the serial driver. To enable Plug & Play support, + compile a new kernel with controller pnp0 in + the configuration file, then reboot the system. The kernel will + print the PnP IDs of all the devices it finds. Copy the PnP ID + from the modem to the table in + /sys/i386/isa/sio.c, at about line 2777. + Look for the string SUP1310 in the structure + siopnp_ids[] to find the table. Build the + kernel again, install, reboot, and your modem should be + found. + + You may have to manually configure the PnP devices using + the pnp command in the boot-time + configuration with a command like + + pnp 1 0 enable os irq0 3 drq0 0 port0 0x2f8 + + to make the modem show. + + -°Ñ¦Ò¤A¤Óºô¸ô¥d - ¡A¸Ì­±¦³§¹¾ãªº²M³æ¡C - - + + + Does FreeBSD support software modems, such as + Winmodems? + + + + FreeBSD supports many software modems via add-on + software. The comms/ltmdm port adds + support for modems based on the very popular Lucent LT + chipset. The comms/mwavem port + supports the modem in IBM Thinkpad 600 and 700 + laptops. + + You cannot install FreeBSD via a software modem; this + software must be installed after the OS is + installed. + + - -§Úªº¹q¸£¨S¦³¯BÂI¹Bºâ¾¹¡A³oÅ¥°_¨Ó¦n¹³¤£¤Ó¦n¡H + + + How do I get the boot: prompt to show on the serial + console? + + + + + + Build a kernel with + options COMCONSOLE. + + + + Create /boot.config and place + as the only text in the file. + + + + Unplug the keyboard from the system. + + + + See + /usr/src/sys/i386/boot/biosboot/README.serial + for information. + + -Note ³o¥u·|¼vÅT¨ì¥Î 386/486SX/486SLC ªº¤H - ¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªº CPU ³£ - ¤w¸g¤º§t¯BÂI¹Bºâ¾¹¤F¡C - -¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡³o¤£·|³y¦¨¥ô¦ó°ÝÃD¡A¦ý·í§A­n¥Îªº®É­Ô¡AµL½×¦b®Ä²v¤W»Pºë±K«×¤W¡A - ¼ÒÀÀ¯BÂI¹Bºâªºµ{¦¡½X¤£¯à­ÝÅU (°Ñ¦Ò¯BÂI¹Bºâ¼ÒÀÀ¾¹)¡C - ¤×¨ä¬O¦b X ¤U­±µe©·§Î®É·|«ÜºC¡C©Ò¥H¡A§Ú­ÌÁÙ¬O·|«Øij¶R¤@Áû¯BÂI¹Bºâ¾¹¡C - -NOTE ¦³¨Ç¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¾¹¤ñ¨ä¥Lªº¦n¡C¦ý¬O¨S¦³¤H±j­¢§A¶R Intel ªº¡C - °£«D§A½T©w§A¶Rªº¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W¥¿½Tªº¤u§@¡C - - + + + Why does my 3Com PCI network card not work with my Micron + computer? + + + + Certain Micron motherboards have a non-conforming PCI BIOS + implementation that does not configure PCI devices at the + addresses reported. This causes grief when FreeBSD + boots. + + To work around this problem, disable the + Plug and Play Operating System flag in the + BIOS. + + More information on this problem is available at URL: + http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html#micron + + - -2.X Á٤䴩­þ¨Ç³]³Æ¡H + + + Does FreeBSD support Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)? + + + + SMP is supported in 3.0-STABLE and later releases only. + SMP is not enabled in the GENERIC kernel, + so you will have to recompile your kernel to enable SMP. Take a + look at /sys/i386/conf/LINT to figure out + what options to put in your kernel config file. + + -½Ð¦h¦h°Ñ¦Ò Handbook - ¡A¸Ì­±¦³¦C¥X¡C - - + + + The boot floppy hangs on a system with an ASUS K7V + motherboard. How do I fix this? + - -FreeBSD ¤ä´©¹q·½ºÞ²z¨t²Î¶Ü¡H + + Go in to the BIOS setup and disable the boot virus + protection. + + + + + + + + + William + Liao + +
chliao@tpts4.seed.net.tw
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Local configuration error - -§Ú¤@ª½¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦ü ``ed1: timeout'' ªº°T®§ + §Ú­n¦p¦ó¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡H -³o­Ó³q±`¬O¥Ñ©ó¤¤Â_½Ä¬ð(interrupt conflict)©Ò³y¦¨ªº (¨Ò¦p¡A¨â¶ô¥d - ¨Ï¥Î¨ì¤F¬Û¦Pªº IRQ)¡C FreeBSD ¦b 2.0.5 ª©¥H«e³£®e³\³o­Ó±¡§Î¡A - ´Nºâ¦³ IRQ ½Ä¬ð±¡§Î¡Aºô¸ô¥d¤]À³¸Ó¤´¥i¥¿±`¹B§@¡C - µM¦Ó¡A¦b 2.0.5 ª©¤Î¨ä¥H«á¡A¤w¤£¦A®e³\¦³ IRQ ½Ä¬ðªº±¡§Î¤F¡C - ½Ð©ó¶}¾÷®É¨Ï¥Î -c ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡AµM«á§ó§ï ed0/de0/..¡Cµ¥ªº³]©w¡A¨Ï¨ä - ©M±zºô¸ô¥d¥»¨­ªº³]©w¤@­P¡C - -¦pªG±z¬O¨Ï¥Î±zºô¸ô¥d¤Wªº BNC ±µÀY¡A±z©Î³\¤]·|¦]¤£¨}ªº²×ºÝ¹qªý³]©w¡A - ¦Óµo¥Í¸Ë¸m (device) timeout ªº±¡§Î¡C­nÀˬd¬O§_¦³³oºØ±¡§Î¡A±z¥i¥H¦b - ºô¸ô¥d¤Wª½±µ±µ¤W²×ºÝ¹qªý (¤£­n±µºô¸ô½u)¡AµM«á¬Ý¬Ý³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§¬O¤£¬O - ´N®ø¥¢¤F¡C - -¦³¨Ç NE2000 ªº¬Û®e¥d¡A¦pªG¥¦ªº UTP °ð¨S¦³±µºô¸ô½u¡A©Î¬O¸Óºô¸ô½u¨Ã - ¨S³Q¨Ï¥Îªº¸Ü¡A¤]·|¥X²{³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§¡C - - - - -¦b§Ú·Q­n±¾¤W CDROM ®É¡A¥X²{``Incorrect super block''ªº°T®§ - -±z¥²¶·§i¶D - mount - ±z·Q±¾¤Wªº device ªºÀɮ׮榡¡C¦b­ì©l³]©wùØ¡A - mount - ·|°²³]±zªºÀɮ׮榡¬° ``ufs''¡C¦pªG±z·Q­n±¾¤W CD-ROM ùتºÀɮסA - ±z»Ý­n¦b mount - ®É«ü©w ``'' ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C·íµM¡A³o¬O°²³]¥úºÐ¤ù¬O¨Ï¥Î - ISO 9660 ªºÀɮרt²Î (µ´¤j¦h¼Æ¥úºÐ¤ù¬Ò¬O¥Î³o®MÀɮרt²Î) - ¥B¦b 1.1 ª©¥H«á¡AFreeBSD ¤w¸g¯à¬Ý±oÀ´ Rock Ridge (ªøÀɦW) ³o­Ó©µ¦ù®æ¦¡¡C - -Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG±z·Q±N ``/dev/cd0c'' ³o­Ó CDROM ¸Ë¸m (device) - ±¾¦b /mnt ¤U¡A±z»Ý­n°õ¦æ: - - - mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt - - - -­nª`·Nªº¬O¡A±zªº¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ¥i¯à·|¤£¤@¼Ë (¦b¦¹½d¨Ò¤¤¬O - ``/dev/cd0c''¡A¥¦¬O®Ú¾Ú±zªº CDROM ¤¶­±¦Ó©wªº¡C - ¥t¥~­nª`·Nªº¡A``'' ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¥u¬O©I¥s - ``mount_cd9660'' ³o­Ó«ü¥O¡A©Ò¥H¤W­±³o­Ó½d¨Ò - ¤]¥i¥HÁYµu¬°: - - - mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt - - - - + ±z§Q¥Î MX ³]©w¡AÅý­n±H¨ì¬Y domain¡]¦p: domain.net¡^ªº«H¥ó¡A + ±H¨ì±z©Ò«ü©wªº¾÷¾¹¡]¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬° relay.domain.net¡^¡A¦ý¬O³o + ³¡¾÷¾¹¨Ã¥¼³Q³]©w±µ¨ü domain.net ªº«H¥ó¡C½Ð§â domain.net ¥[¨ì + /etc/sendmail.cw ¤¤¡]¦pªG±z¦³¨Ï¥Î FEATURE(use_cw_file)) ©Î¬O + ¦b sendmail.cf ¤¤¥[¤J "Cw domain.net" + + + ³Ì·sª©¥»ªº sendmail + FAQ ²{¦b¤w¤£¦AÀHµÛ sendmail ¥X³f¡C + ¥¦¥Ø«e¬O³Q©w´Áªºµoªí¦b comp.mail.sendmail¡A + comp.mail.misc¡Acomp.mail.smail¡Acomp.answers¡A©M news.answers. ±z¤]¥i¥H±H¤@«Ê + Email ¨ì mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu¡AµM«á¦b«H¥ó¤º¤å + ¤¤¼g¤W + send usenet/news.answers/mail/sendmail-faq + ¥H¨ú±o³o¥÷ FAQ ¤å¥ó¡C + + - -·í§Ú·Q±¾¤W CDROM ®É¡A¥X²{¤F ``Device not configured'' ªº¿ù»~°T®§ - + + + ¬°¤°»ò°õ¦æ»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹¡]remote machine¡^ªº¥þ¿Ã¹õªº³nÅé®É¡A + ¦³¤£¥¿±`ªº±¡§Î¡H + + + + ©Î³\»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹¨Ã«D±N±zªº²×ºÝ¾÷¼Ò¦¡³]¬° FreeBSD console ©Ò¥Îªº + cons25¡A¦Ó¬O³]¬°¨ä¥¦¼Ò¦¡¡C + + ³o¨à¦³´X­Ó¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃDªº¤èªk¡G + + + ¦b logging ¶i»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹«á¡A§ó§ï±zªº shell ÅÜ¼Æ TERM ¬° + ansi ©Î¬O sco + ¡}¦pªG»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹¤ä´©³o¨Ç¼Ò¦¡ªº¸Ü¡^¡C + + + + ¨Ï¥Î¤ä´© VT100 ªº¼ÒÀÀ³nÅé¡A¦p FreeBSD console ¤Uªº + screen ³nÅé¡C + screen ´£¨Ñ±z¦b¤@­Ó terminal + ùئP®É¶]¦n´X­Ó session ªº¯à¤O¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦¥»¨­¤]¬O¤@­Ó¬Û·í¦n + ªº³nÅé¡C¨C­Ó screen ³£¹³¬O¤@­Ó + VT100 ªº²×ºÝ¾÷¡A©Ò¥H»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹ªº TERM ÅܼÆÀ³¸Ó³]¬° + vt100¡C + + + + ¦b»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹ªº²×ºÝ¾÷¸ê®Æ®w¡]terminal database¡^¤¤¥[¤J + cons25 ªº¸ê®Æ¡C¥[¤Jªº¤èªkµø»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹ªº + §@·~¨t²Î¤£¦P¦Ó¦³©Ò®t²§¡C½Ð°Ñ¾\»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹µ¹¨t²ÎºÞ²z­ûªº»¡©ú + ®Ñ¡AÀ³¸Ó·|¦³©ÒÀ°§U¡C + + + + ±Ò°Ê FreeBSD ªº X ¦øªA¾¹¡AµM«á¨Ï¥Î¤@¨Ç X Window ¤Uªº + ²×ºÝ¾÷¼ÒÀÀ¾¹¨Óµn¤J»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹¡A¨Ò¦p xterm + ©Î rxvt¡C¦Ó»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹ªº TERM ÅܼÆÀ³¸Ó­n + ³]¬° xterm ©Î vt100¡C + + + + + -³o³q±`¬Oªí¥Ü±zªº CD-ROM ùØ­±¨S¦³¥úºÐ¤ù¡A©ÎªÌ¬O³o¥x¾÷¾¹µLªk³Q - ¶×¬y±Æ (bus) §ì¨ì¡C©ñ¤ù¥úºÐ¤ù¦b¥úºÐ¾÷ùØ¡A¦pªG¥¦¬O IDE (ATAPI) ªº - ¥úºÐ¾÷ªº¸Ü¡AÀˬd¤@¤U¥¦ªº master/slave ª¬ºA¡C¥úºÐ¾÷³q±`»Ý­n´X¬íÄÁ - ªº®É¶¡¤~¯à³Æ§´ (ready)¡A©Ò¥H½Ð­@¤ßµ¥­Ô¡C - -¦³®É³o¬Oµo¥Í¦b SCSI CD-ROM ¤W¡A¦]¬°¥¦¦b¶×¬y±Æ­«¸m (bus reset) - ®É¨Ó¤£¤Î¦^À³¡A©Ò¥H®ø¥¢¤F¡C¦pªG±z¾Ö¦³ªº¬O SCSI CD-ROM¡A½Ð¹Á¸Õ¦b - kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¥[¤J¥H¤Uªº³]©w¡AµM«á­«·s½sĶ¡C - - - options "SCSI_DELAY=15" - - - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Úªº¾÷¾¹¤@ª½Åã¥Ü + calcru: negative time...¡H + + + + ¸ò¤¤Â_¡]interrupt¡^¦³Ãöªº¤£¦PµwÅé »P/©Î ³nÅ骺·f°t³£¦³¥i¯à³y¦¨ + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C³o¦³¥i¯à¬O bug ©Î¬O¬Y­Ó¸Ë¸m¥»¨­ªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¥­¦æ°ð¤W¨Ï¥Î + ¤jªº MTU ¨Ó§@ TCP/IP ¶Ç¿é¥i¥H­«²{³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C­Y¬O¹Ï§Î¥[³t¥d³y¦¨³o­Ó + °ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A±zÀ³¸Ó¥ýÀˬd¥dªº¤¤Â_³]©w¡C + + ³o­Ó°ÝÃDªºÃä»Ú®ÄÀ³¬O·|³y¦¨¦³¨Ç process ¥X²{ + SIGXCPU exceeded cpu time limit ªº°T®§¡A¦Ó¤£¥¿±` + °±¤î¡C + + ­Y¬O FreeBSD 3.0 ©Î¬O 1998 ¦~ 11 ¤ë 29 ¤é¥H«á¨ä¥Lª©¥»¡A¸U¤@ + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¤@ª½µLªk¥H¨ä¥L¤èªk¸Ñ¨M¡A´N¥u¯à³]©w sysctl ÅܼơG + + &prompt.root; sysctl -w kern.timecounter.method=1 + + ³o¼Ë·|¹ï®Ä¯à¦³¨Ç¼vÅT¡A¦ý¬O­Y¦Ò¼{¨ì³o­Ó°ÝÃD±a¨Óªº«áªG¡A³o¼Ë°µ + ¬O­È±oªº¡C¦pªG³o­Ó°ÝÃDÁÙ¬O¦s¦bªº¸Ü¡AÅý sysctl ¨º­Ó­È¨ÌµM³]¬° 1¡A + µM«á¼W¥[ kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤ NTIMECOUNTER ³o­Ó¿ï + ¶µªº¼Æ­È¡C¦pªG±z±N NTIMECOUNTER ¼W¥[¨ì 20 ¨Ì + µMµLªk¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¨º»ò±z¾÷¾¹¤Wªº¤¤Â_¤w¸g¦h¨ìµLªkÅý­p¼Æ¾¹ºû«ù¦b + ¥i¾aªºª¬ºA¤F¡C + + - -§Úªº¦Lªí³t«×¯}¤Ñ¯îªººC¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò°µ¡H + + + ¥X²{ pcm0 not found ³o­Ó°T®§¡A©ÎªÌ¬O + §Úªº­µ®Ä¥dÅܦ¨¤F pcm1¡A¦ý¦b kernel ³]©w + ÀÉùاڬO³] device pcm0 °Ú¡C³o¬O«ç»ò¦^¨Æ©O¡H + + + + + ¦pªG±z¦b FreeBSD 3.x ¤W¨Ï¥Î PCI ­µ®Ä¥d´N·|µo¥Í³oºØ°ÝÃD¡C + ¦]¬°pcm0 ³o­Ó device ¬O¤º©w«O¯dµ¹ ISA + ªº­µ®Ä¥dªº¡A©Ò¥H¦pªG±z¦³¤@±i PCI ªº­µ®Ä¥d¡A±z´N·|¹J¨ì³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A + ¦Ó±zªº¥d·|Åܦ¨ pcm1¡C + + + ¦pªG±z¥u§â kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤ªº³]©w§ï¦¨ + device pcm1 ¬OµLªk°£¥h³o­Óĵ§i°T®§ªº¡A + ³o¼Ë·|³y¦¨ pcm1 ³Q«O¯dµ¹ ISA ­µ®Ä¥d¡A + ¦Ó PCI ­µ®Ä¥d«h·|Åܦ¨ pcm2 + ¡]¥~¥[ pcm1 not found ªºÄµ§i°T®§¡^¡C + + + + ¦pªG±z¦³¤@±i PCI ªº­µ®Ä¥d¡A±z»Ý­n make + snd1 ³o­Ó device¡A¦Ó¤£¬O + snd0¡G + + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; ./MAKEDEV snd1 + + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¦b FreeBSD 4.x ¤W¨Ã¤£·|µo¥Í¡A¦]¬°«Ü¦h¤H§ë¤U¤F³\¦h¤ß + ¤OÅý¥¦§óPnP ¾É¦V¡A¦Ó¥B + pcm0 ³o­Ó device ¤]¤£¦A¬O¥u«O¯dµ¹ ISA + ªº­µ®Ä¥d¤F¡C + + -¦pªG¬O¥­¦æ°ð¡A¥B°ß¤@ªº°ÝÃD´N¬O³t«×«ÜºCªº¸Ü¡A¸ÕµÛ³]©w±zªº - ¦Lªí¾÷°ð¬° ``polled'' ¼Ò¦¡: - - - lptcontrol -p - - - -¦³¨Ç·sªº HP ¦Lªí¾÷¦ü¥GµLªk¦b interrupt ¼Ò¦¡¤¤¥¿±`¤u§@¡A - «Ü©úÅ㪺¬O¦]¬°¤@¨Ç®É¯ß°ÝÃD (¦ýÁÙ¤£¬O«ÜÁA¸Ñ¬°¤°»ò·|¦p¦¹) - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò¦b§ó·s¨ì FreeBSD 4.X «á·|§ì¤£¨ì§Úªº PnP ¥d + ¡]©ÎªÌ¬O§ì¦¨ unknown¡^¡H + + + + FreeBSD 4.X ²{¦b¤w¸g§ó PnP ¾É¦V¤F¡A + ¦ÓÃä»Ú®ÄÀ³´N¬O·|µo¥Í¦³¨Ç¦b FreeBSD 3.X ¥i¥H¥Îªº PnP ¸Ë¸m + ¡]¦p­µ®Ä¥d©Î¬O¤º´¡¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡^Åܦ¨µLªk¨Ï¥Î¡C + + ³o­Ó­ì¦]¥i¥H¥Î¤@«Ê¥Ñ Peter Wemm µo¨ì freebsd-questions + ³o­Ó mailing list ¤Wªº«H¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡A¥¦­ì¥»¬O¸ÑÄÀ¬°¤°»ò¦³¤@­Ó¤º + ´¡¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡A¦b¨t²Î¤É¯Å¨ì FreeBSD 4.x «á¡A´N¨Sªk³Q§ì¨ì¤F + ¡]¦b [] ùتº¬O¥t¥~¥[ªºµù¸Ñ¡AÅý¤º®e§ó©öÀ´¡^¡C + + +
+ The PNP bios preconfigured it [the modem] and left it + laying around in port space¡Aso [in 3.x] the old-style ISA + probes found it there. + + Under 4.0¡Athe ISA code is much more PnP-centric. It was + possible [in 3.x] for an ISA probe to find a + stray device and then for the PNP device id to + match and then fail due to resource conflicts. So¡Ait + disables the programmable cards first so this double probing + cannot happen. It also means that it needs to know the PnP + id's for supported PnP hardware. Making this more user + tweakable is on the TODO list. +
+ + ¦pªG­nÅý¸Ë¸m¯à¦A«×¹B§@¡A§Ú­Ì»Ý­n§ä¥X¥¦ªº PnP id¡AµM«á¦A±N¥¦ + ¥[¤J¤@¥÷¦b°»´ú ISA ¸Ë¸m®É·|¨Ï¥Îªºªí¤¤¡C¥i¥H°õ¦æ &man.pnpinfo.8; + ¨Ó°»´ú³o­Ó¸Ë¸m¡AÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¤U­±¬O &man.pnpinfo.8; §ì¨ìªº¤@­Ó¤º´¡ + ¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷ªº¸ê®Æ¡G + + &prompt.root; pnpinfo +Checking for Plug-n-Play devices... + +Card assigned CSN #1 +Vendor ID PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff +PnP Version 1.0¡AVendor Version 0 +Device Description: Pace 56 Voice Internal Plug & Play Modem + +Logical Device ID: PMC2430 0x3024a341 #0 + Device supports I/O Range Check +TAG Start DF + I/O Range 0x3f8 .. 0x3f8¡Aalignment 0x8¡Alen 0x8 + [16-bit addr] + IRQ: 4 - only one type (true/edge) + + [more TAG lines elided] + + TAG End DF +End Tag + +Successfully got 31 resources¡A1 logical fdevs +-- card select # 0x0001 + +CSN PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff + +Logical device #0 +IO: 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 +IRQ 5 0 +DMA 4 0 +IO range check 0x00 activate 0x01 + + ±z©Ò»Ý­nªº¸ê°T¬O¤@¶}©l¬Ý¨ìªº Vendor ID + ³o¤@¦æ¡C¬A¸¹¤¤ªº¤Q¤»¦ì¤¸½X¡]³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬O 0x3024a341¡^´N¬O + PnP id¡A¦Ó¦b³o¤§«eªº¦r¦ê¡]PMC2430¡^«h¬O¤@­Ó¿W¤@µL¤Gªº ASCII id¡C + ¦Ó³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ»Ý­n³Q¥[¨ì /usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c + ³o­ÓÀÉ®×ùØ¡C + + ¬°¤F¨¾¤î¥ô¦óªF¦è¥X¿ù¡A±zÀ³¸Ó­n¥ý³Æ¥÷¥Ø«eªº + sio.c¡C¦Ó¥B±z­n submit PR ®É¤]»Ý­n³o­Ó + ­ì©lÀɮרӰµ¥X patch¡]±zÀ³¸Ó·|±N¥¦ submit PR §a..¡G¡^..¡^¡C + ±µµÛ´N½s¿è sio.c §ä´M¤U­±³o¦æ + + static struct isa_pnp_id sio_ids[] = { + + ±µµÛ©¹¤U±²°Ê¡A§ä­Ó¥¿½Tªº¦ì¸m¨Ó´¡¤J±zªº¸Ë¸m¸ê°T¡C±z¬Ý¨ìªº´N + ¤U­±³o­Ó¼Ë¤l¡A¥¦­Ì¬O·Ó¥kÃäµù¸Ñ¸Ì­±ªº ASCII ³o­Ó Vender ID °µ±Æ + §Çªº¡A©Î¬O &man.pnpinfo.8; ©Ò§ä¨ìªº¤@³¡¤À + ¸Ë¸m´y­z¡G + + {0x0f804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO800f - Zoom 2812 (56k Modem) */ +{0x39804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO8039 - Zoom 56k flex */ +{0x3024a341¡ANULL}¡A /* PMC2430 - Pace 56 Voice Internal Modem */ +{0x1000eb49¡ANULL}¡A /* ROK0010 - Rockwell ? */ +{0x5002734a¡ANULL}¡A /* RSS0250 - 5614Jx3(G) Internal Modem */ + + §â±z³o­Ó¸Ë¸mªº¤Q¤»¶i¦ìªº Vender ID ¥[¨ì¥¿½Tªº¦a¤è¡A¦sÀÉ¡A + µM«á­«·s½s¤@­Ó kernel¡A¦A­«¶}¾÷¡C¤§«á³o­Ó¸Ë¸mÀ³¸Ó´N·|¹³¦b + FreeBSD 3.X ¤U¡A³Q°»´ú¬° sio ¸Ë¸m¤F¡C + + - -§Úªºµ{¦¡¦³®É·|¦] ``Signal 11'' ³o­Ó¿ù»~¦Ó°±¤î + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú±`±`¦b¶]¤@¨Çµ{¦¡¡]¨Ò¦p top ©Î + systat¡^ªº®É­Ô¥X²{ + nlist failed ³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§¡H + + + + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¬O¦]¬°±z¶]ªºµ{¦¡»Ý­n¤@­Ó¯S§Oªº kernel symbol¡A¥i¬O + ¤£ª¾¹D¤°»ò­ì¦]¦Ó§ä¤£¨ì¡Q¦Ó·|µo¥Í³o­Ó°ÝÃD¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°¤U­±¨â­Ó­ì¦]¡G + + + + + ±zªº kernel ©M userland ªºÀɮת©¥»¨Ã¤£¤@­P¡]¨Ò¦p»¡¡A±z + ½s¤F¤@­Ó·sªº kernel¡A¦ý¬O¨Ã¨S¦³°õ¦æ¹ïÀ³ªº + installworld¡A©Î¬O¨ä¥LÃþ¦ü±¡§Î¡^¡A + ¦]¦¹ symbol table ªº¤º®e´N©MÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡½sĶ®Éªº¤£¤Ó¤@¼Ë¤F¡C¦p + ªG¬O³oºØ±¡§Î¡A½Ð°õ¦æ§¹¾ãªº¤É¯Å¨BÆJ¡]½Ð°Ñ¾\ + /usr/src/UPDATING ¥H±oª¾¥¿½Tªº¬y + µ{¡^¡C + + + + ±z¨S¦³¥Î /boot/loader ¨Ó¸ü¤J±zªº + kernel¡A¦Ó¬Oª½±µ¥Ñ boot2 ¶}¾÷¡]½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.boot.8;¡^¡C + ÁöµM»¡¸õ¹L /boot/loader ¨Ã¨S¦³¤°»ò¿ù¡A + ¦ý¬O¥¦¦b kernel symbols ¸òÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡ªº·¾³q¤è­±¦û¤F«Ü­«ªº¥÷¶q¡C + + + + + -³o­Ó³q±`¬O¦]¬°¦³°ÝÃDªºµwÅé (°O¾ÐÅé¡A¥D¾÷ªOµ¥µ¥) ©Ò³y¦¨ªº. - ¸Õ¸Õ¦b±zªº PC ¤W¶]­Ó°O¾ÐÅé´ú¸Õµ{¦¡¬Ý¬Ý¡Cª`·N¡A´Nºâ±z¸Õ¹Lªº¨C¤@ºØ°O - ¾ÐÅé´ú¸Õµ{¦¡³£¦^³ø»¡±zªº°O¾ÐÅé¨S¦³°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O¡A¦³¤@¨Ç§C«~½èªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A - ÁöµM¯à³q¹L°O¾ÐÅé´ú¸Õ¡A¤£¹L¦b¯u¥¿¤u§@®É«o·|¥X°ÝÃD (¨Ò¦p±q - Adaptec 1542 µ¥µ¥ SCSI ±±¨î¥d°µ bus mastering DMA¡B¦b½s¿è kernel ®É¡B - ©Î¬O¨t²Îªº­t¸ü«Ü°ª®É) - -SIG11 FAQ (¦ì§}¦b¤U­±) «ü¥X°O¾ÐÅ骺³t«×¤£°÷§Ö³q±`¬O³o­Ó°ÝÃDªº­ì¦]¡C - ¸ÕµÛ¦b±zªº BIOS ³]©w¤¤¼W¥[°O¾ÐÅé wait ª¬ºAªº®É¶¡¡A©Î¬O§ó´«§ó§Öªº°O¾Ð - Åé¡C - -¥H§Ú¦Ó¨¥¡A§Ú´¿¹J¹L¥Ñ¤£¨}ªº§Ö¨ú°O¾ÐÅé©Î¬O¤£¨}ªº on-board §Ö¨ú¥d - ©Ò³y¦¨ªº³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C¸ÕµÛ¦b BIOS ³]©w¤¤¨ú®ø on-board (²Ä¤G¶¥) §Ö¨ú¡A - ¬Ý¬Ý³o¼Ë¯à¤£¯à¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD - -³o¨à¦³¤@¥÷«Ü¦nªº FAQ: - SIG11 °ÝÃDªº FAQ - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¥Î ssh ©Î telnet + ³s¨ì§Úªº¹q¸£®É¡A·|µ¥«Ý«Üªøªº¤@¬q®É¶¡¤~¯à³s¤W¡H + + + + ¯gª¬¡GTCP ³s½u«Ø¥ß¤§«á©M¸ß°Ý±K½X¤§«e¡]¦pªG¬O¦b»¡ &man.telnet.1; 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dmesg | grep Timecounter +Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz +Timecounter "TSC" frequency 595573479 Hz - -¿é¤J exit ¥HÄ~Äò±Ò°Êµ{§Ç - - + ±z¥i¥H°õ¦æ &man.sysctl.3; ¬Ý¤@¤U + kern.timecounter.hardware ³o­Ó­È°µ½T»{¡C - - - -¦pªG±z·Q­n¨Ï¥Î±zªº§Ç¦C°ð¡A±z»Ý­n­×§ï - /usr/src/sys/i386/isa/sio.c¡A¦b¸ÓÀɤ¤§ä¥X 0x2e8 ³o­Ó¦r¦ê - ²¾°£³o­Ó¦r¦ê¤Î¥¦«e­±ªº³r¸¹¡]«O¯d«á­±ªº¡^¡AµM«á­«·s½sĶ¤@­Ó·sªº kernel - -´Nºâ¨Ï¥Î¤F¤W­±³o¨Ç¤èªk¡AX Window ¤´µM¦³¥i¯àµLªk¶¶§Q°õ¦æ¡C¦³¨Ç·sªº - ATI Mach 64 Åã¥Ü¥d¡]¯S§O¬O ATI Mach Xpression¡^¡AµLªk¦b¥Ø«eª©¥»ªº - XFree86 ¤W¥¿±`¤u§@¡F±Ò°Ê X Window ®É¿Ã¹õÅܶ¡A©Î¬O·|¦³©_©Çªº°ÝÃD - µo¥Í¡C±z¥i¥H¨ì XFree86 ªººô¯¸ - §ä¨ì new beta release ³o­Ó³sµ²(link)¡A¨Ó¨ú±o X-server ªº beta ª©¡A¥¦ªº - ¬Û®e±¡§ÎÀ³¸Ó´N¤ñ¸û¦n¤F¡C±z»Ý­n¨ú±o¤U¦C³o¨ÇÀɮסG - -AccelCards¡ABetaReport¡ACards¡ADevices¡AFILES¡AREADME.ati¡A - README.FreeBSD¡AREADME.Mach64¡ARELNOTES¡AVGADriver.Doc¡A - X312BMa64.tgz - -¥H³o¨ÇÀɮרú¥N±z­ì¦³ªºÂÂÀɮסAµM«á¤Á°O¦A¶] xf86config ¤@¹M¡C - - + &prompt.root; sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware +kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC - - §Ú¦³ 128 MB ªº RAM¡A¦ý¬O¨t²Î¥u¥Î¨ä¤¤ªº 64MB - - + BIOS ¥i¯à¦b¤@¨Ç±¡§Î¤U·|§ó§ï TSC ªº®É¯ß—¦³®É­Ô¬O¦]¬° + ¦b¨Ï¥Î¹q¦À¤u§@®É·|§ó§ï³B²z¾¹ªº³t«×¡A¥t¥~¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O¶i¤J¤F¬Ù¹q¼Ò + ¦¡¡A¥i¬O FreeBSD ¨Ã¤£·|¹îı¨ì³o¨Ç½Õ¾ã¡A¦Ó·|µo¥Í®É¶¡¼W¥[©Î¬O´î + ¤Öªº±¡§Î¡C -¦]¬° FreeBSD ¬O¨Ï¥Î©I¥s BIOS ¨Ó¨ú±o°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤pªº¤èªk¡A¦]¦¹¥¦¥u¯à - °»´ú¨ì 16 bits ¦ì¤¸ªø«×ªº KByte ¤j¤p (65535 KBytes = 64MB) - (©ÎªÌ§ó¤Ö..¡C¦³¨Ç BIOS ±N³Ì°ª°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤p­­¬°¥u¦³ 16MB) - ¦pªG±z¾Ö¦³ 64MB ¥H¤Wªº RAM¡AFreeBSD ·|¹Á¸Õ¥h°»´ú¥X¥¦¡A¦ý¬O¦³¥i¯à - ·|¥¢±Ñ¡C - -­n¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A±z»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î¤U­±©Ò´£ªº kernel ³]©w¿ï¶µ¡C - ÁöµM¦³¤èªk¥i¥H±q BIOS ¤¤¨ú±o°O¾ÐÅ骺§¹¾ã¸ê°T¡A¦ý¬O¥Ø«e§Ú­Ì¦b - bootblock ¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³¦h¾lªºªÅ¶¡¨Ó°µ³o¥ó¨Æ¡C·í¬Y¤Ñ bootblock ªÅ¶¡ - ¤£¨¬ªº±¡§ÎÀò±o¸Ñ¨M®É¡A§Ú­Ì±N·|¨Ï¥Î BIOS ªº©µ¦ù¥\¯à¨Ó¨ú±o°O¾Ð - Å骺§¹¾ã¸ê°T...¦ý²{¦b§Ú­Ì±N¥¦©ñ¦b kernel ³]©w¿ï¶µ¤¤¡C - - options "MAXMEM=<n>" - - -n ¬O«ü±zªº°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤p¡A¥H KB ¬°³æ¦ì¡C¥H¤@¥x¦³ 128MB RAM ªº - ¾÷¾¹¨Ó»¡¡A±z¥i¨Ï¥Î 131072 ³o­Ó¼Æ¦r¡C - - + ¦b¤W­±ªº¨Ò¤l·í¤¤¡A§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ìÁÙ¦³ i8254 + ³o­Ó®ÉÄÁ¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¡A°õ¦æ &man.sysctl.3; 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±µµÛ¿ï Configure¡AµM«á¿ï Fdisk¡C + ¦A¨Ó¥ÎªÅ¥ÕÁä¿ï¾Ü­ì¥ý Boot Manager ©Ò¦bªºµwºÐ¡C + «ö¤U W Áä¨Ó§@¼g¤Jªº°Ê§@¡C³o®É·|¸õ¥X¤@­Ó´£¥Ü + °T®§¡A¸ß°Ý±z­n¦w¸Ë­þ¤@­Ó boot loader¡C½Ð¿ï¾Ü Boot Manager¡A + ³o¼Ë´N¥i¥H±N¥¦ÁÙ­ì¤F¡C + + -³o­Ó°ÝÃD¦b sendmail ªº FAQ ¤¤¬O³o¼Ë¦^µªªº:- - - * §Ú¤@ª½¦¬¨ì¦³Ãö "Local configuration error" ªº«H¥ó¡A¨Ò¦p: + + + ³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§¡Gswap_pager: indefinite + wait buffer: ¬O¤°»ò·N«ä©O¡H + + + + ³o­Ó°T®§¬O»¡¦³¤@­Ó°õ¦æµ{§Ç¥¿¦b¹Á¸Õ±N¤À­¶°O¾ÐÅé¡]page memory¡^ + ¼g¤JµwºÐ¤¤¡A¦Ó³o­Ó°Ê§@¹Á¸Õ¤F 20 ¬íÄÁ¤´µMµLªk¦¨¥\¡C³o­Ó¦³¥i¯à¬O¦]¬° + µwºÐ¦³Ãa­y¡B¹q¸ô©Î±Æ½u¦³°ÝÃD¡B¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¸òµwºÐŪ¥X¼g¤J¦³ÃöªºµwÅé³]³Æ¡C + ¦pªG¯uªº¬OµwºÐÃa­yªº°ÝÃD¡A±zÀ³¸Ó·|¦b + /var/log/messages³o­ÓÀɮפ¤¡A©Î¬O¦b°õ¦æ + dmesg³o­Ó«ü¥O«á¡A¬Ý¨ì¦³ÃöºÏºÐ¿ù»~ªº°T®§¡C + ¦pªG¨S¦³¡A¨º»ò½ÐÀˬd±zªº±Æ½uÁÙ¦³±µÀY³s±µ¬O§_¨}¦n¡C + + + + + + + + + Vanilla + Shu + +
vanilla@FreeBSD.org
+ + + + + °Ó·~³nÅé + + + ³o¤@¸`ªº¤º®eÁÙ¬O¬Û·í¤Ö¡A¤£¹L§Ú­Ì·íµM§Æ±æ¦U­Ó¤½¥q¯à¬°¥¦¥[ + ÂI¤º®e :) FreeBSD ²Õ´©M¦C¦b³o¸Ìªº¥ô¦ó¤@®a¤½¥q³£¨S¦³ª÷¿ú¤Wªº§Q®` + Ãö«Y¡A¦C¥X¨Ó¥u¬O¹ï¤j²³ªº¤½¶}ªA°È¡]¦P®É¤]»{¬°¦b FreeBSD ¤Wªº°Ó·~¿³ + ½ì¡A·|¹ï FreeBSD ªø¤[¥Í¾÷¦³·¥¥¿­±ªº®Ä¯q¡^¡C§Ú­Ì¹ªÀy°Ó·~³nÅ骺¼t°Ó + §â¥L­Ìªº²£«~¥]¬A¦b¤U­±ªº¦W³æ¤¤¡A¦b + Vendors page + ¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¸ûªø¦Cªí¡C + + + + + + ¦b­þÃä§ä¨ìµ¹ FreeBSD ¥Îªº Office ®M¥ó©O¡H + + + + + FreeBSD Mall + ´£¨Ñ¤F VistaSource + ªº ApplixWare 5 ªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡C + + ApplixWare ¬O¤@®M°Ó·~ª©¥»ªº Office ®M¥ó¡A¥L´£¨Ñ¤F + ¤å¥ó³B²z¡B¸Õºâªí¡B¦V¶qø¹Ïµ¥¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡¡C + + ApplixWare ¦P®É¤]¬O FreeBSD Mall's BSD Desktop Edition + ªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C + + + + Linux ª©¥»ªº StarOffice + ¥i¥H«Ü¥¿±`ªº¦b FreeBSD ¤U°õ¦æ¡A¥i¥H³z¹L FreeBSD Ports collection + ¨Ó¦w¸Ë Linux ª©¥»ªº StarOffice¡C¦Ó open-source OpenOffice «Ü§Ö±o + ¤]¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W¥¿±`ªº°õ¦æ¡C + + + + + + + ¦b­þÃä§ä¨ìµ¹ FreeBSD ¥Îªº Motif¡H + + + + Open Group ÄÀ¥X¤F Motif 2.1.30 ªº­ì©l½X¡A¥i¥H³z¹L + open-motif package ¦w¸Ë¡A©Î¬O¥Ñ ports ¦Û¦æ + ½sĶ¡C¬ÛÃöªº¸ê°T¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò handbook ¤¤ªº ports ³¹¸`¡C + + + Open Motif ¥u¯à¦b¦P¼Ë¤]¬O open source + ªº§@·~¨t²Î©Î­p¹º¤¤¨Ï¥Î¡C + + + + ¥t¥~¡A¤]¬O¦³°Ó·~ª©¥»ªº Motif ¦s¦b¡C¤]³\³oºØª©¥»ªº Motif + ¤£¬O§K¶Oªº¡A¦ý¬Oµ´¹ï¤¹³\¥Î¦b closed-source ªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡C + Apps2go ´£¨Ñ¤F³Ì«K©yªº FreeBSD + (¥]¬A i386 ¸ò alpha)ª©¥»ªº ELF Motif 2.1.20 ®M¥ó¡C + + + ¥Ø«e´£¨Ñ¨âºØ¤£¦PÀô¹Òªºª©¥»¡A µo®i¥Îª©¥» ¤Î + runtime ª©¥» ¡C³o¨âºØ®M¥ó³£¥]¬A¡G + + + + OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + + + + Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include + and Imake files. + + + + Static and dynamic ELF libraries (for use with + FreeBSD 3.0 and above). + + + + Demonstration applets. + + + + ¦]¬° Apps2go ¤]¦³´£¨Ñ NetBSD ©M OpenBSD + ªºª©¥»¡A©Ò¥H¦b­qÁʮɽЯS§O«ü©w¬O­n FreeBSD ª©¥»ªº Motif¡I + ¥L­Ì¥Ø«e¥u´£¨Ñ¥H FTP ªº¤è¦¡¨ú±o³o¥÷®M¥ó¡C + + + + §ó¦h¸ê°T + + + Apps2go WWW page + + + + + ©Î + + + sales@apps2go.com ©Î + support@apps2go.com + + + + + + ©Î + + phone (817) 431 8775 or +1 817 431-8775 + + + + + ¤]¥i¥HÁpµ¸ Metro Link + ¨ú±oµ¹ FreeBSD ELF©Î a.out ª©¥»ªº Motif 2.1 ®M¥ó¡C + + ³o¥÷®M¥ó¥]¬A¡G + + + OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + + + + Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include + and Imake files. + + + + Static and dynamic libraries (specify ELF for use + with FreeBSD 3.0 and later; or a.out for use with FreeBSD + 2.2.8 and earlier). + + + + Demonstration applets. + + + + Preformatted man pages. + + + + + ¥Ñ©ó Metro Link ¤]¦³´£¨Ñ Linux ªºª©¥»¡A + ©Ò¥H­qÁʮɭn¯S§O«ü©ú¬O FreeBSD ª©¥»ªº Motif¡I ¥i¥H¥Ñ¥úºÐ©Î±q FTP + ¨Ó¨ú±o³o­Ó®M¥ó¡C + + Ápµ¸ Xi Graphics ¡A¥L­Ì´£¨Ñ¤F¤@­Ó + FreeBSD a.out ®æ¦¡ªº Motif 2.0 ®M¥ó¡C + + ¦b³o®M¥ó¤¤¥]¬A¤F¡G + + + OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + + + + Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include + and Imake files. + + + + Static and dynamic libraries (for use with FreeBSD + 2.2.8 and earlier). + + + + Demonstration applets. + + + + Preformatted man pages. + + + + ¦b§A¸ò¥L­Ì­qÁÊ Motif ®É¡A½Ð¤@©wµù©ú§A­nªº¬O FreeBSD ªºª©¥»¡I + ¦]¬° Xi Graphics ¤]¦P®É´£¨Ñ¤F BSDI ¸ò Linux + ª©¥»ªº Motif¡C¥Ø«eµo¦æªºª©¥»¬O©ñ¦b¥|¶ôºÏ¤ù¤¤¡A±N¨Ó¥L­Ì·|±N©Ò¦³ªº + ªF¦è³£©ñ¨ì¥úºÐ¸Ì¡A´N¹³¥L­Ì©Òµo¦æªº CDE ¤@¼Ë¡C + + - 553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself - 554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error + + + ¦b­þÃä§ä¨ìµ¹ FreeBSD ¥Îªº CDE¡H + + + + Xi Graphics ¥H«e¦³½æ FreeBSD ¥Îªº + CDE¡A¤£¹L²{¦b¤w¸g°±¤îµo°â¤F¡C + + KDE is an open + source X11 desktop which is similar to CDE in many respects. + You might also like the look and feel of xfce. KDE and xfce are both + in the ports + system. + + - §Ú­n¦p¦ó¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD? + + + ¦³¨S¦³­n¿ú¡A¦ý¬O°ª®Ä²vªº X servers¡H + + + + ¦³¡A Xi Graphics + ©M Metro Link + ³£¦³´£¨Ñµ¹ FreeBSD¡]©Î¨ä¥L Intel ¥­¥x¤W¡^¥Îªº X µøµ¡¥[³t²£«~¡C + + + Metro Link °ª®Ä¯à X Server ¨Ï¥Î¤F FreeBSD ¤º«Øªº package + ¥]¸Ë¤è¦¡, ¦]¦¹³]©w¤Q¤À®e©ö¡A¤ä´©¥Ø«e¥«­±¤W¦U¤j¼tµPªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡C + ¥Ø«e¥u´£¨Ñ binary ®æ¦¡ÀɮסA¥i¥H±q FTP ¯¸¬Û·í¤è«K¦aª½±µ¤U¸ü¡A + ¨Ã¥B Metro Link ³o®M²£«~ªº»ù®æ¬O«D±`¦X²zªº $39¡C + + + Metro Link ¦P®É´£¨Ñ FreeBSD ¤Wªº ELF ©M a.out ®æ¦¡ªº Motif + ¡]©¹¤W­±¬Ý¬Ý¡^¡C + + + + §ó¦hªº¸ê°T + + + Metro Link WWW page + + + + + ©Î + + sales@metrolink.com + ©Î tech@metrolink.com + + + + + + ©Î + + phone (954) 938-0283 or +1 954 938-0283 + + + + + Xi Graphics ©Ò´£¨Ñªº°ª®Ä¯à X Server ¦³«D±`²³æªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡A + ¨Ã¥B¤ä´©¤F¥Ø«e¥«­±¤W·í¬õªº¦U¤j¼tµPªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡C¥¦¥uµ¹§A Binary ÀɮסA + ¬O¥ÎºÏ¤ùªº¤è¦¡µo¦æ¡AFreeBSD ¸ò Linux ª©¥»³£¬Û¦P¡CXi Graphics ¦P®É + ¤]´£¨Ñ¤F±Mªùµ¹ laptop ¥Îªº°ª®Ä¯à X Server¡C + + 5.0 ª©¦³´£¨Ñ§K¶Oªº compatibility demo ª©¥» + + Xi Graphics ¤]¦³¦b½æ FreeBSD ¥Îªº Motif ¸ò CDE¡]©¹¤W­±¬Ý¬Ý¡^¡C + + + + + §ó¦hªº¸ê°T + + + Xi Graphics WWW page + + + + + ©Î + + sales@xig.com + ©Î support@xig.com + + + + + + ©Î + + phone (800) 946 7433 or +1 303 298-7478. + + + + + - ±z§Q¥Î MX ³]©w¡AÅý­n±H¨ì¬Y domain (¦p: domain.net) ªº«H¥ó¡A - ±H¨ì±z©Ò«ü©wªº¾÷¾¹ (¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬° relay.domain.net)¡A¦ý¬O³o - ³¡¾÷¾¹¨Ã¥¼³Q³]©w±µ¨ü domain.net ªº«H¥ó¡C§â domain.net ¥[¨ì - /etc/sendmail.cw ¤¤ (¦pªG±z¦³¨Ï¥Î FEATURE(use_cw_file)) ©Î¬O - ¦b sendmail.cf ¤¤¥[¤J "Cw domain.net" - - - -sendmail FAQ ²{¦b¤w¤£¦AÀHµÛ sendmail "¥X³f"¡C - ¥¦¥Ø«e¬O³Q©w´Áªºµoªí¦b: - comp.mail.sendmail¡A - comp.mail.misc¡A - comp.mail.smail¡A - comp.answers¡A©M - news.answers¡C - ±z¤]¥i¥H±H¤@«Ê Email ¨ì - mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu¡AµM«á¦b«H¥ó¤º¤å¤¤¼g¤W - "send usenet/news.answers/mail/sendmail-faq" ³o­Ó«ü¥O - ¥H¨ú±o³o¥÷¤å¥ó¡C - - + + + ¦b FreeBSD ¤W¦³¥ô¦óªº¸ê®Æ®w¶Ü¡H + - -¦b»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹(remote machine)°õ¦æ¥þ¿Ã¹õªº³nÅé®É¡A¦³¤£¥¿±`ªº±¡§Î¡I - + + ¦³! ½Ð¬Ý FreeBSD ºô¯¸¤W + °Ó·~³nÅ餽¥q ³o¤@³¡¥÷¡C -©Î³\»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹¨Ã«D±N±zªº²×ºÝ¾÷§ÎºA³]¬° FreeBSD console ©Ò¥Î - ªº cons25¡A¦Ó¬O³]¬°¨ä¥¦ºØÃþ¡C - - -³o¨à¦³´X­Ó¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃDªº¤èªk: - - - -¦b logging ¶i»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹«á¡A§ó§ï±zªº shell ÅÜ¼Æ TERM ¬° - ansi ©Î¬O sco¡C - - - -¦b local ºÝ¥Î¤@¨Ç¥i¥H¼ÒÀÀ VT100 ªº¼ÒÀÀ¾¹¡A¦p screen¡C - screen ´£¨Ñ±z¦b¤@­Ó terminal ùئP®É¶]¦n´X­Ó session - ªº¯à¤O¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦¥»¨­¤]¬O¤@­Ó¬Û·í¦nªº³nÅé¡C - - - -¦b»·ºÝ¾÷¾¹ªº²×ºÝ¾÷¸ê®Æ®w(terminal database)¤¤¥[¤J - cons25 ªº¸ê®Æ¡C - - - -±Ò°Ê X µM«á§Q¥Î xterm ¨Ó login ¶i»·ºÝªº¾÷¾¹¡C - - - - - - + ÁÙ¦³½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ports ¤¤ + Databases ¬ÛÃöªº¦¬¶°¡C + + - -§Úªº¾÷¾¹¤@ª½Åã¥Ü "calcru: negative time..." + + + ¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W°õ¦æ Oracle ¶Ü¡H + -¸ò¤¤Â_ ¡]interrupt¡^ ¦³Ãöªº¤£¦PµwÅé »P/©Î ³nÅ骺·f°t³£¦³¥i¯à³y¦¨ - ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C³o¦³¥i¯à¬O bug ©Î¬O¬Y­Ó¸Ë¸m¥»¨­ªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¥­¦æ°ð¤W¨Ï¥Î - ¤jªº MTU ¨Ó§@ TCP/IP ¶Ç¿é¥i¥H­«²{³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C­Y¬O¹Ï§Î¥[³t¥d³y¦¨³o­Ó - °ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A±zÀ³¸Ó¥ýÀˬd¥dªº¤¤Â_³]©w¡C - -³o­Ó°ÝÃDªºÃä»Ú®ÄÀ³¬O·|³y¦¨¦³¨Ç process ¥X²{ - "SIGXCPU exceeded cpu time limit" ªº°T®§¡A¦Ó¤£¥¿±`¤¤Â_ - -­Yª©¥»¬O 1998 ¦~ 11 ¤ë 29 ¤é¥H«áªº FreeBSD 3.0¡A¦pªG³o­Ó - °ÝÃD¤@ª½µLªk¥H¨ä¥L¤èªk¸Ñ¨M¡A´N¥u¯à³]©w sysctl ÅܼơG - sysctl -w kern.timecounter.method=1 + + ¥i¥H¡A¤U­±³o­Óºô­¶·|»¡©ú¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤W°õ¦æ Linux + ª©ªº Oracle¡G - - - ³o¼Ë·|¹ï®Ä¯à¦³¨Ç¼vÅT¡A¦ý¬O­Y¦Ò¼{¨ì³o­Ó°ÝÃD±a¨Óªº«áªG¡A³o¼Ë°µ¬O­È - ±oªº¡C¦pªG³o­Ó°ÝÃDÁÙ¬O¦s¦bªº¸Ü¡A±N sysctl ¨º­Ó­È¨ÌµM³]¬° 1¡AµM«á - ¼W¥[ kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤ "NTIMECOUNTER" ³o­Ó¿ï¶µªº¼Æ­È¡C¦pªG±z±N - "NTIMECOUNTER" ¼W¥[¨ì 20 ¨ÌµMµLªk¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¨º»ò±z¾÷¾¹¤Wªº¤¤Â_ - ¤w¸g¦h¨ìµLªk«O«ùí©wªºª¬ºA¤F¡C - - - - - - -°Ó·~³nÅé - -ª`·N³o¤@¸`ªº¤º®eÁÙ¬O¬Û·í¤Ö¡A¤£¹L§Ú­Ì·íµM§Æ±æ¦U­Ó¤½¥q¯à¬°¥¦¥[ - ÂI¤º®e :) FreeBSD ²Õ´©M¦C¦b³o¸Ìªº¥ô¦ó¤@®a¤½¥q³£¨S¦³ª÷¿ú¤Wªº§Q®` - Ãö«Y¡A¦C¥X¨Ó¥u¬O¹ï¤j²³ªº¤½¶}ªA°È¡]¦P®É¤]»{¬°¦b FreeBSD ¤Wªº°Ó·~¿³ - ½ì¡A·|¹ï FreeBSD ªø¤[¥Í¾÷¦³·¥¥¿­±ªº®Ä¯q¡^¡C§Ú­Ì¹ªÀy°Ó·~³nÅ骺¼t°Ó - §â¥L­Ìªº²£«~¥]¬A¦b¤U­±ªº¦W³æ¤¤¡A¦b - Vendors page - ¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¸ûªø¦Cªí¡C - - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b­þÃä§ä¨ìµ¹ FreeBSD ¥Îªº Motif¡H + + + + http://www.scc.nl/~marcel/howto-oracle.html + -¥i¥HÁpµ¸ Apps2go ¨ú±o FreeBSD ELF ª©¥»ªº - Motif 2.1 ®M¥ó¡C - -³o­Ó®M¥ó¸Ì¦³¡G - - + + - -OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + http://www.lf.net/lf/pi/oracle/install-linux-oracle-on-freebsd - - + + + + + + + + + + + Kang-min + Liu + +
gugod@gugod.org
+ + + + + ¤@¯ëÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡ + + + + + ¶â..§Ú­n¦b­þ§ä¨ì§Ú­nªºµ{¦¡©O? + + + + ½Ð¬Ý¬Ý ports + ¥Ø¿ý §a¡C³oÃ䦳¥÷¤w¸g port ¨ì FreeBSD ªº³nÅé¦Cªí¡C + ¥Ø«e¦³¶W¹L &os.numports; ­Ó³nÅé¤w¸g³Qport ¨ì FreeBSD ¤W¡A¨Ã¥B¨C¤Ñ + ³£¦b¼W¥[¤¤¡C©Ò¥H¦³ªÅ´N¦h¬Ý¬Ý³o¥÷¦Cªí¡A¤£µM§A¤]¥i¥H­q¾\ + freebsd-announce + ³o¥÷ mailing list¡A·|¦³¤H±N¨C­Ó¬P´Á³Ì·sªº³nÅé¦Cªí¶K¦b + ¤W­±¡C + + ¤j³¡¥÷ªº ports À³¸Ó³£¥i¥H¦b 2.2¡A3.0 ¸ò 4.0 ªº¨t²Î¤W¨Ï + ¥Î¡A¨Ã¥BÁÙ¦³³¡¥÷ªº ports ¥i¥H¦b 2.1.x ªº¨t²Î¤W¹B§@¡C¨C¦¸ + ·í FreeBSD release ®É¡A³£·|¦³¤@¥÷ ports tree ³Q©ñ¦b³o¤@­Ó + release cd ¸Ì­±ªº ports/ ¥Ø¿ý¸Ì¡C + + §Ú­Ì¤]¤ä´©¤@ºØ¥s package ªº·§©À¡A°ò¥»¤W + ´N¬O gzip À£ÁY¡B¥i¥Î¨Óµo¦æªº binary ÀɮסA¦ý¬O¸Ì­±ÂäF¤@ + ¨Ç¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº¸ê°T¡A¥i¥Hµ¹¦UºØ¦Û­q¦w¸Ë¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£¥²ª¾ + ¹D¬Y­Ó package ¸Ì¨s³º¦³¥]¬A­þ¨ÇÀɮסA´N¥i`¥H«Ü¤è«K¦a­«½Æ±N + ¥¦¦w¸Ë/¤Ï¦w¸Ë¡C + + §A¥i¥H°õ¦æ /stand/sysinstall «á¡A + ¦b post-configuration ¿ï³æ¤U¿ï¾Ü package ³o­Ó¦w¸Ë¿ï¶µ¡F©Î + ¬O¹ï¬Y­Ó¦³¿³½ìªº package ÀÉ®×°õ¦æ &man.pkg.add.1; + §â¥¦¸Ë°_¨Ó¡CPackage Àɮ׳q±`¥H .tgz + §@¬°©µ¦ùÀɦW¡A¤â¤W¦³ FreeBSD CDROM ªº¤H¥i¥H¦b + packages/All ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¤U§ä¨ì³oÃþÀɮסC + ¹ï¤£¦Pªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡A¤]¥i¥H±q¤U¦C¦ì§}¥Ñºô¸ô¤W¨ú±o¡G + + + + µ¹ 2.2.8-release/2.2.8-stable ¥Îªº + + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-2.2.8/ + + + + + µ¹ 3.2-release/3.2-stable ¥Îªº + + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-3-stable/ + + + + + + µ¹ 4.X-RELEASE/4-STABLE ¥Îªº + + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-4-current/ + + + + + µ¹ 5.X-CURRENT ¥Îªº + + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-5-current + + + + + ©Î¬OÂ÷§A³Ìªñªº mirror ¯¸¡C + + ­nª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦]¬°·sªº port ¤@ª½¦b¼W¥[¤¤¡A©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¬O©Ò¦³ port + ³£¦³¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº package¡C³Ì¦n©w®ÉÀˬdftp.FreeBSD.org + ¡A¬Ý¬Ý¦³­þ¨Ç package ¥i¥H¥Î¡C + + - -Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include and Imake - files. + + + §Ú¥i¥H¦b­þÃä§ä¨ì libc.so.3.0? + - - + + §A¥i¯à¦b¤@¥x 2.1.x ªº¾÷¾¹¤W¡A¶]µÛµ¹ 2.2/3.x/4.0 ªº³nÅé¡C + ½Ð¦A©¹¤W­±¤@­Ó³¹¸`¬Ý¡A¥¿½Tªº¨ú±oµ¹§A¾÷¾¹¥Îªº port/package¡C + + - -Static and dynamic ELF libraries¡]µ¹ FreeBSD 3.0 ¤Î¥H«áª©¥» - ¨Ï¥Î¡^ + + + ¬°¦ó§Ú±o¨ì¤F³o­Ó°T®§ ?Error: can't find + libc.so.4.0? + - - + + §A¤£¤p¤ß§ì¤Fµ¹ 4.X ¤Î 5.X ¨t²Î¥Îªº package¡A¨Ã¥B¹Á¸ÕµÛ + ¥h¸Ë¦b§Aªº 2.X ©Î 3.X ªº¨t²Î¤W­±¡C½Ð¤U¸ü¥¿½Tª©¥»ªº package¡C + + - -Demonstration applets. - - + + + ghostscript ¦b§Úªº 386/486SX ¤W¦³ÂI°ÝÃD©O¡I + - - - -¦]¬° Apps2go ¤]¦³´£¨Ñ NetBSD ©M OpenBSD ªºª©¥»¡A©Ò¥H¦b­qÁÊ - ®É½Ð¯S§O«ü©w¬O­n FreeBSD ª©¥»ªº Motif¡I¥L­Ì¥Ø«e¥u´£¨Ñ¥H FTP ªº¤è¦¡¨ú±o - ³o¥÷®M¥ó¡C - - - -§ó¦h¸ê°T - -Apps2go WWW ­º­¶ - - - + + §A¨S¦³¯BÂI¹Bºâ¾¹¡A¹ï§a¡H§A¥²¶·¦b§Aªº kernel ¤¤¥[¤J¼Æ¾Ç + ¹Bºâ¼ÒÀÀ¾¹¡A§A¥i¥H¸òµÛ¤U­±ªº¨BÆJ°µ¡A¨Ã¦b§ó§ï¹L§Aªº kernel ³]©w + ÀÉ«á¡A­«·s½sĶ¹L¤@¦¸¡C -©Î + options GPL_MATH_EMULATE + + + ·í§A¥[¤J¤W¤@¦æªº¦P®É¡A§A¥²¶·±N + MATH_EMULATE ²¾°£±¼¡C + + + + + + + ¬°¤°»ò·í§Ú°õ¦æ SCO/iBCS2 ªºµ{¦¡®É¡A¥¦¦b + socksys ³o­Ó¦a¤è¥X¤F°ÝÃD¡H + (FreeBSD 3.0 ¥H¤Î§ó¦­ªºª©¥»¤~¦³¦¹°ÝÃD¡C) + + + §A¥²¶·¥ý­×§ï /etc/sysconfig (©Î¬O + /etc/rc.conf, ½ÐŪ &man.rc.conf.5;) + ³oÀɮ׳̫á¤@­Ó³¹¸`¡A±N¤U­±©ÒÁ¿¨ìªºÅܼƳ]¦¨ + YES¡G + + # Set to YES if you want ibcs2 (SCO) emulation + loaded at startup ibcs2=NO + + ³o·|¦b¶}¾÷®É±N ibcs2 ³o¤@­Ó kernel ¼Ò²Õ¸ü¤J¡C + + §AÁÙ­n±N§Aªº /compat/ibcs2/dev §ï¦¨¤U­±³o¼Ë¡G + + lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 X0R@ -> /dev/null +lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 7 Oct 15 22:20 nfsd@ -> socksys +-rw-rw-r-- 1 root wheel 0 Oct 28 12:02 null +lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 socksys@ -> /dev/null +crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 41, 1 Oct 15 22:14 spx + + §A¥u»Ý­n±N socksys Âà¦V¨ì /dev/null + (½ÐŪ &man.null.4;) ¥hÄF¹L open & close ªº°Ê§@¡C¦b -current + ¸Ì­±ªº ibcs2 ¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡½X±N·|³B²z¨ä¾lªº³¡¥÷¡A³oºØ§@ªk¤ñ¥H«eªº¤è¦¡ + °®²b¤Ó¦h¤F¡C°²¦p§A·Q­n¨Ï¥Î spx ¤è­±ªº + µ{¦¡¡A¦b§Aªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɸ̭± ¥[¤WSPX_HACK¡C + + - -Sales ©Î - Support email «H½c¡C - - - + + + §Ú­n¦p¦ó¦b§Úªº¾÷¾¹¤W³]©w INN (Internet News)¡H + + + + ¦b§A¨Ï¥Î package ©ÎªÌ¬O port ¦w¸Ë§¹ inn ¤§«á¡ADave Barr's + INN Page ¬O­Ó«D±`¦nªº¶}©l¡A§A¥i¥H¦b¨ºÃä§ä¨ìINN ªº FAQ¡C + + + + + + + §Ú¸Ó¨Ï¥Î¨º­Óª©¥»ªº Microsoft FrontPage¡H + + + + Use the Port, Luke¡I¦b ports tree ¤¤¤w¸g¦³¤@­Ó¥]§t FrontPage + ªº Apache ª©¥»¤F¡C + + + + + + FreeBSD ¤ä´© Java ¶Ü¡H + + + + ¦³¡A½Ð¬Ý + http://www.FreeBSD.org/java. + + + + + + ¬°¤°»ò§ÚµLªk¦b 3.X-STABLE ¾÷¾¹¤W¶¶§Q½s¦n³o­Ó port? + + + + ¦pªG§Aªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¬Û¸û -CURRENT ©Î -STABLE ¤§¤U¬O«Ü¥j + ¦­ªº¸Ü¡A©Î³\§A·|»Ý­n¤@­Ó¤É¯Å ports ªº¤u¨ã¡A¦b + + http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/¡C¦pªG§A¥H±N¨ä§ó·s«o¤´µL¥Î¡A + ¨º»ò¤@©w¬O¬Y¤H§ó°Ê¤§«á³y¦¨ -CURRENT ¤~¯à¥Î¡A-STABLE µLªk¥Îªº±¡ªp¡C + ¥Ñ©ó ports ¤º©Ò¦¬¶°ªº³nÅé¦b -CURRENT ©Î¬O -STABLE ¤W³£­n¯à¥Î¡A + ©Ò¥H½Ð¾¨³t°e¥XÃö©ó¦¹°ÝÃDªºÂγø§i¡F½Ð¨Ï¥Î &man.send-pr.1; ³o­Ó«ü + ¥O¨Ó°eÂγø§i¡C + + + + + + ¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä±o¨ì ld.so¡H + + + + ¦³¨Ç a.out ®æ¦¡ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡·|»Ý­n a.out ®æ¦¡ªº¨ç¦¡®w¡A + Netscape Navigator ´N¬O¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l¡C¤£¹L¥Î ELF ¨ç¦¡®w½s°_¨Ó + ªº FreeBSD ¹w³]¨Ã¤£·|¦w¸Ëªº a.out ¨ç¦¡®w¡A©Ò¥H±z¥i¯à·|±o + ¨ìÃþ¦ü§ä¤£¨ì /usr/libexec/ld.so ªº©ê«è°T + ®§¡C¦pªG»¡±zªº¨t²Î¦³³o¦w¸Ë a.out ¨ç¦¡®wªº¥²­n¡A³o¨Ç¨ç¦¡®w + (compat22) ¤]¯à°÷§Q¥Î &man.sysinstall.8; ¨Ó¦w¸Ë¡C©ÎªÌ§Q¥Î + FreeBSD ­ì©l½X¨Ó¦w¸Ë¡G + + &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/lib/compat/compat22&prompt.root; make install clean + + ¦pªG§A§Æ±æ¨C¦¸ make world ®É·|¦Û°Ê§ó·s + compat22 ¨ç¦¡®w¡A¨º»ò­×§ï /etc/make.conf¡A + ¥[¤J COMPAT22=YES¡C³o¨Ç¬Û®e©ó¥j¦Ñª©¥»ªº¨ç¦¡®w + ¤w¸g¨S¤°»ò¦b§ó·s¤F¡A©Ò¥H¤@¯ë»¡¨Ó¬O¤£»Ý­n³o¼Ëªº¡C + + ¦P®É¤]½Ð±z¬Ý¤@¤U 3.1-RELEASE ©M 3.2-RELEASE ªº°É»~ªí(ERRATA)¡C + + -©Î + + + §Ú§ó·s¤F¨t²Î­ì©l½X¡A²{¦b§Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤É¯Å¬Y­Ó¤w¸g¦w¸Ë¤W + ªº ports ? + + + + FreeBSD ¥»¨­¨Ã¨S¦³¦Û°Ê¤É¯Å ports ªº¤u¨ã¡A¦ý¦³¤@¨Ç¥i¥HÅý¤É¯Å + ²¤Æ¤@¨Çªº¤pµ{¦¡¡C§A¤]¥i¥H¦Û¤v¸Ë¤WÃB¥~ªº¤u¨ã¨Ó³B²z¡C + + &man.pkg.version.1; «ü¥O¥i¥H¦Û°Ê²£¥Í¥Î¨Ó¹F¨ì¦Û°Ê¤É¯Å¨ì + ports tree ³Ì·sª©¥»ªº script¡C + + &prompt.root; pkg_version > /tmp/myscript + + ¤@©w­n¦b¤â°Ê­×§ï¤@¤U²£¥Í¥X¨Óªº script¡C + ¥Ø«eªº &man.pkg.version.1; ¦b script ³Ì«e­±¥[¤J &man.exit.1; ±j + ­¢§A¥h­×§ï¥¦¡C + + §AÀ³±N°õ¦æ script ©Ò²£¥Íªº¿é¥X°O¿ý¤U¨Ó¡A¦]¬°¸Ì­±·|¦³°O¸ü¬Y¨Ç + ©|¥¼¤É¯Å¦ý¤w¸g§ó·sªº ports¡C¤£¹L§A¤£¤@©w­n¥h¤É¯Å¥¦­Ì¡C³q±`¬O¦]¬° + ¦³¬Y­Ó¦@¥Îªº¨ç¦¡®w¤w¸g§ïÅܪ©¥»¸¹¤F¡A¤~­n¥h­«½s¤@¦¸¨º¨Ç¨Ï¥Î¨ì¸Ó¨ç + ¦¡®wªº ports¡C + + ¦pªG§AªºµwºÐªÅ¶¡«Ü°÷¡A¨º»ò¥i¥H¥Î portupgrade + ³o­Ó¤u¨ã¨Ó°µ¥þ¦Û°Ê³B¸Ì¡Cportupgrade ¸Ì­±¤]¦³ + ¤@¨Ç¤pµ{¦¡¨Ó²¤Æ package ¤É¯Å¡A¥¦¦b + sysutils/portupgrade¡C + ³o­Ó¤u¨ã¬O¥Î Ruby ³o­Ó»y¨¥¼gªº¡A©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¾A¦X¥[¤J¨ì FreeBSD ªº­ì + ©l½X¤¤¡A¤£¹L¨Ã¤£·|¦]¦¹Åý¬Y¨Ç¤H¤£¥Î¥¦¡C + + ¦pªG§Aªº¨t²Î¤@ª½³£³B©ó¶}¾÷ª¬ºA¡A¥i§Q¥Î &man.periodic.8; ¨t²Î¡A + ¨C­Ó¬P´Á²£¥Í¤@±i»Ý­n¤É¯Åªº²M³æ¡C¥u­n¦b + /etc/periodic.conf ¥[¤J + weekly_status_pkg_enable="YES" ´N¥i¥H¤F¡C + + + + + + ¬°¤°»ò /bin/sh³o»òªº¤p¡H¬°¤°»ò FreeBSD + ¤£§ï¥Î bash ©ÎªÌ¬O¨ä¥L¤ñ¸û±j®«ªº shell¡H + + + + ¦]¬° POSIX »¡¡A¸Ó­n¦³³o»ò¼Ëªº¤@­Ó shell ¦b¤~¦æ¡C + + ¤ñ¸ûÁcº¾ªºµª®×¡G³\¦h¤H»Ý­n¼g¥i¥H¸ó«Ü¦h¥­¥xªº shell script ¡C + ³o¤]¬O¬°¦ó POSIX ±N shell ¥H¤Î¤u¨ã©RºÙ³£©w¸qªº«D±`¸Ô²Óªº½t¬G¡C + ¤j³¡¥÷ªº script ³£¾A¥Î©ó Bourne shell¡A¤S¦]¬°¦³´X­Ó­«­nªº + ¼gµ{¦¡©Ò¥Î¨ìªºµ{¦¡©ÎªÌ¨ç¦¡ (&man.make.1; , &man.system.3;, + &man.popen.3;, ÁÙ¦³¦b Perl ©ÎªÌ Tcl ¸Ì­±©I¥s¨t²Îµ{¦¡ªº¦a¤è) + ³£«ü©w¥Î Bourne shell ¡C¨º»ò¦]¬° Bourne Shell ¦p¦¹ªº¼sªx±`¥Î¡A + ¨º»ò¥¦ªº°õ¦æ®Ä²v«K«Ü­«­n¡A§Ö³t¬O¥¦¨M©w©Êªº­nÂI¤§¤@¡AÁÙ­n¤£¦û¤Ó¦h + °O¾ÐÅé¡C + + ¥Ø«eªº /bin/sh ¤w¬O§Ú­Ì¹Ã¤ßÃw¦å¤§§@¡A¥¦¤w + ¸gºÉ¶q¦a²Å¦X¼Ð·Ç³W©w¡C¬°¤FÅý¥¦«D±`¤p¡A§Ú­Ì®³±¼¤F¤@¨Ç¨ä¥L shell + ¦³ªº¤è«K¥\¯à¡C³o¤]¬O¬°¤°»ò ports ¸Ì­±ÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h±j®«ªº shell ¡A¹³¬O + bash, scsh, tcsh ¥H¤Î zsh ¡C (§A¥i¥H¦Û¤v¤ñ¸û¤@¤U³o¨Ç shell °õ¦æ + ®É©Ò¦ûªº°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤p¡A¥h¬Ý¬Ý ps -u ¦C¥X¨Óªº + VSZ ©M RSS ³o¨â­ÓÄæ¦ì´Nª¾¹D¤F¡C) + + + + + + + ¬°¤°»ò Netscape ©M Opera ­nªá¦n¤[ªº®É¶¡¤~¯à±Ò°Ê¡H + + + + ³q±`¬O¦]¬°§Aªº DNS ¨S¦³³]©w¦n¡C Netscape ¸ò Opera ¦b±Ò°Êªº®É­Ô + ³£·|¥hÀˬd¤@¤U DNS¡Cª½¨ì DNS ¦³¦^À³¡A©ÎªÌ¬OÂ_©wºô¸ô¥Ø«e¬OÂ_½u¤§«á¡A + ¥¦­Ì¤~·|Åã¥Üµe­±¥X¨Ó¡C + + + + + + + + + Kang-min + Liu + +
gugod@gugod.org
+ + + + + ®Ö¤ß³]©w + + + + + §Ú·Q¦Û­q®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¡A³o·|«Ü§xÃø¶Ü¡H + + + + ¤£·|¡I½Ð¬d¾\ + ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤¤ªº®Ö¤ß³]©w¤@¸`¡C + + + §Ú·|«Øij§A¦b§AÅý®Ö¤ß¯à¥¿±`¤u§@«á¡A°µ¤@­Ó + kernel.YYMMDD ¤é´Á§Î¦¡ªº³Æ¥÷¡A¦P®É¤]³Æ¥÷ + /module³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¦Ü + /modules.YYMMDD¡C³o¼Ë¤U¦¸¦pªG§A«Ü¤£©¯ªºª± + Ãa¤F³]©w¡A¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥H¤£»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î³Ì­ì©lªº + kernel.GENERIC¡C¦p§A¥¿±q¤@­Ó GENERIC + kernel ¸Ì­±¤£¤ä´©ªº±±¨î¾¹¸Ì±Ò°Ê®É¡A³o´NÅã±o¯S§O­«­n¡C + + + - -¹q¸Ü (817) 431 8775 or +1 817 431-8775 - - - - - - - -¤]¥i¥HÁpµ¸ Metro Link ¨ú±oµ¹ FreeBSD ELF - ©Î a.out ª©¥»ªº Motif 2.1 ®M¥ó¡C - -³o¥÷®M¥ó¥]¬A¡G - - + + + §Úªº®Ö¤ß¦]¬° _hw_float¿ò¥¢¦Ó½sĶ¥¢±Ñ¡C + ¸Ó«ç»ò­×¥¿©O¡H + + + + Åý§Ú²q¬Ý¬Ý¡A§A§â npx0 + (¸Ô¨£ &man.npx.4;) ±q§Aªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɲ¾°£¤F¡A¦]¬°§A¨S¦³¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¾¹¡A + ¹ï¶Ü¡H¿ù¤F¡I:-) ³o­Ó npx0¬O + ¥²¶·­n¦³ªº¡C´Nºâ§A¨S¦³¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¾¹¡A§AÁÙ¬O + ¥²¶· ¤Þ¤J npx0 ¸Ë¸m¡C + + + - -OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + + + ¬°¤°»ò³y¥X¨Óªº kernel ³o»ò¤j (10MB ¥H¤W) ¡H + + + + ³o«Ü¦³¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°¡A§A§â kernel ½s¦¨ °»¿ù¼Ò¦¡ + ¤F¡C°»¿ù¼Ò¦¡¤§¤Uªº kernel ¸Ì­±·|¦sµÛ°»¿ù¥Îªº³\¦h²Å¸¹¡A¦]¦¹·|¤j´T + ¼W¥[ kernel ªº¤j¤p¡C¦pªG»¡§Aªº FreeBSD ¬O 3.0 ¥H«áªºª©¥»¡A³o¹ï©ó + ®Ä¯à¨Ó»¡¼vÅT¨Ã¤£¤j¡A´X¥G¬O¨S¦³¡C¦Ó¦b¨t²Î·|¦]¬Y¨Ç­ì¦] panic ®É¡A + ¦³­Ó°»¿ù¼Ò¦¡ªº kernel ¦b¤]®¼¦³¥Îªº¡C + + ¤£¹L©O¡A¦pªG§AªººÏºÐªÅ¶¡«Ü¤p¡A©ÎªÌ§A´N¬O¤£·Q¥Î°»¿ù¼Ò¦¡ªº + kernel ªº¸Ü¡A½Ð½T»{¥H¤U¨Æ±¡¡G + + + + kernel ³]©wÀɸ̭±¨S¦³³o¤@¦æ¡G + + makeoptions DEBUGS=-g + + + + °õ¦æ &man.config.8; ®É¨S¦³¥[¤W + ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C + + + + ¥H¤W¨â¥ó¨Æ±¡³£·|Åý§A½s¥X¤@­Ó°»¿ù¼Ò¦¡ªº kernel¡C¦ý¥u­nÁקK¤§¡A + ´N¥i¥H½s¥X¤@­Ó¥¿±`ªº kernel¡A¦Ó§A¤]·|ª`·N¨ì¡Akernel ©úÅ㪺Åܤp¤F¡F + ¤j³¡¥÷ªº kernel ³£®t¤£¦h¦b 1.5MB ¨ì 2MB ¤§¶¡¡C + + - - + + + ¬°¦ó¥X²{¤F multi-port serial code ªº¤¤Â_½Ä¬ð¡H + + + + ·í§Ú½sĶ¤@­Ó multi-port serial code ªº®Ö¤ß®É¡A¥¦§i¶D§Ú¥u¦³ + ²Ä¤@­Ó³Q°»´ú¨ì¡A¨ä¥Lªº«h¦]¤¤Â_½Ä¬ð¦Ó¸õ¹L¤F¡A§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò­×¥¿¥¦¡H + + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¬O¦]¬° FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤º«Øµ{¦¡½XÁקK¦]¬°µwÅé©Î³nÅé½Ä¬ð + ¾É­P®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¹L©óªÎ¤j©ÎµL¥Î¡C­n­×¥¿³oºØ±¡§Îªº¤èªk¬O°£¤F¤@­Ó port + ¥~§â¨ä¥L©Ò¦³ªº IRQ ³]©w³£°µ«O¯d¡C³o¸Ì¦³¤@­Ó½d¨Ò¡G + + # +# Multiport high-speed serial line - 16550 UARTS +# +device sio2 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty irq 5 flags 0x501 vector siointr +device sio3 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr +device sio4 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr +device sio5 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr + + - -Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include and Imake - files. + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤@­Ó kernel ³£½s¤£°_¨Ó¡H¬Æ¦Ü GENERIC ¤]¤£¦æ¡H + + + + ³o¦³«Ü¦hºØ¥i¯àªº­ì¦]¡G + + + + §A¨S¦³¥Î·sªº make buildkernel »P + make installkernel ³o¨â­Ó¤èªk¨Ó½s¡A¦Ó¥¿¦n + §Aªº¨t²Î­ì©l½Xªºª©¥»©M¥¿¦b°õ¦æªº¨t²Î®Ö¤ßª©¥»¤£¤@¼Ë (¹³¬O¡A + ¦b¶] 4.0-RELEASE ªº¨t²Î¤W¹Á¸ÕµÛ½s 4.3-RELEASE)¡C¦pªG»¡§A­n¤É + ¯Å¨t²Îªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°È¥²¥h¬Ý¬Ý /usr/src/UPDATING + ³o­ÓÀɮסA¯S§Oª`·N³Ì«á­±ªº COMMON ITEMS + ³o­Ó¤p¸`¡C + + + + §A¤w¸g¥Î¤W make buildkernel ¥H¤Î + make installkernel ¤F¡A¦ý¬O¦b + make buildworld ®É¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C¥i±¤ªº¬O¡A + make buildkernel ­n¦¨¥\¡A»Ý­n¨Ì¿à + make buildworld «á³y¥X¨Óªº¤@¨ÇÀɮסC + + + + ´Nºâ¬O§A¦b½s FreeBSD-STABLE¡A + ÁÙ¬O¦³¥i¯à§A§ì¨ì¤F¥¿¦b­×§ï¤¤¡A©ÎµÛ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç½t¬G¦Ó®Ú¥»ÁÙ¨S§ï¦n + ªº­ì©l½X¡FÁöµM»¡ FreeBSD-STABLE + ¤j³¡¥÷ªº®É­Ô³£¬O¥i¥H½sªº¡A¦ý¥u¦³ RELEASE ¤~¬O«OÃÒ¥i¥H½sªº¡C¸I + ¨ì³o­Ó°ÝÃD®É¡A¦A¦¸§ó·s­ì©l½X¨Ã¥B¦A¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý¡C¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O©ñ­ì©l½Xªº + ¦øªA¾¹¥X²{¬Y¨Ç°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H§ó·s­ì©l½X®É¤]¸Õ¸Õ±q¤£¦P¦øªA¾¹¨Ó§ó·s¬Ý + ¬Ý¡C + + + + + + + + + Disks, Filesystems, and Boot Loaders + + + + + How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system? + + + + See the Disk Formatting Tutorial at + www.FreeBSD.org. + + - - + + + How do I move my system over to my huge new disk? + + + + The best way is to reinstall the OS on the new + disk, then move the user data over. This is highly + recommended if you have been tracking -stable for more + than one release, or have updated a release instead of + installing a new one. You can install booteasy on both + disks with &man.boot0cfg.8;, and dual boot them until + you are happy with the new configuration. Skip the + next paragraph to find out how to move the data after + doing this. + + Should you decide not to do a fresh install, you + need to partition and label the new disk with either + /stand/sysinstall, or &man.fdisk.8; + and &man.disklabel.8;. You should also install booteasy + on both disks with &man.boot0cfg.8;, so that you can + dual boot to the old or new system after the copying + is done. See the + formatting-media article for details on this + process. + + Now you have the new disk set up, and are ready + to move the data. Unfortunately, you cannot just blindly + copy the data. Things like device files (in + /dev), flags, and links tend to + screw that up. You need to use tools that understand + these things, which means &man.dump.8;. + Although it is suggested that you move the data in single user + mode, it is not required. + + You should never use anything but &man.dump.8; and + &man.restore.8; to move the root file system. The + &man.tar.1; command may work - then again, it may not. + You should also use &man.dump.8; and &man.restore.8; + if you are moving a single partition to another empty + partition. The sequence of steps to use dump to move + a partitions data to a new partition is: + + + + newfs the new partition. + + + + mount it on a temporary mount point. + + + + cd to that directory. + + + + dump the old partition, piping output to the + new one. + + + + For example, if you are going to move root to + /dev/ad1s1a, with + /mnt as the temporary mount point, + it is: + + &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a +&prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt +&prompt.root; cd /mnt +&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - + + Rearranging your partitions with dump takes a bit more + work. To merge a partition like /var + into its parent, create the new partition large enough + for both, move the parent partition as described above, + then move the child partition into the empty directory + that the first move created: + + &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a +&prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt +&prompt.root; cd /mnt +&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - +&prompt.root; cd var +&prompt.root; dump 0af - /var | restore xf - + + To split a directory from its parent, say putting + /var on its own partition when it was not + before, create both partitions, then mount the child partition + on the appropriate directory in the temporary mount point, then + move the old single partition: + + &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a +&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1d +&prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt +&prompt.root; mkdir /mnt/var +&prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1d /mnt/var +&prompt.root; cd /mnt +&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - + + You might prefer &man.cpio.1;, &man.pax.1;, + &man.tar.1; to &man.dump.8; for user data. At the time of + this writing, these are known to lose file flag information, + so use them with caution. + + - -Static and dynamic libraries¡]FreeBSD 3.0 ¤Î¤§«áª©¥»¬O¥Î - ELF¡FFreeBSD 2.2.8 ¤Î¤§«eªº¬O¥Î a.out¡^ + + + Will a dangerously dedicated disk endanger + my health? + + + + + The installation procedure allows + you to chose two different methods in partitioning your + hard disk(s). The default way makes it compatible with other + operating systems on the same machine, by using fdisk table + entries (called slices in FreeBSD), with a + FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own. Optionally, + one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch between the + possible operating systems on the disk(s). The alternative uses + the entire disk for FreeBSD, and makes no attempt to be + compatible with other operating systems. + + So why it is called dangerous? A disk in + this mode does not contain what normal PC utilities would + consider a valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have + been designed, they might complain at you once they are getting + in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might damage + the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying you. In + addition, the dangerously dedicated disk's + layout is known to confuse many BIOSes, including those from + AWARD (e.g. as found in HP Netserver and Micronics systems as + well as many others) and Symbios/NCR (for the popular 53C8xx + range of SCSI controllers). This is not a complete list, there + are more. Symptoms of this confusion include the read + error message printed by the FreeBSD bootstrap when it + cannot find itself, as well as system lockups when + booting. + + Why have this mode at all then? It only saves a few kbytes + of disk space, and it can cause real problems for a new + installation. Dangerously dedicated mode's + origins lie in a desire to avoid one of the most common + problems plaguing new FreeBSD installers - matching the BIOS + geometry numbers for a disk to the disk + itself. + + Geometry is an outdated concept, but one + still at the heart of the PC's BIOS and its interaction with + disks. When the FreeBSD installer creates slices, it has to + record the location of these slices on the disk in a fashion + that corresponds with the way the BIOS expects to find them. If + it gets it wrong, you will not be able to boot. + + Dangerously dedicated mode tries to work + around this by making the problem simpler. In some cases, it + gets it right. But it is meant to be used as a last-ditch + alternative - there are better ways to solve the problem 99 + times out of 100. + + So, how do you avoid the need for DD mode + when you are installing? Start by making a note of the geometry + that your BIOS claims to be using for your disks. You can + arrange to have the kernel print this as it boots by specifying + at the boot: prompt, or + using boot -v in the loader. Just before the + installer starts, the kernel will print a list of BIOS + geometries. Do not panic - wait for the installer to start and + then use scrollback to read the numbers. Typically the BIOS + disk units will be in the same order that FreeBSD lists your + disks, first IDE, then SCSI. + + When you are slicing up your disk, check that the disk + geometry displayed in the FDISK screen is correct (ie. it + matches the BIOS numbers); if it is wrong, use the + g key to fix it. You may have to do this if + there is absolutely nothing on the disk, or if the disk has been + moved from another system. Note that this is only an issue with + the disk that you are going to boot from; FreeBSD will sort + itself out just fine with any other disks you may have. + + Once you have got the BIOS and FreeBSD agreeing about the + geometry of the disk, your problems are almost guaranteed to be + over, and with no need for DD mode at all. If, + however, you are still greeted with the dreaded read + error message when you try to boot, it is time to cross + your fingers and go for it - there is nothing left to + lose. + + To return a dangerously dedicated disk + for normal PC use, there are basically two options. The first + is, you write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any + subsequent installation believe this to be a blank disk. You + can do this for example with + + &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda0 count=15 + + Alternatively, the undocumented DOS + feature + + C:\> fdisk /mbr + + will to install a new master boot record as well, thus + clobbering the BSD bootstrap. + + - - + + + Which partitions can safely use softupdates? I have + heard that softupdates on / can cause + problems. + + + + Short answer: you can usually use softupdates safely + on all partitions. + + Long answer: There used to be some concern over using + softupdates on the root partition. Softupdates has two + characteristics that caused this. First, a softupdates + partition has a small chance of losing data during a + system crash. (The partition will not be corrupted; the + data will simply be lost.) Also, softupdates can cause + temporary space shortages. + + When using softupdates, the kernel can take up to + thirty seconds to actually write changes to the physical + disk. If you delete a large file, the file still resides + on disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion. + This can cause a very simple race condition. Suppose you + delete one large file and immediately create another large + file. The first large file is not yet actually removed + from the physical disk, so the disk might not have enough + room for the second large file. You get an error that the + partition does not have enough space, although you know + perfectly well that you just released a large chunk of + space! When you try again mere seconds later, the file + creation works as you expect. This has left more than one + user scratching his head and doubting his sanity, the + FreeBSD filesystem, or both. + + If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a + chunk of data for writing to disk, but before that data is + actually written out, data could be lost or corrupted. + This risk is extremely small, but generally manageable. + Use of IDE write caching greatly increases this risk; it + is strongly recommended that you disable IDE write caching + when using softupdates. + + These issues affect all partitions using softupdates. + So, what does this mean for the root partition? + + Vital information on the root partition changes very + rarely. Files such as /kernel and + the contents of /etc only change + during system maintenance, or when users change their + passwords. If the system crashed during the + thirty-second window after such a change is made, it is + possible that data could be lost. This risk is negligible + for most applications, but you should be aware that it + exists. If your system cannot tolerate this much risk, + do not use softupdates on the root filesystem! + + / is traditionally one of the + smallest partitions. By default, FreeBSD puts the + /tmp directory on + /. If you have a busy + /tmp, you might see intermittent + space problems. Symlinking /tmp to + /var/tmp will solve this + problem. + + - -Demonstration applets. + + + What is inappropriate about my ccd? + - - + + The symptom of this is: - -Preformatted man pages. - - + &prompt.root; ccdconfig -C +ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format - - - -¥Ñ©ó Metro Link ¤]¦³´£¨Ñ Linux ªºª©¥»¡A©Ò¥H­qÁʮɭn¯S§O«ü - ©ú¬O FreeBSD ª©¥»ªº Motif¡I¥i¥H¥Ñ¥úºÐ©Î±q FTP ¨Ó¨ú±o³o­Ó®M¥ó¡C - -Ápµ¸ Xi Graphics¡A¥L­Ì´£¨Ñ¤F¤@­Óµ¹ FreeBSD - ¥Îªº a.out ®æ¦¡ªº Motif 2.0 ®M¥ó¡C - -¦b³o®M¥ó¤¤¥]¬A¤F¡G - - + This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate + the c partitions, which default to type + unused. The ccd driver requires the + underlying partition type to be FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel + of the disks you are trying to concatenate and change the types + of partitions to 4.2BSD. + + - -OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. + + + Why can I not edit the disklabel on my ccd? + + + + The symptom of this is: + + &prompt.root; disklabel ccd0 +(it prints something sensible here, so let us try to edit it) +&prompt.root; disklabel -e ccd0 +(edit, save, quit) +disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk; +use "disklabel -r" to install initial label + + This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually + a fake one that is not really on the disk. + You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, + as in: + + &prompt.root; disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp +&prompt.root; disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp +&prompt.root; disklabel -e ccd0 +(this will work now) + + - - + + + Can I mount other foreign filesystems under FreeBSD? + + + + + + Digital UNIX + + + UFS CDROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. + Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other + systems that support UFS may be more complex, depending + on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating + system in question. + + + + + Linux + + + As of 2.2, FreeBSD supports ext2fs + partitions. See &man.mount.ext2fs.8; for more + information. + + + + + NT + + + A read-only NTFS driver exists for FreeBSD. For more + information, see this tutorial by Mark Ovens at + http://ukug.uk.FreeBSD.org/~mark/ntfs_install.html. + + + + + + Any other information on this subject would be + appreciated. + + - -Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include and Imake - files. + + + How do I mount a secondary DOS partition? + - - + - -Static and dynamic libraries¡]µ¹ FreeBSD 2.2.8 ©M§ó¦­ª©¥»¥Îªº¡^ + The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary + partitions. For example, if you have an E + partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, + you need to create the special files for slice 5 + in /dev, then mount /dev/da1s5: - - + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV da1s5 +&prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da1s5 /dos/e + + - -Demonstration applets. + + + Is there a cryptographic filesystem for &os;? + - - + + Yes; see the security/cfs port. + + - -Preformatted man pages. - - + + + How can I use the NT loader to boot FreeBSD? + + + + This procedure is slightly different for 2.2.x and 3.x + (with the 3-stage boot) systems. + + The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your + native root FreeBSD partition into a file in the DOS/NT + partition. Assuming you name that file something like + c:\bootsect.bsd (inspired by + c:\bootsect.dos), you can then edit the + c:\boot.ini file to come up with something + like this: + + [boot loader] +timeout=30 +default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS +[operating systems] +multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" +C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" +C:\="DOS" + + For 2.2.x systems this procedure assumes that DOS, NT, + FreeBSD, or whatever have been installed into their respective + fdisk partitions on the same + disk. This example was tested on a system where DOS & NT + were on the first fdisk partition, and FreeBSD on the second. + FreeBSD was also set up to boot from its native partition, not + the disk's MBR. + + Mount a DOS-formatted floppy (if you have converted to NTFS) + or the FAT partition, under, say, + /mnt. + + &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/rda0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1 + + Reboot into DOS or NT. NTFS users copy the + bootsect.bsd and/or the + bootsect.lnx file from the floppy to + C:\. Modify the attributes (permissions) + on boot.ini with: + + C:\> attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini + + Edit to add the appropriate entries from the example + boot.ini above, and restore the + attributes: + + C:\> attrib +s +r c:\boot.ini + + If FreeBSD is booting from the MBR, restore it with the DOS + fdisk command after you reconfigure them to + boot from their native partitions. + + For FreeBSD 3.x systems the procedure is somewhat + simpler. + + If FreeBSD is installed on the same disk as the NT boot + partition simply copy /boot/boot1 to + C:\BOOTSECT.BSD However, if FreeBSD is + installed on a different disk /boot/boot1 + will not work, /boot/boot0 is needed. + + + DO NOT SIMPLY COPY /boot/boot0 + INSTEAD OF /boot/boot1, YOU WILL + OVERWRITE YOUR PARTITION TABLE AND RENDER YOUR COMPUTER + UN-BOOTABLE! + + + /boot/boot0 needs to be installed using + sysinstall by selecting the FreeBSD boot manager on the + screen which asks if you wish to use a boot manager. This is + because /boot/boot0 has the partition + table area filled with NULL characters but sysinstall copies + the partition table before copying + /boot/boot0 to the MBR. + + When the FreeBSD boot manager runs it records the last + OS booted by setting the active flag on the partition table + entry for that OS and then writes the whole 512-bytes of itself + back to the MBR so if you just copy + /boot/boot0 to + C:\BOOTSECT.BSD then it writes an empty + partition table, with the active flag set on one entry, to the + MBR. + + - - - -¦b§A¸ò¥L­Ì­qÁÊ Motif ®É¡A½Ð¤@©wµù©ú§A­nªº¬O FreeBSD ªºª©¥»¡I - ¦]¬° Xi Graphics ¤]¦P®É´£¨Ñ¤F BSDI ¸ò Linux ª©¥»ªº Motif¡C - ¥Ø«eµo¦æªºª©¥»¬O©ñ¦b¥|¶ôºÏ¤ù¤¤¡A±N¨Ó¥L­Ì·|±N©Ò¦³ªºªF¦è³£©ñ¨ì¥úºÐ¸Ì¡A - ´N¹³¥L­Ì©Òµo¦æªº CDE ¤@¼Ë¡C - - + + + How do I boot FreeBSD and Linux from LILO? + + + + If you have FreeBSD and Linux on the same disk, just follow + LILO's installation instructions for booting a non-Linux + operating system. Very briefly, these are: + + Boot Linux, and add the following lines to + /etc/lilo.conf: + + other=/dev/hda2 + table=/dev/hda + label=FreeBSD + + (the above assumes that your FreeBSD slice is known to Linux + as /dev/hda2; tailor to suit your setup). + Then, run lilo as root and you should be + done. + + If FreeBSD resides on another disk, you need to add + loader=/boot/chain.b to the LILO entry. + For example: + + other=/dev/dab4 + table=/dev/dab + loader=/boot/chain.b + label=FreeBSD + + In some cases you may need to specify the BIOS drive number + to the FreeBSD boot loader to successfully boot off the second + disk. For example, if your FreeBSD SCSI disk is probed by BIOS + as BIOS disk 1, at the FreeBSD boot loader prompt you need to + specify: + + Boot: 1:da(0,a)/kernel + + On FreeBSD 2.2.5 and later, you can configure + &man.boot.8; + to automatically do this for you at boot time. + + The + Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO is a good reference for + FreeBSD and Linux interoperability issues. + + - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b­þÃä§ä¨ìµ¹ FreeBSD ¥Îªº CDE¡H + + + How do I boot FreeBSD and Linux using BootEasy? + + + + Install LILO at the start of your Linux boot partition + instead of in the Master Boot Record. You can then boot LILO + from BootEasy. + + If you are running Windows-95 and Linux this is recommended + anyway, to make it simpler to get Linux booting again if you + should need to reinstall Windows95 (which is a Jealous + Operating System, and will bear no other Operating Systems in + the Master Boot Record). + + -Xi Graphics ¥H«e¦³½æ FreeBSD ¥Îªº CDE¡A¤£¹L²{¦b¤w¸g -°±¤îµo°â¤F¡C - -KDE ¬O¥t¤@­Ó­ì©l½X¤½¶}ªº - X11 ®à­±µ{¦¡¡A¦³«Ü¦h¦a¤è©M CDE ¬Û·íÃþ¦ü¡C - - + + + How do I change the boot prompt from ??? to + something more meaningful? + + + + You can not do that with the standard boot manager without + rewriting it. There are a number of other boot managers + in the sysutils ports category that + provide this functionality. + + - - ¦³¨S¦³­n¿ú¡A¦ý¬O°ª®Ä²vªº X servers¡H - + + + I have a new removable drive, how do I use it? + -¦³¡AXi Graphics ©M Metro Link ³£¦³´£¨Ñµ¹ - FreeBSD¡]©Î¨ä¥L Intel ¥­¥x¤W¡^¥Îªº X µøµ¡¥[³t²£«~¡C - -Metro Link ´£¨Ñªº°ª®Ä¯à X Server ¨Ï¥Î¤F FreeBSD ¤ºªº package ¾ã®M¤u - ¨ã¡A¦]¦¹³]©w¤Q¤À®e©ö¡A¤ä´©¥Ø«e¥«­±¤W¦U¤j¼tµPªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡C¥u¦³ binary ÀɮסA - ¥i¥H±q FTP ¯¸¬Û·í¤è«K¦aª½±µ¤U¸ü¡A§ó¤£¥Î»¡ Metro Link ³o®M²£«~ªº»ù®æ¬O - «D±`¦X²zªº $39¡C - - -Metro Link ¤]¦³´£¨Ñ FreeBSD ¤Wªº ELF ©M a.out Motif¡]©¹¤W­±¬Ý¬Ý¡^¡C - - - -§ó¦hªº¸ê°T - -Metro Link WWW ­º­¶ - - - + -©Î + Whether it is a removable drive like a ZIP or an EZ drive + (or even a floppy, if you want to use it that way), or a new + hard disk, once it is installed and recognized by the system, + and you have your cartridge/floppy/whatever slotted in, things + are pretty much the same for all devices. - -Sales ©Î - Support email «H½c - - - + (this section is based on + Mark Mayo's ZIP FAQ) -©Î + If it is a ZIP drive or a floppy, you have already got a DOS + filesystem on it, you can use a command like this: - -¹q¸Ü (954) 938-0283 or +1 954 938-0283 - - - - - - - -Xi Graphics ©Ò´£¨Ñªº°ª®Ä¯à X Server ¦³«D±`²³æªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡A¨Ã¥B¤ä´© - ¤F¥Ø«e¥«­±¤W·í¬õªº¦U¤j¼tµPªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡C¥¦¥uµ¹§A Binary ÀɮסA¬O¥ÎºÏ¤ùªº¤è - ¦¡µo¦æ¡AFreeBSD ¸ò Linux ª©¥»³£¬Û¦P¡CXi Graphics ¦P®É¤]´£¨Ñ¤F±Mªùµ¹ - laptop ¥Îªº°ª®Ä¯à X Server¡C - - -5.0 ª©¦³´£¨Ñ§K¶Oªº "compatibility demo" ª©¥»¡A§A¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ªº­ì - ¼t¥|¤ù¥úºÐ¤¤§ä¨ì¡A·íµM§A¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ¦bºô¸ô¤W¨ú±o¡C - -Xi Graphics ¤]¦³¦b½æ FreeBSD ¥Îªº Motif ¸ò CDE¡]©¹¤W­±¬Ý¬Ý¡^¡C - - - -§ó¦hªº¸ê°T - -Xi Graphics WWW ­º­¶ - - - + &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy -©Î + if it is a floppy, or this: - -Sales ©Î - Support email «H½c - - - + &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da2s4 /zip -©Î + for a ZIP disk with the factory configuration. - -¹q¸Ü (800) 946 7433 or +1 303 298-7478. - - - - - - - - + For other disks, see how they are laid out using + &man.fdisk.8; or + &man.sysinstall.8;. - -¦b FreeBSD ¤W¦³¥ô¦óªº¸ê®Æ®w¶Ü¡H + The rest of the examples will be for a ZIP drive on da2, + the third SCSI disk. -¦³! ½Ð¬Ý FreeBSD ºô¯¸¤W°Ó·~³nÅ餽¥q³o¤@³¡¥÷¡C - - - -ÁÙ¦³½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ports ¤¤ Databases ¬ÛÃöªº¦¬¶°¡C - - + Unless it is a floppy, or a removable you plan on sharing + with other people, it is probably a better idea to stick a BSD + file system on it. You will get long filename support, at least a + 2X improvement in performance, and a lot more stability. First, + you need to redo the DOS-level partitions/filesystems. You can + either use &man.fdisk.8; or + /stand/sysinstall, or for a small drive + that you do not want to bother with multiple operating system + support on, just blow away the whole FAT partition table + (slices) and just use the BSD partitioning: - -¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤W°õ¦æ Oracle ¶Ü¡H + &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2 +&prompt.root; disklabel -Brw da2 auto -¥i¥H¡A¤U­±³o­Óºô­¶·|»¡©ú¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤W°õ¦æ Linux ª©ªº Oracle¡G - - - + You can use disklabel or + /stand/sysinstall to create multiple BSD + partitions. You will certainly want to do this if you are adding + swap space on a fixed disk, but it is probably irrelevant on a + removable drive like a ZIP. - -http://www.scc.nl/~marcel/howto-oracle.html + Finally, create a new file system, this one is on our ZIP + drive using the whole disk: - - + &prompt.root; newfs /dev/rda2c - -http://www.lf.net/lf/pi/oracle/install-linux-oracle-on-freebsd - - + and mount it: - - - + &prompt.root; mount /dev/da2c /zip - - - + and it is probably a good idea to add a line like this to + /etc/fstab (see &man.fstab.5;) so you can just type + mount /zip in the future: - -¤@¯ëÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡ + /dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0 + + + + + Why do I get Incorrect super block when + mounting a CDROM? + + + + You have to tell &man.mount.8; the type of the device + that you want to mount. This is described in the Handbook section on + optical media, specifically the section Using Data + CDs. + + - -¶â..§Ú­n¦b­þ§ä¨ì§Ú­nªºµ{¦¡©O? + + + Why do I get Device not configured when + mounting a CDROM? + + + + This generally means that there is no CDROM in the + CDROM drive, or the drive is not visible on the + bus. Please see the Using Data + CDs section of the Handbook for a detailed + discussion of this issue. + + -½Ð¬Ý¬Ý ports ¥Ø¿ý §a¡C - ³oÃ䦳¥÷¤w¸g port ¨ì FreeBSD ªº³nÅé¦Cªí¡C¥Ø«e¦³¶W¹L 1800 ­Ó³nÅé¤w¸g³Q - port ¨ì FreeBSD ¤W¡A¨Ã¥B¨C¤Ñ³£¦b¼W¥[¤¤¡C©Ò¥H¦³ªÅ´N¦h¬Ý¬Ý³o¥÷¦Cªí¡A - ¤£µM§A¤]¥i¥H­q¾\ freebsd-announce - ³o¥÷ mailing list¡A·|¦³¤H±N - ¨C­Ó¬P´Á³Ì·sªº³nÅé¦Cªí¶K¦b¤W­±¡C - -¤j³¡¥÷ªº ports À³¸Ó³£¥i¥H¦b 2.2¡A3.0 ¸ò 4.0 ªº¨t²Î¤W¨Ï¥Î¡A - ¨Ã¥BÁÙ¦³³¡¥÷ªº ports ¥i¥H¦b 2.1.x ªº¨t²Î¤W¹B§@¡C - ¨C¦¸·í FreeBSD release ®É¡A³£·|¦³¤@¥÷ ports tree ³Q©ñ¦b³o¤@­Ó - release cd ¸Ì­±ªº ports/ ¥Ø¿ý¸Ì¡C - -§Ú­Ì¤]¤ä´©¤@ºØ¥s ``package'' ªº·§©À¡A°ò¥»¤W´N¬O gzip À£ÁY¡B¥i¥Î - ¨Óµo¦æªº binary ÀɮסA¦ý¬O¸Ì­±ÂäF¤@¨Ç¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº¸ê°T¡A¥i¥Hµ¹¦UºØ¦Û - ­q¦w¸Ë¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£¥²ª¾¹D¬Y­Ó package ¸Ì¨s³º¦³¥]¬A­þ¨ÇÀɮסA´N¥i - ¥H«Ü¤è«K¦a­«½Æ±N¥¦¦w¸Ë/¤Ï¦w¸Ë¡C - -§A¥i¥H°õ¦æ /stand/sysinstall «á¡A¦b post-configuration - ¿ï³æ¤U¿ï¾Ü package ³o­Ó¦w¸Ë¿ï¶µ¡F©Î¬O¹ï¬Y­Ó¦³¿³½ìªº package ÀÉ®×°õ - ¦æ pkg_add(1)¡A§â¥¦¸Ë°_¨Ó¡CPackage Àɮ׳q±`¥H .tgz - §@¬°©µ¦ùÀɦW¡A¤â¤W¦³ FreeBSD CDROM ªº¤H¥i¥H¦b packages/All - ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý¤U§ä¨ì³oÃþÀɮסC¹ï¤£¦Pªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡A¤]¥i¥H±q¤U¦C¦ì§}¥Ñºô - ¸ô¤W¨ú±o¡G - - - -µ¹ 2.2.8-release/2.2.8-stable ¥Îªº - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-2.2.8/ - - - + + + Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as + ? on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD? + + + + Your CDROM probably uses the Joliet + extension for storing information about files and + directories. This is discussed in the Handbook chapter on + creating and + using CDROMs, specifically the section on Using Data + CDROMs. + + -µ¹ 3.2-release/3.2-stable ¥Îªº + + + I burned a CD under FreeBSD and now I can not read it + under any other operating system. Why? + + + + You most likely burned a raw file to your CD, rather + than creating an ISO 9660 filesystem. Take a look at the + Handbook + chapter on creating CDROMs, particularly the + section on burning raw + data CDs. + + - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-3-stable/ - - - + + + How can I create an image of a data CD? + + + + This is discussed in the Handbook section on duplicating + data CDs. For more on working with CDROMs, see the + Creating CDs + Section in the Storage chapter in the + Handbook. + + -µ¹ 4.0-current ¥Îªº + + + Why can I not mount an audio + CD? + + + + If you try to mount an audio CD, you will get an error + like cd9660: /dev/acd0c: Invalid + argument. This is because + mount only works on filesystems. Audio + CDs do not have filesystems; they just have data. You + need a program that reads audio CDs, such as the + audio/xmcd port. + + - -ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-4-current/ - - - - - - - -©Î¬OÂ÷§A³Ìªñªº mirror ¯¸¡C - -­nª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦]¬°·sªº port ¤@ª½¦b¼W¥[¤¤¡A©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¬O©Ò¦³ port ³£ - ¦³¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº package¡C³Ì¦n©w®ÉÀˬd - ftp.FreeBSD.org¡A - ¬Ý¬Ý¦³­þ¨Ç package ¥i¥H¥Î¡C - - + + + How do I mount a multi-session CD? + + + + By default, &man.mount.8; will attempt to mount the + last data track (session) of a CD. If you would like to + load an earlier session, you must use the + command line argument. Please see + &man.mount.cd9660.8; for specific examples. + + - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b­þÃä§ä¨ì libc.so.3.0? + + + How do I let ordinary users mount floppies, CDROMs and + other removable media? + -§A¥i¯à¦b¤@¥x 2.1.x ªº¾÷¾¹¤W¡A¶]µÛµ¹ 2.2/3.x/4.0 ªº³nÅé¡C - ½Ð¦A©¹¤W­±¤@­Ó³¹¸`¬Ý¡A¥¿½Tªº¨ú±oµ¹§A¾÷¾¹¥Îªº port/package¡C - - + + Ordinary users can be permitted to mount devices. Here is + how: - - ghostscript ¦b§Úªº 386/486SX ¤W¦³ÂI°ÝÃD©O¡I - + + + As root set the sysctl variable + vfs.usermount to + 1. -§A¨S¦³¯BÂI¹Bºâ¾¹¡A¹ï§a¡H - §A¥²¶·¦b§Aªº kernel ¤¤¥[¤J¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¼ÒÀÀ¾¹¡A§A¥i¥H¸òµÛ¤U­±ªº¨BÆJ°µ¡A - ¨Ã¦b§ó§ï¹L§Aªº kernel ³]©wÀÉ«á¡A­«·s½sĶ¹L¤@¦¸¡C - - - options GPL_MATH_EMULATE - - - -NOTE ·í§A¥[¤J¤W¤@¦æªº¦P®É¡A§A¥²¶·±N MATH_EMULATE - ²¾°£±¼¡C - - + &prompt.root; sysctl -w vfs.usermount=1 + - - ·í§Ú°õ¦æ SCO/iBCS2 ªºµ{¦¡®É¡A¥¦±¾¦b socksys¡C - + + As root assign the appropriate + permissions to the block device associated with the + removable media. -§A¥²¶·¥ý­×§ï /etc/sysconfig - (or /etc/rc.conf) ³oÀɮ׳̫á¤@­Ó³¹¸`¡A±N¤U­±©ÒÁ¿¨ìªºÅÜ¼Æ - ³]¦¨ YES: - - - # Set to YES if you want ibcs2 (SCO) emulation loaded at startup - ibcs2=NO - - - -³o·|¦b¶}¾÷®É±N ibcs2 - ³o¤@­Ó kernel ¼Ò²Õ¸ü¤J¡C - -§AÁÙ­n±N§Aªº /compat/ibcs2/dev §ï¦¨¤U­±³o¼Ë¡G - - -lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 X0R@ -> /dev/null -lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 7 Oct 15 22:20 nfsd@ -> socksys --rw-rw-r-- 1 root wheel 0 Oct 28 12:02 null -lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 socksys@ -> /dev/null -crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 41, 1 Oct 15 22:14 spx - - - -§A¥u»Ý­n±N socksys Âà¦V¨ì /dev/null - ¥hÄF¹L open & close ªº°Ê§@¡C¦b -current ¸Ì­±ªº ibcs2 ¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡½X±N·|³B - ²z¨ä¾lªº³¡¥÷¡A³oºØ§@ªk¤ñ¥H«eªº¤è¦¡°®²b¤Ó¦h¤F¡C - °²¦p§A·Q­n¨Ï¥Î spx ¤è­±ªºµ{¦¡¡A¦b§Aªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɸ̭±¥[¤W - SPX_HACK¡C - - + For example, to allow users to mount the first floppy + drive, use: - - §Ú­n¦p¦ó¦b§Úªº¾÷¾¹¤W³]©w INN (Internet News)¡H - + &prompt.root; chmod 666 /dev/fd0 -¦b§A¨Ï¥Î package ©ÎªÌ¬O port ¦w¸Ë§¹ inn ¤§«á¡A - Dave Barr's INN Page ¬O­Ó«D±`¦nªº¶}©l¡A§A¥i¥H¦b¨ºÃä§ä¨ì - INN ªº FAQ¡C - - + To allow users in the group + operator to mount the CDROM drive, + use: - -§Ú¸Ó¨Ï¥Î¨º­Óª©¥»ªº Microsoft FrontPage¡H - + &prompt.root; chgrp operator /dev/cd0c +&prompt.root; chmod 640 /dev/cd0c + -Use the Port, Luke¡I¦b ports tree ¤¤¤w¸g¦³¤@­Ó¥]§t FrontPage ªº Apache ª©¥»¤F¡C - - - + + Finally, add the line + vfs.usermount=1 to the file + /etc/sysctl.conf so that it is reset + at system boot time. + + - -FreeBSD ¤ä´© Java ¶Ü¡H + All users can now mount the floppy + /dev/fd0 onto a directory that they + own: -¦³¡A½Ð¬Ý http://www.FreeBSD.org/java. - - + &prompt.user; mkdir ~/my-mount-point +&prompt.user; mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 ~/my-mount-point - -¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä±o¨ì ld.so¡H + Users in group operator can now + mount the CDROM /dev/cd0c onto a + directory that they own: -¦pªG±z§Æ±æ¦b 3.1-R ¤§«áªº ELF ¾÷¾¹¤W°õ¦æ¹³ Netscape Navagator µ¥ - ªº aout µ{¦¡¡A¥¦·|»Ý­n /usr/libexec/ld.so ©M aout library¡C³o¨Ç³£¥] - ¬A¦b compat22 ®M¥ó¤¤¡A±z¥i¥H¥Î /stand/sysinstall ©Î compat22 ¤l¥Ø¿ý - ¤Uªº install.sh ¸Ë°_¨Ó¡C - - ¦P®É¤]½Ð±z¬Ý¤@¤U 3.1-R ©M 3.2-R ªº ERRATA¡C - - - + &prompt.user; mkdir ~/my-mount-point +&prompt.user; mount -t msdos /dev/cd0c ~/my-mount-point - -®Ö¤ß³]©w + Unmounting the device is simple: + &prompt.user; umount ~/my-mount-point - - §Ú·Q¦Û­q®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¡A³o·|«Ü§xÃø¶Ü¡H - - + Enabling vfs.usermount, however, has + negative security implications. A better way to access MSDOS + formatted media is to use the mtools package in the ports collection. + + -¤£·|¡I½Ð¬d¾\ ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤¤ªº®Ö¤ß³]©w¤@¸`¡C - -ª`·N¡G§Ú·|«Øij§A¦b§AÅý®Ö¤ß¯à¥¿±`¤u§@«á¡A°µ¤@­Ó - kernel.YYMMDD¤é´Á§Î¦¡ªº³Æ¥÷¡A³o¼Ë¤U¦¸¦pªG§A«Ü¤£©¯ªºª±Ãa -¤F³]©w¡A¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥H¤£»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î³Ì­ì©lªºkernel.GENERIC¡C°²¦p§A -¥¿±q¤@­Ó¨S¦³¦b GENERIC kernel ¸Ì­±¤ä´©ªº±±¨î¾¹¸Ì±Ò°Ê¡A³oÅã±o¯S -§O­«­n(¨S¿ù¡A³o¬Oµ§ªÌªº¸gÅç)¡C - - + + + The du and df + commands show different amounts of disk space available. + What is going on? + + + + You need to understand what du and + df really do. du + goes through the directory tree, measures how large each + file is, and presents the totals. df + just asks the filesystem how much space it has left. They + seem to be the same thing, but a file without a directory + entry will affect df but not + du. + + When a program is using a file, and you delete the + file, the file is not really removed from the filesystem + until the program stops using it. The file is immediately + deleted from the directory listing, however. You can see + this easily enough with a program such as + more. Assume you have a file large + enough that its presence affects the output of + du and df. (Since + disks can be so large today, this might be a + very large file!) If you delete this + file while using more on it, + more does not immediately choke and + complain that it cannot view the file. The entry is + simply removed from the directory so no other program or + user can access it. du shows that it + is gone — it has walked the directory tree and the file + is not listed. df shows that it is + still there, as the filesystem knows that + more is still using that space. Once + you end the more session, + du and df will + agree. + + Note that softupdates can delay the freeing of disk + space; you might need to wait up to 30 seconds for the + change to be visible! + + This situation is common on web servers. Many people + set up a FreeBSD web server and forget to rotate the log + files. The access log fills up /var. + The new administrator deletes the file, but the system + still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and + restarting the web server program would free the file, + allowing the system to release the disk space. To prevent + this from happening, set up &man.newsyslog.8;. + + - - §Úªº®Ö¤ß¦]¬° _hw_float ¿ò¥¢¦Ó½sĶ¥¢±Ñ¡C - + + + How can I add more swap space? + + + + In the Configuration and + Tuning section of the Handbook, you will find a + section + describing how to do this. + + + + + + + + + Wei-Hon + Chen + +
plasmaball@pchome.com.tw
+ + + + + ¨t²ÎºÞ²z + + + + + ¨t²Î°_©l³]©wÀɦb­þ¡H + + + + + ±q 2.0.5R ¨ì 2.2.1R¡A¥D­nªº³]©wÀɬO + /etc/sysconfig¡C©Ò¦³ªº¿ï¶µ³£³Q«ü©w¦b³o­ÓÀÉ¡A + ¦Ó¨ä¥L¹³ /etc/rc (°Ñ¨£ &man.rc.8;) + ©M /etc/netstart ¥u¬O¤Þ¥Î¥¦¡C + + Æ[¹î /etc/sysconfig ³o­ÓÀɨíץ¿¨ä­È¥H + ¾A¦X§Aªº¨t²Î¡C³o­ÓÀɥεù¸Ñ¶ñº¡¥Hªí¥Ü¦ó³B¸Ó©ñ¸m¤°»ò³]©w¡C + + ¦b post-2.2.1 ¥H«á¤Î 3.0¡A/etc/sysconfig + ¥ç§ó¦W¬°¤@­Ó§ó®e©ö´y­zªºÀɦW¥s &man.rc.conf.5; ¡A¨Ã¥B»yªk²¤Æ¤F¨Ç¡C + /etc/netstart ¥ç§ó¦W¬° + /etc/rc.network ¦]¦¹©Ò¦³ªºÀɮ׳£¥i¥H¥Î + cp /usr/src/etc/rc* /etc ¨Ó«þ¨©¡C + + ¦b 3.1 ¥H¤Î¡A/etc/rc.conf ³Q²¾¨ì + /etc/defaults/rc.conf¡C + ¤d¸U¤£­n½s¿è³o­ÓÀÉ¡I ¦pªG + /etc/defaults/rc.conf ¤º¦³·Q­n§ó°Êªº¶µ¥Ø¡A + §AÀ³¸Ó±N¨º¤@¦æªº¤º®e«þ¨©¨ì /etc/rc.conf¡A + µM«á¦A­×§ï¥¦¡C + + ¨Ò¦p FreeBSD 3.1 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º¡A¦³¤@­Ó DNS ¦øªA¾¹ named¡A + ¦Ó§A·Q­n±Ò°Ê¥¦¡C§A©Ò»Ý­n§@ªº¨Æ´N¬O¡G + &prompt.root; echo named_enable="YES" >> /etc/rc.conf + + ·Q­n¦b FreeBSD 3.1 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¤¤¡A±Ò°Ê¥»¦aºÝªA°Èªº¸Ü¡A±N + shell script ¸m©ó /usr/local/etc/rc.d ¥Ø¿ý + ¤U¡C³o¨Ç shell script À³¸Ó³]©w¦¨¥i°õ¦æ¡A¨Ã¥BÀɦW¥H .sh µ²§ô¡C + ¦b FreeBSD 3.0 ¤Î§ó¦­ªºª©¥»¤¤¡A§AÀ³¸Óª½±µ½s¿è + /etc/rc.local ÀÉ¡C + + /etc/rc.serial¥Î¨Óªì©l¤Æ§Ç¦C°ð + ¡]¹³¬OÂê©w°ðªº¯S©Êµ¥¡^¡C + + /etc/rc.i386 ¬O Intel ±M¥Î³]©w¡A + ¹³¬O iBCS2 ¼ÒÀÀ©Î¬O PC ¨t²Î¥D±±¥x³]©w¡C + + -Åý§Ú²q¬Ý¬Ý¡A§A§â npx0 ±q§A -ªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɲ¾°£¤F¡A¦]¬°§A¨S¦³¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¾¹¡A¹ï¶Ü¡H¿ù¤F¡I:-) ³o­Ó -npx0¬O¥²¶·­n¦³ªº¡C´Nºâ§A¨S¦³¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ¾¹¡A§A¤´¥²¶· -¤Þ¤Jnpx0¸Ë¸m¡C - - + + + §Ú¸Ó¦p¦ó²³æ¦a¥[¤J¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡H + - -multi-port serial code ªº¤¤Â_½Ä¬ð¡C + + ¨Ï¥Î &man.adduser.8; «ü¥O¡C¦pªG»Ý­n§ó½ÆÂøªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¡A + ½Ð¥Î &man.pw.8; ³o­Ó«ü¥O¡C -Q. ·í§Ú½sĶ¤@­Ó multi-port serial code ªº®Ö¤ß®É¡A¥¦§i¶D§Ú -¥u¦³²Ä¤@­Ó³Q°»´ú¨ì¡A¨ä¥Lªº«h¦]¤¤Â_½Ä¬ð¦Ó¸õ¹L¤F¡A§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò­×¥¿¥¦¡H - -A. ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¬O¦]¬° FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤º«Øµ{¦¡½XÁקK¦]¬°µwÅé©Î³nÅé -½Ä¬ð¾É­P®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡¹L©óªÎ¤j©ÎµL¥Î¡C­n­×¥¿³oºØ±¡§Îªº¤èªk¬O°£¤F¤@­Ó -port ¥~§â¨ä¥L©Ò¦³ªº IRQ ³]©w³£°µ«O¯d¡C³o¸Ì¦³¤@­Ó½d¨Ò¡G - - - # - # Multiport high-speed serial line - 16550 UARTS - # - device sio2 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty irq 5 flags 0x501 vector siointr - device sio3 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr - device sio4 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr - device sio5 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr - - - - + ­n¦A¦¸²¾°£¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A¨Ï¥Î &man.rmuser.8; «ü¥O¡CÁÙ¦³¡A + &man.pw.8; ¤]¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¡C + + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò±Ò°Ê QIC-40/80 ªº¤ä´©¡H + + + ¦b§Ú½s¿è crontab Àɮפ§«á¡A¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦Ñ¬O¦¬¨ì³o¼Ëªº°T®§¡G + root: not found¡H + + + + ³q±`³£¬O¦]¬°½s¿è¤F¨t²Îªº crontab + (/etc/crontab) µM«á´N¥Î &man.crontab.1; + ¥h¦w¸Ë¥¦¡G + + &prompt.root; crontab /etc/crontab + + ³o¼Ë§@¬O¤£¹ïªº¡C¨t²Îªº crontab ©M &man.crontab.1; + ©Ò§ó·sªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº crontab ®æ¦¡¨Ã¤£¤@¼Ë (&man.crontab.5; + »¡©ú¤å¥ó°w¹ï®t²§³B¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú)¡C + + ¦pªG§A¤w¸g¥Î³oºØ¤èªk¡AÃB¥~¦h¥Xªº crontab ¥u´N¬O + /etc/crontab ªº«þ¨©¡A¥u¬O®æ¦¡¬O¿ù»~ªº¡C + ¥i¥Î¥H¤Uªº©R¥O§R°£¡G + + &prompt.root; crontab -r + + ¤U¦¸§A½s¿è /etc/crontab Àɮתº®É­Ô¡A + §A¤£¥Î§@¥ô¦ó°Ê§@¥h³qª¾ &man.cron.8; ¡A¥¦¦Û°Ê·|¥h°»´ú¬O§_¦³§ó°Ê¡C + + + ¦pªG§A·Q­n¨C¤Ñ¡B¨C¶g¡B©Î¬O¨C¤ë©T©w°õ¦æ¬Y¨Ç°Ê§@¤@¦¸¡A¤]³\¥[­Ó + shell script ¦b /usr/local/etc/periodic + ¥Ø¿ý¤U·|§ó¦n¡A¨t²Îªº cron ·|©T©w°õ¦æ &man.periodic.8; ©R¥O¡A + ¥¦¥i±N§Aªºµ{¦¡©M¨ä¥¦ªº¨t²Î¶g´Á©Ê¤u§@¤@°_°õ¦æ¡C + + ³o­Ó¿ù»~ªº¯u¥¿­ì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬°¨t²Îªº crontab ¦³¤@­ÓÃB¥~ªºÄæ¦ì¡A + »¡©ú¸Ó©R¥O­n¥H¤°»ò¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨­¥÷°õ¦æ¡C¦b FreeBSD ªº¹w³]¨t²Î crontab + ¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ªº¶µ¥Ø³£¬O root¡C ·í³o­Ó crontab + ³Q·í§@¬O root ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ crontab (¥¦©M¨t²Îªº + crontab ¬O ¤£ ¤@¼Ëªº)¡A&man.cron.8; ·|¥H¬° + root ¦r¦ê¬O±ý°õ¦æªº©R¥Oªº²Ä¤@­Ó¦r¡A¦ý¬O¹ê»Ú¤W + ¨Ã¨S¦³³o¼Ëªº©R¥O¦s¦b¡C + + -§A»Ý­n¦b generic config Àɤ¤§â¥H¤U³o¦æªºµù¸Ñ¨ú®ø(©Î¬O§â¥¦¥[¨ì§Aªº -³]©wÀÉ)¡A¦b fdc ³o¦æ¥[¤J``flags 0x1''µM«á­«·s½sĶ®Ö¤ß¡C - - -controller fdc0 at isa? 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+ &a.wollman;, 2001 ¦~¥|¤ë 24 ¤é + + µLªk«ü¬£¸ê·½ (can't assign resources) °T®§ªí¥Ü + ¨º¨Ç¸Ë¸m¬O¶Ç²Îªº ISA ¸Ë¸m¡A¦Ó®Ö¤ß¤¤¤w¸g½s¤J¤£»{±o PNP ªºÅX°Êµ{ + ¦¡¡C³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m¥]¬AÁä½L±±¨î¾¹¡A¥iµ{¦¡¤Æ§ÃÂ_±±¨î´¹¤ù¡AÁÙ¦³´X­Ó¼Ð·Ç + ³]³Æ¡C¸ê·½µLªk«ü¬£µ¹³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m¡A¬O¦]¬°¦­¤w¦³ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¨Ï¥Î¨º¨Ç¦ì§} + ¤F¡C +
+ + - -§Ú¸Ó¦p¦ó²³æ¦a¥[¤J¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡S + + + ¬°¤°»ò§ÚµLªkÅý user quotas ¥¿±`¤u§@¡H + + + + + + + ¤£­n¦b / ¥´¶} quotas¡A + + + + §â quotas ÀÉ©ñ¦b¥¦¥²¶·±j­¢¸m¤JªºÀɮרt²Î¤º¡AÁ|¨Ò¡G + + + + + + Àɮרt²Î + Quota ÀÉ + + + + + + /usr + /usr/admin/quotas + + + + /home + /home/admin/quotas + + + + … + … + + + + + + + + -¨Ï¥Î adduser «ü¥O¡C¦pªG»Ý­n§ó½ÆÂøªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¡A½Ð¥Î pw ³o­Ó«ü¥O¡C - -­n¦A¦¸²¾°£¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A¨Ï¥Î rmuser «ü¥O¡C - - + + + FreeBSD ¤ä´© System V IPC ®æ¦¡«ü¥O¶°¡H + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò§â·sµwºÐ¥[¤J FreeBSD ¨t²Î¤¤¡S + + ¬Oªº¡AFreeBSD ¤ä´© System V-style IPC¡C³o¥]¬A¦@¨É°O¾ÐÅé¡A + °T®§¸ò«H¸¹¡C§A»Ý­n¦b§Aªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɤº¥[¤J¤U¦C´X¦æ¥H±Ò°Ê¥¦­Ì¡C -¹î¬Ý www.FreeBSD.org -ªººÏºÐ®æ¦¡¤Æ«ü¾É¤å¥ó¡C - - + options SYSVSHM # enable shared memory +options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores +options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging - -§Ú¦³¤@­Ó·sªº¥i²¾°£¸Ë¸m¡A§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¨Ï¥Î¡S + + ¦b FreeBSD 3.2 ¥H¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥»¡A³o¨Ç¿ï¶µ¤w¸g¬O + GENERIC ®Ö¤ßªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¥¦­Ì¤w + ¸g½s¶i¤F§Aªº¨t²Î¤¤¡C + -¥i²¾°£¸Ë¸mµL½×¬O ZIP ©Î EZ(©Î¬Æ¦Ü¬O³nºÐ¾÷¡A¦pªG§A­n³o¼Ë¨Ï¥Î - ¥¦)¡A©Î¬O¤@­Ó·sªºµwºÐ¡A¥u­n¬O¦w¸Ë¨Ã¥Ñ¨t²Î­«²Õ¡A¦Ó§A¦³ºÏ¤ù§X - /³nºÐ¤ù/©Î¨ä¥LªF¦è¥i¥H´¡¤J¡A¨º³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m³£¬OÃþ¦ü¥\¯àªºªF¦è¡C - -(¥»¸`¥D­n¥Ñ Mark Mayo's ZIP FAQ ¤Þ¤J) - -°²¦p¬O ZIP ©Î³nºÐ¾÷¡A§A¤w¸g¦b¤W­±¦³ DOS Àɮרt²Î¡A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î - ¹³³o¼Ëªº©R¥O¡G - - - mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy - - - -³o¬O°w¹ï³nºÐ¾÷¡A©Î¬O¥H¤U©R¥O¡G - - - mount -t msdos /dev/da2s4 /zip - - - -¨Ï¥Î ZIP ªº¥X¼t¹w³]­È¡C - -¨ä¥LºÏ¤ù¡A¥Î fdisk ©Î /stand/sysinstall ¹î¬Ý - ¦p¦ó°t¸m¡C - -±µ¤U¨Ó³o­Ó½d¨Ò¬O ZIP ¸Ë¦b da2¡A¦b²Ä¤T­Ó SCSI ºÏºÐ¡C - -°£«D¬O³nºÐ¾÷¡A©Î¤@­Ó§A­pµe¸ò¨ä¥L¤H¤À¨É¨Ï¥Îªº¥i²¾°£¸Ë¸m¡A¦b - ¦w¸Ë BSD Àɮרt²Î¥i¯à¬O¤@­Ó¤ñ¸û¦nªº¥D·N¡C§A±N¾Ö¦³ªøÀɦW¤ä´© - ¡A¦Ü¤Ö¨â­¿¥H¤Wªº®Ä²v¼W¶i¡AÁÙ¦³§ó°ªªºÃ­©w«×¡C­º¥ý¡A§A»Ý­n­«·s -»s§@ DOS ¼hªº¤À³Î°Ï/Àɮרt²Î¡C§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î fdisk ©Î - /stand/sysinstall¡A©Î¹ï¤@­Ó§A¤£·Q¤ä´©¦h­«§@·~¨t²Îªº - ¤pºÏºÐ¡A¥u­n§â¥¦¹º¤À¦¨¾ã­Ó FAT ¤À³Îªí(slices)¨Ã¥Î¥H¤U BSD ¤À - ³Îªk¡G - - - dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2 - disklabel -Brw da2 auto - - - -§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î disklabel ©Î /stand/sysinstall ¥h«Ø¥ß¦h­« - BSD ¤À³Î°Ï¡CµLºÃªº¦pªG§A¥¿¦bµwºÐ¾÷¤W¼W¥[¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap space)®É - §A´N»Ý­n³o»ò°µ¡A¦ý¬O¦b¥i²¾°£¸Ë¸m¦p ZIP ¤W¥i¯à´N¬OµL·N¸qªº¡C - -³Ì«á¡A«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó·sªºÀɮרt²Î¡A¤]´N¬O¦b ZIP ¸Ë¸m¤W¬O¨Ï¥Î¾ã­ÓºÏºÐ¡G - - - newfs /dev/rda2c - - - -¨Ã¥B§â¥¦ mount °_¨Ó¡G - - - mount /dev/da2c /zip - - - -¦b /etc/fstab ¥[¤J¤U­±³o¤@¦æ¥i¯à¬O¤@­Ó¦n¥D·N¡A§A¥H«á´N¥u - ­n¥´"mount /zip" : - - - /dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0 - - - - + ­«·s½sĶ¨Ã¦w¸Ë¡C + + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò mount ¦¸­nªº DOS ¤À³Î°Ï¡S + + + §Ú¸Ó¦p¦óÅý sendmail ³z¹L UUCP ¨Ó»¼°e¶l¥ó¡H + + + + ¸òÀH FreeBSD ®M¸Ë¦Ó¨Óªº sendmail ³]©w¬O¾A¦X¨º¨Çª½±µ³s¤Wºô»Úºô¸ô + ªº¯¸¥x¡C·Q³z¹L UUCP ¥æ´«¶l¥óªº¯¸¥x¥²¶·¥t¥~¦w¸Ë sendmail ªº³]©wÀɮסC + + + ¤â°Ê­×§ï /etc/sendmail.cf ¬Oµ´¹ï¥²­nªº¡C + ²Ä 8 ª©ªº sendmail ´£¨Ñ¤@­Ó¥þ·sªº¤J¤f¥H³z¹L¤@¨Ç¹³ &man.m4.1; + ªº³B²z´N¯à²£¥Í³]©wÀÉ¡A³o¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O¤@­Ó°ª¼h·§©Àµ¥¯Åªº§Þ¥©©Ê³]©w¡C + §AÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦b /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf + ¥H¤U¸Ì¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡G + + °²¦p§A¤£¬O¥Î full sources ¤è¦¡¦w¸Ë¨t²Î¡A¨º»ò sendmail + ³]©w¶µ¥Ø¥i¯à¤w¸g¤À´²¦¨¦n´X­Ó¨Ó·½¤À¥¬Àɦbµ¥µÛ§A¡A°²³]§A¤w¸g + mount ¥úºÐ¾÷¡A°µ¥H¤U°Ê§@¡G + + &prompt.root; cd /cdrom/src +&prompt.root; cat scontrib.?? | tar xzf - -C /usr/src contrib/sendmail + + §OÅå·W¡A³o¥u¦³¼Æ¤Q¸U­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õªº¤j¤p¡C¦b cf + ¥Ø¿ý¸Ìªº README ¥i¥H´£¨Ñ¤@­Ó m4 ³]©wªkªº°ò + ¥»¤¶²Ð¡C + + ¥H UUCP »¼°e¨Ó»¡¡A«Øij§A³Ì¦n¨Ï¥Î mailertable + ¯SÂI¡C«Øºc¤@­Ó¸ê®Æ®wÅý sendmail ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¥¦¦Û¤vªº¸ô®|¨Mµ¦¡C + + ­º¥ý¡A§A¥²¶·«Ø¥ß¦Û¤vªº .mc ÀÉ¡C + /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf ¥Ø¿ý¬O³o¨Ç + Àɮתº®a¡C¬d¬Ý¤@¤U¡A¤w¸g¦³¦n´X­Ó½d¨ÒÀÉ¡A°²³]§A¤w¸g©R¦W¦Û¤vªºÀÉ¥s + foo.mc¡A§A­n°µªº¥u¬O§â¥¦Âà´«¦¨¤@­Ó¦³®Äªº + sendmail.cf¡G + + &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf +&prompt.root; make foo.cf +&prompt.root; cp foo.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf + + ¤@­Ó¨å«¬ªº .mc Àɬݰ_¨Ó¥i¯à¹³³o¼Ë¡G + + VERSIONID(`Your version number') +OSTYPE(bsd4.4) + +FEATURE(accept_unresolvable_domains) +FEATURE(nocanonify) +FEATURE(mailertable, `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable') + +define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) +define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) +define(`confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES') + +MAILER(local) +MAILER(smtp) +MAILER(uucp) + +Cw your.alias.host.name +Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP + + accept_unresolvable_domains¡A + nocanonify¡A ©M + confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES ¯S©Ê±NÁקK¥ô¦ó¦b + »¼°e¶l¥ó®É·|¥Î¨ì DNS ªº¾÷·|¡CUUCP_RELAY + ¶µ¥Øªº¥X²{²z¥Ñ«Ü©_©Ç¡A´N¤£­n°Ý¬°¦ó¤F¡C²³æªº©ñ¤J¤@­Óºô»Úºô¸ô + ¤W¥i¥H³B²z .UUCP µêÀÀºô°ì¦ì§}ªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¡F³q±`¡A§A¥u»Ý­n¦b³o + ¸Ì¶ñ¤J§A ISP ªº«H¥ó¦^ÂгB (mail replay)¡C + + §A¤w¸g°µ¨ì³o¸Ì¤F¡A§AÁٻݭn³o­Ó¥s + /etc/mail/mailertable¡C¦pªG§A¥u¦³¤@­Ó¥Î + ¨Ó¶Ç»¼©Ò¦³¶l¥óªº¹ï¥~³q¹Dªº¸Ü¡A¥H¤UªºÀÉ®×´N¨¬°÷¤F¡G + + # +# makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable + uucp-dom:your.uucp.relay + + ¥t¤@­Ó§ó½ÆÂøªº¨Ò¤l¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³³o¼Ë¡G + + # +# makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable +# +horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus +interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus +interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus +heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 +horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus +if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus + uucp-dom: + + + ¦p§A©Ò¨£¡A³o¬O¬Y­Ó¯u¹êÀɮ׸̪º¤@³¡¥÷¡C­º¤T¦æ³B²zºô°ì©w§}«H¥ó + ¤£À³¸Ó³Q°e¥X¨ì¤º©w¸ô®|¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¬Y¨Ç UUCP ¾F©~(UUCP neighbor)¨ú¥N + ªº¯S®í±¡§Î¡A³o¬O¬°¤F ÁYµu»¼°eªº¸ô®|¡C¤U¤@¦æ³B²z¨ì + ¥»¦a¤A¤Óºô¸ôºô°ìªº«H¥óÅý¥¦¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î SMTP ¨Ó»¼°e¡C³Ì«á¡AUUCP ¾F©~´£¨ì + .UUCP µêÀÀºô°ìªº°O¸ü¡A¤¹³\¤@­Ó uucp-neighbor + !recipient ±À½ + ¤º©w³W«h¡C³Ì«á¤@¦æ«h¥H¤@­Ó³æ¿Wªº¥yÂI°µµ²§ô¡A¥H UUCP »¼°e¨ì´£¨Ñ·í + §A¥þ¥@¬É©Ê¶l¥ó¹hªùªºUUCP ¾F©~¡C©Ò¦³¦b uucp-dom: + ÃöÁä¦r¸Ìªº¸`ÂI¦WºÙ¥²¶·³£¬O¦³®Äªº UUCP ¾F©~¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î + uuname ©R¥O¥h½T»{¡C + + + ´£¿ô§A³o­ÓÀɮצb¨Ï¥Î«e¥²¶·³QÂà´«¦¨ DBM ¸ê®Æ®wÀɮסA³Ì¦n¦b + mailertable ³Ì¤W­±¥Îµù¸Ñ¼g¥X©R¥O¦C¨Ó§¹¦¨³o­Ó¤u§@¡C·í§A¨C¦¸§ó´«§A + ªº mailertable «á§AÁ`¬O»Ý­n°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡C + + ³Ì«á´£¥Ü¡G¦pªG§A¤£½T©w¬Y¨Ç¯S©wªº«H¥ó¸ô®|¥i¥Î¡A°O±o§â + ¿ï¶µ¥[¨ì sendmail¡C³o·|±N sendmail ±Ò°Ê¦b + address test mode¡F¥u­n«ö¤U + 0¡A±µµÛ¿é¤J§A§Æ±æ´ú¸Õªº«H¥ó¸ô®|¦ì§}¡C + ³Ì«á¤@¦æ§i¶D§A¨Ï¥Î¤º³¡ªº«H¥ó¥N²zµ{¦¡¡A¥N²zµ{¦¡ªº·|³qª¾¥Øªº¥D¾÷¡A + ¥H¤Î(¥i¯àÂà´«ªº)¦ì§}¡C­nÂ÷¶}¦¹¼Ò¦¡½Ð«ö Control-D¡C + + &prompt.user; sendmail -bt +ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) +Enter <ruleset> <address> +> 3,0 foo@example.com +canonify input: foo @ example . com +.. +parse returns: $# uucp-dom $@ your.uucp.relay $: foo < @ example . com . > +> ^D + + -¦¸­n DOS ¤À³Î°Ï¬O¦b©Ò¦³¥D­n¤À³Î°Ï¤§«á³Q§ä¨ì¡AÁ|¨Ò¡A¦pªG§A¦³¤@­Ó - "E" ¤À³Î°Ï¦b²Ä¤G­Ó SCSI ¸Ë¸mªº²Ä¤G­Ó DOS ¤À³Î°Ï¡A§A»Ý­n¦b /dev ¤U - «Ø¥ß "slice 5" ªº¯S®íÀɮסAµM«á mount /dev/da1s5¡G - - - # cd /dev - # ./MAKEDEV sd1s5 - # mount -t msdos /dev/da1s5 /dos/e - - - - + + + ·í§Ú¥Î¼·±µ³s¤Wºô¸ô®É¸Ó«ç»ò³]©w«H¥ó»¼°e¡H + + + + ¦pªG§A¤w¸g¦³¤@­Ó©T©wªº IP ¼Æ¦r¡A§A¤£»Ý­n½Õ¾ã¥ô¦ó¤º©w­È¡C³]¦n + §A­n«ü©wªººô¸ô¦WºÙ¡A¨ä¥Lªº sendmail ³£·|À°§A°µ§¹¡C + + ¦pªG§A®³¨ìªº¬O°ÊºA°t¸mªº IP ¼Æ¦r¦Ó¨Ï¥Î¼·±µ ppp ³s±µ¨ìºô»Úºô + ¸ô¡A§A¥i¯à¤w¸g¦b§Aªº ISP «H¥ó¥D¾÷¤W¦³¤@­Ó«H½c¡C°²³]§Aªº ISP ºô°ì + ¬O example.net¡A§Aªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦W + ºÙ¬O user¡C¥ç°²³]§AºÙ¦Û¤vªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¬O + bsd.home ¦Ó§Aªº ISP §i¶D§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î + relay.example.net ·í§@«H¥ó¦^ÂгB¡C + + + ¬°¤F±q§Aªº«H½c±µ¦¬«H¥ó¡A§A±N»Ý­n¦w¸Ë¨ú«Hµ{¦¡¥H«K±q«H½c¨ú¦^«H¥ó¡C + Fetchmail ¬O¤@­Ó¤£¿ùªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤ä + ´©³\¦h¤£¦Pªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A³q±`§Aªº ISP ·|´£¨Ñ POP3¡C¦pªG§A¿ï¾Ü¨Ï¥Î + user-ppp¡A§A¥i¥H¦b³s½u¨ìºô¸ô¦¨¥\«á¦Û°Ê§ì¨ú§Aªº«H¥ó¡A¥u­n¦b + /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup¸Ì­±³]©w¥H¤U³o¶µ¡G + + MYADDR: + !bg su user -c fetchmail + + °²¨Ï§A¥¿¨Ï¥Î sendmail (¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü) + ¶Ç°e«H¥ó¨ì«D¥»¦a±b¸¹¡A¸m¤J¥H¤U©R¥O¡G + + !bg su user -c "sendmail -q" + + ¦b¤W­±¨º¶µ©R¥O¤§«á¡C³o·|±j­¢ sendmail + ¦b³s±µ¤Wºô¸ô«á°¨¤W¶}©l³B²z mailqueue¡C + + §Ú°²³]§A¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W¦³¤@­Ó + user ªº±b¸¹¡C¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W user + ªº®a¥Ø¿ý¸Ì«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó .fetchmailrc ªºÀɮסG + + poll example.net protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret + + µL¶·Âب¥¡A³o­ÓÀÉ°£¤F user ¥~¤£À³¸Ó³Q¥ô + ¦ó¤HŪ¨ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦¥]§t MySecret ³o­Ó±K½X¡C + + ¬°¤F¦b±H«H®É¦³¥¿½Tªº©ïÀY from:¡A§A¥²¶·§i¶D + sendmail ¨Ï¥Î + user@example.net ¦Ó«D + user@bsd.home¡C§A¥i¯à·|§Æ±æ§i¶D + sendmail ±q + relay.example.net °e¥X©Ò¦³«H¥ó¡A + ¥[§Ö«H¥ó¶Ç°e¡C + + ¥H¤Uªº .mc ÀÉÀ³¯àº¡¨¬§Aªº­n¨D¡G + + VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0') +OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl +FEATURE(nouucp)dnl +MAILER(local)dnl +MAILER(smtp)dnl +Cwlocalhost +Cwbsd.home +MASQUERADE_AS(`example.net')dnl +FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl +FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl +FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl +FEATURE(nodns)dnl +define(`SMART_HOST', `relay.example.net') +Dmbsd.home +define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl +define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl + + ¦p¦óÂà´«³o­Ó .mc Àɮרì + sendmail.cf Àɪº¸Ô²Ó²Ó¸`¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤W¤@¸`¡C + ¥t¥~¡A¦b§ó·s sendmail.cf ¥H«á¤£­n§Ñ°O­«·s±Ò°Ê + sendmail¡C + + - -§Ú¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤U mount ¨ä¥L²§½è©ÊÀɮרt²Î¶Ü¡S + + + °£¤F Sendmail ¥~¡AÁÙ¦³­þ¨Ç¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î©O¡H + + + + Sendmail + ¬O FreeBSD ¹w³]¨Ï¥Îªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¦ý¬O§AÁÙ¬O¥i¥H«Ü®e©ö¦a¥H¨ä¥¦ + ¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ (¨Ò¦p¡A±q port ¦w¸Ëªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹) ¨ú¥N¤§¡C + + port ¸Ì¦³«Ü¦h¥i¨Ñ¿ï¾Üªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¹³ + mail/exim¡B + mail/postfix¡B + mail/qmail¡B + mail/zmailer µ¥¡A + ´N¬O´X­Ó«Ü¨üÅwªïªº¿ï¾Ü¡C + + ¦h¼Ë¿ï¾Ü¬O¦n¨Æ¡A¦Ó¥B¤j®a¦³³\¦h¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤]³Q»{¬°¬O + ¦n¨Æ¡F©Ò¥H½ÐÁקK¦b³q«H½×¾Â¸Ì°Ý¹³ Sendmail ¦³¤ñ Qmail + ¦n¶Ü¡H ³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG§A¯uªº«Ü·Q°Ýªº¸Ü¡A½Ð¥ý¨ì³q«H½×¾Â + archive ¸Ì§ä¤@¤U¡C¨C¤@­Ó¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ªºÀuÂI»P¯ÊÂI¡A¥H«e¤j·§´N¤w¸g + °Q½×¦n´X¦¸¤F¡C + + - Digital UNIX UFS ¥úºÐ¾÷¥i¥H¦b FreeBSD ¤Wª½±µ mount¡C±q -Digital UNIX ©M¨ä¥L¤ä´© UFS ®æ¦¡ªº¨t²Î mount ºÏºÐ¤À³Î°Ï¥i¯à§ó -½ÆÂø¡A¥D­n²Ó¸`¬O¨Ì¿à§@·~¨t²ÎªººÏºÐ¤À³Îªk¡C - - Linux: 2.2 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¤ä´© ext2fs ¤À³Î°Ï¡A½Ð¬d¾\ - mount_ext2fs ¦³§ó¦h¸ê°T¡C - - NT: ¤w¸g¦³¤@­Ó FreeBSD ¤U¥i¥H¨Ï¥Îªº°ßŪ NTFS ÅX°Êµ{¦¡ -¦s¦b¡A§ó¦h¸ê°T§A¥i¥H¹î¬Ý Mark Ovens ¦b http://ukug.uk.freebsd.org/~mark/ntfs_install.html -ªº«ü¾É¤¶²Ð¡C - -¦pªG±z¯à´£¨Ñ¥ô¦ó³o­Ó¥DÃDªº¨ä¥L¸ê°T¡A§Ú­Ì·|«Ü·P¿E¡C - - + + + §Ú§Ñ¤F root ±K½X¤F¡I«ç»ò¿ì¡H + + + + ¤£­nÅå·W¡I¥u­n­«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¡A¦b¬Ý¨ì Boot: ®É¿é¤J + boot -s §Y¥i¶i¤J³æ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡ + (¦b 3.2-RELEASE ¤§«eªºª©¥»½Ð§ï¥Î -s)¡C + ¦b°Ý­n¨Ï¥Î­þ­Ó shell ®É¡A«ö¤U ENTER¡C§A·|¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó &prompt.root; + ªº´£¥Ü¸¹¡A¿é¤J mount -u / ¥H­«·s±¾¤W(mount) + §Aªº®ÚÀɮרt²Î¥i¨ÑŪ/¼g¡C°õ¦æ passwd root + ¥H§ó´« root ±K½X¡AµM«á°õ¦æ &man.exit.1; + Ä~Äò±Ò°Êµ{§Ç¡C + + - -§Ú¸Ó¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î NT loader ¨Ó±Ò°Ê FreeBSD¡S + + + §Ú¸Ó«ç»òÅý Control-Alt-Delete ¤£·|­«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¡H + -¥H¤U©Ò´y­zªºµ{§Ç¦b 2.2.x ©M 3.x(¨Ï¥Î 3-stage ¶}¾÷¼Ò¦¡)¨t²Î¤§¶¡¦³¬Û·í¤jªº¤£¦P¡C + + ¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.7-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº + syscons(¨t²Î¤º©wªº¥D±±¥xÅX°Êµ{¦¡)¡A§â¤U¦C³o¦æ©ñ¨ì®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɤº¡A + µM«á­«°µ¤@­Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¡G -³Ì´¶¹Mªº·Qªk¬O§â§A­ì¥» FreeBSD root ¤À³Î°Ïªº²Ä¤@­ÓºÏ°Ï«þ¨©¨ì - DOS/NT ¤À³Î°Ï¸Ìªº¤@­ÓÀɮפº¡C°²³]§A©R¦W¥¦¬°¡G -c:\bootsect.bsd (¥Ñ c:\bootsect.dos -±Â·N¦Ó¨Ó)¡A±µµÛ§A¥i¥H½s¿è c:\boot.ini Àɮפº®e¦p¤U¡G - - - [boot loader] - timeout=30 - - default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS - [operating systems] - multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" - C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" - C:\="DOS" - - - -¹ï 2.2.x ª©¥»ªº¨t²Î¨Ó»¡¡A¦¹µ{§Ç°²³] DOS¡ANT¡AFreeBSD¡A©Î¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Î¤w¸g³Q¦w¸Ë¦b - <¦P¤@­Ó> ºÏºÐªº¦U¦Û¤À³Î°Ï¡C¥»¨Ò¤¤§Úªº DOS & NT ¬O¦b²Ä¤@ - ­Ó¤À³Î°Ï¦Ó FreeBSD ¦b²Ä¤G­Ó¡C§Ú¤]§â FreeBSD ¦w¸Ë¦¨¥Ñ native -partition ±Ò°Ê¡A¦Ó¤£¬O ±qºÏºÐªº MBR¡C - -Mount ¤@­Ó DOS ®æ¦¡¤Æªº³nºÐ¡]°²¦p§A¤w¸gÂà´«¨ì NTFS¡^©Î FAT ¤À -³Î°Ï¨ì /mnt¡G - - - dd if=/dev/rda0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1 - - - -­«·s¶}¾÷¶i¤J DOS ©Î NT¡CNTFS ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ§â bootsect.bsd ¥H¤Î/©Î - bootsect.lnx ±q³nºÐ«þ¨©¨ì C:\¡C­×§ï boot.ini - ªºÄÝ©Ê(¦s¨ú³\¥i)¡G - - - attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini - - - -½s¿è¨Ã±q¤W­z boot.ini ªº½d¨Ò¥[¤J¬ÛÃö¾A·íªº¶µ¥Ø¡A¦A§âÄݩʦ^´_ - ¡G - - - attrib +r +s c:\boot.ini - - - -¦pªG FreeBSD ¬O¥Ñ MBR ±Ò°Ê¡A¦b§A­«·s³]©w±q­þ­Ó native ¤À³Î°Ï±Ò°Ê«á -¡A¥Î DOS ªº ``fdisk'' ©R¥O¦^´_¥¦¡C - -¹ï FreeBSD 3.x ª©¥»ªº¨t²Î¦Ó¨¥¨BÆJ´N²³æ¦h¤F¡C + options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT -°²¦p FreeBSD ¬O¸ò NT ±Ò°Ê°Ï¦w¸Ë¦b¦P¤@­Ó¤À³Î°Ï¡A±N /boot/boot1 -«þ¨©¦¨ c:\bootsect.bsd ¡A­Y FreeBSD ¸ò NT ±Ò°Ê°Ï¦w¸Ë¦b¤£¦P¤À³Î°Ï¡A«h±N - /boot/boot0 «þ¨©¦¨ c:\bootsect.bsd ¡CµM«á°Ñ·Ó«e -­±´y­z­×§ï c:\bootsect.ini ³o­ÓÀɮסC - - + ­Y¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº PCVT ¥D±±¥xÅX°Ê + µ{¦¡¡A«h¥H¤U¦C¿ï¶µ¥N´À¡G - - §Ú¸Ó¦p¦ó¥Î LILO ±Ò°Ê FreeBSD ©M Linux¡S + options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL -¦pªG§A¦b¦P¤@­ÓºÏºÐ¾÷¸Ì¦³ FreeBSD ©M Linux¡A¥u­n¸òÀH LILO ªº¦w - ¸Ë«ü¥O¡A±q¤@­Ó«D Linux §@·~¨t²Î±Ò°Ê¡C²²¤»¡©ú¦p¤U¡G - -±Ò°Ê Linux¡A¨Ã¦b /etc/lilo.conf ¤¤¥[¤J¥H¤U´X¦æ¡G - - other=/dev/hda2 - table=/dev/hda - label=FreeBSD - - - ¡]¤W­±¬O°²³]§Aªº FreeBSD slice ¦b Linux ¬O /dev/hda2 ¡F½Ð -°t¦X¦Û¤vªº³]©w¡^¡CµM«á¡A¥Î root °õ¦æ lilo À³¸Ó´N§¹¦¨¤F¡C - -°²¦p FreeBSD ¦b¥t¥~¤@­ÓºÏºÐ¡A§A¥²¶·¦b LILO ¿ï¶µ¤¤¥[¤J - ``loader=/boot/chain.b''¡AÁ|¨Ò¡G - - other=/dev/dab4 - table=/dev/dab - loader=/boot/chain.b - label=FreeBSD - - - -¬Y¨Ç±¡§Î§A¥²¶·«ü©w BIOS ºÏºÐ¥N¸¹µ¹ FreeBSD boot loader ¥H´Á±q²Ä - ¤GºÏºÐ¦¨¥\ªº±Ò°Ê¡CÁ|¨Ò¡A°²¦p FreeBSD SCSI ºÏºÐ¦b BIOS ¤¤°»´ú - ¬O BIOS disk 1¡A¨º¦b FreeBSD boot loader ªº´£¥Ü¸¹¥X²{®É§A¥²¶·«ü - ©w¡G - - Boot: 1:da(0,a)/kernel - - - -¦b FreeBSD 2.2.5 ©M¤§«áªºª©¥»¡A§A¥i¥H³]©w boot(8) - ³o¼Ë¨C¦¸±Ò°Ê®É´N·|¦Û°Ê°õ¦æ¡C - -Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO ¬O FreeBSD ©M Linux ¦@¥Î¾Þ§@ªº¨}¦n - °Ñ¦Ò¤å¥ó¡C - - + ¨ä¥L§ó¦­´Áªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡A½Ð­×§ï§A¥¿¦b¨Ï¥Îªº¥D±±¥xÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A + ¨Ã±N©Ò¦³ boot ÃöÁä¦r¥H nop + ¨ú¥N¡C¤º©wªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¬O¦b + /usr/share/syscons/keymaps/us.iso.kbd¡C + §A¥i¯à»Ý­n©ú¥Õªº§h©J /etc/rc.conf ¥hŪ¨ú + ³o­ÓÁä½L¹ïÀ³¥H½T«O§ó°Ê¥Í®Ä¡C·íµM¦pªG§A¥¿¦b¥Î¾A¦X§A°êÄyªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A + §AÀ³¸Ó½s¿è¨º¤@­Ó¡C + + - - §Ú«ç»ò¨Ï¥Î BootEasy ¨Ó±Ò°Ê FreeBSD ©M Linux¡S + + + §Ú¸Ó«ç»ò§â DOS ¤å¦rÀÉ®×­«·s®æ¦¡¤Æ¦¨ UNIX ªº¡H + -¦b Linux ±Ò°Ê¤À³Î°Ï¦w¸Ë LILO ¨ú¥N¥D­n±Ò°Ê¸ê®Æ(Master Boot - Record)¡C±µµÛ§A¥i¥H±q BootEasy ±Ò°Ê LILO¡C - -°²¦p§A¥¿¦b¥Î Windows-95 ©M Linux¡A³o¦³¤@­Ó«Øij¤èªk¡G­n§ó²³æ -ªº±q Linux ¦A¦¸±Ò°Ê¦b©ó§A¬O§_À³¸Ó­«·s¦w¸Ë Windows95¡]³o¬O¤@­Ó -µ½§ªªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¥¦À£­¢¤£Åý¨ä¥L§@·~¨t²Î¦s¦b©ó Master Boot Record -¤º¡^¡C - - + + ¥u­n¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó perl ©R¥O¡G - - ¤@­Ó©Ò¿×``¦MÀI©^Äm(dangerously dedicated)''ªººÏºÐ¦³®`¶Ü¡S - + &prompt.user; 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+ + + ¬°¤°»òªñ¨Óªº·sª© FreeBSD ¹w³]µLªk§Q¥Î .shosts + §¹¦¨ SSH »{ÃÒ¡H + + + + ¬°¤°»òªñ¨Ó·sª© FreeBSD .shosts »{ÃÒ¹w³] + ¬°¨ú®øªº­ì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬° &man.ssh.1; ¹w³]¤£¦w¸Ë¬° suid ¦¨ + root¡C­n ­×¥¿ ³oÂI¡A§A¥i¥H§@¤U¦Cªº + ¥ô¦ó¤@¥ó¨Æ¡G + + + + ­n¤@³Ò¥Ã¶h¸Ñ¨M¡A½Ð±N /etc/make.conf + ¸Ìªº ENABLE_SUID_SSH ³]¦¨ true + ¡AµM«á¦A­«·s build ssh (©Î¬O°õ¦æ make + world)¡C + + + + ¥u§@¤@®Éªº­×¥¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H root ¨­¥÷ + °õ¦æ chmod 4755 /usr/bin/ssh ±N + /usr/bin/ssh ³]¦¨ 4555 + ¡CµM«á±N ENABLE_SUID_SSH= true + ¥[¤J /etc/make.conf ¸Ì¡A³o¼Ë¤U¦¸ + make world °õ¦æ´N·|¥Í®Ä¤F¡C + + + + - - + + + ¤°»ò¬O vnlru? + + + + ·í¨t²Î¹F¨ì¤W­­ kern.maxvnodes ®É¡A + vnlru ·|²M°£¨ÃÄÀ©ñ vnode¡C³o­Ó®Ö¤ß + °õ¦æºü¤j³¡¥÷ªº®É¶¡³£¨S¨Æ§@¡A¥u¦³·í§A¦³«Ü¤jªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A¦Ó¥B + ¥¿¦b¦s¨ú¤W¸U­Ó¤pÀɮ׮ɡA¤~·|³Q±Ò°Ê¡C + + + + + + + + + Wei-Hon + Chen + +
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+ + + + + X Window System ¤Î Virtual Consoles + + + + + §Ú·Q­n°õ¦æ X ¡A§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò°µ¡H + + + + + ³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O¦b¦w¸Ë¨t²Îªº®É­Ô¤@¨Ö¦w¸Ë¡C + + µM«á¬Ý¬Ý xf86config ªº¤å¥ó¡A³o­Óµ{¦¡¥i¥H + À°±z³]©w XFree86(tm) ¨Ï¥¦¯à°÷¨Ï¥Î±zªºÅã¥Ü¥d/·Æ¹«µ¥¶gÃä¡C + + ±z©Î³\¤]·Q¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý Xaccel server¡C¸Ô±¡½Ð¬Ý + Xi Graphics ©Î¬O Metro Link + ³o¤@¬q¡C + + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò«O¯dÅý Control-Alt-Delete ¤£¯à­«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¡H - + + + §Ú ¸ÕµÛ ­n°õ¦æ X, ¦ý¬O·í§ÚÁä¤J + startx ®É¡A±o¨ì + KDENABIO failed (Operation not permitted) + ¿ù»~¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì¡H + + + + §Aªº¨t²Î¤@©w´£°ª¤F securelevel¡A¹ï¤£¹ï¡H¦b¤@­Ó´£°ª¤F + securelevel ªº¨t²Î¤W¡A¬Oµ´¹ïµLªk°_°Ê X ªº¡C·Qª¾¹D¬°¤°»ò¡A + ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.init.8; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C + + ©Ò¥H³o­Ó°ÝÃDÅܦ¨¡G§AÁÙ¯à«ç»ò¿ì¡C°ò¥»¤W§A¦³¨âºØ¿ï¾Ü¡G + ±N§Aªº securelevel ³]¦^¹s (³q±`¦b /etc/rc.conf + ¸Ì­±³]©w)¡A©Î¬O¦b±Ò°Ê®É°õ¦æ &man.xdm.1; (¦b + securelevel ³Qª@°ª«e)¡C + + ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö±Ò°Ê®É + °õ¦æ &man.xdm.1; ªº¸ê°T¡C + + -¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.7-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº syscons(¨t²Î¤º©wªº¥D±±¥xÅX°Êµ{¦¡)¡A§â¤U¦C³o¦æ©ñ¨ì®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɤºµM«á­«°µ¤@­Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¡G + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à¦b X ¸Ì¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡H + + + + ¦pªG±z¥Îªº¬O syscons (¤º©wªº console ÅX°Êµ{¦¡) ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥i¥H + ¸g¥Ñ³]©w FreeBSD ¨ÓÅý¥¦¤ä´©¦b¨C­Ó virtual console ¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡C¬°¤F + ÁקK©M X ²£¥Í½Ä¬ð¡Asyscons ¨Ï¥Î¤F¤@­Ó¥s°µ + /dev/sysmouse ªºµêÀÀ¸Ë¸m¡C©Ò¦³·Æ¹«²£¥Íªº + event ³£·|§Q¥Î moused ¨Ó¼g¨ì sysmouse ³o­Ó¸Ë¸m¡C¦pªG±z§Æ±æ¦b¤@­Ó + ©Î¥H¤Wªº virtual console ¤W¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¡A¨Ã¥B + ¯à°÷¨Ï¥Î X ªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + ¨Ã¥B³]©w¦n + moused¡C + + µM«á½s¿è /etc/XF86Config ³o­ÓÀɮסA + ¨Ã¥B½T»{§A¦³¥H¤U³o´X¦æªº³]©w¡C + + Section Pointer +Protocol "SysMouse" +Device "/dev/sysmouse" +.... + + ¥H¤Wªº¨Ò¤l¡A¾A¥Î©ó XFree86 3.3.2 ¤Î¨ä«áªºª©¥»¡C¥Î©ó§ó¦­ªº + ª©¥»ªº¡A¨ä Protocol À³¬° + MouseSystems¡C + + ¦³¨Ç¤H¤ñ¸û³ßÅw¦b³]©w X ªº®É­Ô¥Î + /dev/mouse ³o­Ó¸Ë¸m¡C¦pªG±z­nÅý¥¦¯à°÷ + ¥¿±`¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡A±z´N¥²¶·§â /dev/mouse + ³sµ²¨ì /dev/sysmouse (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + &man.sysmouse.4;): + + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; rm -f mouse +&prompt.root; ln -s sysmouse mouse + + -options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT + + + §Úªº·Æ¹«¦³­Ó«Ü¬¯ªººu½ü¡C§Ú¯à¦b X ¸Ì­±¨Ï¥Î¶Ü¡H + + + + ¥i¥H¡C¤£¹L§A»Ý­n³]©w X ¥Î¤áºÝµ{¦¡¡C ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + Colas Nahaboo ªººô­¶ + (http://www.inria.fr/koala/colas/mouse-wheel-scroll/) + . + + ¦pªG§A­n¨Ï¥Î imwheel µ{¦¡¡A + ¥u­n¸òµÛ¤U¦C¨BÆJ§@§Y¥i¡C + + + + Âà´«ºu½ü event +Translate the Wheel Events + + imwheel µ{¦¡ªº¹B§@­ì²z¡A + ¬O±N·Æ¹«ªº²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤­ÁäÂà´«¦¨«öÁä event¡C¦]¬°¦p¦¹¡A©Ò¥H + §A¥²¶·Åý·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡±N·Æ½ü¨Æ¥óÂà´«¦¨²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤­Áä event¡C + ¦³¨âºØ¤èªk¥i¥H¹F¨ì¥Øªº¡A¤@¬OÅý &man.moused.8; §@Âà´«¡A¤G¬O + Åý X ¥»¨­¥h§@ event Âà´«¡C + + + + ¨Ï¥Î &man.moused.8; ¨ÓÂà´«ºu½ü Event + + ­nÅý &man.moused.8; ¨Ó§@ event Âà´«¡A¥u­n¦b + °õ¦æ &man.moused.8; ªº©R¥O¦C¤¤¥[¤W + §Y¥i¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¤@¯ë³£¬O¥H + moused -p /dev/psm0 ¨Ó°_°Ê + &man.moused.8; ªº¸Ü¡A¥u­n§ï¦¨ moused -p + /dev/psm0 -z 4 §Y¥i¡C¦pªG§A¬O¦b¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤§Q¥Î + /etc/rc.conf ¨Ó°_°Ê &man.moused.8;¡A + §A¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ¤¤±N + moused_flags ¤W¥[ §Y¥i¡C + + §A²{¦b»Ý­nÅý X ª¾¹D§Aªº·Æ¹«¦³¤­­Ó«öÁä¡A¥u­n¦b + /etc/XF86Config ¤¤ªº + Pointer °Ï¶ô¤¤¥[¤W + Buttons 5 ³o¤@¦æ§Y¥i¡C¨Ò¦p¡A + §A¥i¯à¦b /etc/XF86Config ¤¤¦³ + ¥H¤Uªº Pointer °Ï¶ô¡G + + + + ¦b XFree86 3.3.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº + <quote>Pointer</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H moused §@Âà´« + ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò + + Section "Pointer" + Protocol "SysMouse" + Device "/dev/sysmouse" + Buttons 5 +EndSection + + + + ¦b XFree86 4.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº + <quote>InputDevice</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´« + ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò + + Section "InputDevice" + Identifier "Mouse1" + Driver "mouse" + Option "Protocol" "auto" + Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse" + Option "Buttons" "5" +EndSection + + + + ¦b <quote>.emacs</quote> ¤¤¡A³]©wºu½ü¹«ªº­ì¥Í + ­¶­±ºu°Ê¤ä´©½d¨Ò + ;; wheel mouse +(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down) +(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up) + + + + + + §Q¥Î§Aªº X Server ¨Ó§@ºu½ü Event Âà´« + + ¦pªG§A¨S¦³°õ¦æ &man.moused.8;¡A©Î¬O§A¤£·Q§Q¥Î + &man.moused.8; ¥h§@ºu½ü event Âà´«¡A§A¥i¥H§ï¥Î + X server ¨Ó§@³o¼Ëªº event Âà´«¡C§A±o¦b + /etc/XF86Config Àɮפ¤§@´X­Ó§ó°Ê¡C²Ä¤@¡A + §A­n¬°§Aªº·Æ¹«¿ï¾Ü¾A·íªº³q°T¨ó©w¡C¤j¦h¼Æªººu½ü¹«³£ + ¨Ï¥Î IntelliMouse ¨ó©w¡A¤£¹L XFree86 + ¤]¤ä´©¨ä¥¦ªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A¨Ò¦pù§Þªº MouseMan+ ·Æ¹«©Ò¥Îªº + MouseManPlusPS/2¡C·í§A¿ï¦n¤§«á¡A¥u­n + ¥[¶i¤@¦æ Pointer °Ï¶ôªº + Protocol ÅܼƧY¥i¡C + + ²Ä¤G¡A§A­n§i¶D X server ±N±²°Ê¨Æ¥ó­«·s¹ï¬M¦Ü·Æ¹«ªº + ²Ä¥|©M²Ä¤­Áä¡C³o¥i¥H§Q¥Î ZAxisMapping + ¿ï¶µ¿ì¨ì¡C + + Á|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î &man.moused.8;¡A¦Ó§A¦³¤@­Ó + IntelliMouse ¦w¸Ë¦b PS/2 ·Æ¹«°ðªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H¦b + /etc/XF86Config ¸Ì¨Ï¥Î¥H¤Uªº³]©w¡C + + + + ¦b XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº <quote>Pointer</quote> + °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´«ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò + + Section "Pointer" + Protocol "IntelliMouse" + Device "/dev/psm0" + ZAxisMapping 4 5 +EndSection + + + + ¦b XFree86 4.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº + <quote>InputDevice</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´« + ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò + + Section "InputDevice" + Identifier "Mouse1" + Driver "mouse" + Option "Protocol" "auto" + Option "Device" "/dev/psm0" + Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" +EndSection + + + + ¦b <quote>.emacs</quote> ¤¤¡A³]©wºu½ü¹«ªº­ì¥Í + ­¶­±ºu°Ê¤ä´©½d¨Ò + ;; wheel mouse +(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down) +(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up) + + + + + + + + ¦w¸Ë imwheel + + ±µ¤U¨Ó¡A±q Ports ¸Ì¦w¸Ë imwheel + ¡C¦b x11 Ãþ§O¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì¥¦¡A¥¦¥i¥H±N + ºu½ü event ¹ï¬M¨ìÁä½L event¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¥¦¥i¥H¦b§A + ±Nºu½ü©¹«e±À®É¡A°e¥X¤@­Ó Page Up + ¨ì§AªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¥h¡CImwheel + §Q¥Î¤@­Ó³]©wÀÉ¡A¥H«K¹ïÀ³ºu½ü event ¦ÜÁä½L event¡A³o¼Ë + ¥¦´N¥i¥H¦b¤£¦PªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¤¤¡A°e¥X¤£¦PªºÁä½L«öÁä¡C¹w³]ªº + imwheel ³]©wÀɬO¦b + /usr/X11R6/etc/imwheelrc¡A¦pªG§A·Q + ½s¿è¦Û­qªº³]©wÀɪº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H±N¥¦½Æ»s¨ì + ~/.imwheelrc¡AµM«á¨Ì§Aªº»Ý­n­×§ï¥¦¡C + ³]©wÀɪº®æ¦¡¦b &man.imwheel.1; ¸Ì­±¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C + + + + ³]©w Emacs »P + Imwheel ¨ó¦P¤u§@ + (¿ï¾Ü©Ê) + + ¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î emacs ©Î¬O + Xemacs ªº¸Ü¡A¨º§A»Ý­n¦b§Aªº + ~/.emacs Àɮ׸̥[¤W¤@¤p¬q³]©w¡C + emacs ½Ð¥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G + + + <application>Imwheel</application> ªº + <application>Emacs</application> ³]©w + + ;;; For imwheel +(setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) +(defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () + (interactive) + (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) +(defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () + (interactive) + (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) +(global-set-key [?\M-\C-\)] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) +(global-set-key [?\M-\C-\(] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) +;;; end imwheel section + + + Xemacs «h¦b + ~/.emacs Àɸ̥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G + + + <application>Imwheel</application> ªº + <application>Xemacs</application> ³]©w + + ;;; For imwheel +(setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) +(defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () + (interactive) + (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) +(defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () + (interactive) + (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) +(define-key global-map [(control meta \))] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) +(define-key global-map [(control meta \()] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) +;;; end imwheel section + + + + + °õ¦æ Imwheel + + ¦w¸Ë¤§«á¡A§A¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b xterm ¸ÌÁä¤J imwheel + ©R¥O¥H°_°Ê¥¦¡C¥¦·|¥H­I´º°õ¦æ¡A¨Ã¥B°¨¤Wµo´§®Ä¥Î¡C + ¦pªG§A½T©w­nª½±µ¨Ï¥Î imwheel¡A + ¥u­n§â¥¦¥[¶i§A¦Û¤vªº .xinitrc ©Î + .xsession ¤ºÀɮקY¥i¡C§A¥i¥H¤£ºÞ + imwheel ©Ò°e¥X¨Ó¦³Ãö PID ÀÉ®× + ĵ§i¡C¨º¨Çĵ§i¥u¹ï Linux ª©ªº imwheel + ¦³®Ä¦Ó¤w¡C + + + + -­Y¬O¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE ©Î¤§«áª©¥»ªº PCVT ¥D±±¥xÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡A -«h¥H¤U¦C¿ï¶µ¥N´À¡G + + + ¬°¤°»ò X Window ªº¿ï³æ©M¹ï¸Ü®Ø¤£¯à¥¿±`¹B§@¡H + -options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL + + §â Num Lock Ãö±¼¸Õ¸Õ¡C -¨ä¥L§ó¦­´Áªº FreeBSD ª©¥»¡A½Ð­×§ï§A¥¿¦b¨Ï¥Îªº¥D±±¥xÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A¨Ã±N©Ò¦³ - boot ÃöÁä¦r¥H nop ¨ú¥N¡C¤º©wªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¬O¦b -/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/us.iso.kbd¡C§A¥i¯à»Ý­n©ú¥Õªº -§h©J /etc/rc.conf ¥hŪ¨ú³o­ÓÁä½L¹ïÀ³¥H½T«O§ó°Ê¥Í®Ä¡C·í -µM¦pªG§A¥¿¦b¥Î¾A¦X§A°êÄyªºÁä½L¹ïÀ³¡A§AÀ³¸Ó½s¿è¨º¤@­Ó¡C - - + ¦pªG±zªº Num Lock ¦b¶}¾÷®Éªº¹w³]­È¬O¶}µÛªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·§â¤U¦C + ³o¦æ©ñ¨ì XF86Config ³]©wÀɤ¤ªº + Keyboard ³¡¥÷¡C - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò§â DOS ¤å¦rÀÉ®×­«·s®æ¦¡¤Æ¦¨ UNIX ªº¡H + # Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be +# required when using pre-R6 clients + ServerNumLock + + -²³æ¦a¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó perl ©R¥O¡G - - -perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file ... - - -file ´N¬O­n³B²zªºÀɮסC³o­Ó­×§ï¬O¦b¤º³¡§¹¦¨¡A­ì©lªºÀÉ®×·|Àx¦s¦¨ -°ÆÀɦW¬° .bak ªºÀɮסC - -©ÎªÌ§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î tr ³o­Ó©R¥O¡G - - -tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file - - -dos-text-file ¬O¥]§t DOS ¤å¦rªºÀɮסA¦Ó unix-text-file «h¬O¥]§t -Âà´«ªº¿é¥Xµ²ªG¡C³o¤ñ¨Ï¥Î perl ÁÙ­n§Ö¤W¤@ÂIÂI¡C - - + + + ¤°»ò¬O virtual console¡H§Ú­n«ç»ò°µ¤~¯à¥Î¦h¤@ÂI¡H + + + + ²³æ¨Ó»¡¡Avirtual console ´N¬O¥i¥HÅý±z¤£¥²°µ¤Ó¦h½ÆÂøªº³]©w + ¦p¨Ï¥Îºô¸ô©Î°õ¦æ X ¡A¦Ó¦b¦P¤@»O¾÷¾¹¤W¦P®É°µ¦n´X¥ó¨Æªº¤èªk¡C + + ·í±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¨ÃÅã¥Ü§¹©Ò¦³¶}¾÷°T®§¤§«á¡A±z´N·|¦b¿Ã¹õ¤W¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó + login ªº´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡C¦b³o­Ó®É­Ô±z´N¥i¥H¿é¤J±zªº login name ¥H¤Î + password ¡AµM«á´N¥i¥H¦b²Ä¤@­Ó virtual console ¤W¶}©l¤u§@¤F + (©ÎªÌ¶}©lª±¡I) ¡C + + ¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤U¡A±z¥i¯à·|·Q­n§@¨ä¥Lªº¤u§@¡A¨Ò¦p»¡¬O¬Ý¬Ý±z¥¿¦b + °õ¦æªºµ{¦¡ªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A©Î¬O·í±z¦b FTP ¶Ç¿éªºµ¥«Ý®É¶¡¤¤¬Ý¬Ý±zªº + ¶l¥ó¡C±z¥u»Ý­n«ö Alt-F2 («ö¦í Alt Á䤣©ñ¡A¨Ã«ö¤U F2 Áä) ¡AµM«á + ±z´N·|¦b²Ä¤G­Ó virtual console ¤W¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó login + ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡I·í±z·Q­n¦^¨ì­ì¨Óªº¤u§@®É¡A½Ð«ö Alt-F1¡C + + FreeBSD ¦b¦w¸Ë®Éªº¹w³]­È¬O¨Ï¥Î¤T­Ó virtual console + (3.3-RELEASE «á¬°¤K­Ó)¡A±z¥i¥H¥Î Alt-F1¡AAlt-F2¡A¥H¤Î Alt-F3 + ¦b¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡°µ¤Á´«¡C + + ¦pªG±z·Q­n¦h¤@ÂI virtual console ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥u»Ý­n½s¿è + /etc/ttys ³o­ÓÀÉ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.ttys.5;)¡A + ¦b Virtual terminals ³o­Óµù¸Ñ«á­±¥[¤J + ttyv4 ¨ì ttyvc + ªºÄæ¦ì¡G + + # Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change +# "off" to "on". +ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure +ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + + ±z·Q¥Î´X­Ó´N³]´X­Ó¡C±z³]¶V¦h virtual terminal ¡A¥¦­Ì´N¥Î±¼ + ¶V¦h¨t²Î¸ê·½¡F¦pªG±z¥u¦³¤£¨ì 8MB ªº°O¾ÐÅ骺¸Ü¡A³o¼vÅT´N¤j¤F¡C + ±z¥i¯à¤]·|·Q§â secure ´«¦¨ + insecure¡C + + + ¦pªG±z·Q­n°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A±z ¥²¶· + ¬°¥¦«O¯d (©ÎÃö±¼) ¦Ü¤Ö¤@­Ó virtual terminal ¡C³o´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG + ±z·Q¦b«ö¤Q¤G­Ó Alt ¥\¯àÁä®É³£¦³ login ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡A¦Ó¥B¤S¦b¦P¤@ + ³¡¹q¸£¤W¤]·Q°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò³o¯u¬O¤Ó¤£©¯¤F - ±z¥u¯à¥Î¤Q¤@­Ó¡C + + + + ¨ú®ø¤@­Ó console ³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O§â¥¦Ãö±¼¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG + ±z¹³¤W­±Á¿ªº¤@¼Ë³]©w¤F¥þ³¡ªº 12 ­Ó terminal ¨Ã¥B·Q­n°õ¦æ X ¡A + ±z¥²»Ý§â virtual terminal 12 ±q¡G + + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + + ³]¦¨¡G + + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + + ¦pªG±zªºÁä½L¥u¦³ 10 ­Ó¥\¯àÁ䪺¸Ü¡A±z´N­n§ï¦¨³o¼Ë¡G + +ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure +ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure +ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + + (±z¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ§â³o´X¦æ¬å±¼¡C) + + ¤@¥¹±z§ï¤F /etc/ttys¡A¤U¤@­Ó¨BÆJ´N¬O­n + ½T©w±z¦³¨¬°÷ªº virtual terminal ¸Ë¸m¡C³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O¡G + + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV vty12 + + ¦A¹L¨Ó¡A·Q­n±Ò°Ê³o¨Ç virtual console ³Ì²³æ (¤]¬O³Ì°®²b) + ªº°µªk´N¬O­«¶}¾÷¡CµM«á¡A¦pªG±z¤£·Q­«¶}¾÷ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥i¥H§â X Window + Ãö±¼¡AµM«á¥Î root ªº¨­¥÷°õ¦æ¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G + + &prompt.root; kill -HUP 1 + + ·í±z°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O«e¡A±z¤@©w­n§¹¥þ§â X Window Ãö±¼¡C¦pªG + ±z¤£³o»ò°µªº¸Ü¡A±zªº¨t²Î¥i¯à·|¦b±z°õ¦æ kill ©R¥O«á¥X²{·í±¼©Î + Âꦺªº±¡ªp¡C + + - -§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¥Î¦WºÙ¬å±¼ process¡H + + + §Ú­n«ç»ò±q X ¤Á´«¨ì virtual console¡H + + + + ½Ð¥Î + Ctrl + Alt + Fn + ¥H¤Á¦^¦Ü virtual console¡C + + Ctrl + Alt + F1 + ¥i¥H¤Á¦^¦Ü²Ä¤@­Ó virtual console¡C + + ·í§A¤Á¦^¦Ü¤å¦r console «á¡A§A´N¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤@¯ë + + Alt + Fn + «öÁä²Õ¦X¡A¦b¦U console ¤§¶¡¤Á´«¡C + + ­n¦^¨ì X ªº¸Ü¡A§A¥²¶·¤Á¦^¦Ü°õ¦æ X ªº virtual console¡C + ¦pªG§A¬O±q©R¥O¦C¸Ì°_°Ê X ªº¸Ü (¨Ò¦p¨Ï¥Î startx + «ü¥O)¡A¨º»ò X ·|¨Ìªþ¦b¤U¤@­Ó¥¼¨Ï¥Îªº virtual console¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥¦³Q + °_°Êªº¤å¦r console¡C¦pªG§A¦³¤K­Ó¨Ï¥Î¤¤ªº virtual terminal¡A¨º»ò + X ´N·|¦b²Ä¤E­Ó¤W°õ¦æ¡A§A´N¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î + + Alt + F9 + ¥Hªð¦^¦Ü X ¤¤¡C + + -¨Ï¥Î killall¡C - - + + + §Ú­n«ç»ò°µ¤~¯à¦b¶}¾÷®É±Ò°Ê XDM¡H + + + ¦³¨âºØ¤èªk¥i¥H±Ò°Ê + xdm¡C¤@ºØ¤èªk¬O±q /etc/ttys ¨Ó±Ò°Ê¡A + ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò &man.ttys.5; 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»P + &man.login.1; ªº¹ïÀ³µ{¦¡¡C·Q±oª¾§ó¦h¦³Ãö xdm + ªº¸ê°T¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + XFree86 ¤å¥ó¡A¥H¤Î¨ä FAQ + ¶µ¥Ø¡C + + Xwrapper ¬O X server ªº¥]¸Ëµ{¦¡¡F¥¦¥i¥H + Åý¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¥H¤â°Ê°_°Ê X server ªº¤p¤u¨ã¡A¦ÓÁÙ¯àºû«ù¤@©wªº¦w¥þ + Àô¹Ò¡C¥¦·|Àˬd¶Ç¤Jªº©R¥O¦C°Ñ¼Æ¡A¦pªG¨S°ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A´N°_°Ê¾A·íªº + X server¡C¦pªG§A¦]¬°¬YºØ²z¥Ñ¦Ó¤£·Q°õ¦æ display manager ªº¸Ü¡A + ¥¦¬O¬°§A¦Ó³]©wªº¡C¦pªG§A¦w¸Ë¤F§¹¾ãªº ports¡A§A¥i¥H¦b + /usr/ports/x11/wrapper ¤¤§ä¨ì¥¦¡C + + - - pseudo-device pty 256 - + + + §Úªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«¦b X ¤¤¦³ÂI¤£¥¿±`¡H + - - - + + ±zªº·Æ¹«©M±zªº·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥i¯à¦s¦b¦³¤£¦P¨Bªº²{¶H¡C - -°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡G + ¦b 2.2.5 ¥H¤Î§ó¦­ªº¨t²Î¸Ì¡A±q X ¤Á¨ì virtual terminal µM«á + ¦A¤Á¦^¨Ó´N¥i¥H¨Ï¥¦­Ì­«·s°µ¦P¨Bªº°Ê§@¡C¦pªG³o­Ó°ÝÃD±`±`µo¥Íªº¸Ü¡A + ±z¥i¥H¦b±zªº®Ö¤ß³]©wÀɤ¤¥[¤J¤U­±³o­Ó¿ï¶µµM«á­«·s½sĶ¡G - - # cd /dev - # ./MAKEDEV pty{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} - + options PSM_CHECKSYNC + ¦pªG±z¨S¦³«Ø¥ß®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡ªº¸gÅç¡A½Ð¬Ý + ¦Û­q®Ö¤ß ³o¤@¸`¡C - + ¥[¤W³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¥H«á¡A·Æ¹«©M·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¶¡ªº¦P¨B°ÝÃDÀ³¸Ó´N¤ñ¸û + ¤£·|¥X²{¤F¡C¦pªG³o­Ó°ÝÃD¤´µM¦s¦bªº¸Ü¡A¦b²¾°Ê·Æ¹«®É«ö«ö·Æ¹««öÁä + ¥i¥H¨Ï·Æ¹«©M·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡­«·s°µ¦P¨Bªº°Ê§@¡C -·|³y¥X 256 ­ÓµêÀÀ²×ºÝ¾÷ªº¸Ë¸m¸`ÂI¡C + ¸Óª`·Nªº¬O³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¨Ã¤£¬O¹ï¨C¤@­Ó¨t²Î³£¦³®Ä¡A¥¦¥i¯à·|Åý±µ¦b + PS/2 ·Æ¹«¦ì¸mªº ALPS GlidePoint ¸Ë¸m¥¢¥h tap + ³o¶µ¥\¯à¡C - + ¦b 2.2.6 ¤Î¨ä«áªºª©¥»¡A¦P¨Bªº½T»{¤w¸g¦³¤F¸û¦nªº¸Ñ¨M¿ìªk¡A + ¦Ó¥B³o¨Ç³£¤w¸g¬O PS/2 ·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡ªº¼Ð·Ç¤F¡C³o­Ó¤èªk¤]¥i¥H¦b + GlidePoint ¤W¥¿±`¤u§@¡C (¦]¬°½T»{ªºµ{¦¡½X¤w¸g¦¨¬°¤@­Ó¼Ð·Ç¥\¯à¡A + ©Ò¥H¦b³o¨Çª©¥»¤¤§Ú­Ì¤£¦b´£¨Ñ PSM_CHECKSYNC ªº¿ï¶µ¤F¡C) ¤£¹L¦b + ·¥¤Ö¼Æªº®×¨Ò¤¤¡A³o¨ÇÅX°Êµ{¦¡·|»~³ø¦P¨B©Ê¿ù»~¡AµM«á±z´N·|¬Ý¨ì + ³o¼Ëªº®Ö¤ß°T®§¡G - -½s¿è /etc/ttys ¨Ã¥[¤J²Å¦X 256 ­Ó²×ºÝ¾÷ªº¦æ¼Æ¡C¥¦­ÌÀ³ - ¸Ó²Å¦X¤w¸g¦s¦b³æ¶µªº®æ¦¡¡AÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¥¦­Ì¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³¡G + psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy) - - ttyqc none network - + µM«á±z´N·|µo²{±zªº·Æ¹«¤£¯à¥¿±`¹B§@¤F¡C + ¦pªG±zµo¥Í¤F³o¼Ëªºª¬ªp¡A±z¥²¶·Âǥѧâ PS/2 ·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡ªº flag + ³]¦¨ 0x100 ¨Ó§â¦P¨B½T»{ªºµ{¦¡½Xµ¹¨ú®ø±¼¡CµM«á¦b¶}¾÷´£¥Ü²Å¸¹®É¥Î + ¿ï¶µ¨Ó¶i¤J UserConfig¡G + - + boot: -c -¦r¥À³]­pªº¶¶§Ç¬O tty[pqrsPQRS][0-9a-v]¡A¨Ï¥Î¥¿³Wªí¥Ü¦¡¡C + µM«á¡A¦b UserConfig ©R¥O¦C¤¤Áä¤J¡G - + UserConfig> flags psm0 0x100 +UserConfig> quit + + - -¥Î·sªº®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡­«·s±Ò°Ê¹q¸£´N¥i¥H¤F¡C - - + + + §Úªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«¤£¯à³z¹L MouseSystem ¨Ó¹B§@¡H + - - - - + + ¦³¤@¨Ç³ø§i«ü¥X¬Y¨Ç¼tµPªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«¥u¯à¦b + °ª¸ÑªR«× ª¬ºA¤U¤~¯à¹B§@¡C¦pªG¤£¬Oªº¸Ü¡A·Æ¹«´å¼Ð + ·|±`±`¶]¨ì¿Ã¹õªº¥ª¤W¨¤¥h¡C - -/dev/snd0 ³o­Ó¸Ë¸m°µ¤£¥X¨Ó¡I + «D±`¤£©¯ªº¡A³o­Ó°ÝÃD¦b 2.0.X ©M 2.1.X ¤U¬OµL¸Ñªº¡C¦b 2.2 + ¨ì 2.2.5 ª©¡A±z¥i¥H¹ï /sys/i386/isa/psm.c + ¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C patch µM«á­««Ø±zªº®Ö¤ß¡C¦pªG±z¨S¦³«Ø¥ß®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡ªº¸gÅç¡A + ½Ð¬Ý ¦Û­q®Ö¤ß ³o¸`¡C -¥i¥H¥Î³o­Ó©R¥O²£¥Í­µ®Ä¥d©Ò»Ý­nªº snd0 ¸Ë¸m¡G - # cd /dev - # sh MAKEDEV snd0 - - -³o­Ó©R¥O¨Ã¤£·|°µ¥X /dev/snd0¡A¦Ó¬O²£¥Í mixer0¡B - audio0¡Bdsp0 ¤ÎÃþ¦üªº¸Ë¸m¡CÁöµM¦p¦¹¡A¦pªG±z·Q¨Ï¥Î - ­µ®Ä¡A¤´µM­n°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡C - - + @@ -766,6 +766,8 @@ + if (verbose >= 2) + log(LOG_DEBUG, "psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n", + unit, i); 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bjlin@stic.gov.tw
+ + + + + Networking + + + + + §ÚÀ³¸Ó¨ì­þÃä§ä¦³ÃöµLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷ + diskless booting ªº¸ê®Æ¡H + + + + Diskless booting ´N¬OÅý FreeBSD ¥D¾÷±qºô¸ô + ¤W¶}¾÷¡A¨Ã¥B±qºô¸ô¤Wªº server ¤WŪ¨ú¨ä¥L¥²­nªºÀɮסA¦Ó«D¥Ñ¥D¾÷ + ªºµwºÐ¤W¨ú±o³o¨ÇÀɮסC¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò FreeBSD ¤â¥UªºµLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷½g + ¡C + + - -§Úªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«¤£¯à³z¹L MouseSystem ¨Ó¹B§@ + + + FreeBSD ªº¥D¾÷¥i¥H·í§@¬Y­Óºô¸ô¤Wªº¸ô¥Ñ¾¹(router)¶Ü¡H + + + + ¬Oªº¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò FreeBSD ¤â¥Uªººô¸ô¶i¶¥½g advanced + networking¡A¤×¨ä¬O¸ô¥Ñ»P¹h¹D¾¹ routing + and gatewaysªº³¡¤À¡C + + -¦³¤@¨Ç³ø§i«ü¥X¬Y¨Ç¼tµPªº PS/2 ·Æ¹«¥u¯à¦b "°ª¸ÑªR«×" ª¬ºA¤U¤~¯à¹B§@ - ¡C¦pªG¤£¬Oªº¸Ü¡A·Æ¹«´å¼Ð·|±`±`¶]¨ì¿Ã¹õªº¥ª¤W¨¤¥h¡C - -«D±`¤£©¯ªº¡A³o­Ó°ÝÃD¦b 2.0.X ©M 2.1.X ¤U¬OµL¸Ñªº¡C¦b 2.2 ¨ì 2.2.5 - ª©¡A±z¥i¥H¹ï /sys/i386/isa/psm.c ¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C patch µM«á­««Ø±zªº - ®Ö¤ß¡C¦pªG±z¨S¦³«Ø¥ß®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡ªº¸gÅç¡A½Ð¬Ý - ¦Û­q®Ö¤ß ³o¸`¡C - - -diff -u psm.c.orig psm.c -@@ -766,6 +766,8 @@ - if (verbose >= 2) - log(LOG_DEBUG¡A"psm%d: SET_DEFAULTS return code:%04x\n", - unit¡Ai); -+ set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc¡APSMD_RES_HIGH); -+ - #if 0 - set_mouse_scaling(sc->kbdc); /* 1:1 scaling */ - set_mouse_mode(sc->kbdc); /* stream mode */ - - - -¦b 2.2.6 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡A¦b PS/2 ·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤¤³]©w 0x04 ªº flag ·| - §â·Æ¹«³]¦¨°ª¸ÑªR«×¼Ò¦¡¡C¦b¶}¾÷´£¥Ü²Å¸¹®É¥Î "" ¿ï¶µ¨Ó¶i¤J - UserConfig¡G - - - boot: -c - - - - µM«á¡A¦b UserConfig ªº©R¥O¦C¤¤Áä¤J¡G - - - UserConfig> flags psm0 0x04 - UserConfig> quit - - - -«e¤@¸`¦³´£¨ì¥t¤@­Ó¥i¯à¾É­P·Æ¹«°ÝÃDªº­ì¦]¡C - - + + + §Ú¥i¥H³z¹L FreeBSD ±N§Úªº Win95 ¾÷¾¹³s¤W Internet ¶Ü¡H + + + + °ò¥»¤W¡A·|°Ý³oºØ°ÝÃDªº¤H¦b®a¸Ì¦Ü¤Ö¦³¨â¥x¹q¸£¡A¤@¥x¶] FreeBSD + ¥t¥~¤@¥x¶] Win95¡F³o­Ó·Qªk¬O±N FreeBSD ¥D¾÷³s¤W Internet¡AµM«á³z + ¹L³o¥x FreeBSD ¥D¾÷¡AÅý¶] Win95 ªº¹q¸£¯à°÷¤Wºô¡C³o­Ó°ÝÃDºâ¬O«e¤@ + ­Ó°ÝÃDªº¤@­Ó¯S¨Ò ... µª®×¬O¡G¥i¥Hªº¡I¦b FreeBSD 3.x + ª©¤¤¡A¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡(user-mode)ªº &man.ppp.8; ¥]§t¤F + ¿ï¶µ¡C¦pªG§A¦b + /etc/rc.conf ¨Ï¥Î¿ï¶µ¨Ã + ³]©w gateway_enable ¬° YES + ¡A¥H³oºØ³]©w±Ò°Ê &man.ppp.8; ¡A¨Ã¥B¥¿½Tªº³]©w§Aªº Windows ¥D¾÷ªº + ¸Ü¡A³o­Ó°µªkÀ³¸Ó¬O¥i¥H¥¿±`¨Ï¥Îªº¡C + + Ãö©ó¥»¥DÃD§ó¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò Steve Sims ©Ò¼¶¼gªº Pedantic PPP Primer ¤@¤å¡C + + + ¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Îªº¬O®Ö¤ß¼Ò¦¡ (kernel-mode) PPP¡A©ÎªÌ§A¦³°Ï°ì³s½u + (Ethernet connection) ¥i³q¹F Internet ªº¸Ü¡A§A±N»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î + &man.natd.8;¡C½Ð¬d¾\ FAQ ¤¤Ãö©ó natd + ªº³¡¤À¡C + + - -·í§Ú«Ø¥ß X µ{¦¡®É¡Aimake »¡¥¦§ä¤£¨ì Imake.tmpl ¡C¥¦¦b¨º¡H - + + + FreeBSD ¤ä´© SLIP ©M PPP ¶Ü¡H + + + + ¬Oªº¡C§A¥i¥H¬d¬d man pages ¤¤Ãö©ó &man.slattach.8;¡A + &man.sliplogin.8;¡A&man.ppp.8;¡A¥H¤Î &man.pppd.8; 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command-line¡A½d¨Ò¦p¤U¡G + &prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffff + ¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A´N¦p¦P¥[¤J¤@­Ó·sªººô¸ô¦ì§}¤@¼Ë¿é¤J§Aªººô¸ô¦ì§}»P¤l + ºô¸ô¾B¸n¡G + &prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00 + + -¥ý¿ï¥X¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤Wªº¹Ï§Î¡A3.1 ª©¥u¤ä´© Windows ªºÂI¯x°}®æ¦¡¡C - ¿ï¦n¤F±z­nªº¹ÏÀÉ«á¡A±N¥¦«þ¨ì /boot/splash.bmp¡C±µµÛ§â¤U­±´X - ¦æ¥[¤J /boot/loader.rc ¤¤¡G + + + §Ú¦p¦ó«ü©w§Úªº 3C503 ¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥L¤£¦Pªºªº network port¡H + + + + ¦pªG±z·Q¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªº port¡A§A¥²¶·¦b &man.ifconfig.8; ªº©R¥O¤¤ + «ü©wÃB¥~ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C¤º©wªº port ¬O link0¡C­n¨Ï¥Î + AUI port ¥N´À BNC port ªº¸Ü¡A§ï¥Î link2¡C³o¨Ç + flags À³¸Ó§ïÅÜifconfig_* ªºÅܼƨӫü©w¡A §A¥i¥H¦b + /etc/rc.conf ³o­ÓÀɮ׸̭±§ä¨ì (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + &man.rc.conf.5;)¡C + + - - load kernel - load -t splash_image_data /boot/splash.bmp - load splash_bmp - autoboot - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ªº NFS ®É¥X²{°ÝÃD¡H + - - + + §Ú­Ì¥Î§t»W¤@ÂIªº»¡ªk¡A¬Y¨Ç PC ªººô¸ô¥d¤ñ¨ä¥Lªº¦n¡A³oºØª¬ªp¦b + ³y¦¨ NFS ³oºØ¹ïºô¸ô±Ó·Pªºµ{¦¡¦³®É·|¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C - -FreeBSD 3.2 ¥H«áªºª©¥» + °Ñ¦Ò + the Handbook entry on NFS ¥HÀò±o³o­Ó¥DÃDªº§ó¦h¸ê°T¡C + + - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Linux ªº¾÷¾¹¡H + -°£¤F¥[¤J¹ï PCX Àɮתº¤ä´©¥~¡AFreeBSD 3.2 ¤]§ï¶i¤F¶}¾÷µ{§Çªº³]©w - ¤è¦¡¡C¦pªG±zÄ@·Nªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H¥Î¤W­z FreeBSD 3.1 ªº¤èªk¡A±N - splash_bmp ´«¦¨ splash_pcx ¨Ó¸ü¤J PCX ÀɮקY¥i¡C - ¦pªG·Q¥Î·sªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡A±zªº /boot/loader.rc ¥²¶·¥]¬A³o´X¦æ¡G + + ¬Y¨Çª©¥»ªº Linux NFS µ{¦¡½X¥u±µ¨ü privileged port ªº + mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý - - include /boot/loader.4th - start - - + &prompt.root; mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt + + -¨Ã¥B /boot/loader.conf ¤]­n¥]¬A³o´X¦æ¡G + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Sun ªº¾÷¾¹¡H + - - splash_bmp_load="YES" - bitmap_load="YES" - - + + ¶] SunOS 4.X ªº Sun ¤u§@¯¸¥u±µ¨ü¨Ó¦Û privileged port ªº + mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý -³o¬O°²³]±z¥Î /boot/splash.bmp ¨Ó·í§@ splash ªº¿Ã¹õÅã - ¥Ü¡C¦pªG·Q¥Î PCX ªºÀɮסA±N¥¦«þ¦¨ /boot/splash.pcx¡A¦p¤W - ­z°µ¥X /boot/loader.rc¡A¦A±N³o´X¦æ¥[¨ì - /boot/loader.conf ¤¤¡G + &prompt.root; mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt + + - - splash_pcx_load="YES" - bitmap_load="YES" - bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx" - + + + ¬°¤°»ò mountd ¤@ª½°­¥s»¡ + can't change attributes ¦Ó¥B§Ú¤@ª½¬Ý¨ì + bad exports list ³o­Ó°T®§¦b§Úªº FreeBSD NFS + ¦øªA¾¹¤W¡H + + + + ³o­Ó°ÝÃD³Ì±`µo¥Íªº­ì¦]¬O¦b©ó¤£¤F¸Ñ + /etc/exports ªº¥¿½T®æ¦¡¡C½Ð¸ÔŪ + &man.exports.5; ¥H¤Î¤â¥U¤¤Ãö©ó NFS ªº³¡¤À¡A¯S§O¬Oconfiguring + NFS³o¤@¬q¡C + + - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b¨Ï¥Î PPP ³s½u¨ì NeXTStep ¾÷¾¹®É¦³°ÝÃD¡H + - - - -²{¦b´N¥u³Ñ¤U splash ¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Üªº¹ÏÀÉ¡A±z¥i¥H¦b http://www.cslab.vt.edu/~jobaldwi/splash/ §ä¨ì¦UºØ¼Ë«~. - - - + - -ºô¸ô³]©w + §â TCP extensions ¨ú®ø¡A³o­Ó³]©w¦b + /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì­±(°Ñ¦Ò &man.rc.conf.5;) §â + ¥H¤U³o­Ó­È³]¦¨ NO¡G + tcp_extensions=NO - -§ÚÀ³¸Ó¨ì­þÃä§ä¦³ÃöµLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷ (diskless booting) ªº¸ê®Æ? + Xylogic ªº Annex ¥D¾÷¤]¦³¬Û¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A±z­n°µ¬Û¦Pªº­×§ï¤~¯à³s + ¤W³o¨Ç¥D¾÷¡C + + -µLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷´N¬OÅý FreeBSD ¥D¾÷±qºô¸ô¤W¶}¾÷¡A¨Ã¥B±qºô¸ô¤Wªº server ¤WŪ¨ú - ¨ä¥L¥²­nªºÀɮסA¦Ó«D¥Ñ¥D¾÷ªºµwºÐ¤W¨ú±o³o¨ÇÀɮסC¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò - FreeBSD ¤â¥UªºµLºÏºÐ¶}¾÷½g¡C - - + + + §Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯à§â IP multicast support ¥´¶}¡H + + + + FreeBSD 2.0 ¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º©w³£¦³ ¤ä´© Multicast host ¾Þ§@¡C¦pªG + ±z·Q±N±zªº¥D¾÷³]©w¦¨ multicast router ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·­«·s compile ±z + ªº kernel¡A¥[¤J MROUTING ªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ + &man.mrouted.8; FreeBSD 2.2 ¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥»·|¦b¶}¾÷®É°õ¦æ + &man.mrouted.8; ¦pªG¦b /etc/rc.conf ¤¤ + mrouted_enable ³]©w¬° "YES" + + + MBONE ªº¦UºØ¤u¨ã¥i¥H¦b¥L­Ì ports ¤U©ÒÄÝ¥s°µ mbone ¥Ø¿ý + ¤¤§ä¨ì¡C¦pªG±z¦b§äµø°T·|ijªº¤u¨ã¦p vic ¥H¤Î + vatªº¸Ü¡A¨ì¨ºÃä§ä§ä§a¡I + + - - FreeBSD ªº¥D¾÷¥i¥H·í§@¬Y­Óºô¸ô¤Wªº¸ô¥Ñ¾¹ (router) ¶Ü ? - + + + ­þ¨Çºô¸ô¥d¬O¨Ï¥Î DEC PCI chipset¡H + + + ¥H¤U¬O Glen Foster gfoster@driver.nsta.org + ´£¨Ñªº²M³æ¡G + + + Network cards based on the DEC PCI chipset + + + + + Vendor + Model + + + + + + ASUS + PCI-L101-TB + + + Accton + ENI1203 + + + Cogent + EM960PCI + + + Compex + ENET32-PCI + + + D-Link + DE-530 + + + Dayna + DP1203, DP2100 + + + DEC + DE435, DE450 + + + Danpex + EN-9400P3 + + + JCIS + Condor JC1260 + + + Linksys + EtherPCI + + + Mylex + LNP101 + + + SMC + EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) + + + SMC + EtherPower (Model 8432) + + + TopWare + TE-3500P + + + Znyx (2.2.x) + ZX312, ZX314, ZX342, ZX345, ZX346, ZX348 + + + Znyx (3.x) + ZX345Q, ZX346Q, ZX348Q, ZX412Q, ZX414, ZX442, ZX444, + ZX474, ZX478, ZX212, ZX214 (10mbps/hd) + + + +
+ + -¥Ñ©óºô»Úºô¸ôªº¼Ð·Ç¤Æ©Mµ{¦¡³]­pªº¥R¤À¸gÅ礧½ç¡A§Ú­Ì - ¯à°÷¦b FreeBSD ¨t²Î¤º«Ø«Ê¥]Âà¶Ç (packet fowarding) ªº¥\¯à¡C§A¥i¥H - ±N³o­Ó¥\¯à¥´¶}¡A¥u­n±N³o­ÓÅܼƳ]©w¬° - YES ¦b rc.conf ³o­ÓÀɮפ¤ - - - gateway_enable=YES # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway - - - -³o­Ó¿ï¶µ·|±N sysctl ÅܼƳ]©w - net.inet.ip.forwarding ¬° 1. - -¦b¤j³¡¤Àªºª¬ªp¤U¡A§AÁÙ¥²¶·¦A¶]¤@­Ó³B²z routing ªºµ{¦¡¡A§i¶Dºô¸ô¤Wªº¨ä¥L - ¥D¾÷Ãö©ó§Aªº router ³]©wªº¸ê®Æ¡FFreeBSD - ¥X¼t®É«K¤ºªþ¤@­Ó¼Ð·Çªº BSD routing µ{¦¡ - routed¡A¦pªG§Aªººô¸ô³]©w§ó¬°½ÆÂø¡A§A¥i¥H¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý - GaTeD (¥i¥H¥Ñ http://www.gated.org/ ¤U¸ü) - ³o­Óµ{¦¡¦Û 3_5Alpha7 «á¤ä´© FreeBSD¡C - -§Ú­Ì¦³¥²­n§i¶D§A¡A´Nºâ¬O FreeBSD ¥H³oºØ¤è¦¡³]©w§¹¦¨ - ¡A¥¦ÁÙ¬OµLªk§¹¥þº¡¨¬ Internet ¹ï router ªº¼Ð·Ç©w¸q - ¡A¤£¹L¡A´N¤é±`¨Ï¥Î¦Ó¨¥¥¦¤w¸g¨¬°÷À³¥I¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº»Ý¨D¤F¡C - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò­n¥Î FQDN ¤~¯à³s¨ì¨ä¥L¾÷¾¹¡H + + + + §A¤]³\·|µo²{­n³sªº¾÷¾¹¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¥t¤@­Óºô°ì¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A°²³]§A¬O¦b + foo.bar.edu ³o­Óºô°ì¤¤¡A·Q­n³s¨ì¦b¤@¥x¥s mumble + ªº¥D¾÷¡A¥L¦b example.org ºô°ì¤U¡A + §A¥²¶·¥Î Fully-Qualified Domain Name mumble.example.org¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥u¥Î + mumble¡C + + ¶Ç²Îªº BSD BIND resolver ¤¹³\¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¸Ñ¥X¾÷¾¹ªº¦ì§}¡A¦ý¬O + FreeBSD ¤ºªþ bind (see &man.named.8;) + ª©¥»¤º©w¤è¦¡¡A«h¬O°£¤F§A©Ò¦bªººô°ì¥H¥~¡A¤£¤ä´©¨ä¥L«D FQDN ªºÁY¼g¡C + ©Ò¥H¦p mumble ¥²¶·¦b mumble.foo.example.org¡A§_«h´N·|±qºô°ìªº³Ì©³ + ¼h¶}©l§ä¡C + + ³o©M¥ý«eªº°µªk¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¤£¥Î + mumble.example.org¡A©M + mumble.edu Ä~Äò·j´M¡C + ¬Ý¤@¤U RFC 1535¡A¸Ì­±¦³´£¨ì¬°¤°»ò¤§«eªº°µªk¤£¦n¡A¬Æ¦Üºâ¬O­Ó¦w¥þ + º|¬}¡C + + ³o¸Ì¦³­Ó¤£¿ùªº¸Ñªk, §A¥i¥H¥[¤J¤@¦æ + + search foo.example.org example.org + + instead of the previous + + domain foo.example.org + + ¦b§Aªº /etc/resolv.conf Àɮפ¤ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò + &man.resolv.conf.5;)¡C¦ý¬O­n½T©w·j´M¶¶§Ç¤£·|¹H¤Ï RFC 1535 ©Ò¿×ªº + boundary between local and public administration¡C + + + - -§Ú¥i¥H³z¹L FreeBSD ±N§Úªº Win95 ¾÷¾¹³s¤W Internet ¶Ü? + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b³s½u®É¤@ª½¥X²{ + Permission denied ªº¿ù»~°T®§¡H + -°ò¥»¤W¡A·|°Ý³oºØ°ÝÃDªº¤H¦b®a¸Ì¦Ü¤Ö¦³¨â¥x¹q¸£¡A¤@¥x¶] FreeBSD - ¥t¥~¤@¥x¶] Win95¡F³o­Ó¥D·N¬O±N FreeBSD ¥D¾÷³s¤W Internet¡AµM«á³z¹L³o¥x - FreeBSD ¥D¾÷¡AÅý¶] Win95 ªº¹q¸£¯à°÷¤Wºô¡C - ³o­Ó°ÝÃDºâ¬O«e¤@­Ó°ÝÃDªº¤@­Ó¯S¨Ò¡C - -³oÃ䦳­«­nªº¤å¥ó¡C±Ð§A«ç»ò§â FreeBSD ªº¥D¾÷³]©w¦¨ - PPP Dialup Router¡C - -ª`·N¡G ¦b³oºØª¬ªp¤U§A¦Ü¤Ö­n¦³¨â­Ó¥H¤Wªº©T©w IP addresses¡A - ¦³®É¬O¤T­Ó¥H¤W©Î§ó¦h²Õ IP ¦P®É¨Ï¥Î¡Aµø§Aªº»Ý¨D¦Ó©w¡C - ¦pªG§A¨S¦³©T©wªº IP ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¡A§A¥i¥H¦Ò¼{¨Ï¥Î private IP - ¤lºô¸ô¡A¨Ã¦w¸Ë proxies ¨Ò¦p - SQUID ©Î¬O - the TIS firewall toolkit - ¦b§Aªº FreeBSD ¥D¾÷¤W¡C - -¥t¥~¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò natd ¡C - - + + ¦pªG¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤J IPFIREWALL ¿ï¶µ¡A + ½Ðª`·N 2.1.7R ¤º©w¬O©Úµ´©Ò¦³¥¼¸g®Ö­ãªººô¸ô«Ê¥](¦ý¦b¶}µo + 2.1-STABLE ®É§ï±¼¤F)¡C - - ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b compile ISC ³Ì·sª©ªº BIND µ{¦¡®É¦Ñ¬O¥¢±Ñ? - + I¦pªG¤£¤p¤ß§Ë¿ù¤F firewall ªº³]©w¡A§A¥i¥H¥H + root °õ¦æ¥H¤U©R¥Oºô¸ô¥\¯à´N·|«ì´_¥¿±`¡G -¦b ``cdefs.h'' Àɮפ¤ªº©w¸q»P FreeBSD ¨t²Î¤¤¤ºªþ - ªºÀɮשw¸q¦³©Ò½Ä¬ð¡Cª½±µ§â - compat/include/sys/cdefs.h ¬å±¼´N¥i¥H¤F¡C - - - - -FreeBSD ¤ä´© SLIP ©M PPP ¶Ü? - -¬Oªº¡C §A¥i¥H¬d¬d man pages ¤¤Ãö©ó - slattach¡Asliplogin¡A - pppd ¥H¤Î - ppp ªº»¡©ú¡C - pppd ©M ppp ³£´£¨Ñ¼·¶i¤Î¼·¥Xªº¥\¯à¡C - Sliplogin ±Mªù³B²z¦³Ãö¼·¤Jªº¥\¯à¡A¦Ó - slattach ³B²z¦³Ãö¼·¥Xªº¥\¯à¡C - -³o¨Çµ{¦¡¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡A§A¥i¥H¦b - handbook¤¤§ä¨ì: - - - + &prompt.root; ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any - -SLIP (server ºÝ) ªº»¡©ú + ¤]¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ¥[¤J + firewall_type="open" ªº¿ï¶µ¡C - - + ¦pªG·Qª¾¹D¦p¦ó³]©w FreeBSD firewall¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò ¤â¥U¤¤¬ÛÃö³¹¸`¡C + + - -SLIP (client ºÝ) ªº»¡©ú + + + IPFW ·|³y¦¨¦h¤jªººô¸ô©µ¿ð¡H + + + + ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤â¥U¤¤ Firewalls ³¹¸`¡A¯S§O¬O + IPFW + Overhead & Optimization ³o¤@¬q¡C + + - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò§Úªº ipfw fwd + redirect ³W«h±NªA°ÈÂà¦V¨ä¥L¾÷¾¹®ÉµLªk¥¿±`¹B§@¡H + + + + ¥i¯à¬O§A°£¤FÂà°e«Ê¥]¥H¥~ÁÙÃB¥~·Q¶i¦æ¦ì§}ÂàĶ + (network address translation, NAT)¡Afwd ³W«h©Ò¶i + ¦æªº°Ê§@´N¦p¦P¦r­±©Ò¥Ü¡F¶ÈÂà°e«Ê¥]¡A¥¦¨Ã¤£·|¥h­×§ï«Ê¥]¤¤ªº¸ê®Æ¡C + °²³]§Ú­Ì¦³¦p¤Uªº³W«h¡G + + 01000 fwd 10.0.0.1 from any to foo 21 + + ·í¤@­Ó³q©¹¯S©w¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§} foo ªº«Ê¥] + °e¹F¥D¾÷®É¡A®Ú¾Ú³o±ø³W«h¡A«Ê¥]±N³QÂà°e¦Ü + 10.0.0.1¡A¦ý¬O¥¦ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§}«o¤´µM¬O + foo¡I«Ê¥]ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§}¨Ã + ¨S¦³ §ó§ï¬° + 10.0.0.1¡C¤j³¡¤Àªº¥D¾÷·|±N«Ê¥]¥á±ó¡A + ¦]¬°¥L­Ì¨Ã¤£¬O³o­Ó¥Ø¼Ð¦ì§}¡C¦]¦¹¡A¨Ï¥Î fwd ³W«h + ®É©¹©¹¤£¦p¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Ò¹w´Áªº¨º¯ë¶¶§Q¡C³oºØ¦æ¬°¬O¨t²Î¯S©Ê¡A¦Ó«D¿ù»~¡C + + + °Ñ¦Ò Ãö©óªA°ÈÂà¦Vªº±`¨£°Ý + µª¶°¡A &man.natd.8; ¤â¥U¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¨Ï¥Î ports collection ¤¤³\ + ¦hªA°ÈÂà¦Vªº¤u¨ã¨Ó¥¿½Tªº§¹¦¨§A·Q¶i¦æªº¤u§@¡C + + - -PPP (kernel ¼Ò¦¡) ªº»¡©ú + + + ­n¦p¦ó§â¹ï¬Y¥x¾÷¾¹ªººô¸ôªA°È­n¨D(service request)Âà¦V¨ì¥t¤@¥x¡H + + - - + + ¦b ports ¥Ø¿ýªºsysutils¤ÀÃþ¤¤¦³­Ó¥s + socket ªº®M¥ó¡A¥i¥HÀ°§AÂà¦V FTP ©Î¨ä¥LÃþ¦üªº + ºô¸ôªA°È¡C¥u­n§â¸Óºô¸ôªA°Èªº©R¥O§ï¦¨©I¥s socket §Y¥i¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G + - -PPP (¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡) ªº»¡©ú - - + ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket ftp.example.com ftp - - - -¦pªG§A¥u¯àÂÇ¥Ñ"shell account"ªº¤è¦¡¤Wºôªº¸Ü¡A - §A¥i¯à·|·Q¬Ý¬Ý slirp - ³o­Ó³nÅé¡C¥¦¥i¥HÅý§Aªº¹q¸£ª½±µ³s¤W (¬Y¨Ç) ªA°È¡A - ¨Ò¦p ftp ©M http µ¥µ¥¡C - - - - - FreeBSD ¤ä´© NAT ©Î Masquerading ¶Ü? - - -¦pªG§A¦³¤@­ÓªñºÝªº¤lºô¸ô(¦³¤@¥x¥H¤Wªº¾÷¾¹)¡A¦ý¬O§Aªº Internet provider - «o¥u¤À°t¤@­Ó IP number µ¹§A - (©ÎªÌ§A¥u¤À°t¨ì¤@­Ó°ÊºAªº IP number)¡A§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò - natd - ³o­Óµ{¦¡¡C Natd Åý§A¥i¥H³z¹L³o¤@­Ó IP number Åý¾ã­Ó¤lºô¸ôªº¹q¸£³£¯à - ³s¤W internet ¡C - -ppp ³o­Óµ{¦¡¤]´£¨ÑÃþ¦üªº¥\¯à¡A¦pªG§A¤U - ³o­Ó¿ï¶µªº¸Ü¡C alias library - ¦b³o¨â­Ó³B²z¤è¦¡¤¤³£·|³Q¨Ï¥Î¨ì¡C - - - -§Ú¨S¦³¿ìªk«Ø¥ß /dev/ed0 ³o­Ó device! - -¦b Berkeley ºô¸ô¬[ºc¤¤¡A¥u¦³ kernel µ{¦¡½X¥i¥Hª½±µ¦s¨úºô¸ô¬É­±¥d¡C - ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò /etc/rc.network ³o­ÓÀɮשM manual pages ¨ú±o»P¨ä¥L¤£¦Pºô¸ôµ{¦¡ - §ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¸ê°T¡C¦pªG§Aı±o§A§¹¥þ·d²V¤Fªº¸Ü¡A±zÀ³¸Ó§ä¤@¥»»P¨ä¥L BSD ¬ÛÃö - §@·~¨t²Îºô¸ôºÞ²z¦³Ãö®Ñ¨Ó°Ñ¦Ò¡F°£¤F¤Ö¼ÆÅãµÛªº¤£¦P¥~¡AFreeBSD ªººô¸ôºÞ²z - °ò¥»¤W©M SunOS 4.0 ©M Ultrix ¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C - - + ¨ä¤¤ ftp.example.com »P + ftp ¤À§O¬O³QÂà¨ìªº¾÷¾¹©M port ¦WºÙ¡C + + + - -§Ú¦p¦ó«Ø¥ß Ethernet aliases? + + + ¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ìºÞ²zÀW¼eªº¤u¨ã¡H + + + + FreeBSD ¤W¦³¤T®MÀW¼eºÞ²z¤u¨ã¡G &man.dummynet.4; ¤w¸g¾ã¦X¶i¤J + FreeBSD ¨t²Î(§ó¸Ô²Óªº¥Î³~, &man.ipfw.4;); ALTQ + ¥i¥H§K¶O¨Ï¥Î¡AEmerging Technologies + ±À¥Xªº Bandwidth Manager «h¬O°Ó¥Î³nÅé¡C + + -§â ``netmask 0xffffffff'' ¥[¨ì§Aªº ifconfig - ©R¥O¦C¤¤¡A¨Ò¦p¡G - - - ifconfig ed0 alias 204.141.95.2 netmask 0xffffffff - - - - + + + «ç»ò·|¶]¥X + /dev/bpf0: device not configured³o­Ó°T®§¡H + + - -§Ú¦p¦ó«ü©w§Úªº 3C503 ¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥L¤£¦Pªºªº network port? + + §A°õ¦æ¤F¤@­Ó»Ý­n¬f§JµÜ«Ê¥]¹LÂo¾¹ (Berkeley Packet Filter) ªº + µ{¦¡ (&man.bpf.4;)¡A¦ý¬O§A¦b kernel ¤¤¨S¦³±Ò°Ê¥¦¡C§â¤U­±³o¤@¦æ¥[ + ¤J kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¡A½sĶ¤@­Ó·sªº kernel¡G -¦pªG±z·Q¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªº port¡A§A¥²¶·¦b - ifconfig ªº©R¥O¤¤«ü©wÃB¥~ªº°Ñ¼Æ. ¤º©wªº - port ¬O ``link0''¡C­n¨Ï¥Î AUI port ¥N´À - BNC port ªº¸Ü¡A§ï¥Î ``link2''¡C³o¨Ç flags À³¸Ó§ïÅÜ - ifconfig_* ªºÅܼƨӫü©w¡A§A¥i¥H¦b³o­ÓÀɮ׸̭±§ä¨ì /etc/rc.conf. - - + pseudo-device bpf # Berkeley Packet Filter - -§Ú¦b³s¤W/¿é¥X FreeBSD ªº NFS ®É¥X²{°ÝÃD. + ¦b­«·s¶}¾÷¤§«á¡AÁÙ­n°µ¥X device node¡A¦b + /dev ¤U°õ¦æ¡G -¬Y¨Ç PC ªººô¸ô¥d¤ñ¨ä¥Lªº¦n(§t»Wªº»¡¨Ó) - ³oºØª¬ªp¦b³y¦¨ NFS ³oºØ¹ïºô¸ô±Ó·Pªºµ{¦¡¦³®É·|¥X²{°ÝÃD. - -°Ñ¦Ò the Handbook entry on NFS - ¥HÀò±o³o­Ó¥DÃDªº§ó¦h¸ê°T. - - + &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV bpf0 - -¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Linux ªº¾÷¾¹? + ¦pªG·Q­n§ó¶i¤@¨Bª¾¹D¦p¦ó°µ¥X¦UºØ device node¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ Handbook Ãö©ó¶gÃä¸`ÂIªº»¡©ú + ¡C + + -¬Y¨Çª©¥»ªº Linux NFS µ{¦¡½X¥u±µ¨ü privileged port ªº mount request - ; ¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý - - - mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt - - - - + + + §Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯à±N Windows ¾÷¾¹¤¤ªººÏºÐ±¾¤J¨t²Î, ´N¹³ Linux ´£¨Ñ + ªº smbmount ¨º¼Ë¡H + + + + ¨Ï¥Î SMBFS ¤u¨ã²Õ¡C³o®M¤u¨ã²Õ¤¤ + ¥]§t¤F¤@¨t¦Cªº kernel ­×§ïÁÙ¦³¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡(userland programs)¡C + ³o¨Çµ{¦¡©M¸ê°T¦b ports ¦¬Âä¤ + net/smbfs ¤U¥i¥H§ä¨ì¡C¦b + 4.5-RELEASE ¤§«áªºª©¥»«h¬O¨t²Î¤¤¤º«Ø¡C + + - -¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Sun ªº¾÷¾¹? + + + §Ú¦b¨t²Î¤é»x¤¤µo²{¥H¤U°T®§¡G + icmp-response bandwidth limit 300/200 pps¡A³o¬O + ½¼¦Ì¸J¿|¡H + + + + ³o¬O¨t²Î®Ö¤ß§i¶D§A¦³¬Y¨Ç¬¡°Ê¤Þµo¥¦°e¥X¤ñ¥¦©Ò»{¬°À³¸Ó°e¥X§ó + ¦hªº ICMP ©Î TCP ­«¸m°T®§ (RST)¡CICMP ¦^À³°T®§±`±`¬O¦]¬°¦³¤H¹Á + ¸Õ³s±µ¥¼³Q¨Ï¥Îªº UDP ³q°T°ð¡CTCP ­«¸m°T®§«h¬O¦³¤H¹Á¸Õ³s±µ¥¼¶} + ©ñ TCP ³q°T°ð³y¦¨ªºµ²ªG¡C¥H¤U³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê¥i¯à´N¬O³y¦¨³o¨Ç°T®§ªº­ì¦]¡G + + + + + ¼É¤OªkªºªA°È²Õµ´§ðÀ»(DoS)¤è¦¡ + (¬Û¸û©ó°w¹ï¯S®í®zÂI¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@«Ê¥]ªº§ðÀ»¤è¦¡)¡C + + + + ¤j¶qªº³q°T°ð±½´y(¬Û¸û©ó¶È¹Á¸Õ¤Ö¼Æªº±`¨£ªA°È³q°T°ð)¡C + + + + ¥X²{ªº¼Æ¦r¤¤²Ä¤@­Ó¥Nªí®Ú¾Ú³o¨Ç¬y¶q kernel À³¸Ó°e¥Xªº«Ê¥]¼Æ¡A + ²Ä¤G­Ó¼Æ¦r«h¬O kernel ¥Ø«e­­¨î³Ì¤jµo°e¼Æ¡C§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î sysctl ­×§ï + net.inet.icmp.icmplim ÅܼƭȨӧó§ï³Ì¤j­È¡CÁ| + ¨Ò¨Ó»¡,¦pªG§Æ±æ­×§ï­­¨î¬° 300 packets per + second¡G + + &prompt.root; sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300 + + ¦pªG§A¤£·Q¦b¨t²Î¬ö¿ý¤¤¬Ý¨ì³o¨Ç°T®§¡A¦ý¬O¤´µM§Æ±æ«O«ù¦^À³ªº­­ + ¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î sysctl ­×§ï + net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output ÅܼƨӨú®ø³o¨Ç°T + ®§¡G + + &prompt.root; sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0 + + ³Ì«á¡A¦pªG§A·Q¨ú®ø³o¨Ç­­¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H³]©w + net.inet.icmp.icmplim (¦p¤W¨Ò©Ò¥Ü) ¬° + 0¡C°ò©ó¤W­z²z¥Ñ¡A§Ú­Ì¤£«Øij§A¨ú®ø³o¨Ç­­¨î¡C + + + -¶] SunOS 4.X ªº Sun ¤u§@¯¸¥u±µ¨ü¨Ó¦Û privileged port ªº mount request - ; ¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý - - - mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt - - - - + + + ³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§ + arp: unknown hardware address format + ¬O¤°»ò·N«ä¡H + + + + ³o¥Nªí§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô³s½u¤W¦³¤@¨Ç³]³Æ¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ¬Ý¤£À´±o MAC + ®æ¦¡¡C³o³q±`¬O¥Nªí¦³¤H¦b§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô¤W¶i¦æ¹êÅç¡A³Ì±`¨£ªº´N¬O + cable modem ªº³s½u¡C³o°T®§µL®`¡A¦Ó¥BÀ³¸Ó¤£¦Ü©ó¼vÅT¨ì FreeBSD ¥D + ¾÷ªº®Ä¯à¡C + + - -§Ú¦b¨Ï¥Î PPP ³s½u¨ì NeXTStep ¾÷¾¹®É¦³°ÝÃD. + + + §Ú­è­è¸Ë¦n CVSup ®M¥ó¡A¦ý¬O¦b¹Á¸Õ°õ¦æ®Éµo¥Í¤F¿ù»~¡A­n«ç»ò¿ì¡H + + + + + ­º¥ý¡A¬Ý¬Ý¿ù»~ªº°T®§¬O§_¦p¤U¡G + + /usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object "libXaw.so.6" not found + + ³oºØ¿ù»~°T®§¥Nªí§A¥D¾÷¤W¦w¸Ëªº + net/cvsup ¨S¦³¥]§t + XFree86 ®M¥ó¡C¦pªG§A·Q­n¨Ï¥Î + CVSup ¤º«Øªº¹Ï§Î¤¶­± + GUI ªº¸Ü¡A§A»Ý­n¦w¸Ë + XFree86¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦pªG§A¥u·Q¥H©R¥O¦C¤è + ¦¡¨Ï¥Î CVSup ªº¸Ü¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥ý²¾°£¤§«e + ¦w¸Ëªº®M¥ó¡C¨Ã¦w¸Ë + net/cvsup-without-gui ³o®M + ³nÅé¡C¦b FreeBSD ¤â¥U¤¤ CVSup + ¬q¸¨¤¤¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C + + + + + + + + + Biing Jong + Lin + +
bjlin@stic.gov.tw
+ + + + + Security + + + + BIND (named) °£¤F¦b³q°T°ð 53 ¥H¥~¤]¦b + ¨ä¥L°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð (high-numbered port) ²âÅ¥ (Listen)¡C + ³o¬O«ç»ò¦^¨Æ¡H + + + + FreeBSD 3.0 «áªºª©¥»¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó¯S®íªº BIND ª©¥»¡A³o­Óª©¥»·|¨Ï + ¥ÎÀH¾÷ªº°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð¨Ó¦^À³¥~³¡ªº¬d¸ß¡C¦pªG§A¦]¬°­n¾A¦X¨¾¤õÀ𪺠+ ³]©w©Î¬O³æ¯Âªº·QÅý¦Û¤v¬Ý¨ÓµÎªA¤@ÂI¦Ó·Q¥Î 53 ³q°T°ð¦^À³¥~³¡¬d¸ß¡A + ¨º»ò§A¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ§ó§ï¥H¤UÀɮ׬ÛÃö¤º®e + /etc/namedb/named.conf¡G + + options { + query-source address * port 53; +}; + + §A¤]¥i¥H±N * §ó§ï¬°¯S©w IP address¡A + ÂÇ¥H¥[±j±±¨î±ø¥ó¡C + + ¶¶«K®¥³ß§A¡C¯à°÷Ū¨ú§A¨t²Î¤Wªº &man.sockstat.1; ³ø§i¨Ã¥Bª`·N + ¤£¥¿±`ª¬ªp¬O¤@¥ó¦n¨Æ¡I + + -§â TCP extensions ¨ú®ø¡A³o­Ó³]©w¦b /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì­±. - §â¥H¤U³o­Ó­È³]¦¨ NO¡G - - - tcp_extensions=NO - - - -Xylogic ªº Annex ¥D¾÷¤]¦³¬Û¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A±z­n°µ¬Û¦Pªº­×§ï¤~¯à³s¤W -³o¨Ç¥D¾÷¡C - - + + + Sendmail °£¤F¦b¼Ð·Çªº³q°T°ð 25 ¥~¤]¦b³q°T°ð 587 ²âÅ¥¡I³o¬O«ç + »ò¦^¨Æ¡H + + + + ¸û·sª©¥»ªº Sendmail ¤ä´© mail submission ³o¶µ¥\¯à¡A¨Ã¥B¨Ï + ¥Î³q°T°ð 587¡C³o¶µ¥\¯àÁÙ¨S¦³³Q¼sªx¤ä´©¦ý¬O¤ä´©ªº¼Æ¥Ø¥¿¦b¼Wªø + ¤¤¡C + + - -§Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯à§â IP multicast support ¥´¶}? + + + §Úµo²{¤F³o­Ó UID 0 toor ±b¸¹¡A³o¬O¤°»ò + ¸J¿|¡H§Ú³Q¶Â±¼¤F¶Ü¡H + + + + ©ñ¤ß¡Ctoor ¬O¤@­Ó + alternative ºÞ²zªÌ±b¸¹ (toor ¬O root ªºÂà¦V«÷ªk)¡C + ¥H©¹¬O¸òÀH &man.bash.1; ¦w¸Ë¦Ó«Ø¨îªº¡A«á¨Ó«h¦¨¬°¨t²Î¤º©w«Ø¨îªº¤@ + ­Ó±b¸¹¡C³o­Ó±b¸¹±N¦ñÀH¤@­Ó«D¼Ð·Çªº shell ´ú¸Õ¨Ï¥Î¡A Åý§A¤£»Ý­n¥h + §ó§ï¨ì root ªº¤º«Ø shell¡C¦]¬°³o¨Ç¨ä¥Lªº shell + ¨Ã¨S¦³¸òÀH¨t²Î¹w³]­È¦w¸Ë (Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¬Y¨Ç¥Ñ ports ¦w¸Ëªº + shell package)¡A¦Ó³Q¤º©w¦w¸Ë¦b /usr/local/bin + ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦³¥i¯à¦s¦b¤£¦PªºÀɮרt²Î¤¤¡C ­Õ­Y root + ªº shell ³Q©ñ¦b /usr/local/bin¡A¥B + /usr (©Î¬O¨ä¥L¥]§tµÛ + /usr/local/bin ³o­Ó¤l¥Ø¿ýªºÀɮרt²Î) + ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç­ì¦]¨Ã¨S¦³³Q¥¿±`ªº mount °_¨Óªº¸Ü¡Aroot + ±NµLªk¥¿±`ªºµn¤J¨t²Î¶i¦æºû­× (ÁöµM»¡§A­«¶}¾÷¦¨³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡´N·|°Ý§A­n + ¸ü¤J­þ­Ó shell)¡C + + ¦³¨Ç¤H¨Ï¥Î toor ±b¸¹¶i¦æ¨C¤éªº + root ºûÅ@¤u§@¡A¦p¦¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î«D¼Ð·Çªº + shell¡A¦Ó root ¥i¥H«O¯d¼Ð·Ç shell¡A + ¥H¦]À³³æ¤@¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡ (single user mode) ©Îºò«æª¬ªp³B²z¡C + ¨Ì·Ó¨t²Î¤º©w­È¡A§A±NµLªk¨Ï¥Î toor µn¤J¡A + ¦]¬°³o­Ó±b¸¹©|¥¼§ó§ï±K½X³]©w¡C¦]¦¹§A¦pªG§A·Q±Ò°Ê³o­Ó±b¸¹¡A§A»Ý­n + ¨Ï¥Î root µn¤J¨t²Î¨Ã¥B­×§ï + toor ªº±K½X¡C + + -FreeBSD 2.0 ¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º©w³£¦³ ¤ä´© Multicast host ¾Þ§@¡C¦pªG±z·Q±N±zªº¥D¾÷³]©w¦¨ - multicast router ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·­«·s compile ±zªº kernel¡A¥[¤J MROUTING - ªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ mrouted¡C¦pªG±zªº/etc/rc.conf ¸Ì­±ªº - mrouted_enable ³o­Ó°Ñ¼Æ¬O³]©w¦¨"YES" ªº¸Ü.FreeBSD 2.2 ¤Î¤§«áªº - ª©¥»·|¦b¶}¾÷®É°õ¦æ mrouted¡C - -MBONE ªº¦UºØ¤u¨ã¥i¥H¦b¥L­Ì ports ¤U©ÒÄÝ¥s°µ mbone¥Ø¿ý¤¤§ä¨ì¡C - ¦pªG±z¦b§äµø°T·|ijªº¤u¨ã¦p vic ©M vat ªº¸Ü¡A - ¨ì¨ºÃä§ä§ä¡I - -¦pªG»Ý­n§ó¶i¤@³¡ªº°T®§¡A¥i¨ì - Mbone Information Web´M§ä¡C - - + + + ¬°¤°»ò suidperl µLªk¥¿±`¹B§@¡H + - -­þ¨Çºô¸ô¥d¬O¨Ï¥Î DEC PCI chipset? + + ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç¦w¥þªº¦Ò¡Asuidperl ¤º©wªº¦w¸Ë + ¨Ã¨S¦³³]©w suid bit¡C¨t²ÎºÞ²zªÌ¥i¥H¨Ì·Ó¥H¤U©R¥O±Ò°Ê suid ³]©w¡C + -¥H¤U¬O Glen Foster´£¨Ñªº²M³æ: - - - Vendor Model - ---------------------------------------------- - ASUS PCI-L101-TB - Accton ENI1203 - Cogent EM960PCI - Compex ENET32-PCI - D-Link DE-530 - Dayna DP1203, DP2100 - DEC DE435, DE450 - Danpex EN-9400P3 - JCIS Condor JC1260 - Linksys EtherPCI - Mylex LNP101 - SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) - SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) - TopWare TE-3500P - Zynx ZX342 - - - - + &prompt.root; chmod u+s /usr/bin/suidperl - -¬°¤°»ò­n¥Î FQDN ¤~¯à³s¨ì¨ä¥L¾÷¾¹¡H + ¦pªG§A·Q­n¦b¥Ñ source ¤É¯Å®É suidperl ¤º©w + ±Ò°Ê suid ¥\¯àªº¸Ü¡A½s¿è /etc/make.conf ¥[¤J + ENABLE_SUIDPERL=true µM«á°õ¦æ + make buildworld¡C + + + + + + + PPP + + + + + I cannot make &man.ppp.8; work. What am I doing wrong? + + + + You should first read the + &man.ppp.8; + man page and the + PPP section of the handbook. Enable logging with + the command + + set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command + + This command may be typed at the + &man.ppp.8; command prompt or it may be + entered in the /etc/ppp/ppp.conf + configuration file (the start of the + default section is the best + place to put it). Make sure that + /etc/syslog.conf (see &man.syslog.conf.5;) contains the lines + + !ppp +*.* /var/log/ppp.log + + and that the file /var/log/ppp.log + exists. You can now find out a lot about what is going on + from the log file. Do not worry if it does not all make sense. + If you need to get help from someone, it may make sense to + them. + + If your version of &man.ppp.8; does not understand the + set log command, you should download the + + latest version. It will build on FreeBSD version + 2.1.5 and higher. + + -§A¤]³\·|µo²{­n³sªº¾÷¾¹¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¥t¤@­Óºô°ì¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A°²³]§A¬O¦b - foo.bar.edu ³o­Óºô°ì¤¤¡A·Q­n³s¨ì¦b bar.edu ¸Ì¤@¥x¥s ``mumble'' ªº - ¾÷¾¹¡A«h¥²¶·¥Î Fully-Qualified Domain Name¡A¤]´N¬O - ``mumble.bar.edu''¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥u¥Î ``mumble'' ¨Ó«ü¦V¥¦¡C - -¶Ç²Îªº BSD BIND resolver ¤¹³\¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¸Ñ¥X¾÷¾¹ªº¦ì§}¡A¦ý¬O - FreeBSD ¤ºªþ bind ª©¥» - ªº¤º©w¤è¦¡¡A«h¬O°£¤F§A©Ò¦bªººô°ì¥H¥~¡A¤£¤ä´©¨ä¥L«D FQDN ªºÁY¼g¡C - ©Ò¥H¦p mumble ³oºØ¤£¦X®æªº¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¡A¥²¶·¦b - mumble.foo.bar.edu¡A§_«h´N·|±qºô°ìªº³Ì©³¼h¶}©l§ä¡C - -³o©M¥ý«eªº°µªk¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¤£¥Î mumble.bar.edu ©M - mumble.edu Ä~Äò·j´M¡C¬Ý¤@¤U RFC 1535¡A¸Ì­±¦³´£¨ì¬°¤°»ò¤§ - «eªº°µªk¤£¦n¡A¬Æ¦Üºâ¬O­Ó¦w¥þº|¬}¡C - -³o¸Ì¦³­Ó¤£¿ùªº¸Ñªk¡A§â - /etc/resolv.conf ¸Ìªº³o¤@¦æ¡G - - - domain foo.bar.edu - - - - ´«¦¨³o¤@¦æ¡G - - - search foo.bar.edu bar.edu - - - - ¦ý¬O­n½T©w·j´M¶¶§Ç¤£·|¹H¤Ï RFC 2535 ©Ò¿×ªº ``boundary between local - and public administration''¡C - - + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; hang when I run it? + + + + This is usually because your hostname will not resolve. + The best way to fix this is to make sure that + /etc/hosts is consulted by your + resolver first by editing /etc/host.conf + and putting the hosts line first. Then, + simply put an entry in /etc/hosts for + your local machine. If you have no local network, change your + localhost line: + + 127.0.0.1 foo.bar.com foo localhost + + Otherwise, simply add another entry for your host. + Consult the relevant man pages for more details. + + You should be able to successfully + ping -c1 `hostname` when you are done. + + - -©Ò¦³ºô¸ô°Ê§@³£·|¥X²{ ``Permission denied'' ¿ù»~°T®§ + + + Why will &man.ppp.8; not dial in -auto + mode? + -¦pªG¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤F IPFIREWALL ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡A­n¾å±o 2.1.7R - ¤º©w¬O©Úµ´©Ò¦³¥¼¸g®Ö­ãªººô¸ô«Ê¥](¦ý¦b¶}µo 2.1-STABLE ®É§ï±¼¤F)¡C - -¦pªG¤£¤p¤ß§Ë¿ù¤F firewall ªº³]©w¡A¥H root ¨­¥÷°õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡A±µµÛ - ºô¸ô¥\¯à´N·|¥¿±`¡G - - - ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any - - - -¤]¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ³] "firewall_type='open'" ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C - -¦pªG·Qª¾¹D¦p¦ó³]©w FreeBSD firewall¡A½Ð¬Ý Handbook ¬ÛÃö³¡¥÷¡C - - + + First, check that you have got a default route. By running + netstat -rn (see &man.netstat.1;), you should see two entries like this: - -IPFW ·|³y¦¨¦h¤jªººô¸ô©µ¿ð¡H + Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire +default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 +10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 UH 0 0 tun0 -³o­Ó°ÝÃDªºµª®×¤j¦h­n¬Ý§A«ç»ò­q firewall ³W«h¡BÁÙ¦³ CPU ³t«×¡C¹ï¤j - ¦h¼Æ¦b ethernet ¤Wªºµ{¦¡¤Î³W«h¤£¦hªº±¡ªp¤U¡A©µ¿ð¤p¨ì¥i¥H©¿²¤¡C¦ý¦pªG - §A·Q­nºë½T¼Æ¦r¨Óº¡¨¬¦n©_¤ß¡AÄ~Äò©¹¤UŪ¡C - -¤U­±¬O¦b 486-66 2.2.5-STABLE ¤W©Ò§@ªº´ú¶q¡A§Ú­Ì­×§ï¤F IPFW ­ì©l½X - ¨Ó´ú¶q¦b ip_fw_chk ¨ç¦¡¤W©Òªáªº®É¶¡¡A¨C³B²z 1000 ­Ó«Ê¥]«á´N·|¦b - console ¤WÅã¥Üµ²ªG¡C - -´ú¸Õ¤F¨â²Õ¡A¨C²Õ¦U¦³ 1000 ­Ó³W«h¡C²Ä¤@²Õ­«½Æ¤U­±³W«h¡A¬G·N³]­p¦¨ - ³ÌÁVªº±¡ªp¡G - - - ipfw add deny tcp from any to any 55555 - - - -ÂÇ¥ÑÀˬd port number¡A³o¼Ë·|¨Ï IPFW ¦b¨M©w¬Y­Ó«Ê¥]¤£²Å¦X±ø¥ó«e°õ - ¦æ¤j³¡¥÷ªºÀˬdµ{¦¡¡A¦]¦¹³y¦¨³Ì®tªºª¬ªp¡C¦b­«½Æ³o­Ó³W«h 999 ¦¸«á¡A±µ - µÛ¬O allow ip from any to any¡C - -²Ä¤G²Õ³]­p¦¨¥H·¥§Öªº³t«×¸õ¹LÀˬd³W«h¡G - - - ipfw add deny ip from 1.2.3.4 to 1.2.3.4 - - - -¤@¸I¨ì«Ê¥]ªº¨Ó·½¤£²Å¦X³W«h©Ò­z¡A·|«Ü§Ö¸õ¹LÀˬdÅý«Ê¥]³q¹L¡C©M¤W­± - ¤@¼Ë¡A²Ä 1000 ­Ó³W«h¬O allow ip from any to any¡C - -¦b²Ä¤@ºØ±¡ªp¤¤¡A³B²z¨C¤@­Ó«Ê¥]©Ò³y¦¨ªº©µ¿ð¤j¬ù¬O 2.703 ms¡A©Ò¥H¨C - ­Ó³W«h¤j·§·|³y¦¨ 2.7 microsecond ªº©µ¿ð¡C©Ò¥H¦b³o¨Ç³W«h¤§¤U¡A²z½×¤W¨C - ¬í³Ì¦h¥i¥H³B²z 370 ­Ó«Ê¥]¡C¦b 10Mbps ethernet ©M¤@­Ó«Ê¥]¤j·§ 1500 byte - ªº°²³]¤U¡A¤j·§¥u·|¥Î¨ì 55.5% ªººô¸ôÀW¼e¡C - -²Ä¤GºØ±¡ªp¡A¨C­Ó«Ê¥]ªá¤F¤j¬ù 1.172ms¡A©Ò¥H¨C±ø³W«h¤j¬ù¥Î¤F 1.2 - microsecond¡C²z½×¤W¨C¬í³Ì¦h¥i¥H³B²z 853 ­Ó«Ê¥]¡A¯ÓºÉ 10Mbps ªºÀW¼e¡C - -¤W­±´ú¸Õ¥Î¨ìªº¤j¶q³W«h¡B¤Î³o¨Ç³W«h¥»¨­¨Ã¤£¥Nªí¯u¹ê¥@¬Éªº±¡ªp¡A¥L­Ì - ¥u¬O¥Î¨Ó²£¥Í©Òªí¥Üªº¼Æ¾Ú¡C­Y·Q­n­q¥X¤@®M¦³®Ä²vªº³W«h¡A°O±o³o´X¥ó¨Æ¡G - - - + This is assuming that you have used the addresses from the + handbook, the man page or from the ppp.conf.sample file. + If you do not have a default route, it may be because you are + running an old version of &man.ppp.8; + that does not understand the word HISADDR + in the ppp.conf file. If your version of + &man.ppp.8; is from before FreeBSD + 2.2.5, change the - -¦b³Ì«e­±©ñ¤@­Ó±Mªù³B²z¤j¶q TCP ¬y¶qªº¥i¥Î³W«h¡A¦b³o±ø«e­±¤£ - ­n©ñ¥ô¦ó allow tcp ªº¬ÛÃö±Ô­z¡C + add 0 0 HISADDR - - + line to one saying - -§â±`±`IJµoªº³W«h©ñ¦b«e­±¡A¤£±`¥Î¨ìªº«h¥á¨ì«á­±(·íµM¦b¤£ - ¼vÅT firewall ¥X¤J¤¹³\³]©wªº«e´£¤U)¡C°õ¦æ ipfw -a l - ´N¥i¬Ý¨ì«Ê¥]ªº²Î­p¼Æ¥Ø¡A¨Ó¬Ý³Ì±`¥Î¨ì­þ¨Ç³W«h¡C - - + add 0 0 10.0.0.2 - - - - + Another reason for the default route line being missing + is that you have mistakenly set up a default router in your + /etc/rc.conf (see &man.rc.conf.5;) file (this file was called + /etc/sysconfig prior to release 2.2.2), + and you have omitted the line saying - -­n¦p¦ó§â¹ï¬Y¥x¾÷¾¹ªººô¸ôªA°È­n¨D(service request)Âà¦V¨ì¥t¤@¥x¡H - + delete ALL -¦b ports ¥Ø¿ýªº sysutils ºØÃþ¤¤¦³­Ó¥s 'socket' ªº package¡A¥i¥HÀ° - §AÂà¦V FTP ©Î¨ä¥LÃþ¦üªººô¸ôªA°È¡C¥u­n§â¸Óºô¸ôªA°Èªº©R¥O§ï¦¨©I¥s socket - §Y¥i¡A¦p¤U(¦b /etc/inetd.conf ¸Ì)¡G - - -ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket ftp.foo.com ftp - - -¨ä¤¤ 'ftp.foo.com' ©M 'ftp' ¤À§O¬O³QÂà¨ìªº¾÷¾¹©M port ¦WºÙ¡C - - + from ppp.conf. If this is the case, + go back to the + Final system configuration section of the + handbook. + + - -¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ìºÞ²zÀW¼eªº¤u¨ã¡H + + + What does No route to host mean? + + + + This error is usually due to a missing + + MYADDR: + delete ALL + add 0 0 HISADDR + + section in your /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup + file. This is only necessary if you have a dynamic IP address + or do not know the address of your gateway. If you are using + interactive mode, you can type the following after entering + packet mode (packet mode is + indicated by the capitalized PPP in the + prompt): + + delete ALL +add 0 0 HISADDR + + Refer to the + PPP and Dynamic IP addresses section of the handbook + for further details. + + -FreeBSD ¤W¦³¨â®MÀW¼eºÞ²z¤u¨ã¡G - ALTQ ¥i¥H§K¶O¨Ï¥Î¡A - Emerging Technologies ¥Xªº - Bandwidth Manager «h¬O°Ó¥Î³nÅé¡C - - + + + Why does my connection drop after about 3 minutes? + + + + The default PPP timeout is 3 minutes. This can be + adjusted with the line + + set timeout NNN + + where NNN is the number of + seconds of inactivity before the connection is closed. If + NNN is zero, the connection is never + closed due to a timeout. It is possible to put this command in + the ppp.conf file, or to type it at the + prompt in interactive mode. It is also possible to adjust it on + the fly while the line is active by connecting to + ppps server socket using + &man.telnet.1; or &man.pppctl.8;. + Refer to the + &man.ppp.8; man + page for further details. + + - -«ç»ò·|¶]¥X ``/dev/bpf0: device not configured'' ³o­Ó°T®§¡H - + + + Why does my connection drop under heavy load? + + + + If you have Link Quality Reporting (LQR) configured, + it is possible that too many LQR packets are lost between + your machine and the peer. Ppp deduces that the line must + therefore be bad, and disconnects. Prior to FreeBSD version + 2.2.5, LQR was enabled by default. It is now disabled by + default. LQR can be disabled with the line + + disable lqr + + -¬f§JµÜ«Ê¥]¹LÂo¾¹(Berkeley Packet Filter) (bpf) - ¦bµ{¦¡¨Ï¥Î«e¥²¶·¦b kernel ¥´¶}¥¦ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡A§â¤U­±³o¤@¦æ¥[¤J kernel - ³]©wÀɤ¤¡A½s­Ó·sªº kernel¡G - - - pseudo-device bpfilter # Berkeley Packet Filter+ - - -¦b­«·s¶}¾÷¤§«á¡AÁÙ­n°µ¥X device node¡A¦b /dev ¤U°õ¦æ¡G - - - - # sh MAKEDEV bpf0 - - - -¦pªG·Q­n§ó¶i¤@¨Bª¾¹D¦p¦ó°µ¥X¦UºØ device node¡A½Ð¬Ý handbook ¤¤¦³Ãö device node ªº»¡©ú¡C - - - + + + Why does my connection drop after a random amount of + time? + -PPP + + Sometimes, on a noisy phone line or even on a line with + call waiting enabled, your modem may hang up because it + thinks (incorrectly) that it lost carrier. - - §Ú¤£¯à¨Ï¥Î ppp¡A§Ú°µ¿ù¤F¤°»ò¶Ü ? - + There is a setting on most modems for determining how + tolerant it should be to temporary losses of carrier. On a + USR Sportster for example, this is measured by the S10 + register in tenths of a second. To make your modem more + forgiving, you could add the following send-expect sequence + to your dial string: -§AÀ³¸Ó¥ý¬Ý¬Ý ppp man page ©M - ppp ¨Ï¥Î»¡©ú¡C¨Ï¥Î¥H¤U«ü¥O¨Ó¥´¶}°O¿ý (logging) ªº¥\¯à - - - set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command - - - -³o­Ó©R¥O¥i¥H¦b ppp command prompt ©ÎªÌ¬O¦b - /etc/ppp/ppp.conf ²ÕºAÀɮפ¤¥[¤J¡C - (¥[¦b default section ªº¶}ÀY³Ì¦n). - ½T©w¦b /etc/syslog.conf ¸Ì­±¦³³o»ò¤@¦æ: - - - !ppp - *.* /var/log/ppp.log - - - -¦Ó¥B/var/log/ppp.log ³o­ÓÀɮצs¦b¡C ¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó - §A¥i¥H±q log Àɮפ¤ª¾¹D¨ì©³µo¥Í¤F¤°»ò¨Æ±¡¡C - ¥ý¤£¥Î¾á¤ßÀɮתº¤º®e§A¬Ý¤£À´¡A¦pªG§A­n¦V¤H¨D±Ïªº¸Ü - ¡A±Ï§Aªº¤H·|¬Ý±oÀ´ªº¡C - -¦pªG§A¨t²Î¤Wªº¨º¥÷ ppp ¤£´£¨Ñ "set log" - ªº«ü¥Oªº¸Ü¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥h¤U¸ü - ³Ì·sª©¥»¡C - ³o­Óª©¥»¦b FreeBSD 2.1.5 ¥H¤Wªºª©¥»³£¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¡C - - + set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......" - -§Ú¤@°õ¦æ ppp¡A¥¦´N±¾¦b¨ºÃ䤣°Ê¤F + Refer to your modem manual for details. + + -·|µo¥Í³oºØ±¡§Î³q±`¬O§Aªº hostname ¨S¦³¿ìªk¸Ñ¥X¨Ó¡C¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD - ³Ì¦nªº¿ìªk¬O½T©w /etc/hosts ·|³Q§Aªº resolver ²Ä¤@­Ó°Ñ¦Ò¨ì¡C - §A¥i¥H­×§ï/etc/host.conf - ¨Ã¥B§âhosts ©ñ¨ì³Ì«e­±¡C±µµÛ¡A¥u­n§â§Aªº¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ©ñ¨ì - /etc/hosts ¸Ì­±´N¥i¥H¤F¡C¦pªG§A¨S¦³ local network ªº¸Ü¡A­×§ï - localhost ³o¤@¦æ¡G - - -127.0.0.1 foo.bar.com foo localhost - - - - §_«h¡A´N§â§A¥D¾÷ªº¸ê°T¥[¤JÀɮפ¤¡C§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò¬ÛÃöªº man pages ¥HÀò±o¶i¤@¨Bªº¸ê°T¡C - - -¦pªG§A¶¶§Qªº§¹¦¨³o¨Ç°Ê§@¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦¨¥\ªº°õ¦æ ping -c1 `hostname` - ¡C - - + + + Why does my connection hang after a random amount of + time? + + + Many people experience hung connections with no apparent + explanation. The first thing to establish is which side of + the link is hung. + + If you are using an external modem, you can simply try + using &man.ping.8; to see if the + TD light is flashing when you transmit data. + If it flashes (and the RD light does not), + the problem is with the remote end. If TD + does not flash, the problem is local. With an internal modem, + you will need to use the set server command in + your ppp.conf file. When the hang occurs, + connect to &man.ppp.8; using &man.pppctl.8;. If your network connection + suddenly revives (PPP was revived due to the activity on the + diagnostic socket) or if you cannot connect (assuming the + set socket command succeeded at startup + time), the problem is local. If you can connect and things are + still hung, enable local async logging with set log + local async and use &man.ping.8; from + another window or terminal to make use of the link. The async + logging will show you the data being transmitted and received + on the link. If data is going out and not coming back, the + problem is remote. + + Having established whether the problem is local or remote, + you now have two possibilities: + + - -Ppp ¦b -auto ¼Ò¦¡¤U¤£¯à¼·¸¹ + + + The remote end is not responding. What can I do? + + + + There is very little you can do about this. Most ISPs + will refuse to help if you are not running a Microsoft OS. + You can enable lqr in your + ppp.conf file, allowing &man.ppp.8; to detect + the remote failure and hang up, but this detection is + relatively slow and therefore not that useful. You may want to + avoid telling your ISP that you are running user-PPP... + + First, try disabling all local compression by adding the + following to your configuration: + + disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj +deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj + + Then reconnect to ensure that this makes no difference. + If things improve or if the problem is solved completely, + determine which setting makes the difference through trial + and error. This will provide good ammunition when you contact + your ISP (although it may make it apparent that you are not + running a Microsoft product). + + Before contacting your ISP, enable async logging locally + and wait until the connection hangs again. This may use up + quite a bit of disk space. The last data read from the port + may be of interest. It is usually ascii data, and may even + describe the problem + (Memory fault, core dumped?). + + If your ISP is helpful, they should be able to enable + logging on their end, then when the next link drop occurs, + they may be able to tell you why their side is having a + problem. Feel free to send the details to &a.brian;, or + even to ask your ISP to contact me directly. + + -­º¥ý½T©w§Aªº¤º©w¸ô¥Ñ (default route) ¬O§_¦³³]©w¡C¤U netstat -rn ³o­Ó«ü¥O¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¯à°÷¬Ý¨ì¦p¥H¤U½d¨Òªº¨â­Ó entries¡G - - -Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire -default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 -10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 UH 0 0 tun0 - - - -³o¨Ç³]©w¬O°²³]±z¨Ï¥Îªº address ¸ò handbook ¸Ì­±ªº¡B©Î¬O man - page ªº½d¨Ò¡B©ÎªÌ©M ppp.conf.sample ¸Ìªº³]©w¬Û¦P¡C¦pªG±z¨S¦³³]©w - default route¡A¨º»ò¦³¥i¯à±z²{¦b¨Ï¥Îª©¥»ªº ppp¡Aªº - ppp ·|¬Ý¤£À´ ppp.conf ¸Ìªº HISADDR¡C¦pªG±zªº¨t²Î ppp - ¬O¦b FreeBSD 2.2.5 ¤§«eªº¸Ü¡A­×§ï³o¤@¦æ - - - add 0 0 HISADDR - - - -¦¨¬° - - - add 0 0 10.0.0.2 - - - -default route ³o¦æ¨S¦³¥X²{ªº¥t¤@­Ó­ì¦]¬O§A³]¿ù¤F default - router¡A³o­Ó³]©w¦b /etc/rc.conf Àɮפ¤(³o­ÓÀɮצb release 2.2.2 «e¥s - /etc/sysconfig)¡A§A»Ý­n¦b ppp.conf ¤¤¥[¤J³o - »ò¤@¦æ - - - delete ALL - - - -¦pªGµo¥Í³oºØ±¡§Î¡A¦^¨ì handbook userppp ³Ì«á³]©w - ªº»¡©ú¤¤¬d¸ß¡C - - + + + &man.ppp.8; has hung. What can I do? + + + + Your best bet here is to rebuild &man.ppp.8; by adding + CFLAGS+=-g and STRIP= + to the end of the Makefile, then doing a + make clean && make && make + install. When &man.ppp.8; hangs, find the &man.ppp.8; process id + with ps ajxww | fgrep ppp and run + gdb ppp PID. + From the gdb prompt, you can then use bt + to get a stack trace. + + Send the results to brian@Awfulhak.org. + + - -¤°»ò¥s°µ "No route to host" + + + Why does nothing happen after the Login OK! + message? + + + + Prior to FreeBSD version 2.2.5, once the link was + established, &man.ppp.8; + would wait for the peer to initiate the Line Control Protocol + (LCP). Many ISPs will not initiate negotiations and expect + the client to do so. To force + &man.ppp.8; to initiate the LCP, use the + following line: + + set openmode active + + + It usually does no + harm if both sides initiate negotiation, so openmode is now + active by default. However, the next section explains when + it does do some harm. + + + -³o­Óª¬ªp³q±`¬O¦]¬°¯Ê¤Ö¤F³o¬q³]©w - - - MYADDR: - delete ALL - add 0 0 HISADDR - - - -½ÐÀˬd±zªº /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup Àɮפ¤¬O§_¦³³o¨Ç³]©w¡C - ¥u¦³¦b±z¨Ï¥Î°ÊºA IP(dynamic IP) ©Î¤£ª¾¹D±z gateway ªº IP ®É¤~»Ý­n - ³]©w³o­Ó¡C¦pªG±z¬O¨Ï¥Î interactive mode ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥i¥H¦b¶i¤J packet - mode «á¿é¤J¦p¤U©R¥O(¦pªG ppp ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹Åܦ¨¤j¼gªº PPP¡A«K¥Nªí¤w - ¸g¶i¤J packet mode)¡G - - - delete ALL - add 0 0 HISADDR - - - -±z¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò handbook ¤¤ - PPP ©M°ÊºA IP ¦ì§} ªº³¡¥÷¡A¦³¸û¸ÔºÉªº»¡©ú¡C - - + + + I keep seeing errors about magic being the same. What does + it mean? + + + + Occasionally, just after connecting, you may see messages + in the log that say magic is the same. + Sometimes, these messages are harmless, and sometimes one side + or the other exits. Most PPP implementations cannot survive + this problem, and even if the link seems to come up, you will see + repeated configure requests and configure acknowledgments in + the log file until &man.ppp.8; eventually gives up and closes the + connection. + + This normally happens on server machines with slow disks + that are spawning a getty on the port, and executing &man.ppp.8; from + a login script or program after login. I have also heard reports + of it happening consistently when using slirp. The reason is + that in the time taken between &man.getty.8; exiting and &man.ppp.8; starting, + the client-side &man.ppp.8; starts sending Line Control Protocol (LCP) + packets. Because ECHO is still switched on for the port on + the server, the client &man.ppp.8; sees these packets + reflect back. + + One part of the LCP negotiation is to establish a magic + number for each side of the link so that + reflections can be detected. The protocol says + that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a + NAK should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. + During the period that the server port has ECHO turned on, the + client &man.ppp.8; sends LCP packets, sees the same magic in the + reflected packet and NAKs it. It also sees the NAK reflect + (which also means &man.ppp.8; must change its magic). This produces a + potentially enormous number of magic number changes, all of + which are happily piling into the server's tty buffer. As soon + as &man.ppp.8; starts on the server, it is flooded with magic number + changes and almost immediately decides it has tried enough to + negotiate LCP and gives up. Meanwhile, the client, who no + longer sees the reflections, becomes happy just in time to see + a hangup from the server. + + This can be avoided by allowing the peer to start + negotiating with the following line in your ppp.conf + file: + + set openmode passive + + This tells &man.ppp.8; to wait for the server to initiate LCP + negotiations. Some servers however may never initiate + negotiations. If this is the case, you can do something + like: + + set openmode active 3 + + This tells &man.ppp.8; to be passive for 3 seconds, and then to + start sending LCP requests. If the peer starts sending + requests during this period, &man.ppp.8; will immediately respond + rather than waiting for the full 3 second period. + + - -§Úªº³s½u¦b¤T¤ÀÄÁ«á¦Û°ÊÂ_±¼¤F + + + LCP negotiations continue until the connection is + closed. What is wrong? + + + + There is currently an implementation mis-feature in + &man.ppp.8; where it does not associate + LCP, CCP & IPCP responses with their original requests. As + a result, if one PPP + implementation is more than 6 seconds slower than the other + side, the other side will send two additional LCP configuration + requests. This is fatal. + + Consider two implementations, + A and + B. A starts + sending LCP requests immediately after connecting and + B takes 7 seconds to start. When + B starts, A + has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the line has ECHO switched + off, otherwise we would see magic number problems as described in + the previous section. B sends a + REQ, then an ACK to the first of + A's REQs. This results in + A entering the OPENED + state and sending and ACK (the first) back to + B. In the meantime, + B sends back two more ACKs in response to + the two additional REQs sent by A + before B started up. + B then receives the first ACK from + A and enters the + OPENED state. + A receives the second ACK from + B and goes back to the + REQ-SENT state, sending another (forth) REQ + as per the RFC. It then receives the third ACK and enters the + OPENED state. In the meantime, + B receives the forth REQ from + A, resulting in it reverting to the + ACK-SENT state and sending + another (second) REQ and (forth) ACK as per the RFC. + A gets the REQ, goes into + REQ-SENT and sends another REQ. It + immediately receives the following ACK and enters + OPENED. + + This goes on until one side figures out that they are + getting nowhere and gives up. + + The best way to avoid this is to configure one side to be + passive - that is, make one side + wait for the other to start negotiating. This can be done + with the + + set openmode passive + + command. Care should be taken with this option. You + should also use the + + set stopped N + + command to limit the amount of time that + &man.ppp.8; waits for the peer to begin + negotiations. Alternatively, the + + set openmode active N + + command (where N is the + number of seconds to wait before starting negotiations) can be + used. Check the manual page for details. + + -ppp ¹w³]ªº timeout ­È¬O¤T¤ÀÄÁ¡C¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤U³o¦æ©R¥O½Õ¾ã - - - set timeout NNN - - - -³o¥Nªí¦pªG¦b NNN ¬í¤ººô¸ô³£¨S¦³°ÊÀRªº¸Ü¡Appp ´N·|¦Û°ÊÃö³¬ - ³s½u¡C¦pªG NNN ³]¦¨ 0¡A¨º»ò±N¤£·|¦]¬°¨S¦³¸ê®Æ¨Ó©¹¦ÓÃö³¬³s½u¡C - §A¥i¥H§â³o¦æ©R¥O©ñ¨ì ppp.conf ³o­ÓÀɮ׸̭±¡A©Î¬O¦b - interactive mode ¸Ì­±¿é¤J³o­Ó«ü¥O¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î telnet ©Î - pppctl ³s¨ì ppps ¦øªA¾¹ªº socket¡A¦b³s½u«áÀH®É½Õ¾ã - timeout ªº­È¡C°Ñ¦Ò ppp man page - ¥HÀò±o§ó¸ÔºÉªº¸ê®Æ. - - + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up shortly after connection? + + + + Prior to version 2.2.5 of FreeBSD, it was possible that + your link was disabled shortly after connection due to + &man.ppp.8; mis-handling Predictor1 + compression negotiation. This would only happen if both sides + tried to negotiate different Compression Control Protocols + (CCP). This problem is now corrected, but if you are still + running an old version of &man.ppp.8; + the problem can be circumvented with the line + + disable pred1 + + - -§Úªº³s½u¦]¬°­t²ü¤Ó­«¦ÓÂ_½u + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up when I shell out to test it? + + + + When you execute the shell or + ! command, &man.ppp.8; executes a + shell (or if you have passed any arguments, + &man.ppp.8; will execute those arguments). Ppp will + wait for the command to complete before continuing. If you + attempt to use the PPP link while running the command, the link + will appear to have frozen. This is because + &man.ppp.8; is waiting for the command to + complete. + + If you wish to execute commands like this, use the + !bg command instead. This will execute + the given command in the background, and &man.ppp.8; can continue to + service the link. + + -¦pªG±z³]©w­n¥Î Link Quality Reporting(LQR)¡A±z©M¹ï¤è¥D¾÷¤§¶¡´N - ¦³¥i¯à¿ò¥¢¤Ó¦hªº LQR «Ê¥]¡CPpp ·|¦]¦¹§PÂ_¹q¸Ü½u¸ô¦³°ÝÃD¡AµM«á´N·| - ¤ÁÂ_³s½u¡C¦b FreeBSD 2.2.5 ª©¥H«e¡A¤º©w·|¨Ï¥Î LQR¡A²{¦bªº¤º©w­È¬O - ¤£¥Î¡CLQR ¥i¥H¥Î³o¤@¦æ©R¥O¨ú®ø - - - disable lqr - - - - + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; over a null-modem cable never exit? + - -ppp ·|¤£©w®ÉªºÂ_½u + + There is no way for &man.ppp.8; to + automatically determine that a direct connection has been + dropped. This is due to the lines that are used in a + null-modem serial cable. When using this sort of connection, + LQR should always be enabled with the line -¦³®É­Ô¦pªG½u¸ô¤W¦³¤Ó¦hÂø°T¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦pªG±z¨Ï¥Î¤F¹q¸Ü´¡¼·ªA°Èªº¸Ü¡A - ±zªº¼Æ¾Ú¾÷±N·|±¾Â_¹q¸Ü¡A¦]¬°¥¦»~»{³o¨Ç°T®§¬O lost carrier¡C - -¤j³¡¤Àªº¼Æ¾Ú¾÷³£¦³®e§Ô¼È®É¥¢¥h carrier ªº³]©w¡C¥H USR Sportster - ¬°¨Ò¡A¥¢¥h carrier ©M±¾Â_¹q¸Ü¤§¶¡ªº®É¶¡¡A¬O¥H 1/10 ¬í¬°³æ¦ì¦s¦b - S10 ¼È¦s¾¹¤¤¡C¦pªG­nÅý±zªº¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¯à®e§Ô§óªøªº®É¶¡¡A§A¥i¥H¦b dial - string ¸Ì­±¥[¤J¥H¤U "°e¥X©R¥O - µ¥«Ý¦r¦ê" ªº³¡¥÷¡G - - - set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......" - - - -°Ñ¦Ò¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¤ºªþªº»¡©ú®Ñ¥H¨ú±o§ó¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¡C - - + enable lqr - -³s½u·|¤£©w®É·í±¼ + LQR is accepted by default if negotiated by the peer. + + -³\¦h¤Hªº³s½u·|²@µL¨Ó¥Ñªº¥d¦í¡A­º¥ý­n°µªº¬O§ä¥X³s½u¨º¤@¤è·í±¼¡C - -¦pªG¥Îªº¬O¥~±µ¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡A´N¥Î ping ¨Ó¬Ý¦b¶Ç¸ê®Æ®É¡ATD ¿O¸¹ - ·|¤£·|°{¡C¦pªG·|ªº¸Ü¡]¨Ã¥B RD ¤£·|°{¡^¡A¥Nªí¬O¹ï¤è¥X°ÝÃD¡F¦pªG - ¤£·|¡A«h¬O¦Û¤vªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG¥Î¤º±µ¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡A¥ý¦b ppp.conf ¤¤¥[¤J - set server ³o¹D«ü¥O¡A·í³s½u·í±¼®É¡A°õ¦æ pppctl ³s¨ì ppp¡C¦pªGºô - ¸ô³s½u¬ðµM¦n¤F¡]¦]¬° ppp ¬Ý¨ì¥Î¨Ó¶EÂ_°ÝÃDªº socket¡^©ÎµLªk³s¤W¡]°²³] - ¦b¤@¶}©l¥i¥H°õ¦æ set socket ³o¹D«ü¥O¡^¡Aªí¥Ü¥»¦a¥X°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG³s - ±o¤W ppp «o¤´µM¤£¯à¥Î¡A¥Î set log local async ¥´¶}¥»¦aªº«D¦P¨B - °O¿ý¡A±µµÛ¦b¥t¤@­Óµøµ¡¡]©Î²×ºÝ¾÷¡^°õ¦æ ping ¦b³s½u¤W¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ¡C - «D¦P¨B°O¿ýªº¥\¯à·|¦P®ÉÅã¥Ü°e¥X©M±µ¦¬ªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦pªG¸ê®Æ¥u¥X¤£¶i¡A´N¬O¹ï - ¤è¾÷¾¹¥X°ÝÃD¡C - -ª¾¹D¬O¥»¦a©Î¹ï¤è¥X°ÝÃD«á¡A´N¦³¨âºØ¥i¯à¡G - - -¹ï¤èªº¾÷¾¹¨S¦³¦^À³ + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; dial for no reason in -auto mode? + + + If &man.ppp.8; is dialing + unexpectedly, you must determine the cause, and set up Dial + filters (dfilters) to prevent such dialing. + + To determine the cause, use the following line: + + set log +tcp/ip + + This will log all traffic through the connection. The + next time the line comes up unexpectedly, you will see the + reason logged with a convenient timestamp next to it. + + You can now disable dialing under these circumstances. + Usually, this sort of problem arises due to DNS lookups. To + prevent DNS lookups from establishing a connection (this will + not prevent + &man.ppp.8; from passing the packets + through an established connection), use the following: + + set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53 +set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53 +set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0 + + This is not always suitable, as it will effectively break + your demand-dial capabilities - most programs will need a DNS + lookup before doing any other network related things. + + In the DNS case, you should try to determine what is + actually trying to resolve a host name. A lot of the time, + &man.sendmail.8; is the culprit. You should make sure that + you tell sendmail not to do any DNS lookups in its + configuration file. See the section on + Mail Configuration for details + on how to create your own configuration file and what should + go into it. You may also want to add the following line to + your .mc file: + + define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl + + This will make sendmail queue everything until the queue + is run (usually, sendmail is invoked with + , telling it to run the queue every + 30 minutes) or until a sendmail -q is done + (perhaps from your ppp.linkup file). + + -¦b³o¤è­±¯à§@ªº¬Û·í¦³­­¡A¤j³¡¥÷ªº ISP ·|¦]¬°§A¤£¬O¥Î Microsoft - §@·~¨t²Î¦Ó¤£Ä@À°¦£¡C¥i¥H¦b ppp.conf ¤¤¥[¤J enable lqr¡A - ¤¹³\ ppp °»´ú¹ï¤èªº¿ù»~¦Ó±¾Â_¡A¦ý³o­Ó¹Lµ{¬Û·íºC¡A©Ò¥H¤£¤j¹ê¥Î¡C¤] - ³\¤£·Q§i¶D ISP §A¬O¥Î user-ppp ¤W½uªº.... - -­º¥ý¡A¥Î¤U­±¨â¹D©R¥OÃö±¼©Ò¦³¥»¦aªºÀ£ÁY¥\¯à¡G - - - disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj - deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj - - - -µM«á­«·s³s½u¡A½T©w³o¼Ë¤£·|¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡C¦pªG¤Ï¦Ó¦³¶i¨B©Î¬Æ¦Ü±N°ÝÃD - ¸Ñ¨M±¼¡A´N¥Î¸Õ»~ªk¨Ó§ä¥X¬O¨º­Ó³]©w³y¦¨ªº¡C³o¼Ë¦bÁpµ¸ ISP ®É´N¥i¥H - ´£¨Ñ¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº¸ê®Æ¡]ÁöµM·|«Ü®e©ö¬Ý¥X§A¤£¬O¥Î Microsoft ªº²£«~¡^¡C - -¦bÁpµ¸ ISP ¤§«e¡A¥´¶}¥»¦aªº«D¦P¨B°O¿ý¥\¯à¡A±µµÛ´Nµ¥³s½u¦A«×·í±¼¡A - ³o¥i¯à·|¥Î¨ì¬Û·í¤jªºµwºÐªÅ¶¡¡C³Ì«á±q³s±µ°ðŪ¶iªº¸ê®Æ¥i¯à·|¬Û·í¦³¥Î¡A - ¥¦³q±`¬O ASCII ¤å¦r¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦³¥i¯à·|»¡©ú°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì(``Memory fault¡A - core dumped''?)¡C - -¦pªG ISP Ä@·N¨ó§Uªº¸Ü¡AÀ³¸Ó·|¦b¥L­Ì¨º¤@ºÝ¤]¥´¶}°O¿ý¥\¯à¡A¨º»ò¦b - ¤U¦¸³s½u·í±¼®É¡A´N¥i¥H§i¶D§A¬°¦ó·|¥X°ÝÃD¡C«ÜÅwªï±N¸Ô²Ó¤º®e°e¨ì brian@Awfulhak.org¡A¬Æ¦Ü­n - ¨D ISP ª½±µ¦V§Ú³sµ¸¡C - - + + + What do these CCP errors mean? + - -¦Û¤vªº Ppp ·í±¼¤F + + I keep seeing the following errors in my log file: -³o¸Ì¯à°µªº³Ì¦h´N¬O­«·s½sĶ ppp¡G¦b Makefile ³Ì«á­±¥[¤W - CFLAGS+=-g ©M STRIP=¡A±µµÛ°µ - make clean && make && make install¡C¦b ppp ·í - ±¼®É¡A¥ý¥Î ps ajxww |fgrep ppp §ä¥X ppp ªº process id¡AµM«á°õ - ¦æ gdb ppp PID¡C¦b gdb ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¤U¡A¥i¥H¥Î bt §ä¥X stack - trace¡C - -±Nµ²ªG°e¨ì brian@Awfulhak.org. - - - + CCP: CcpSendConfigReq +CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6) - -¦b¬Ý¨ì Login OK! ªº°T®§¥H«á´N¨S¦³¤ÏÀ³¤F + This is because &man.ppp.8; is trying to negotiate Predictor1 + compression, and the peer does not want to negotiate any + compression at all. The messages are harmless, but if you + wish to remove them, you can disable Predictor1 compression + locally too: -¦b FreeBSD 2.2.5 ¥H«eªºª©¥»¤W¡A¤@¥¹³s½u«Ø¥ß§¹¦¨¥H«á¡A - ppp - ·|µ¥¹ï¤èªº¾÷¾¹±Ò°Ê Line Control Protocol (LCP)¡C«Ü¦h ISP ¤£·|¦Û°Ê - ±Ò°Ê¡A¦Ó¬Oµ¥«Ý¥Ñ client ºÝ¨Ó±Ò°Ê¡C­n±j­¢ ppp ¥D°Ê±Ò°Ê LCP¡A½Ð - °õ¦æ³o­Ó©R¥O¡G - - - set openmode active - - - -Note: ³q±`¦pªG¨âÃä³£±Ò°Ê°T®§¥æ´«ªº¸Ü¡A³q±`¤£·|³y¦¨¥ô¦ó°Æ§@ - ¥Î¡A©Ò¥H openmode ¥Ø«e¤º©w¬O¥´¶}ªº¡CµM¦Ó¡A¤U¤@¬q±N¸ÑÄÀ¦b¤°»òª¬ªp¤U - ³o¼Ë³]©w ¯uªº ·|³y¦¨°Æ§@¥Î¡C - - + disable pred1 + + - -§Ú¤@ª½¬Ý¨ì magic being the same ªº¿ù»~°T®§ + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up during file transfers with IO + errors? + + + + Under FreeBSD 2.2.2 and before, there was a bug in the + tun driver that prevents incoming packets of a size larger + than the tun interface's MTU size. Receipt of a packet + greater than the MTU size results in an IO error being logged + via syslogd. + + The PPP specification says that an MRU of 1500 should + always be accepted as a minimum, + despite any LCP negotiations, therefore it is possible that + should you decrease the MTU to less than 1500, your ISP will + transmit packets of 1500 regardless, and you will tickle this + non-feature - locking up your link. + + The problem can be circumvented by never setting an MTU of + less than 1500 under FreeBSD 2.2.2 or before. + + -¦³®É´N¦b³s¤W¤§«á¡A¦b°O¿ýÀÉ·|¬Ý¨ì "magic is the same" ªº°T®§¡C³q - ±`³o¨Ç¬OµL®`ªº¡A¦³®É­Ô¬Y¤@ºÝ«h·|Â_½u¡C¤j¦h¼Æªº ppp ¹ê§@µLªk¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó - °ÝÃD¡A´Nºâ¦ü¥G³s¤W¤F¡A¦b°O¿ýÀɤ]¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¤@ª½­«½Æªº configure request - ©M configure acknowledgement ¤§Ãþªº·¾³q°T®§¡Appp ³Ì«á·|©ñ±ó¦ÓÃö±¼³s - ½u¡C - -·|µo¥Í³oºØ°ÝÃDªº³q±`±¡ªp¬O¡A¦øªA¾¹¥Î³t«×ºCªºµwºÐ¡B¦b³q°T°ð¤W°õ¦æ - getty¡B¨Ã¥Bµ¥¨ì¨Ï¥ÎªÌµn¤J«á¤~¥Î script ©Îµ{¦¡°õ¦æ ppp¡F¤]¦³Å¥»¡¥Î - slirp ´N¤@©w·|µo¥ÍÃþ¦ü°ÝÃDªº³ø§i¡C­ì¦]¬O¦b getty µ²§ô©M ppp ¶}©l°õ¦æ - ªº³o¬q®É¶¡¤º¡Aclient ºÝªº ppp ¶}©l°e¥X Line Control Protocol(LCP) «Ê - ¥]¡A¥Ñ©ó¦øªA¾¹³q°T°ðªº ECHO ¤´¦b¥´¶}ª¬ºA¡Aclient ºÝªº ppp ´N·|¬Ý¨ì°e - ¥X¥hªº«Ê¥]³Q "¤Ï¼u" ¦^¨Ó¡C - -¦b¥Î LCP ·¾³q®É¡A¦³³¡¥÷¬O­n³s½u¨âÃä¤À§O«Ø¥ß¦Û¤vªº magic number¡A - ¨Ó°»´ú¤ÎÁקK«Ê¥]³Q "¤Ï¼u" ¦^¨Óªºª¬ªp¡C¨ó©w¼Ð·Ç¤¤»¡·í¹ï¤è¸Õ¹Ï¥Î©M¦Û¤v - ¬Û¦Pªº magic number ·¾³q®É¡A­n°eµ¹¹ï¤è¤@­Ó NAK ªº°T¸¹¡]ªí¥Ü¤£±µ¨ü¡^¡A - ±µµÛ¹ï¤è´N·|¿ï¥t¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r¡C¦ý¦b¦øªA¾¹³q°T°ð ECHO ¤´¥´¶}ªº³o¬q´Á¶¡¡A - client ºÝªº ppp °e¥X LCP «Ê¥]¡A¬Ý¨ì¬Û¦Pªº magic number¡A©ó¬O°e¥X - NAK °T¸¹¡C³o­Ó NAK ¤]·|³Q "¤Ï¼u" ¦^¨Ó¡A³Q»~»{¥Ñ¹ï¤è°e¥X¡A¦]¦¹ client - ºÝ·|§ïÅܦۤvªº magic number¡C³o¼Ë magic number ªºÅܰʦ¸¼Æ·|«D±`¦a¦h¡A - ¨Ã¥B¤]¥þ³£¦s¦b¹ï¤èªº²×ºÝ¾÷½w½Ä°Ï¤¤¡C·í¦øªA¾¹±Ò°Ê ppp ®É¡A¥¦°¨¤W´N - ³Q magic number ªº¤j¶q§ó°Ê©Ò²T¨S¡A¨Ã¥B¡]´X¥G¬O¥ß¨è¡^¨M©w¤w¸g¸Õ°÷¤F - LCP ¦Ó©ñ±ó¡F¦b³o´Á¶¡¡Aclient ºÝÁöµM¦A¤]¬Ý¤£¨ì³Q¤Ï¼uªº«Ê¥]¡A¦ý«o¨Ó±o - ¤Î¬Ý¨ì¦øªA¾¹§â¹q¸Ü½u±¾±¼¡C - -¤¹³\Åý¹ï¤è¨Ó§@ LCP ·¾³q¥i¥HÁקK³oºØ±¡§Î¡A¦b ppp.conf ¤¤¥[¤U­±³o - ¤@¦æ¡G - - - set openmode passive - - - -³o¦æ§i¶D ppp ¥Ñ¹ï¤è¨Ó±Ò°Ê LCP¡A¤£¹L¦³¨Ç¦øªA¾¹¥Ã»·³£¤£·|¥D°Ê·¾³q - ¡A¦b³oºØ±¡ªp¤U¡A¥i¥H³o»ò³]©w¡G - - - set openmode active 3 - - - -³o¬O­n ppp µ¥­Ó¤T¬íÄÁ¡AµM«á¦A¶}©l°e LCP ¬ÛÃö­n¨D¡C¦pªG¹ï¤è¦b³o - ¬q®É¶¡°e¥X LCP «Ê¥]¡Appp ´N¤£·|µ¥¨¬¤T¬í¦Ó¥ß¨è¦^À³¡C - - + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; not log my connection speed? + - - LCP ªº·¾³q¤@ª½¨ì³s½uÃö³¬¤~µ²§ô + -¥Ø«e ppp ¦b¹ê§@¤W¦³­Ó·|¥X°ÝÃDªº "¥\¯à"¡A¤£·|±N LCP¡BCCP - & IPCP ³o´XºØ«Ê¥]ªº¦^À³©M­ì¥ý­n¨D§@¹ï·Ó¡Cµ²ªG¬O¦pªG¦³¤@¤èªº - ppp ±Ò°Ê®É¤ñ¹ï¤èºC¤F¤»¬í¥H¤W¡A¹ï¤è·|¦b¨ä¶¡¦h°e¥X¨â­Ó LCP ªº³]©w - ­n¨D¡A«áªG¬Û·íÄY­«¡C - - - -°²³]¦³¨âºÝ A ©M B ³£¦b°õ¦æ ppp¡AA ¦b³s½u«á¥ß¨è - °e¥X LCP ­n¨D¡AB «hªá¤F¤C¬í¤~¶}©l¡A©Ò¥H·í B ±Ò°Ê®É¡AA - ¦­¤w°e¥X¤T­Ó LCP REQ(request)¡C§Ú­Ì¤]°²³]³s½u¤w±N ECHO Ãö±¼¡A§_«h´N - ·|¬Ý¨ì¤W­Ó°ÝÃD´£¨ìªº magic number °ÝÃD¡CB ±Ò°Ê®É¤]·|°e¥X REQ¡A - ¦P®É¹ï A °e¥Xªº²Ä¤@­Ó REQ ¦^À³¡A°e¥X ACK(acknowledge)¡CA ¦¬¨ì³o - ­Ó ACK «á·|¶i¤J OPENED ª¬ºA¡A¦P®É¤]¹ï B ªº²Ä¤@­Ó REQ °e¥X - ACK¡C¦ý¦b³o¬q´Á¶¡¡AB ·|¬Ý¨ì A ¤§«e¦h°e¥Xªº¨â­Ó REQ¡A¦]¦Ó¤] - ¥H¨â­Ó ACK ¦^À³¡CB ±µµÛ¬Ý¨ì A ¶Ç¨Óªº²Ä¤@­Ó ACK¡A¦]¦¹¤]¶i¤J - OPENED ª¬ºA¡C¦ý³o®É A ¦¬¨ì B ¦h°eªº¨â­Ó ACK¡C®Ú¾Ú - RFC ªº³W©w¡A·|¹ï²Ä¤G­Ó ACK °e¥X²Ä¥|­Ó REQ ¦Ó¦^¨ì REQ-SENT ª¬ºA - ¡]¦A­«½Æ¤@¦¸ REQ-ACK ªº¹Lµ{¡^¡A¦ý¤@¬Ý¨ì²Ä¤T­Ó ACK¡AA ¥H¬°¬O - B ¦^À³­è­è°e¥Xªº REQ¡A¤S¶i¤J OPENED ª¬ºA¡C¦¹®É B ¦¬¨ì - A µo¥Xªº²Ä¥|­Ó REQ¡A®Ú¾Ú RFC¡A·|¹ï³o­Ó REQ °e¥X ACK¡AµM«á¦A°e¥X - ²Ä¤G­Ó REQ¡]¤]¬O¦A­«½Æ¤@¦¸ REQ-ACK ªº¹Lµ{¡^¡CA ¦¬¨ì³o­Ó REQ «á - ·|¦A­«·s°e REQ ¦Ó¦^¨ì REQ-SENT ª¬ºA¡A±µµÛ¤S¦¬¨ì ACK ¦Ó¶i¤J - OPENED ª¬ºA¡C¦]¦¹Âù¤è³£·|¥H¬°¦¬¨ìªº ACK ¬O¹ï¤è¦^À³­è­è°e¥X¥hªº - REQ¡A³Ì«á A ·|¤@ª½¦b OPENED ©M REQ-SENT ¨âºØª¬ºA¶¡¤Á - ´«¡A¹ï B «h¬O OPENED ©M ACK-SENT¡C - -³oºØ´c©Ê´`Àô·|¤@ª½«ùÄòµÛ¡Aª½¨ì¦³¤@¤èµo²{¦Û¤v¦b­ì¦a¥´Âà¦Ó©ñ±óÄ~Äò - ¤U¥h¡C - -ÁקK³oºØ±¡ªpªº³Ì¦n¤è¦¡¡A¬O±N¬Y¤@ºÝ³]¦¨³Q°Ê¼Ò¦¡¡Ð¤]´N¬Oµ¥¥t¤@ - ¤è¥ý¶}©l·¾³q¡A¥Î³o¹D©R¥O¡G - - - set openmode passive - - - - ¥Î³o­Ó¿ï¶µ®É­n¤p¤ß¡AÀ³¸Ó©M³o­Ó©R¥O¤@°_¥Î¡G - - - set stopped N - - - - ³o·|³]©w ppp µ¥«Ý¹ï¤è¶}©l·¾³qªº®É¶¡¤W­­¡A¥t¤@­Ó¤èªk¬O¥Î¡G - - - set openmode active N - - - - ¨ä¤¤ N ¬O¦b¥D°Ê·¾³q¤§«e¥ýµ¥«Ýªº¬í¼Æ¡Aman page ¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C - - + In order to log all lines of your modem + conversation, you must enable the + following: - -Ppp ¦b³s½u«á´N¥d¦í¤F + set log +connect -¦b FreeBSD 2.2.5 ¤§«eªºª©¥»¡A¦³¥i¯à¦]¬° ppp ¦b³B²z Predictor1 - À£ÁY®Éµo¥Í¿ù»~¡A¨Ï±o¦b³s½u«á°¨¤W´N¥d¦í¡C¥u¦³·í³s½uÂù¤è³£¸Õ¹Ï¥Î¤£¦P - ºØ Compression Control Protocol(CCP) ·¾³q®É¡A¤~·|µo¥Í³oºØ±¡§Î¡C³o­Ó - °ÝÃD¤w¸g¸Ñ¨M¤F¡A¦ý¦pªG¤´¦b¥Îª©ªº ppp¡A¥i¥H¥Î³oºØ¤èªkÁקK¡G - - - disable pred1 - - - - + This will make &man.ppp.8; log + everything up until the last requested expect + string. - -¥Î shell ¸õ¥X Ppp °µ´ú¸Õ®É¡A³s½u¦ü¥G¥d¦í¤F + If you wish to see your connect speed and are using PAP + or CHAP (and therefore do not have anything to + chat after the CONNECT in the dial script - no + set login script), you must make sure that + you instruct &man.ppp.8; to expect the whole CONNECT + line, something like this: -¦b¥Î shell ©Î ! ©R¥O®É¡Appp ·|°õ¦æ shell(ppp - ¤]·|§â§A«ü©wªº°Ñ¼Æ¶Çµ¹ shell)¡APpp ·|µ¥¨ì³o¨Ç©R¥Oµ²§ô«á¤~Ä~Äò¡C¦pªG - ¦³¨Ï¥Î¨ì ppp ³s½uªº©R¥O¡A³s½u·|¹³¬O³Q­á¦í¤F¡A³o¬O¦]¬° ppp ¥¿¦b - µ¥³o¨Ç«ü¥Oµ²§ô¡C - -¦pªG·Q°õ¦æµ{¦¡¡A¥Î !bg ³o­Ó©R¥O¡A¥¦·|§âµ{¦¡¥á¨ì­I´º°õ¦æ¡Appp - ±µµÛ´N¯àÄ~Äò«O«ù³s½u¡C - - + set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \ + \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n" - -¦b null-modem ½u¤W«Ø¥ßªº Ppp ¦n¹³¤£·|¦Û°ÊÂ_½u + Here, we get our CONNECT, send nothing, then expect a + line-feed, forcing &man.ppp.8; to read + the whole CONNECT response. -¥Ñ©ó null-modem ¥»¨­¥Îªº½u§÷¡Appp ¨S¦³¿ìªk¦Û°Ê¨M©w¬O§_ - ¬Y­Óª½±µ³s½u¤w¸gÂ_±¼¡C·í¨Ï¥Î³oÃþ¤è¦¡ªº³s½u®É¡A¤@©w­n¥´¶} LQR¡G - - - enable lqr - - - -¤º©w¬O·|±µ¨ü LQR¡A¦pªG¹ï¤è¥Î¥¦¨Ó·¾³qªº¸Ü¡C - - + + - -¬°¤°»ò ppp ¦b -auto ¼Ò¦¡¤U·|µL½tµL¬G¼½¸¹¡H + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; ignore the \ character + in my chat script? + -¦pªG ppp «D¹w´Á¦a¼½¸¹¡A´N¥²¶·­n§ä¥X­ì¦]¡AµM«á³]©w¼½¸¹¹LÂo - ¾¹¡]dfilter, Dial filter¡^¨ÓÁקK³oºØ±¡§Î¡C - -­n§ä¥X­ì¦]¡A¥ý¥Î³o­Ó©R¥O¡G - - - set log +tcp/ip - - - -³o¼Ë·|°O¿ý¸g¥Ñ³s½uªº©Ò¦³¸ê®Æ¡C¤U¦¸¦pªG¤SµL¬G¼½¸¹¡A´N¥i¥H±q°O¿ý - ®ÇÃ䪺®É¶¡«Ü§Ö§ä¨ì­ì¦]¡C - -²{¦b¥i¥HÁקK¦]¬°³o¨Ç­ì¦]¼½¸¹¡C³q±`¬O¦b§@ DNS ¬d¸ß®É¤~·|µo¥Í³oºØ - °ÝÃD¡A­nÁקK¦] DNS ¬d¸ß¦Ó³s½u¡]³o¼Ë¤£·|¨Ï ppp ¦b³s½uª¬ºA - ¤U¾×±¼³o¨Ç«Ê¥]¡^¡A¥Î¤U­±³o´X¦æ¡G - - - set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53 - set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53 - set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0 - - - -³oºØ°µªk¨Ã¤£¥Ã»·¾A¥Î¡A¦]¬°¥¦¨Æ¹ê¤W¨Ï±o§AµLªk¥Î demand-dial ¥\¯à - ¡Ð ¤j³¡¥÷µ{¦¡¦b°µºô¸ô¬ÛÃö°Ê§@«e³£·|¥Î¨ì DNS ¬d¸ß¡C - -¦b DNS ³o­Ó±¡ªp¤U¡AÀ³¸Ó¸ÕµÛ§ä¥X¨ì©³¬O½Ö·Q­n¸Ñ¥X¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¡A³q±`´X - ¥G³£¬O¥Ñ sendmail ©Ò³y¦¨¡A©Ò¥H­n¦b sendmail ³]©wÀɤ¤«ü¥Ü¥¦¤£­n°µ¥ô¦ó - DNS ¬d¸ß¡C¦b Mail ³]©w ¤@¸`¤¤¦³¸Ô²Ó»¡©ú¦p¦ó§@¥X - ¦Û¤vªº³]©wÀÉ¡B¤Î¸Ì­±À³¸Ó©ñ­þ¨Ç³]©w¡A§A¤]³\·Q­n±N¤U¤@¦æ¥[¤J .mc - Àɤ¤¡G - - - define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl - - - -³o·|¨Ï sendmail ¥ý¾×µÛ©Ò¦³«H¥ó¡Aª½¨ì°e«H®É¦A¤@»ô°e¥X¥h¡]³q±` - sendmail °õ¦æ®É¬O¥Î ``-bd -q30m'' ³o­Ó°Ñ¼Æ¡A§i¶D¥¦¨C¤T¤Q¤ÀÄÁ¤~°e«H¡^ - ©Î¬O¦³¤H°õ¦æ ``sendmail -q''¡]¤]³\¥i¥H©ñ¦b ppp.linkup ¸Ì¡^¡C - - + Ppp parses each line in your config files so that it can + interpret strings such as + set phone "123 456 789" correctly (and + realize that the number is actually only + one argument. In order to specify a + " character, you must escape it + using a backslash (\). - -³o¨Ç CCP ¿ù»~°T®§¬O«ü¡H + When the chat interpreter parses each argument, it + re-interprets the argument in order to find any special + escape sequences such as \P or + \T (see the man page). As a result of this + double-parsing, you must remember to use the correct number of + escapes. -§Ú¦b log Àɤ@ª½¬Ý¨ì³o¨Ç¿ù»~°T®§¡G - - - CCP: CcpSendConfigReq - CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6) - - - -³o¬O¦]¬° ppp ¸Õ¹Ï§@ Predictor1 À£ÁY¤è­±ªº·¾³q¡A¦ý¹ï¤èªº¾÷¾¹«o§¹ - ¥þ¤£¥ÎÀ£ÁY¥\¯à¡C³o¨Ç°T®§¬OµL®`ªº¡A¦ý¦pªG¤£·Q¬Ý¨ì¥¦ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H§â¥»¦a - ppp ªº Predictor1 À£ÁY¤]¤@°_Ãö±¼¡G - - - disable pred1 - - - - + If you wish to actually send a \ + character to (say) your modem, you would need something + like: - -¶ÇÀɮ׮ɵo¥Í IO ¿ù»~¡AµM«á Ppp ´N±¾±¼¤F + set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK" -¦b FreeBSD 2.2.2 ¤Î¥ý«eªºª©¥»¤¤¡Atun ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦³­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥¦¤£·| - ±µ¦¬¨º¨Ç¤j¹L tun ¤¶­± MTU ªº«Ê¥]¡C¦pªG¦¬¨ì¤ñ MTU ¤jªº«Ê¥]¡A¥¦·|¥Î - syslogd °O¿ý¬° IO ¿ù»~¡C - -¦ý ppp ³W®æ¤¤¦³´£¨ì¡A¤£ºÞ LCP ·¾³qªºµ²ªG¦p¦ó¡AMRU ³Ì¤pªº¥i±µ¨ü - ­È¥Ã»·¬O 1500¡C©Ò¥H¦³¥i¯à§A¤£¤p¤ß±N MTU ½Õ§C©ó 1500¡AISP - ·|¤£²z¥¦¦Ó°e¥X 1500 ¤j¤pªº«Ê¥]¡AµM«á´N·|IJµo¤W­zªº "¥\¯à"¡C - -¦b FreeBSD 2.2.2 ¤Î¤§«eªºª©¥»¤¤¡A¥Ã»·¤£­n±N MTU ½Õ§C©ó 1500¡A´N - ¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C - - + resulting in the following sequence: - -¬°¤°»ò ppp ¤£·|°O¿ý§Úªº³s½u³t«×¡H + ATZ +OK +AT\X +OK -¦pªG­n°O¿ý¹q¸£©M¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¶¡ªº¨C¤@¦æ ``¹ï¸Ü''¡A¥Î¤U¤@¦æ¥´¶}¡G - - - set log +connect - - - -³o·|¨Ï ppp °O¿ý©Ò¦³¸ê®Æ¡Aª½¨ì¼½¸¹¦r¦ê³Ì«á¤@­Óµ¥«Ýªº¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¶Ç¦^­È - ¬°¤î¡C - -¦pªG¨Ï¥Î PAP ©Î CHAP (¦]¬°¨S¦³ "set login" ©R¥O¡A©Ò¥H³]©wÀɤ¤ - CONNECT ¤§«á´N¤£·|¬Ý¨ì¥ô¦ó¹ï¸Ü)¡A·Q­n¬Ý¨ì³s½u³t«×ªº¸Ü¡A½T©w ppp - µ¥«Ýªº¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¶Ç¦^­È¬O CONNECT ³o¤@¾ã¦æ¡A¹³³o¼Ë¡G - - - set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n" - - - -³o¼Ë¦b¬Ý¨ì CONNECT «á¤£·|°e¥X¥ô¦óªF¦è¡A±µµÛ¦Aµ¥­Ó´«¦æ¦r¤¸¡A±j - ­¢ ppp Ū¨ú¦^À³ªº CONNECT ¤@¾ã¦æ¡C - - + or - -Ppp ¤£²z·| chat script ¤¤ªº `\' ¦r¤¸ + set phone 1234567 +set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T" -Ppp ·|¥h¤ÀªR³]©wÀɤ¤ªº¨C¤@¦æ¡A³o¼Ë¥¦¤~·|¥¿½T¸ÑŪ¹³¬O - set phone "123 456 789" ªº¦r¦ê¡]§AÀ³¸Óª¾¹D³o­Ó¼Æ¦r¥u¬O - <¤@­Ó> °Ñ¼Æ¡A¦pªG­n«ü©wÂù¤Þ¸¹ (") ³o­Ó¦r¤¸¡A¥²¶·¦b¥¦«e­±¥Î¤Ï±×½u - (\)±N¥¦¹j¶}¡^¡C - -·í¸ÑĶµ{¦¡¤ÀªR¨C­Ó°Ñ¼Æ®É¡A¬°¤F§ä¥X¦r¦ê¤¤©Ò¦³¹³¬O ``\P'' ``\T'' - ªº¸õ²æ¦r¤¸¡]¨£ man page¡^¡A¥²¶·­«·s¸ÑĶ¸Ó°Ñ¼Æ¡C¦b³oºØÂù­«¤ÀªR¤§¤U¡A - §A¥²¶·°O±o¥Î¥¿½Tªº¸õ²æ¼Æ¥Ø¡C - -°²³]­n¹ï¼Æ¾Ú¾÷°e¥X ``\'' ³o­Ó¦r¤¸¡AÀ³¸Ó¹³¬O¡G - - - set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK" - - - -³o¼Ë«h·|±o¨ì¤U­±³o¦ê¡G - - - ATZ - OK - AT\X - OK - - - -¦pªG¬O - - - set phone 1234567 - set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T" - - - -«h·|±o¨ì¤U­±µ²ªG¡G - - - ATZ - OK - ATDT1234567 - - - - + resulting in the following sequence: - -Ppp ¸I¨ì¤F seg-fault¡A¦ý§ä¤£¨ì ppp.core ³o­ÓÀÉ¡H - + ATZ +OK +ATDT1234567 -Ppp (©Î¥ô¦óÃþ¦üªºµ{¦¡) À³¸Ó¤£¥i¯à¦³ core dump¡C¥Ñ©ó ppp °õ¦æ®É - ªº effective user id ¬O 0 (§Y¥H root ¨­¥÷°õ¦æ)¡A§@·~¨t²Î¦b²×¤î ppp - «e¤£·|¹ïºÏºÐ¼g¥¦ªº core ¬M¹³ÀÉ¡C¦pªG ppp ¯uªº¦]¬° segmentation - violation ©Î¨ä¥L¤@¯ë·| core dump ªº signal ¦Ó²×¤î¡B¨Ã¥B½T©w¥Î - ªº¬O³Ì·sª©¥»(¨£¥»¸`¶}ÀY)¡A¨º»ò§A¥i¥H³o»ò°µ¡G - - - $ tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz - $ cd ppp*/ppp - $ echo STRIP= >>Makefile - $ echo CFLAGS+=-g >>Makefile - $ make clean all - $ su - # make install - # chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp - - - -§A²{¦b¤w¸g¸Ë¤W¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó°£¿ùªº ppp ª©¥»¡A¥Ñ©óÅv­­¤W¨S¦³§@¯S§O³]©w¡A - ©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥H root ¨Ó°õ¦æ ppp¡A¶¶«K¤]­nª`·N¬O¦b¨º­Ó¥Ø¿ý°õ¦æªº¡C - -²{¦b¦pªG ppp ¸I¨ì¤F segmentation violation¡A´N·|±N coredump ¦s¦b - ppp.core Àɤ¤¡A±µ¤U¨Ó´N¬O¡G - - - $ su - # gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core - (gdb) bt - ..... - (gdb) f 0 - ..... - (gdb) i args - ..... - (gdb) l - ..... - - - -®Ú¾Ú§Aªº°ÝÃD¨Ó¨ú±o¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¡A´N¥i¥H¶EÂ_°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì¡C - -¦pªG¼ô±x gdb¡A¤]³\·|·Q§ä¥X¨ä¥Lªº¸Ô²Ó¸ê®Æ¡A¹³¬O¨º­Ó°Ê§@³y¦¨ - dump¡B¤Î¬ÛÃöÅܼƪº¦ì§}¤Î¼Æ­Èµ¥¡C - - + + - - ¦b -auto ¼Ò¦¡¤U¡A¨Ï ppp ¼½¸¹ªºµ{¦¡¦b³s½u«á«o³s¤£¨ì¥Øªº¦a - + + + Why does &man.ppp.8; get a seg-fault, but I see no + ppp.core file? + + + + Ppp (or any other program for that matter) should never + dump core. Because &man.ppp.8; runs with an effective user id of 0, + the operating system will not write &man.ppp.8;'s core image to disk + before terminating it. If, however &man.ppp.8; + is actually terminating due to a + segmentation violation or some other signal that normally + causes core to be dumped, and + you are sure you are using the latest version (see the start of + this section), then you should do the following: + + &prompt.user; tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz +&prompt.user; cd ppp*/ppp +&prompt.user; echo STRIP= >>Makefile +&prompt.user; echo CFLAGS+=-g >>Makefile +&prompt.user; make clean all +&prompt.user; su +&prompt.root; make install +&prompt.root; chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp + + You will now have a debuggable version of &man.ppp.8; installed. + You will have to be root to run &man.ppp.8; as all of its privileges + have been revoked. When you start &man.ppp.8;, take a careful note + of what your current directory was at the time. + + Now, if and when &man.ppp.8; receives the segmentation violation, + it will dump a core file called ppp.core. You should then do + the following: + + &prompt.user; su +&prompt.root; gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core +(gdb) bt +..... +(gdb) f 0 +.... +(gdb) i args +.... +(gdb) l +..... + + All of this information should be given alongside your + question, making it possible to diagnose the problem. + + If you are familiar with gdb, you may wish to find out some + other bits and pieces such as what actually caused the dump and + the addresses & values of the relevant variables. + + -³o¬O³]©w ppp ¦b -auto ¼Ò¦¡¦V¹ï¤è¨ú±o°ÊºA IP ®Éªº¤wª¾°ÝÃD¡A - ¦b³Ì·sª©ªº ppp ¤w¸g¸Ñ¨M¤F ¡Ð ¦b man page ¤¤¥Î iface ÃöÁä¦r§ä§ä - ¬Ý¡C - -·í¥Î¨ìºô¸ôªºµ{¦¡©I¥s connect(2) - ®É¡Asocket endpoint ·|³]¦¨ tun ³o­Ó¬É­±ªº IP¡Akernel ±µµÛ²£¥Í­n°e¥X - ¥hªº²Ä¤@­Ó«Ê¥]¡A§â¥¦¶Çµ¹ tun¡APpp Ū¨ì³o­Ó«Ê¥]«á´N·|¶}©l«Ø¥ß³s - ½u¡C¦pªG ppp ¥Îªº¬O°ÊºA¤À°t IP¡A¨º»ò´N·|§ïÅÜ tun ¬É­±ªº¦ì§}¡A - ­ì¥ýªº socket endpoint ´N¦¨¬°¤£¥¿½Tªº­È¡C±µµÛ°e¨ì¹ï¤èªº«Ê¥]³q±`³£·| - ³Q¥á±¼¡A´Nºâ¯à¶¶§Q¹F¨ì¹ï¤è¾÷¾¹¡A¥Ñ©ó¸Ó¨Ó·½ IP ¤wµ¹¨ä¥L¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A¥ô¦ó¦^ - À³¤]¤£·|³Q¶Ç¦^¥»¦aªº¾÷¾¹¤W¡C - -²z½×¤W¡A¦³¦n´XºØ¤èªk¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG ISP Ä@·N¨C¦¸³£´£¨Ñ¬Û¦P - IP ·íµM¬O³Ì¦n :-)¡A¥Ø«eª©¥»ªº ppp ·|°µ¨ì³o¤@ÂI¡A¦ý¤j¦h¼Æªº - ppp ¹ê§@¤£·|³o»ò°µ¡C - -±q client ºÝ³Ì®e©öªº¸Ñ¨M¤è¦¡¬O¡A¥Ã»·³£¤£­n§ïÅÜ tun ¬É­±ªº IP ­È¡A - ¦ý¬O±N©Ò¦³¥X¥hªº«Ê¥]¨Ó·½ IP ±q­ì¥ýªº tun ¬É­± IP §ï¬°³s½u®É¨ú±oªº - IP¡A°ò¥»¤W³o´N¬O³Ì·sª© ppp ¸Ì iface-alias ¿ï¶µªº°µªk¡]¨Ï¥Î - ¤F libalias(3) ©M°õ¦æ ppp ®Éªº °Ñ¼Æ¡^¡Ð°O¦í¤§«e©Ò¦³ - ¥Î¹Lªº tun ¬É­± IP¡A¦A§â¥þ³¡´«¦¨³Ìªñ¤@¦¸®³¨ìªº¦ì§}¡C - -¥t¤@ºØ¤èªk¡]¥i¯à¬O³Ì¥i¾a¡^¬O¼g­Ó¥i¥H­×§ï©Ò¦³ socket endpoint ­Èªº - system call¡C·í®³¨ì·sªº IP ®É¡APpp ´N¥i¥H¥Î¥¦¨Ó­×§ï©Ò¦³°õ¦æµ{¦¡ - ©Ò«Ø¥ßªº socket¡C·í DHCP client µ{¦¡¹ï socket ­«·s¨Ï¥Î bind() ®É¡A¤] - ¥i¥H¥Î¦P¼Ëªº©I¥s¡C - -ÁÙ¦³¤@­Ó¥i¯à«h¬O¤¹³\¤£¥Î IP¡A´N¥i¥H±Ò¥Î¬Y­Óºô¸ô¬É­±¡C°e¥X¥hªº«Ê¥] - ¨Ó·½ IP ·|³]¦¨ 255.255.255.255¡Aª½¨ì SIOCAIFADDR ³o­Ó ioctl ²Ä¤@¦¸°õ - ¦æ§¹¦¨¬°¤î¡C³o¼Ë·|§¹¥þ³sµ² socket ªº¨âºÝ¡A¦Ó¥Ñ ppp ¨Ó­×§ï¨Ó·½ªº - IP ­È¡A¦ý¥u¦³·í­ì¨Ó IP ­È¬O 255.255.255.255 ®É¡B©ÎªÌ IP ­È©M IP °»¿ù - ½X»Ý­n­×§ï®É¤~·|¥h§ó°Ê¡C³oºØ¤è¦¡¦³ÂIºâ¬O hack¡A§Y kernel ¥i¥H¹ï¨S³] - ©w¦nªº¬É­±°e¥XÃa±¼ªº«Ê¥]¡A¦]¬°°²³]·|¦³¨ä¥L¾÷¨î¥i¥H­×¥¿³oºØ¿ù»~¡C - - + + + Why does the process that forces a dial in auto mode never + connect? + + + + This was a known problem with + &man.ppp.8; set up to negotiate a + dynamic local IP number with the peer in auto mode. It is + fixed in the latest version - search the man page for + iface. + + The problem was that when that initial program calls + &man.connect.2;, the IP number of the tun interface is assigned + to the socket endpoint. The kernel creates the first outgoing + packet and writes it to the tun device. + &man.ppp.8; then reads the packet and + establishes a connection. If, as a result of + &man.ppp.8;'s dynamic IP assignment, the + interface address is changed, the original socket endpoint will + be invalid. Any subsequent packets sent to the peer will + usually be dropped. Even if they are not, any responses will + not route back to the originating machine as the IP number is + no longer owned by that machine. + + There are several theoretical ways to approach this + problem. It would be nicest if the peer would re-assign the + same IP number if possible :-) + The current version of &man.ppp.8; does + this, but most other implementations do not. + + The easiest method from our side would be to never change + the tun interface IP number, but instead to change all outgoing + packets so that the source IP number is changed from the + interface IP to the negotiated IP on the fly. This is + essentially what the iface-alias option in + the latest version of &man.ppp.8; is + doing (with the help of + &man.libalias.3; and &man.ppp.8;'s switch) - + it is maintaining all previous interface addresses and NATing + them to the last negotiated address. + + Another alternative (and probably the most reliable) would + be to implement a system call that changes all bound sockets + from one IP to another. &man.ppp.8; would + use this call to modify the sockets of all existing programs + when a new IP number is negotiated. The same system call could + be used by dhcp clients when they are forced to re-bind() their + sockets. + + Yet another possibility is to allow an interface to be + brought up without an IP number. Outgoing packets would be + given an IP number of 255.255.255.255 up until the first + SIOCAIFADDR ioctl is done. This would result in fully binding + the socket. It would be up to &man.ppp.8; + to change the source IP number, but only if it is set to + 255.255.255.255, and only the IP number and IP checksum would + need to change. This, however is a bit of a hack as the kernel + would be sending bad packets to an improperly configured + interface, on the assumption that some other mechanism is + capable of fixing things retrospectively. + + - -¬°¦óª±¤j¦h¼Æ¹CÀ¸®É¡A³£¤£¯à¨Ï¥Î -alias ³o­Ó°Ñ¼Æ¡H + + + Why do most games not work with the -nat switch? + + + + The reason games and the like do not work when libalias + is in use is that the machine on the outside will try to open a + connection or send (unsolicited) UDP packets to the machine on + the inside. The NAT software does not know that it should send + these packets to the interior machine. + + To make things work, make sure that the only thing + running is the software that you are having problems with, then + either run tcpdump on the tun interface of the gateway or + enable &man.ppp.8; tcp/ip logging (set log +tcp/ip) + on the gateway. + + When you start the offending software, you should see + packets passing through the gateway machine. When something + comes back from the outside, it will be dropped (that is the + problem). Note the port number of these packets then shut down + the offending software. Do this a few times to see if the port + numbers are consistent. If they are, then the following line in + the relevant section of /etc/ppp/ppp.conf will make the + software functional: + + nat port proto internalmachine:port port + + where proto is either + tcp or udp, + internalmachine is the machine that + you want the packets to be sent to and + port is the destination port number + of the packets. + + You will not be able to use the software on other machines + without changing the above command, and running the software + on two internal machines at the same time is out of the question + - after all, the outside world is seeing your entire internal + network as being just a single machine. + + If the port numbers are not consistent, there are three + more options: + + + + Submit support in + libalias. Examples of special cases can be found + in /usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c + (alias_ftp.c is a good prototype). This + usually involves reading certain recognised outgoing packets, + identifying the instruction that tells the outside machine to + initiate a connection back to the internal machine on a + specific (random) port and setting up a route in + the alias table so that the subsequent packets know where to + go. + + This is the most difficult solution, but it is the best + and will make the software work with multiple machines. + + + + Use a proxy. The + application may support socks5 for example, or (as in the + cvsup case) may have a passive + option that avoids ever requesting that the peer open + connections back to the local machine. + + + + Redirect everything to + the internal machine using nat addr. This + is the sledge-hammer approach. + + + + -¹CÀ¸©ÎÃþ¦üµ{¦¡¤£¯à©M libalias ·f°t¨Ï¥Îªº­ì¦]¬O¡A¥~­±ªº¾÷¾¹¸ÕµÛ¹ï - µÛ¤º³¡ªº¾÷¾¹¶}±Ò³s½u¡B©Î¡]¤£½Ð¦Û¨Ó¦a¡^°e¥X UDP «Ê¥]¡A¦Ó alias «Ê¥]ªº - ³nÅ餣ª¾¹D¥¦À³¸Ó§â³o¨Ç«Ê¥]°e¨ì¸Ì­±ªº¾÷¾¹¥h¡C - -¸Ñ¨Mªº¤è¦¡¬O¡A¥ý½T©w²{¦b¥u¦³°õ¦æ¨º­Ó·|¥X°ÝÃDªºµ{¦¡¡AµM«á¦b - gateway ¾÷¾¹¤W¹ï tun ¬É­±°õ¦æ tcpdump¡B©Î¦b¤W­±¥´¶}°O¿ý tcp/ip ªº¥\ - ¯à¡]``set log +tcp/ip''¡^¡C - -¦b±Ò°Ê¥X°ÝÃDªºµ{¦¡®É¡AÀ³¸Ó·|¦b gateway ¾÷¾¹¤W¬Ý¨ì¦³«Ê¥]³q¹L¡A·í¥~ - ¬É¦³¶Ç¦^«Ê¥]®É«h·|³Q¥á±¼¡]³o´N¬O°ÝÃD©Ò¦b¡^¡C°O¤U³o¨Ç«Ê¥]­n°e¨ì¥Øªº¦a - ªº¨º­Ó°ð¡AµM«áÃö±¼µ{¦¡¡C­«½Æ´X¦¸¡A¬Ý¬Ý¬O§_³£­n°e¨ì¦P¼Ë©T©wªº°ð¡A¦pªG - ¬Oªº¸Ü¡A¦b /etc/ppp/ppp.conf ¬ÛÃö¦ì¸m¥[¤W³o¤@¦æ¡A´N¥i¨Ïµ{¦¡¥¿½T¹B§@¡G - - - alias port proto internalmachine:port port - - - -¨ä¤¤ ``proto'' ¬O ``tcp'' ©Î ``udp''¡A``internalmachine'' ¬O­n±µ - ¦¬³o¨Ç«Ê¥]ªº¾÷¾¹¡A``port'' «h¬O³o¨Ç«Ê¥]­n°e¨ì¨º­Ó°ð¡C - -¦pªG­n¦b¨ä¥L¾÷¾¹¤W°õ¦æ¦P¼Ëµ{¦¡¡A¥²¶·­«½Æ¦P¼Ë¹Lµ{­×§ï¤W¤@¦æ³]©w¡A - §_«h´N¤£¯à¥¿±`¨Ï¥Î¡F¤]¤£¥i¯à¦b¨â¥x¤º³¡¾÷¾¹¤W¦P®É¨Ï¥Î¡Ð²¦³º¥~¬É¥u¬O§â - ³o­Ó¤º³¡ºô¸ô¬Ý¦¨¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¦Ó¤w¡C - -¦pªG«Ê¥]¤£¤@©w°e¨ì¦P¼Ëªº°ð¡A§A¦³¤TºØ¿ï¾Ü¡G - -1) ¦b libalias ¥[¤J¹ï¥¦ªº¤ä´©¡A - /usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c ¦³¤@¨Ç ``¯S¨Ò'' ªº¥Ü½d¡]alias_ftp.c - ¬O­Ó¤£¿ùªº­ì«¬ÀÉ¡^¡C³q±`¬OŪ¨ú¬Y¨Ç¥i¥H»{±o¥Xªº¥~°e«Ê¥]¡A§ä¥X­n¥~­±³s - ¨ì¤º³¡¾÷¾¹¬Y­Ó°ðªº«ü¥O¡AµM«á¦b alias ªí¤¤³]©w ``route''¡A¥H«á¦A¦¬¨ì - ³oºØ«Ê¥]´Nª¾¹D­n©¹¨º¸Ì°e¡C - -³o¬O³Ì§xÃøªº¸Ñªk¡A¦ý¤]¬O³Ì¦nªº¡A¨Ã¥BÁÙ¥i¥H¦b¦h¥x¾÷¾¹¤W¥Î¦P¼Ëµ{¦¡¡C - -2) ¨Ï¥Î proxy¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¸ÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¤]³\¤ä´© socks5¡A©Î¬O - ¦³­Ó ``passive'' ªº¿ï¶µ¡]¹³¬O ``cvsup''¡^¥i¥HÁקK¹ï¤è¦V¤º³¡¾÷¾¹´£¥X - ³s½uªº­n¨D¡C - -3) ¥Î ``alias addr'' §â©Ò¦³¸ê®Æ³£Â൹¤º³¡¾÷¾¹¡A³o¬O³Ì«á - ¤~¥Îªº¼É¤Oªk¡C - - + + + Has anybody made a list of useful port numbers? + + + Not yet, but this is intended to grow into such a list + (if any interest is shown). In each example, + internal should be replaced with + the IP number of the machine playing the game. + + + + Asheron's Call + + nat port udp + internal + :65000 65000 + + Manually change the port number within the game to + 65000. If you have got a number of machines that you wish + to play on assign a unique port number for each (i.e. + 65001, 65002, etc) and add a nat port + line for each one. + + + + Half Life + + nat port udp + internal:27005 + 27015 + + + + PCAnywhere 8.0 + + nat port udp + internal:5632 + 5632 + + nat port tcp + internal:5631 + 5631 + + + + Quake + + nat port udp + internal:6112 + 6112 + + Alternatively, you may want to take a look at + www.battle.net for Quake proxy support. + + + + Quake 2 + + nat port udp + internal:27901 + 27910 + nat port udp + internal:60021 + 60021 + nat port udp + internal:60040 + 60040 + + + + Red Alert + + nat port udp + internal:8675 + 8675 + + nat port udp + internal:5009 + 5009 + + + + - -¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì±`¥Î°ðªº¦Cªí¡H + + + What are FCS errors? + + + + FCS stands for Frame + Check + Sequence. Each PPP packet + has a checksum attached to ensure that the data being + received is the data being sent. If the FCS of an incoming + packet is incorrect, the packet is dropped and the HDLC FCS + count is increased. The HDLC error values can be displayed + using the show hdlc command. + + If your link is bad (or if your serial driver is dropping + packets), you will see the occasional FCS error. This is not + usually worth worrying about although it does slow down the + compression protocols substantially. If you have an external + modem, make sure your cable is properly shielded from + interference - this may eradicate the problem. + + If your link freezes as soon as you have connected and you + see a large number of FCS errors, this may be because your link + is not 8 bit clean. Make sure your modem is not using software + flow control (XON/XOFF). If your datalink + must use software flow control, use the + command set accmap 0x000a0000 to tell + &man.ppp.8; to escape the ^Q and + ^S characters. + + Another reason for seeing too many FCS errors may be that + the remote end has stopped talking PPP. You + may want to enable async logging at this + point to determine if the incoming data is actually a login or + shell prompt. If you have a shell prompt at the remote end, + it is possible to terminate &man.ppp.8; without dropping the line by + using the close lcp command (a following + term command will reconnect you to the shell + on the remote machine. + + If nothing in your log file indicates why the link might + have been terminated, you should ask the remote administrator + (your ISP?) why the session was terminated. + + -²{¦bÁÙ¨S¦³¡A¦ý¥i¥H±N³o¨Ç§Ë¦¨¤@­Ó¦W³æ¡]¦pªG¦³¤H·P¿³½ìªº¸Ü¡^¡C - ¦b¤U­±ªº¨Ò¤l¸Ì¡A§â internal ´«¦¨ª±¹CÀ¸¨º¥x¾÷¾¹ªº IP¡C - - - + + + Why do MacOS and Windows 98 connections freeze when + running PPPoE on the gateway? + + + + Thanks to Michael Wozniak + mwozniak@netcom.ca for figuring this out and + Dan Flemming danflemming@mac.com for the Mac + solution: + + This is due to what is called a Black Hole + router. MacOS and Windows 98 (and maybe other Microsoft OSs) + send TCP packets with a requested segment size too big to fit + into a PPPoE frame (MTU is 1500 by default for Ethernet) + and have the do not + fragment bit set (default of TCP) and the Telco router + is not sending ICMP must fragment back to the + www site you are trying to load. (Alternatively, the router is + sending the ICMP packet correctly, but the firewall at the www + site is dropping it.) When the www server is sending + you frames that do not fit into the PPPoE pipe the Telco router + drops them on the floor and your page does not load (some + pages/graphics do as they are smaller than a MSS.) This seems + to be the default of most Telco PPPoE configurations (if only + they knew how to program a router... sigh...) + + One fix is to use regedit on your 95/98 boxes to add the + following registry entry... + + HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Class\NetTrans\0000\MaxMTU + + It should be a string with a value 1436, as + some ADSL routers are reported to be unable to deal with packets + larger than this. This registry key has been changed to + Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for adapter\MTU + in Windows 2000 and becomes a DWORD. + + Refer to the Microsoft Knowledge Base documents Q158474 + - Windows TCPIP Registry Entries and Q120642 + - TCPIP & NBT Configuration Parameters for Windows + NT for more information on changing Windows MTU to + work with a NAT router. + + Another regedit possibility under Windows 2000 is to + set the + Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for + adapter\EnablePMTUBHDetect DWORD + to 1 as mentioned in the Microsoft document 120642 + mentioned above. + + Unfortunately, MacOS does not provide an interface for + changing TCP/IP settings. However, there is commercial software + available, such as OTAdvancedTuner (OT for OpenTransport, the + MacOS TCP/IP stack) by Sustainable Softworks, + that will allow users to customize TCP/IP settings. MacOS NAT + users should select ip_interface_MTU from + the drop-down menu, enter 1450 instead of + 1500 in the box, click the box next to + Save as Auto Configure, and click + Make Active. + + The latest version of &man.ppp.8; + (2.3 or greater) has an enable tcpmssfixup + command that will automatically adjust the MSS to an appropriate + value. This facility is enabled by default. If you are stuck + with an older version of &man.ppp.8;, you + may want to look at the tcpmssd + port. + + - -Quake - + + + None of this helps - I am desperate! What can I do? + + + + If all else fails, send as much information as you can, + including your config files, how you are starting + &man.ppp.8;, the relevant parts of your + log file and the output of the netstat -rn + command (before and after connecting) to the &a.questions; or + the + comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc news group, and someone + should point you in the right direction. + + + + + + + Serial Communications + + This section answers common questions about serial + communications with FreeBSD. PPP and SLIP are covered in the + section. + + + + + + How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports? + + + + As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial + ports in your system for which the kernel was configured. + You can either watch your system closely for the messages it + prints or run the command + + &prompt.user; dmesg | grep sio + + after your system is up and running. + + Here is some example output from the above command: + + sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa +sio0: type 16550A +sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa +sio1: type 16550A + + This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is + using port address 0x3f8, and has a + 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the same kind of chip + but is on irq 3 and is at port address 0x2f8. + Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports---except + that they always have a modem attached to the + port. + + The GENERIC kernel includes support + for two serial ports using the same irq and port address + settings in the above example. If these settings are not + right for your system, or if you have added modem cards or have + more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, just + reconfigure your kernel. See section + about building a kernel for + more details. + + -alias port udp internal:6112 6112 - + + + How do I tell if FreeBSD found my modem cards? + -¦pªG·Q¥Î¨ä¥L¤è¦¡¡Awww.battle.net - ¦³ Quake ¹ï proxy ¤ä´©ªº»¡©ú¡C - - + + Refer to the answer to the previous question. - - - - - + + - -Quake 2 - + + + I just upgraded to 2.0.5 and my + tty0X + are missing! How do I solve this problem? + + + + Do not worry, they have been merged with the + ttydX devices. You will have to change + any old configuration files you have, though. + + -alias port udp internal:27901 27910 - - + + + How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD? + + + + The third serial port, + sio2 + (see &man.sio.4;, known as COM3 in DOS), is on /dev/cuaa2 + for dial-out devices, and on /dev/ttyd2 + for dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two + classes of devices? + + You use ttydX for dial-ins. When + opening /dev/ttydX in blocking mode, a + process will wait for the corresponding + cuaaX device to become inactive, and then + wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open + the cuaaX device, it makes sure the serial + port is not already in use by the ttydX + device. If the port is available, it steals it + from the ttydX device. Also, the + cuaaX device does not care about carrier + detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, you can have + remote users log in and you can still dial out with the same + modem and the system will take care of all the + conflicts. + + - - - - - + + + How do I enable support for a multiport serial + card? + + + + Again, the section on kernel configuration provides + information about configuring your kernel. For a multiport + serial card, place an &man.sio.4; line + for each serial port on the card in the kernel configuration + file. But place the irq and vector specifiers on only one of + the entries. All of the ports on the card should share one irq. + For consistency, use the last serial port to specify the irq. + Also, specify the COM_MULTIPORT + option. + + The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on + irq 7: + + options "COM_MULTIPORT" +device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 +device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 +device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 +device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr + + The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7 + (0x700), diagnostics enabled during probe + (0x080), and all the ports share an irq + (0x001). + + - -¬õ¦âĵ§Ù¡]Red Alert¡ - - + + + Can FreeBSD handle multiport serial cards sharing + irqs? + -alias port udp internal:8675 8675 - + + Not yet. You will have to use a different irq for each + card. -alias port udp internal:5009 5009 - - + + - - - - - + + + Can I set the default serial parameters for a + port? + + + + The ttydX (or + cuaaX) device is the regular device + you will want to open for your applications. When a process + opens the device, it will have a default set of terminal I/O + settings. You can see these settings with the command + + &prompt.root; stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1 + + When you change the settings to this device, the settings + are in effect until the device is closed. When it is reopened, + it goes back to the default set. To make changes to the + default set, you can open and adjust the settings of the + initial state device. For example, to turn on + CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and + XON/XOFF flow control by default for + ttyd5, do: + + &prompt.root; stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff + + A good place to do this is in + /etc/rc.serial. Now, an application will + have these settings by default when it opens + ttyd5. It can still change these settings + to its liking, though. + + You can also prevent certain settings from being changed + by an application by making adjustments to the + lock state device. For example, to lock the + speed of ttyd5 to 57600 bps, do + + &prompt.root; stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600 + + Now, an application that opens ttyd5 + and tries to change the speed of the port will be stuck with + 57600 bps. + + Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state + devices writable only by root. The + &man.MAKEDEV.8; + script does NOT do this when it creates the + device entries. + + - -Half Life - + + + How can I enable dialup logins on my modem? + + + + So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? + First, you will need one or more modems that can auto-answer. + Your modem will need to assert carrier-detect when it detects a + carrier and not assert it all the time. It will need to hang up + the phone and reset itself when the data terminal ready + (DTR) line goes from on to off. It should + probably use RTS/CTS flow control or no + local flow control at all. Finally, it must use a constant + speed between the computer and itself, but (to be nice to your + callers) it should negotiate a speed between itself and the + remote modem. + + For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this + command will make these settings and store them in + nonvolatile memory: + + AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W + + See the section on sending AT + commands below for information on how to make these + settings without resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program. + + Next, make an entry in + /etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;) for the modem. This file lists all the ports + on which the operating system will await logins. Add a line + that looks something like this: + + ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure + + This line indicates that the second serial port + (/dev/ttyd1) has a modem connected + running at 57600 bps and no parity + (std.57600, which comes from the file + /etc/gettytab, see &man.gettytab.5;). + The terminal type for this port is dialup. + The port is on and is + insecure---meaning root + logins on the port are not allowed. For dialin ports like this one, + use the ttydX + entry. + + It is common practice to use dialup as + the terminal type. Many users set up in their .profile or + .login files a prompt for the actual terminal type if the + starting type is dialup. The example shows the port as + insecure. To become root on this port, you + have to login as a regular user, then &man.su.1; to become + root. If you use secure + then root can login in directly. + + After making modifications to + /etc/ttys, you need to send a hangup or + HUP signal to the + &man.init.8; process: + + &prompt.root; kill -HUP 1 + + This forces the &man.init.8; process to reread + /etc/ttys. The init process will then start getty + processes on all on ports. You can find + out if logins are available for your port by typing + + &prompt.user; ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1' + + You should see something like: + + 747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1 + + -alias port udp internal:27005 27015 - - + + + How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD + box? + + + + If you are using another computer as a terminal into your + FreeBSD system, get a null modem cable to go between the two + serial ports. If you are using an actual terminal, see its + accompanying instructions. + + Then, modify + /etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;), like above. For example, if you are + hooking up a WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, + use an entry like this: + + ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure + + This example shows that the port on + /dev/ttyd4 has a wyse50 terminal + connected at 38400 bps with no parity + (std.38400 from + /etc/gettytab, see &man.gettytab.5;) and root logins are + allowed (secure). + + - - - - - + + + Why can I not run tip or + cu? + + + + On your system, the programs &man.tip.1; + and &man.cu.1; + are probably executable only by + uucp + and group dialer. You can use the group + dialer to control who has access to your + modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to group + dialer. + + Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system + run &man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; by + typing: + + &prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu +&prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip + + - -PCAnywhere 8.0 - + + + My stock Hayes modem is not supported---what + can I do? + + + + Actually, the man page for &man.tip.1; is + out of date. There is a generic Hayes dialer already built in. + Just use at=hayes in your + /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;) file. + + The Hayes driver is not smart enough to recognize some of + the advanced features of newer modems---messages like + BUSY, NO DIALTONE, or + CONNECT 115200 will just confuse it. You + should turn those messages off when you use &man.tip.1; + (using ATX0&W). + + Also, the dial timeout for &man.tip.1; is 60 + seconds. Your modem should use something less, or else tip + will think there is a communication problem. Try + ATS7=45&W. + + Actually, as shipped &man.tip.1; does not yet + support it fully. The solution is to edit the file + tipconf.h in the directory + /usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip. Obviously you + need the source distribution to do this. + + Edit the line #define HAYES 0 + to #define HAYES 1. Then + make and make install. + Everything works nicely after that. + + -alias port udp internal:5632 5632 - + + + How am I expected to enter these AT commands? + -alias port tcp internal:5631 5631 - - + + Make what is called a direct entry in your + /etc/remote file (see &man.remote.5;). For example, if your modem is hooked + up to the first serial port, /dev/cuaa0, + then put in the following line: - - - - - -¤°»ò¬O FCS ¿ù»~¡H - -FCS ¬O Frame Check Sequence ªºÁY¼g¡C¨C¤@­Ó ppp - «Ê¥]³£ªþ¦³°»¿ù½X¨Ó½T©w¦¬¨ìªº¸ê®Æªº½T¬O°e¥Xªº¸ê®Æ¡C¦pªG¶i¨Óªº¬Y­Ó - «Ê¥] FCS ¤£¥¿½T¡A´N¥á±¼³o­Ó«Ê¥]¡B¦A§â HDLC ¸Ìªº FCS ­p¼Æ¾¹¥[ 1¡C - ¥Î show hdlc «K¥i¬Ý¨ì HDLC ¸Ìªº¦UºØ¿ù»~­p¼Æ­È¡C - -¤£¨}½u¸ô(©Î«Ê¥]³Q¦ê¦C°ðªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥á±¼)¦³®É­Ô´N·|µo¥Í FCS ¿ù»~¡A - ÁöµM¥¦ªº½T·|¤j¤j©ìºCÀ£ÁY¨ó©w¡A¤£¹L³q±`³o¨S¤°»ò¤j¤£¤F¡C¦pªG§A¥Îªº - ¬O¥~±µ¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡A½T©w¦³«OÅ@½u¸ô¤£¨ü¥~¬É¤zÂZ ¡Ð ³o¼Ë»¡¤£©w´N¸Ñ¨M¤F¡C - -¦pªG¦b³s¤W®É°¨¤W´N­á¦í¡B¨Ã¥BÁ٬ݨì¤@¤j°ï FCS ¿ù»~ªº¸Ü¡A¦³¥i¯à - ¬O¦]¬°§Aªº³s½u¨Ã«D¬O 8 bit clean¡C½T©w¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¤£¬O¥Î³nÅé¬yµ{±±¨î - (XON/XOFF)¡A¦pªG§Aªº³s½u <¤@©w> ­n¥Î³nÅé¬yµ{±±¨îªº¸Ü¡A¥Î - set accmap 0x000a0000 ³o¹D©R¥O§i¶D ppp ¸õ¹L ^Q - ©M ^S ³o¨â­Ó¦r¤¸¡C - -¬Ý¨ì¤@¤j°ï FCS ¿ù»~ªº¥t¤@­Ó­ì¦]¡A¬O³s½u¥t¤@ºÝ¤£¦A¨Ï¥Î PPP - ·¾³q¡C³o®É­Ô¤]³\À³¸Ó¥´¶} async ªº°O¿ý¥\¯à¡A¨Ó¨M©w¬O§_¶i¨Óªº - ¸ê®Æ¨ä¹ê¬O login ©Î shell ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡C¦pªG¥t¤@ºÝ¬O shell ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡A - ¥ý°õ¦æ close lcp¡B±µµÛ term ´N¥i¥H­«·s³s±µ¨ì¹ï - ¤è¾÷¾¹ªº shell ¤U¡A¦Ó¤£¥Î±¾±¼¹q¸Ü½u¡C - -¦pªG°O¿ýÀɸ̨S¦³¥ô¦ó¸ê°T¥i¥H«ü¥Ü³s½u¬°¦óÂ_±¼¡A¨º»ò´N¸Ó°Ý°Ý¥t¤@ - ºÝªººÞ²z­û(§Aªº ISP¡H) «ç»ò·|³o¼Ëµ²§ô¡C - - + cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none - -¨S¦³¤@­Ó¤èªk¥i¥H¥Î¡A§Ú§¹³J¤F°Õ¡I + Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br + capability. Then, type + tip cuaa0 (see &man.tip.1;) + and you will be connected to your modem. -¦pªG¤W­±»¡ªº³£¨S¥Î¡A´NºÉ¥i¯à§ä¥X©Ò¦³¸ê°T¡A³o¥]¬A¤F³]©wÀÉ¡B¦p¦ó - ±Ò°Ê ppp¡Blog Àɪº¬ÛÃö³¡¥÷¡B³s½u«e«áªº netstat -rn - ¿é¥Xµ²ªG¡A§â³o¨Ç°e¨ì freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org mailing list ©Î - comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc newsgroup¡A³o¼ËÀ³¸Ó´N·|¦³¤H«üÂI - ¥¿½Tªº¤è¦V¡C - - - + If there is no /dev/cuaa0 on your + system, do this: - -Serial ³q°T + &prompt.root; cd /dev +&prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV cuaa0 -³o¤@³¹¥D­n¬O¦b°Q½× FreeBSD ¤W¦³Ãö serial ³q°Tªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³Ãö PPP ¥H¤Î - SLIP ªº°ÝÃD¬O©ñ¦b ³o¤@¸`¡C - + Or use cu as root with the following command: - -§Ú­n«ç»òª¾¹D FreeBSD ¬O¤£¬O¦³§ì¨ì§Úªº serial port¡H + &prompt.root; cu -lline -sspeed -·í FreeBSD ¶}¾÷ªº®É­Ô¡A¥¦·|®Ú¾Ú±z¦b kernel ¤¤ªº³]©w¨Ó°»´ú±zªº - serial port¡C±z¥i¥H¦b³o¨Ç°T®§¥X²{ªº®É­ÔÀˬd¡A¤]¥i¥H¦b¨t²Î¶}¾÷¤§«á¥Î - ¤U­±ªº«ü¥O¨ÓÆ[¹î¡G - - - dmesg | grep sio - - - -³o¸Ì¦³¤@¨Ç¿é¥Xªº½d¨Ò¡G - - - sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa - sio0: type 16550A - sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa - sio1: type 16550A - - - -³o¥Nªí±z¦³¨â­Ó serial port¡C²Ä¤@­Ó port ¦û¥Î irq 4¡Aport address ¬O - 0x3f8 ¡A¦Ó¥B¥Îªº¬O 16550A «¬ªº UART ´¹¤ù¡C²Ä¤G­Ó port ¥Îªº¬O¦P - «¬ªº´¹¤ù¡A¤£¹L¥¦¦û¥Îªº¬O irq 3 ¡A¥¦ªº port address ¦b 0x2f8 ¡C - ¤º±µ¦¡ modem ¥d·|³Q¿ëÃѦ¨¬O serial port -- °ß¤@ªº®t§O´N¬O¸Ó port ¤W - Á`¬O±µ¤W modem ¦Ó¤w¡C - -GENERIC kernel ¤ä´©¨â­Ó serial port ¡A¥¦­Ìªº³]©w­È´N¦p¦P¤W­±ªº - ½d¨Ò¤@¼Ë¡C¦pªG±z¨t²Î¤Wªº³]©w¤£¤@¼Ë¡A©ÎªÌ±z¥t¥~±µ¤F¤º±µ¦¡ modem ¥d¡A - ©Î¬O±z¨t²Îªº¹ê»Ú serial port ¼Æ¤ñ±z¦b kernel ³]©w¤¤ªºÁÙ­n¦hªº¸Ü¡A±z - ¥u­n­«·s«Ø¥ß kernel ´N¦n¤F¡C¸Ô±¡½Ð¬Ý ¦p¦ó«Ø¥ß kernel¡C - - + with line being the serial port (e.g. + /dev/cuaa0) and speed being the speed + (e.g.57600). When you are done entering + the AT commands hit ~. to exit. + + - -§Ú­n«ç»òª¾¹D FreeBSD ¬O¤£¬O¦³§ì¨ì§Úªº modem ¥d¡H + + + Why does the <@> sign for the pn + capability not work? -½Ð¬Ý¤W¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¡C - - + The <@> sign in the phone number + capability tells tip to look in + /etc/phones for a phone number. But the + <@> sign is also a special character + in capability files like /etc/remote. + Escape it with a backslash: - -§Ú¤É¯Å¨ì 2.0.5 ¥H«á§Úªº tty0X ©~µM¤£¨£¤F¡I + pn=\@ + + -¤£­nºò±i¡A¥¦­Ì¤w¸g³Q¨Ö¨ì ttydX ¸Ë¸m¤U¥h¤F¡C¤£¹L±zÁÙ¬O±o¨ì¦Û¤v - ­×§ï³]©wÀɤ~¯àÅý¥¦­Ì¥¿±`¤u§@¡C - - + + + How can I dial a phone number on the command + line? + - -§Ú­n¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤U¦s¨ú seral ports¡H + Put what is called a generic entry in your + /etc/remote file (see &man.remote.5;). For example: -²Ä¤T­Ó serial port¡Asio2 (´N¬O DOS - ¤Uªº COM3) ¡A¥H dial-out ¸Ë¸m¨Ó¬Ý¬O¦ì©ó /dev/cuaa2 ¡A¦Ó¥H - dial-in ¸Ë¸m¨Ó¬Ý«h¬O¦ì©ó /dev/ttyd2 ¡C³o¨â­Ó¸Ë¸m¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P - ©O¡H - -±z¦b dial-in ®É¨Ï¥Îªº¬O ttydX ¡C·í±z¥Î block ¼Ò¦¡¶}±Ò - /dev/ttydX ®É¡A·|¦³¤@°¦ process ¦b¹ïÀ³ªº cuaaX ¤Wµ¥¥¦ - Åܦ¨ inactive ¡AµM«á¤@ª½µ¥¨ì carrier detect line Åܦ¨ active ¬°¤î¡C - ·í±z¶}±Ò cuaaX ¸Ë¸m®É¡A¥¦·|¥h½T©w¥Ø«e ttydX ¸Ë¸m¬O¤£¬O¥¿ - ¦b¨Ï¥Î serial port¡C¦pªG¥¦¥i¥H¥Îªº¸Ü¡A¥¦´N·|§â serial port ±q - ttydX ¸Ë¸m¤â¤¤·m¹L¨Ó¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡AcuaXX ¸Ë¸m¤£·|¥hºÞ carrier - detect¡C¦³¤F³o¼Ëªº³]­p¡A¦A¥[¤W¤@¥x·|¦Û°Ê¦^À³ªº modem¡A±z´N¥i¥H¥O¦P - ¤@¥x modem ¥i¥H³Q»·ºÝ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ®³¨Óµn¤J¡A±z¦Û¤v¤]¥i¥H®³¨Ó dialout¡A¨t²Î - ·|¦Û°ÊÀˬd¬O§_¦³½Ä¬ðªº²{¶H¡C - - + tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: +tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: - -§Ú­n¦p¦ó±Ò°Ê¹ï serial ¦h°ð¥dªº¤ä´©¡H + Then you can do something like tip -115200 + 5551234. If you prefer &man.cu.1; + over + &man.tip.1;, use a generic cu entry: -¦P¼Ëªº¡A¦b kernel ³]©w¨º¤@¸`¦³´£¨ì¦³Ãö³]©w kernel ªº¸ê°T¡C­n³]©w¤@ - ±i serial ¦h°ð¥d¡A±z¥²»Ý¦b±zªº kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¬°¨C¤@­Ó serial port - ³£³]¤@¦æ sio ªº³]©w¡C¦ý¬O±z¥u¯à¦b¥¦­Ì¤§¤¤¿ï¤@­Ó¨Ó³]©w irq ¥H¤Î - vector ¡C¥d¤Wªº©Ò¦³ port ·|¦@¨É¦P¤@­Ó irq ¡C¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡§Ú­Ì³£§â¥¦³]¦b³Ì - «á¤@­Ó serial port ¤W¡C¤£­n§Ñ¤F«ü©w COM_MULTIPORT ³o­Ó - option ¡C - -¤U­±¬O¤@­Ó§â AST 4-port ¥d ³]¦b irq 7 ªº¨Ò¤l¡G - - - options "COM_MULTIPORT" - device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 - device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 - device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 - device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr - - - -³o¸Ìªº flags ³]©w¬O«ü master port ªº minor number ¬O 7 - (0x700)¡A¦b°»´ú®É°µÀˬd (0x080)¡A¥H¤Î©Ò¦³ªº port ¦@¨É¤@­Ó - irq (0x001) ¡C - - + cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: - -FreeBSD ¥i¥H±±¨î¦h±i serial ¦h°ð¥d¨Ï¥Î¦P¤@­Ó irq ¶Ü¡H + and type cu 5551234 -s 115200. + + -ÁÙ¨S¤ä´©¡C±z¥²»Ý¬°¨C±i¥d³]©w¤£¦Pªº irq ¡C - - + + + Do I have to type in the bps rate every time I do + that? + + + Put in an entry for tip1200 or + cu1200, but go ahead and use whatever bps + rate is appropriate with the br capability. + &man.tip.1; + thinks a good default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for + a tip1200 entry. You do not have to use 1200 + bps, though. + + - -§Ú¥i¥H¬° port ³]©w¹w³]°Ñ¼Æ¶Ü¡H + + + How can I more easily access a number of hosts through a + terminal server? + -³q±`±z·|·Q¬°±zªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¶}±Ò ttydX (©Î¬O cuaaX) ¸Ë¸m¡C·í - ¤@­Ó process ¶}±Ò¸Ë¸m¥H«á¡A¥¦·|¦³¤@²Õ¹w³]ªº²×ºÝ¾÷ I/O ³]©w¡C±z¥i¥H¥Î - ¤U­±³o­Ó«ü¥O¨ÓÆ[¹î³o¨Ç³]©w - - - stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1 - - - -·í±z§ïÅܤF¬Y­Ó¸Ë¸mªº³]©w«á¡A³o¨Ç³]©w·|¤@ª½§@¥Î¡Aª½¨ì³o­Ó¸Ë¸m³QÃö³¬ - ¤F¬°¤î¡C·í¥¦³Q­«¶}±Ò«á¡A¤S¦^¨ì­ì¥ýªº¹w³]­È¤F¡C¦pªG·Q­n§ïÅܹw³]­È¡A±z - ¥i¥H¶}±Ò¨Ã­×§ï ``ªì©lª¬ºA'' ¸Ë¸mªº³]©w¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG±z·Q§ïÅÜ ttyd5 - ªº¹w³]­È¡A§â CLOCAL ¼Ò¦¡¥´¶}¡A8 bits¡A¨Ã¥B¨Ï¥Î - XON/XOFF ¬y¶q±±¨î¡A±z¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¡G - - - stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff - - - -±z¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.serial ¸Ì°µ³o¼Ëªº³]©w¡C²{¦b¨C¤@­Ó¶}±Ò - ttyd5 ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡³£·|¹w³]¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç³]©w¤F¡C±z¨ÌµM¥i¥H¥Î¦P¼Ëªº¤èªk - ¥h§ïÅܳo¨Ç³]©w¡C - -±z¤]¥i¥HÂǥѳ]©w ``Âê©wª¬ºA'' ¸Ë¸m¨Ó¨¾¤î¨ä¥LÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¥h§ó°Ê³o¨Ç³]©w - ¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A·Q­n§â ttyd5 ªº³t«×Âê©w¦b 57600 bps¡A±z­n³o¼Ë°µ - - - stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600 - - - -³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó¡A¨C¤@­Ó¶}±Ò ttyd5 ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡³£¥u¯à¨Ï¥Î 57600 bps ªº³t - «×¤F¡C - -·íµM¡A±z¥²»Ý½T©w±zªºªì©lª¬ºA¥H¤ÎÂê©wª¬ºAªº¸Ë¸m¥u¯à³Q root ¼g¤J - ¡CMAKEDEV ³o­Ó script ¨Ã ¤£·| ¦b«Ø¥ß³o¨Ç¸Ë¸m®É¦Û°ÊÀ°±z³] - ©w¦n¡C - - + + Rather than waiting until you are connected and typing + CONNECT host + each time, use tip's cm capability. For + example, these entries in + /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;): - -§Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯àÅý modem ±µ¨ü dialup µn¤J©O¡H + pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\ + :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13: +muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\ + :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13: +deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234: + + will let you type tip pain or + tip muffin to connect to the hosts + pain or muffin; and + tip deep13 to get to the terminal + server. + + -±z¬O¤£¬O·Q·í ISP¡H­º¥ý¡A±z­n¦³¤@³¡¥H¤W¥i¥H¦Û°Ê±µÅ¥ªº modem¡C±zªº - modem ¥²¶·­n¦³ carrier-detect ªº¥\¯à¡C¥¦¤]­n¯à°÷¦b data terminal - ready (DTR) ¥Ñ¶}ÂରÃö®É­«·s³]©w¦Û¤v¡C¥¦©Î³\¤]­n¯à°÷¨Ï¥Î - RTS/CTS ¬y¶q±±¨î©Î¬O¤£°µ¥ô¦ó¬y¶q±±¨î¡C³Ì«á¡A¥¦¥²¶·¯à°÷¦b¹q - ¸£©M¥¦¦Û¤vªº¶Ç¿é¤¤¨Ï¥Î©w³t¡A¦ý¬O¦b¥¦©M»·ºÝ modem ªº³s½u¤è­±«h­n¦³¨ó - °Ó¶Ç¿é³t«×ªº¯à¤O¡C - -¹ï Hayes «ü¥O¶°¬Û®e modem ¨Ó»¡¡A¤U­±ªº«ü¥O·|§â¤W¤@¬q©ÒÁ¿ªº¥þ³¡³]¦n - ¨Ã¦s¦b«D´§µo©Ê°O¾ÐÅ餤¡G - - - AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W - - - -¬Ý¬Ý¤U­±ªº ¶Ç°e AT «ü¥O¶° ³o¤@¸`¥i¥H±o - §ó¦h¦³Ãö¦p¦ó¤£§Q¥Î MS-DOS ²×ºÝµ{¦¡¨Ó°µ³o¨Ç³]©wªº¸ê®Æ¡C - -±µ¤U¨Ó¡A¦b /etc/ttys ¬°±zªº modem °µ³]©w¡C¦C¦b³o­ÓÀɮפ¤ªº¬O©Ò¦³¨t²Î·| - «Ý login ªº ports ¡C¹³¤U­±³o¼Ë¥[¤J¤@¦æ¡G - - - ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure - - - -³o¤@¦æ«ü¥O²Ä¤G­Ó serial port (/dev/ttyd1) ¬O¤@­Ó¥H 57600 - bps ³t«×¦b¶Ç¿éªº modem¡A¨Ã¥B¤£°µ¦P¦ìÀˬd ( std.57600 ¬O¦b - /etc/gettytab Àɸ̫ü©wªº)¡C - ³o­Ó port ªº²×ºÝ¾÷«¬ºA¬O ``dialup''¡C³o­Ó port ³]¦¨ ``on'' ¦Ó¥B¬O ``insecure'' ªº --- ·N«ä¬O - root ¤£¯à±q³o¸Ì³s½u¶i¨Ó¡C±z¥²»Ý¬°¨C­Ó dialin port ³£°µÃþ¦ü - ttydX ªº³]©w¡C - -³q±`§Ú­Ì·|¥Î ``dialup'' ¨Ó°µ¬°²×ºÝ¾÷«¬ºA¡C¦pªG¨Ï¥ÎªÌµn¤J®Éªº±Ò©l«¬ - ºA¬O dialup ªº¸Ü¡A«Ü¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ³£·|¦b¥L­Ìªº .profile ©Î¬O .login Àɤ¤³] - ©w¥L­Ì¯u¥¿ªº²×ºÝ¾÷«¬ºA¡C¤W­±ªº¨Ò¤l¤¤§Ú­ÌÁ|ªº¬O insecure ªº¨Ò¤l¡C¦pªG - ±z·Q­n¦b³o­Ó port Åܦ¨ root ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·¥Î¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº¨­¥÷µn¤J¡AµM«á - ``su'' - ¦¨ root ¡C¦pªG±z¥Îªº¬O ``secure'' ªº¸Ü¡A«h root ¥i¥Hª½±µµn - ¤J¡C - -¦b¹ï /etc/ttys °µ¹L­×§ï¤§«á¡A±z¥²¶·°e¤@­Ó hangup ©Î¬O HUP - ªº signal µ¹ init process¡G - - - kill -HUP 1 - - - -³o¼Ë·|±j­¢ init process ¥h­«Åª /etc/ttys ¡C - µM«á init process ´N·|¦b©Ò¦³ªº ``on'' port ¤W­«·s±Ò°Ê getty - process ¡C±z¥i¥H¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¨ÓÀˬd±zªº port ¬O¤£¬O¥i¥H login ¤F - - - ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1' - - - -±z·|¨£¨ìÃþ¦ü³o¼Ëªºµ²ªG¡G - - - 747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1 - - - - + + + Can tip try more than one line for each site? + - -§Ú­n«ç»ò§â dumb terminal ³s¤W FreeBSD¡H + + This is often a problem where a university has several + modem lines and several thousand students trying to use + them... -¦pªG±z­n§â§Oªº¹q¸£·í¦¨¬O FreeBSD ªº²×ºÝ¾÷ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥u»Ý­n¦b¨âªÌªº - serial port ¤§¶¡²o¤@±ø null modem ±Æ½u§Y¥i¡C¦pªG±z¦³¤@­Ó¯uªº²×ºÝ¾÷ - ªº¸Ü¡A¬Ý¬Ý¥¦ªº«ü¥O¶°§a¡C - -µM«á¡A¹³¤W¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¤@¼Ë­×§ï - /etc/ttys ¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG±z§â¤@­Ó WYSE-50 ²×ºÝ¾÷±µ¦b²Ä¤­­Ó - serial port ¤Wªº¸Ü¡A´N­n¥Î³o¼Ëªº³]©w¡G - - - ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure - - - -³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¥Ü½dªº¬O /dev/ttyd4 ©Ò¥Nªíªº port ¥Îªº¬O wyse50 ²× - ºÝ¾÷¡A³s½u³t«× 38400 bps¡A¤£¨Ï¥Î¦P¦ìÀˬd (std.38400 ¬O±q - /etc/gettytab ³]©wªº) ¦Ó¥B root ¥i¥H login (secure) ¡C - - + Make an entry for your university in + /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;) and use <\@> for + the pn capability: - -¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à°õ¦æ tip ¤Î cu ©O¡H + big-university:\ + :pn=\@:tc=dialout +dialout:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none: + + Then, list the phone numbers for the university in + /etc/phones (see &man.phones.5;): + + big-university 5551111 +big-university 5551112 +big-university 5551113 +big-university 5551114 + + &man.tip.1; + will try each one in the listed order, then give + up. If you want to keep retrying, run &man.tip.1; + in a while loop. + + -¦b±zªº¨t²Î¤¤¡Atip ©M cu «Ü¥i¯à¥u¯à¥Ñ uucp ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©M - dialer ¸s²Õ¤~¯à°õ¦æ¡C±z¥i¥H¥Î dialer ¸s²Õ¨Ó±±¨î¨ì©³¦³½Ö¥i - ¥H¦s¨ú±zªº modem ¥H¤Î»·ºÝ¨t²Î¡C±z¥u­n§â±z¦Û¤v¥[¨ì dialer ¸s²Õ¤¤´N¥i - ¥H¤F¡C - -¥t¥~¤@ºØ¤èªk¬O¡A±z¥i¥HÅý±z¨t²Î¤W©Ò¦³¨Ï¥ÎªÌ³£¥i¥H°õ¦æ tip ©M - cu ¡A¥u­n±z - - - # chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu - # chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip - - - - + + + Why do I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P + once? + + + + CTRL+P is the default force character, + used to tell &man.tip.1; + that the next character is literal data. You can set the + force character to any other character with the + ~s escape, which means set a + variable. + + Type ~sforce=single-char + followed by a newline. + single-char is any single character. + If you leave out single-char, + then the force character is the nul character, which you can + get by typing CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A pretty good value for + single-char is SHIFT+CTRL+6, which + I have seen only used on some terminal servers. + + You can have the force character be whatever you want by + specifying the following in your + $HOME/.tiprc file: + + force=single-char + + - -FreeBSD ¤£¤ä´©§Úªº stock Hayes modem --- §Ú­n«ç»ò¿ì¡H + + + Why is everything I type suddenly in UPPER CASE? + -¨Æ¹ê¤W¡Atip ªº man page ¤w¸g¹L®É¤F¡C¤@¯ëªº Hayes dialer ¤w¸g¤º«Ø¦b¨t - ²Î¤º¡C±z¥u­n¦b /etc/remote - «ü©w ``at=hayes'' ´N¥i¥H¤F¡C - -¥i±¤ªº¬O¡AHayes ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤£°÷Áo©ú¡A¦³¨Ç·s modem ¤Wªº¶i¶¥¥\¯à¥¦µLªk - ¿ëÃÑ¥X¨Ó --- ¨Ò¦p BUSY ¡ANO DIALTONE ¡A©Î¬O - CONNECT 115200 ³oÃþªº°T®§¥¦´N·|·d²V¡C±z¦b¨Ï¥Î tip ªº®É­Ô¥²¶· - §â¥¦­ÌÃö±¼ (¥Î ATX0&W) ¡C - -ÁÙ¦³¡Atip ªº dial ¹O®É®É¶¡¬O 60 ¬í¡C±zªº modem ¥i¯à­n³]±o§óµu¡A - §_«h tip ·|»{¬°µo¥Í¤F³q°T¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C¸Õ¸Õ¬ÝATS7=45&W ¡C - -¨Æ¹ê¤W tip ÁÙ¨S¦³§¹¥þ¤ä´©¥¦¡C¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¬O¥h­×§ï - /usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip ¥Ø¿ý¸Ìªº tipconf.h ¡C«ÜÅãµM±z - ¥²¶·­n¦³­ì©lµ{¦¡½X¤~¯à³o»ò°µ¡C - -§â ``#define HAYES 0'' §ï¦¨ ``#define HAYES 1'' ¡CµM«á - ``make'' ¨Ã ``make install'' ¡C¤§«á¤@¤Á³£·|«ì´_¥¿±`¤F¡C - - + + You must have pressed CTRL+A, &man.tip.1; + raise character, specially + designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use + ~s as above and set the variable + raisechar to something reasonable. In fact, + you can set it to the same as the force character, if you + never expect to use either of these features. - - §Ú¤°»ò®É­Ô­nª½±µÁä¤J AT «ü¥O¡H - + Here is a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who + need to type CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot: -¦b±zªº /etc/remote Àɸ̥[¤@­Ó ``direct'' ¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG±zªº - modem ³s±µ¦b²Ä¤@­Ó serial port¡A/dev/cuaa0¡A«h±z­n¥[¤J¤U­± - ³o¤@¦æ¡G - - - cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none - - - -¦b br Ä椤³]©w±z modem ©Ò¤ä´©ªº³Ì°ª³t¡C¤§«á¡AÁä¤J tip cuaa0 ¤§«á - ±z´N³s¤W±zªº modem ¤F¡C - -¦pªG±zªº¨t²Î¤W¨S¦³ /dev/cuaa0 ¡A±z´N¥ý³o¼Ë¡G - - - # cd /dev - # ./MAKEDEV cuaa0 - - - -©Î¬O±z¥i¥H¥Î root °õ¦æ cu «ü¥O¡A¹³³o¼Ë¡G - - - # cu -l``line'' -s``speed'' - - - -³o¸Ìªº line ¬O«ü±zªº serial port (¨Ò¦p /dev/cuaa0) ¡Aspeed - ¬O«ü±zªº¶Ç¿é³t«× (¨Ò¦p 57600) ¡C¦pªG±z¤U§¹ AT «ü¥O«á¡AÁä¤J - ~. ¥i¥HÂ÷¶}¡C - - + force=^^ +raisechar=^^ - -pn Ä椤ªº [@] ¤£¯à¥Î¤F¡I +The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6. + + -¹q¸Ü¸¹½XÄ椤ªº [@] °O¸¹¬O¥Î¨Ó§i¶D tip ¥h /etc/phones §ä¹q¸Ü¸¹½X¡C - ¦ý¬O [@] ¦P®É¤]¬O /etc/remote - ³oÃþÀɮפ¤ªº¯S®í¦r¤¸¡C±z¥i¥H¥[¤W¤Ï±×½u¡G - - - pn=\@ - - - - + + + How can I do file transfers with + tip? + + + + If you are talking to another Unix system, you can send + and receive files with ~p (put) and + ~t (take). These commands run + &man.cat.1; and + &man.echo.1; on the remote system to accept and send files. + The syntax is: + + ~p <local-file> [<remote-file>] +~t <remote-file> [<local-file>] + + There is no error checking, so you probably should use + another protocol, like zmodem. + + - -§Ú­n«ç»ò¦b©R¥O¦C¤U¼·¹q¸Ü©O¡H + + + How can I run zmodem with + tip? + + + + First, install one of the zmodem programs from the + ports collection (such as one of the two from the comms + category, lrzsz or + rzsz. + + To receive files, start the sending program on the + remote end. Then, press enter and type + ~C rz (or ~C lrz if you + installed lrzsz) to begin + receiving them locally. + + To send files, start the receiving program on the remote + end. Then, press enter and type + ~C sz files + (or ~C lsz files) + to send them to the remote system. + + -¦b±zªº /etc/remote ©ñ¤@­Ó ``generic''¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡G - - - tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ - :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: - tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ - :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: - - - -µM«á±z´N¥i¥H¹³ ``tip -115200 5551234'' ³o¼Ë¥Î¤F¡C¦pªG±z¤ñ¸û³ß - Åw¥Î cu - ªº¸Ü¡A¨Ï¥Î generic cu Äæ¦ì¡G - - - cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ - :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: - - - -µM«á¿é¤J ``cu 5551234 -s 115200'' ¡C - - + + + Why does FreeBSD not find my serial ports, even + when the settings are correct? + + + + Motherboards and cards with Acer UARTs do not probe + properly under the FreeBSD sio probe. Obtain a patch from + + www.lemis.com to fix your problem. + + + + + + + ¨ä¥¦¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº°ÝÃD + + + + + ¬°¬Æ»ò FreeBSD ¥Îªº¸m´«(swap)ªÅ¶¡¤ñ Linux ¦h¡H + + + + FreeBSD¶È¬O¬Ý°_¨Ó¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¥Îªº¤ñLinux¦h¦Ó¤w¡C¦b¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A + ¨Ã¤£µM¡C¥D­nªº®t²§¬O¦b©ó¡AFreeBSD¿n·¥ªº±N¶¢¸mµL¥Îªº¥D°O¾ÐÅ餺®e + ±À¤J¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¤¤¡A¥H¨Ï±o¥D°O¾ÐÅé¥i¥H§ó¬°¦³®Ä²vªº³Q¨Ï¥Î¡C¦Ó + Linuxªºµ¦²¤¬O±N¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¥Î¨Ó§@¬°¸Ñ¨M°O¾ÐÅé°ÝÃDªº³Ì²×¤â¬q¡C + ¸ûÀWÁcªº¨Ï¥Î¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¡C¬O¤@ºØ§ó¦³®Ä²vªº¨Ï¥Î¥D°O¾ÐÅ骺¤â¬q¡C + + + µù¡G·í¤@¤è­±FreeBSD¿n·¥ªº¨Ï¥Î¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)ªº¦P®É¡A§A¥²»Ýª` + ·N¨ì¡AFreeBSD¨Ã¤£·|¥ô·Nªº±N©Ò¦³ªºªF¦è³£±À¤J¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¤¤¡C¦p¦¹¡A + §A¤~¤£·|¦b¤@©]±J¾K°_§É«áµo²{¡A¾ã­Ó¨t²Î³£³Q­Ë¶i¤F¸m´«ªÅ¶¡(swap)¤§¤¤¡C + + + - -§Ú¨C¦¸¥Îªº®É­Ô³£­n¿é¤J bps ³t«×¶Ü¡H + + + §Y¨Ï§Ú¥u¦³¹B¦æ¤Ö¼Æµ{¦¡¡A¬°¤°»ò top Åã¥Ü¥X + ¨Óªº³Ñ¾l°O¾ÐÅéÁÙ¬O«Ü¤Ö¡H + + + + ²³æªºµª®×¬O¡A©Ò¦³¥¼¨Ï¥Î¨ìªº¶¢¸m°O¾ÐÅé³£¬O³Q®ö¶Oªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A + ¥ô¦ó¥¼³Q§Aªºµ{¦¡©Ò§Q¥Î¨ìªº°O¾ÐÅé±N³Q®Ö¤ß(kernel)¥Î¨Ó·í + §@ºÏºÐ§Ö¨ú(disk cache)¡C¦Ó³oºØ°O¾ÐÅé³Q &man.top.1; ¼Ð°O¬° + ¶¢¸mªº(Inact)¡A§Ö¨ú(Cache)¡A + ¥H¤Î ½w½Ä°Ï(Buf)¡A¨Ã­t³d¦b¦U­Ó¤£¦Pªº¦ì¸m­t³d + ¼È¦s¸ê®Æ¡C³Q¼È¦s(cached)ªº¸ê®Æ¥Nªí¨t²Î¤£»Ý­n¥h¦s¨ú¸ûºCªººÏºÐ¸Ë¸m + ´N¥i¥H±o¨ì¸ê®Æ¡A¦p¦¹¡A¥i¥H´£¤É¨t²Îªº®Ä¯à¡CÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A&man.top.1; + Åã¥Ü¥X¸û¤Öªº ¶¢¸m(Free) °O¾ÐÅé¬O¦nªº¡A¥u­nÅã¥Ü + ¥X¨Óªº­È¤£¬O «D±` ªº§C¡C + + -±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥ÎÃþ¦ü tip1200 ©Î¬O cu1200 ªºÄæ¦ì¡A¤£¹L¦b±z¨Ï¥Î¤§ - 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+ &a.phk; on freebsd-hackers, October + 2, 1999 + + ¤°»ò¬OÃö©ó³o­Ó¸}½ñ¨®´×? ³¡¤Àªº¤H³o¼Ëªº¸ß + °Ý§Ú¡C + + ³o¬O¤@­Ó«D±`ªø»·ªº¬G¨Æ¡A§_«h´N¬O¤@­Ó¥j¦Ñªº¬G¨Æ¡C¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A + ³o­Ó¬G¨Æ«D±`ªºµu¡CC. Northcote Parkinson ¦b1960¦~¥Nªì´Á¼g¤F¤@¥» + ®Ñ¡A®Ñ¦W¬° Parkinson's Law¡A¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤¤¥]§t¤F«Ü¦h + ¨ã¦³¨ô¨£ªº°ÊºAºÞ²z¾Ç¡C + + [¤Þ­z¤@ÂI¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤Wªºµû½×] + + ¦b³o­Ó³Q±²¤J¸}½ñ¨®´×®×ªº¯S®í¨Ò¤l¡A¥D­nªº­n¯À¬O®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¡A + §Ú·Q¡A³o¨¬¥H»¡©ú³o¥»®Ñªº¦~ÄÖ¡C + + Parkinson ®i¥Ü¤F§A¸Ó¦p¦ó¦b¸³¨Æ·|¤¤Ä¹±oÃÙ¦P¥h«Ø³y¤@®y¼Æ¦Ê¸U + ©Î¬Æ¦Ü¤Q»õ¬ü¤¸ªº®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¡A¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG§A·Q­n¥h«Ø³y¤@®y¸}½ñ¨®´×¡A + §A±N·|³QªÈÄñ¦bµL½aµLºÉªº°Q½×¤§¤¤¡C + + Parkinson ¸ÑÄÀ¡A³o¬O¦]¬°¤@­Ó®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¬O³o¼Ëªº¼sÁï¡A³o¼Ëªº + ©ù¶Q¡A¨Ã¥B³o¼Ëªº½ÆÂø¡A¥H¦Ü©ó¤H­ÌµLªk´x´¤¥¦¡A¦Ó¨Ã«D¹Á¸Õ¡A¥L­Ì«æ + ¤Áªº§Æ±æ¦³¤H¯à°÷À°¥L­Ì³B²z¨Ã¸Ñ¨M©Ò¦³º¾¸Hªº²Ó¶µ¡C + Richard P. Feynmann µ¹¤F¤@¨Ç¦³½ì¡A¥B«D±`¤@°w¨£¦åªº½×ÂI¡A¦b¥Lªº + ®Ñ´£¨ì¤F Los Alamos ªº¨Ò¤l¡C + + ¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥ô¦ó¤H³£¯à¦Û¤v¦b¶g¥½²Õ¸Ë¤@®y¸}½ñ¨®´×¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¥B¤´ + ¦³¶¢²á¥i¥HÆ[½à¹qµø¤Îª±¹CÀ¸¡C¦]¦¹¡AµL½×§A§@¤F¦h»ò§¹µ½ªº·Ç³Æ¡A¤] + ¤£ºÞ§A´£¥Xªº¤è®×¬O¦h»òªº¦X©y¡A¬Y¨Ç¤H¤´±N§ì¦í¾÷·|¶]¥X¨Ó§i¶D§A¡A + ¥L¥¿¦b§@¦P¼Ëªº¨Æ¡A¥¿¦b¥I¥X§V¤O¡A¥L´N¦b + ³o¸Ì¡C + + ¦b¤¦³Á¡A§Ú­ÌºÙ³o­Ó¥s§@ + ªê¦º¯d¥Ö(setting your fingerprint)¡C¥¦Ãö«Y¨ì§A + ­Ó¤HªºÅº¶Æ©MÁn±æ¡A³oÃö«Y¨ì§A¬O§_¥i¥H«üµÛ¬Y¦a«á¹ïµÛ§O¤H»¡ + ³o¸Ì! ³o¬O§Ú§@ªº¡C + ³o¬O¬Fªv¤Hª««Ü­«­nªº¤@­Ó¯S¼x¡C¦ý¬O¡A®É¾÷¬O¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¥Á©Ò½á»Pªº¡C + ·Q·Q¨º¨Ç¯d¦b¤ôªd¦a¤Wªº¸}¦L§a¡C +
+ + + + + + + + + Edward + Chuang + +
edwardc@firebird.org.tw
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As every good sysadmin knows, + it is part of standard practise to send data to the screen + of interesting variety to keep all the pixies that make up + your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly mis-typed or + re-named as 'pixels') are categorised by the type of hat + they wear (red, green or blue) and will hide or appear + (thereby showing the colour of their hat) whenever they + receive a little piece of food. Video cards turn data into + pixie-food, and then send them to the pixies - the more + expensive the card, the better the food, so the better + behaved the pixies are. They also need constant simulation + - this is why screen savers exist. + + To take your suggestions further, you could just throw + the random data to console, thereby letting the pixies + consume it. This causes no heat to be produced at all, + keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite + quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on + your screen. + + Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who + experienced many problems attempting to maintain a stable + temperature in a server room, I would strongly discourage + people sending the data they do not want out to the + network. The fairies who do the packet switching and + routing get annoyed by it as well. + + + + + + + + + En-Ran + Zhou + +
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greoup ªº¼Æ¥Ø)³o»ò¦hªº¥Ø¿ý¡C«Ü©úÅ㪺¡A§Ú­Ì¥²¶·­n¦³®Ú¾Ú¦a¥h²q³o - ­Ó¼Æ¦r¡A´Nºâ¤@­Ó¹³ 10 ªº«Ü¤p©T©w¼Æ¥Ø¤]·|¨Ï®Ä²v¥H¯Å¼Æ¦¨ªø¡C°Ï¤À - restore (§Y¸Ñ¶}¤W­zªº archive) ©M¤@¯ëÀÉ®×¾Þ§@ªº¤èªk¥i¥H¬O(²{¦b - ¥Îªººtºâªk¥i¯à­n§ó±Ó·P)¡G¦pªG¤@¨Ç¥Ø¿ý(³Ì¦h 10 ­Ó)³£¦b 10 ¬í¤º²£ - ¥Íªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò´N§â³o¨Ç¥Ø¿ý»E¶°¦b¦P¤@­Ó cylinder group¡C¤£ºÞ«ç¼Ë¡A - §Úªº¸gÅç«ü¥X³o¬O¤@­Ó¤w¸g¥R¥÷¹êÅç¹Lªº³¡¥÷¡C - -Kirk McKusick, September 1998 - - + + + ¦p¦ó¦b kernel panics ®É±o¨ì³Ì¦hªº¸ê°T¡H + - -¦p¦ó±q kernel panic ±o¨ì³Ì¦h¸ê°T¡H + + [³o¸`¬O±q &a.wpaul; ¦b freebsd-current mailing list ¤Wµoªíªº«H¤¤¸`¿ý¡A + &a.des; ­×¥¿¤F¥´¦r¿ù»~¡B¦A¥[¤W¬A©·¸Ìªºª`¸Ñ¡C] - - [³o¸`¬O±q Bill Paul - ¦b freebsd-current mailing list ¤Wµoªí - ªº«H¤¤¸`¿ý¡ADag-Erling Coïdan Smørgrav - ­×¥¿¤F¥´¦r¿ù»~¡B¦A¥[¤W¬A©·¸Ìªºª`¸Ñ¡C] - - -From: Bill Paul <wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu> + From: Bill Paul <wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu> Subject: Re: the fs fun never stops -To: ben@rosengart.com +To: Ben Rosengart Date: Sun, 20 Sep 1998 15:22:50 -0400 (EDT) -Cc: current@FreeBSD.org - - - - [<ben@rosengart.com> µoªí¤F¤U­±ªº panic °T®§] - -> Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode +Cc: current@FreeBSD.org + + [Ben µoªí¤F¤U­±ªº panic °T®§] + + > Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode > fault virtual address = 0x40 > fault code = supervisor read, page not present > instruction pointer = 0x8:0xf014a7e5 ^^^^^^^^^^ > stack pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24 > frame pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28 > code segment = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b > = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1 > processor eflags = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0 > current process = 80 (mount) > interrupt mask = > trap number = 12 -> panic: page fault - - - -·í§A¬Ý¨ì¹³³o¼Ëªº°T®§®É¡A¥u§â¥¦«þ¤@¥÷°e¤W¨Ó¬O¤£°÷ªº¡C§Ú¦b¤W - ­±¯S¦a¼Ð©úªº instruction pointer ­È¬Û·í­«­n¡A¤£©¯ªº¬O¥¦·|¦]³] - ©w¦Ó¤£¦P¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³o­Ó­È·|¸ò§A¥Îªº kernel image ÀɦÓÅÜ°Ê¡C¦p - ªG¬O¥Î¬Y­Ó snapshot ª©¥»ªº GENERIC kernel¡A¤]³\¨ä¥L¤H¥i¥H°lÂÜ - ¨ì¥X°ÝÃDªº¨ç¦¡¡A¦ý¦pªG§A¬O¥Î¦Û­qªº kernel¡A¨º»ò¥u¦³§A¤~¯à - §i¶D§Ú­Ì°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì¡C - -­n°µªº¨Æ¥]¬A³o¨Ç¡G - - - +> panic: page fault + + ·í§A¬Ý¨ì¹³³o¼Ëªº°T®§®É¡A¥u§â¥¦«þ¤@¥÷°e¤W¨Ó¬O¤£°÷ªº¡C§Ú¦b¤W­± + ¯S¦a¼Ð©úªº instruction pointer ­È¬Û·í­«­n¡A¤£©¯ªº¬O¥¦·|¦]³]©w¦Ó + ¤£¦P¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³o­Ó­È·|¸ò§A¥Îªº kernel image ÀɦÓÅÜ°Ê¡C¦pªG¬O¥Î + ¬Y­Ó snapshot ª©¥»ªº GENERIC kernel¡A¤]³\¨ä¥L¤H¥i¥H°lÂܨì¥X°ÝÃD + ªº¨ç¦¡¡A¦ý¦pªG§A¬O¥Î¦Û­qªº kernel¡A¨º»ò¥u¦³ + §A¤~¯à§i¶D§Ú­Ì°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì¡C + + ­n°µªº¨Æ¥]¬A³o¨Ç¡G + + + + §â instruction pointer ªº­È°O¤U¨Ó¡Cª`·N¦b«e­±ªº + 0x8: ¦b³o­Ó±¡ªp¤¤¨Ã¤£­«­n¡A§Ú­Ì­nªº¬O + 0xf0xxxxxx¡C + + + + ·í¨t²Î­«·s¶}¾÷«á¡A°õ¦æ³o¹D©R¥O¡G + + &prompt.user; nm -n /(³y¦¨ panic ªº kernel ÀÉ®×) | grep f0xxxxxx + + ¨ä¤¤ f0xxxxxx ´N¬O°O¤U¨Óªº + instruction pointer ­È¡C¦³¥i¯à¤£·|­è¦n§ä¨ì§¹¾ãªº³o­Ó¦r¦ê¡A + ³o¬O¦]¬° kernel symbol table ¸Ìªº¦U­Ó symbol ¥u¬O¨ç¦¡ªº¶i + ¤JÂI¡A¦ý instruction pointer ©Ò«üªº¦ì§}¦³¥i¯à¬O¦b¨ç¦¡¤ºªº + ¬Y¤@³B¡A¦Ó¤£¤@©w¦b¶}ÀY¡C©Ò¥H¦pªG§ä¤£¨ì¾ã­Ó¦r¦ê¡A¨º»ò§â + instruction pointer ­Èªº³Ì«á¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r®³±¼¡A¦A¸Õ¤@¦¸¡G + + &prompt.user; nm -n /(³y¦¨ panic ªº kernel ÀÉ®×) | grep f0xxxxx + + ¦pªG³o¼Ë¤]§ä¤£¨ì¡A¨º´N§â¥t¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r¥h±¼¦A§ä¡A¤@ª½­«½Æ¨ì§ä¨ì + ¬°¤î¡A µ²ªG¬O¤@¦ê¥i¯à³y¦¨ panic ªº¨ç¦¡¦Cªí¡C³o¼Ë¤ñª½±µ§ä¨ì + ¥X°ÝÃDªº¨ç¦¡¨Ó±o®t¡A¦ý¦Ü¤Ö¦n¹L¤°»ò³£¨S¦³¡C + + + + + §Ú±`±`¬Ý¨ì¤H­ÌÅã¥Ü¤@¤j¤ù panic °T®§¡A¦ý«Ü¤Ö¬Ý¨ì¦³¤Hªá¤@ÂI®É¶¡ + §â instruction pointer ©M kernel symbol table ¤¤ªº¨ç¦¡¤ñ¸û¤@¤U¡C + + + ­n°lÂÜ¥X³y¦¨ panic ­ì¦]ªº³Ì¦n¤èªk¬O¥ý°µ¥X crash dump¡AµM«á¥Î + &man.gdb.1; ¦b¤W­±°µ stack trace¡C + + ¤£ºÞ¬O¨º¤@ºØ¡A§Ú³q±`¬O¥Î³o­Ó¤èªk¡G + + + + ¼g¦n kernel ³]©wÀÉ¡C¦pªG§A»Ý­n¥Î kernel debugger¡A¦b³] + ©wÀɤ¤¥[¤W options DDB ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C + (·í§ÚÃhºÃ¦³¥X²{µL½a°j°é®É¡A³q±`·|¥Î³o­Ó¨Ó³]©w¤¤Â_ÂI¡C) + + + + + ¥Î config -g + KERNELCONFIG + °µ¥X¥Î¨Ó½sĶªº¥Ø¿ý¡C + + + + cd /sys/compile/ + KERNELCONFIG; make + + + + + µ¥«Ý kernel ½sĶµ²§ô¡C + + + + make install + + + + ­«·s¶}¾÷ + + + + &man.make.1; ±N·|»s³y¥X¨â­Ó kernel¡Ckernel + ÁÙ¦³ kernel.debug¡C + kernel ±N·|³Q¦w¸Ë¨ì + /kernel¡A¦Ó kernel.debug + ¥i¥Î¨Óµ¹ &man.gdb.1; ·í§@ debugging symbols ªº¨Ó·½¡C + + ­n½T©w¯à§ì¨ì crash dump¡A¥ý½s¿è + /etc/rc.conf ±N dumpdev «ü + ¨ì swap ¤À³Î°Ï¡C³o¼Ë &man.rc.8; ·|¥Î &man.dumpon.8; ¨Ó±Ò°Ê + crash dump¡A§A¤]¥i¥H¤â°Ê°õ¦æ &man.dumpon.8; ¦b panic ¤§«á¡A + crash dump ¥i¥H¥Î &man.savecore.8; ¦s°_¨Ó¡F¦pªG + /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì¦³³] dumpdev + ¨º»ò­«·s¶}¾÷«á &man.rc.8; ·|¦Û°Ê°õ¦æ &man.savecore.8; §â + crash dump ¦s¦b /var/crash¡C + + + FreeBSD ªº crash dump ³q±`©M¾÷¾¹¸Ìªº¹ê»Ú°O¾ÐÅé¤@¼Ë¤j¡A´N + ¹³¦pªG¦³ 64MB °O¾ÐÅé¡Acrash dump ¤j¤p´N¬O 64MB¡C©Ò¥H­n½T©w + /var/crash ¤U¦³¨¬°÷ªºªÅ¶¡¡A©Î¬O¥i¥H¤â + °Ê°õ¦æ &man.savecore.8; §â crash dump ©ñ¨ì¥t¤@­ÓªÅ¶¡¸û°÷ªº + ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C¥t¤@ºØ¤]³\¥i¥H­­¨î crash dump ªº¤èªk¡A¬O¦b kernel + ³]©wÀɤ¤¥Î options MAXMEM=(foo)¡A±N kernel + ¥i¥Îªº°O¾ÐÅé­­¨î¦b¦X²zªº¤j¤p¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG§A¦³ 128MB ªº°O¾Ð + Åé¡A¦ý¬O¥i¥H­­¨î kernel ¥u¯à¥Î 16MB ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A³o¼Ë crash dump + ´N¬O 16MB ¦Ó¤£¬O 128MB ¤F¡C + + + ¤@¥¹µo²{¦³¤F crash dump¡A´N¥i¥H¥Î &man.gdb.1; ¨Ó°µ + stack trace ¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G + + &prompt.user; gdb -k /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0 +(gdb) where + + ­nª`·N¥i¯à·|¥X²{¦n´X­Ó¿Ã¹õªº¥i¥Î¸ê°T¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î &man.script.1; + §â©Ò¦³¿é¥X³£¦s°_¨Ó¡C¥Î¥]¬A©Ò¦³ debug symbol ªº kernel ¨Ó°£¿ù¡A³o + ¼ËÀ³¸Ó¥i¥Hª½±µÅã¥Ü panic ¬Oµo¥Í¦b¨º¤@¦æ¡C³q±`¬O¥Ñ¤U©¹¤WŪ + stack strace¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à¤@­Ó­Ó°lÂÜ¥X¦³­þ¨Ç°Ê§@¤Þ¨ì crash¡C¤]¥i¥H¥Î + &man.gdb.1; §â¦UºØÅܼƩε²ºcªº¤º®e¦L¥X¨Ó¡A¥HÀˬd¨t²Î crash ®Éªº + ¹ê»Úª¬ºA¡C + + ¦n°Õ¡A¦pªG§A¦³²Ä¤G¥x¹q¸£¦Ó¥B¦³°÷ºÆ¨g¡A¥i¥H±N &man.gdb.1; ³]©w + ¦¨»·ºÝ°£¿ù¡C³o¼Ë§A¥i¥H¦b¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¤¤¥Î &man.gdb.1; ¥h°£¿ù¥t¤@¥x¸Ìªº + kernel¡A¥i¥H°õ¦æªº¥]¬A³]©w¤¤Â_ÂI¡B¦b kernel ­ì©l½X¤¤¤@¨B¨B°õ¦æµ¥ + µ¥¡A´N¹³¦b¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌµ{¦¡¤W°£¿ù¤@¼Ë¡C¥Ñ©ó¨S¦³¤°»ò¾÷·|¬°°£¿ù¦Ó³]¸m + ¨â¥x¨Ã¾F¹q¸£¡A©Ò¥H§ÚÁÙ¨S¦³³o¼Ëª±¹L¡C + + [Bill ¸É¥R¡G"§Ú§Ñ¤F´£¨ì¤@ÂI¡G¦pªG§A¦³±Ò°Ê DDB ¦Ó + kernel ¤]¤w¸g¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A¥i¥H¦b DDB ©R¥O¦C¤U¥´ 'panic'¡A±j­¢²£¥Í + panic (ÁÙ¦³ crash dump)¡C¤]¦³¥i¯à¦b panic ¶¥¬q®É¦A¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A + ¦pªG³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¿é¤J 'continue'¡A±µµÛ¥¦´N·|§¹¦¨ crash dump¡C" -ed] + + + - 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vanilla@FreeBSD.org
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+ FreeBSD Core Team + + °²¦p±z¦b³o¥÷ FAQ ¤¤§ä¨ì¿ù»~ªº¦a¤è¡A©Î¬O±z·Q¼W¥[¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡A + ½Ð¼g«Ê«H¨ì &a.faq; ¡C§Ú­Ì«D±`·PÁ±zªº«Øij¡A + ¦]¬°±zªº«ØijÅý³o¥÷¤å¥óÅܱo§ó¦n¡I +
+ + + + &a.jkh; + + ¤£°±ªº§ó·s¹L®Éªº FAQ + + + + + &a.dwhite; + + + ¸g±`¦b freebsd-questions ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD + + + + + &a.joerg; + + + ¸g±`¦b Usenet ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD + + + + + &a.wollman; + + + Networking and formatting + + + + + Jim Lowe + + + Multicast information + + + + + &a.pds; + + + FreeBSD FAQ ³o¥÷¤å¥óªº¥´¦r­W¤u + + + + + The FreeBSD Team + + + Kvetching, moaning, submitting data + + + + + + ¹ï©ó¨º¨Ç´¿¸g¹ï³o¥÷ FAQ ´£¨ÑÀ°§U¡A¦Ó§Ú­Ì¨S´£¨ìªº¤H­Ì¡A + §Ú­Ì¥Ñ°Jªº·PÁ±z¡I + + + &bibliography;