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+1,2541 @@ + + + + +Vinum"> +%man; +]> + +
+ + + Bootstrapping Vinum: A Foundation for Reliable Servers + + + Robert A. + Van Valzah + + + 2001 + Robert A. Van Valzah + + $Date: 2001-10-16 20:54:26 $ GMT + $Id: article.sgml,v 1.1 2001-10-16 20:54:26 chern Exp $ + + + + In the most abstract sense, these instructions show how + to build a pair of disk drives where either one is adequate + to keep your server running if the other fails. + Life is better if they are both working, but your server will never die + unless both disk drives die at once. + If you choose ATAPI drives and use a fairly generic kernel, you can + be confident that either of these drives can be plugged into most any + main board to produce a working server in a pinch. + The drives need not be identical. + These techniques work equally well with SCSI drives as they do with ATAPI, + but I will focus on ATAPI here because main boards with this interface are + ubiquitous. + After building the foundation of a reliable server as shown here, you + can expand to as many disk drives as necessary to build the + failure-resilient server of your dreams. + + +
+ Introduction + + Any machine that is going to provide reliable service needs + to have either redundant components on-line or a pool of + off-line spares that can be promptly swapped in. Commodity + PC hardware makes it affordable for even small organizations + to have some spare parts available that could be pressed + into service following the failure of production equipment. + In many organizations, a failed power supply, NIC, memory, + or main board could easily be swapped with a standby in a + matter of minutes and be ready to return to production work. + + If a disk drive fails, however, it often has to be restored + from a tape backup. This may take many hours. With disk + drive capacities rising faster than tape drive capacities, + the time needed to restore a failed disk drive seems to + increase as technology progresses. + + &vinum.ap; + is a volume manager for FreeBSD that provides a standard block + I/O layer interface to the file system code just as any hardware + device driver would. + It works by managing partitions + of type vinum and + allows you to subdivide and group the space in such + partitions into logical devices called + volumes that + can be used in the same way as disk partitions. + Volumes can + be configured for resilience, performance, or both. Experienced + system administrators will immediately recognize the benefits + of being able to configure each file system to match the way + it is most often used. + + In some ways, Vinum is similar to + &man.ccd.4;, but it is far more flexible and robust in the face + of failures. + It is only slightly more difficult to set up than &man.ccd.4;. + &man.ccd.4; may meet your needs if you are only interested in + concatenation. + +
+ Terminology + + Discussion of storage management can get very tricky + simply because of the terminology involved. + As we will see below, + the terms disk, + slice, partition, + subdisk, and volume + each refer to different things that present the same interface + to a kernel function like swapping. + The potential for confusion is compounded because the objects + that these terms represent can be nested inside each other. + + I will refer to a physical disk drive as a + spindle. + A partition here means a BSD partition as + maintained by disklabel. + It does not refer to slices or + BIOS partitions as + maintained by fdisk. +
+ +
+ Vinum Objects + + Vinum + defines a hierarchy of four objects that it uses to manage storage + (see ). + Different combinations of these objects are used to achieve + failure resilience, performance, and/or extra capacity. + I will give a whirlwind tour of the objects here--see the + Vinum web site + for a more thorough description. + +
+ Vinum Objects and Architecture + + + + + + + + +-----+------+------+ +| UFS | swap | Etc. | ++---+-+------+----+ + +| volume | | ++ V +-------------+ + +| i plex | | ++ n +-------------+ + +| u subdisk | | ++ m +-------------+ + +| drive | | ++-----------------+ + +| Block I/O devices | ++-------------------+ + + + + Vinum Objects and Architecture + + +
+ + The top object, a vinum volume, + implements a virtual disk that + provides a standard block I/O layer + interface to other parts of the kernel. + The bottom object, a vinum drive, + uses this same interface to + request I/O from physical devices below it. + + In between these two (from top to bottom) we have objects called + a vinum plex + and a vinum subdisk. + As you can probably guess from the name, a vinum subdisk is a + contiguous subset of the space available on a vinum drive. + It lets you subdivide a vinum drive in much the same way that + a disk BSD partition lets you subdivide a BIOS slice. + + A plex allows subdisks to be grouped together making the space + of all subdisks available as a single object. + + A plex can be organized with its constituent subdisks concatenated + or striped. + Both organizations are useful for spreading I/O requests across + spindles since plexes reside on distinct spindles. + A striped plex will switch spindles each time a multiple of the + strip size is reached. + A concatenated plex will switch spindles only when the end of + a subdisk is reached. + + An important characteristic of a + Vinum volume is that it can be + made up of more than one plex. + In this case, writes go to all plexes and a read may be satisfied + by any plex. + Configuring two or more plexes on distinct spindles yields a + volume that is resilient to failure. + + Vinum maintains a + configuration + that defines instances of the above objects and the way they + are related to each other. + This configuration is automatically written to all spindles under + Vinum management whenever it changes. +
+ +
+ Vinum Volume/Plex Organization + + Although Vinum + can manage any number of spindles, + I will only cover scenarios with two spindles here + for simplification. + See to see how + two spindles organized with Vinum + compare to two spindles without Vinum. + + + + Characteristics of Two Spindles Organized with Vinum + + + + + Organization + Total Capacity + Failure Resilient + Peak Read Performance + Peak Write Performance + + + + + Concatenated Plexes + Unchanged, but appears as a single drive + No + Unchanged + Unchanged + + + Striped Plexes (RAID-0) + Unchanged, but appears as a single drive + No + 2x + 2x + + + Mirrored Volumes (RAID-1) + 1/2, appearing as a single drive + Yes + 2x + Unchanged + + + +
+ + + shows that striping yields + the same capacity and lack of failure resilience + as concatenation, but it has better peak read and write performance. + Hence we will not be using concatenation in any of the examples here. + Mirrored volumes provide the benefits of improved peak read performance + and failure resilience--but this comes at a loss in capacity. + + Both concatenation and striping bring their benefits over a + single spindle at the cost of increased likelyhood of failure since + more than one spindle is now involved. + + When three or more spindles are present, + Vinum also supports rotated, + block-interleaved parity (also called RAID-5) + that provides better + capacity than mirroring (but not quite as good as striping), better + read performance than both mirroring and striping, + and good failure resilience. + There is, however, + a substantial decrease in write performance with RAID-5. + Most of the benefits become more pronounced with five or more + spindles. + + The organizations described above may be combined to provide + benefits that no single organization can match. + For example, mirroring and striping can be combined to provide + failure-resilience with very fast read performance. + +
+ +
+ Vinum History + + Vinum + is a standard part of even a "minimum" FreeBSD distribution and + it has been standard since 3.0-RELEASE. + The official pronunciation of the name is + VEE-noom. + + &vinum.ap; was inspired by the Veritas Volume Manager, but + was not derived from it. + The name is a play on that history and the Latin adage + In Vino Veritas + (Vino is the accusative form of + Vinum). + Literally translated, that is "Truth lies in wine" hinting that + drunkards have a hard time lying. + + + I have been using it in production on six different servers for + over two years with no data loss. + Like the rest of FreeBSD, Vinum + provides "rock-stable performance." + (On a personal note, I have seen Vinum + panic when I misconfigured something, but I have + never had any trouble in normal operation.) + Greg Lehey wrote + Vinum for FreeBSD, + but he is seeking + help in porting it to NetBSD and OpenBSD. + + + Just like the rest of FreeBSD, Vinum + is undergoing continuous + development. + Several subtle, but significant bugs have been fixed in recent + releases. + It is always best to use the most recent code base that meets your + stability requirements. + +
+ +
+ Vinum Deployment Strategy + + Vinum, + coupled with prudent partition management, lets you + keep "warm-spare" spindles on-line so that failures + are transparent to users. Failed spindles can be replaced + during regular maintenance periods or whenever it is convenient. + When all spindles are working, the server benefits from increased + performance and capacity. + + Having redundant copies of your home directory does not + help you if the spindle holding root, + /usr, or swap fails on your server. + Hence I focus here on building a simple + foundation for a failure-resilient server covering the root, + /usr, + /home, and swap partitions. + + + Vinum + mirroring does not remove the need for making backups! + Mirroring cannot help you recover from site disasters + or the dreaded + rm -r -f / command. +
+ +
+ Why Bootstrap Vinum? + + It is possible to add Vinum + to a server configuration after + it is already in production use, but this is much harder than + designing for it from the start. Ironically, + Vinum is not supported by + /stand/sysinstall + and hence you cannot install + /usr right onto a + Vinum volume. + + Vinum currently does not + support the root file system (this feature + is in development). + + Hence it is a bit + tricky to get started using + Vinum, but these instructions + take you though the process of planning for + Vinum, installing FreeBSD + without it, and then beginning to use it. + + I have come to call this whole process "bootstrapping Vinum." + That is, the process of getting Vinum + initially installed + and operating to the point where you have met your resilience + or performance goals. My purpose here is to document a + Vinum + bootstrapping method that I have found that works well for me. +
+ +
+ Vinum Benefits + + The server foundation scenario I have chosen here allows me + to show you examples of configuring for resilience on + /usr and + /home. + Yet Vinum + provides benefits other than resilience--namely + performance, capacity, and manageability. + It can significantly improve disk performance (especially + under multi-user loads). + Vinum + can easily concatenate many smaller disks to produce the + illusion of a single larger disk (but my server foundation + scenario does not allow me to illustrate these benefits here). + + For servers with many spindles, Vinum + provides substantial + benefits in volume management, particularly when coupled with + hot-pluggable hardware. Data can be moved from spindle to + spindle while the system is running without loss of production + time. Again, details of this will not be given here, but once + you get your feet wet with Vinum, + other documentation will help you do things like this. + See + "The Vinum + Volume Manager" for a technical introduction to + Vinum, + &man.vinum.8; for a description of the vinum + command, and + &man.vinum.4; + for a description of the vinum device + driver and the way Vinum + objects are named. + + + Breaking up your disk space into smaller and smaller partitions + has the benefit of allowing you to "tune" for the most common + type of access and tends to keep disk hogs "within their pens." + However it also causes some loss in total available disk space + due to fragmentation. +
+ +
+ Server Operation in Degraded Mode + + Some disk failures in this two-spindle scenario will result in + Vinum + automatically routing + all disk I/O to the remaining good spindle. + Others will require brief manual intervention on the console + to configure the server for degraded mode operation and a quick reboot. + Other than actual hardware repairs, most recovery work + can be done while the server is running in multi-user degraded + mode so there is as little production impact + from failures as possible. + + I give the instructions in needed to + configure the server for degraded mode operation + in those cases where Vinum + cannot do it automatically. + I also give the instructions needed to + return to normal operation once the failed hardware is repaired. + You might call these instructions Vinum + failure recovery techniques. + + I recommend practicing using these instructions + by recovering from simulated failures. + For each failure scenario, I also give tips below for simulating + a failure even when your hardware is working well. + Even a minimum Vinum + system as described in + + below can be a good place to experiment with + recovery techniques without impacting production equipment. +
+ +
+ Hardware RAID vs. Vinum (Software RAID) + + Manual intervention is sometimes required to configure a server for + degraded mode because + Vinum + is implemented in software that runs after the FreeBSD + kernel is loaded. One disadvantage of such + software RAID + solutions is that there is nothing that can be done to hide spindle + failures from the BIOS or the FreeBSD boot sequence. Hence + the manual reconfiguration of the server + for degraded operation mentioned + above just informs the BIOS and boot sequence of failed + spindles. + Hardware RAID solutions generally have an + advantage in that they require no such reconfiguration since + spindle failures are hidden from the BIOS and boot sequence. + + Hardware RAID, however, may have some disadvantages that can + be significant in some cases: + + + The hardware RAID controller itself may become a single + point of failure for the system. + + + The data is usually kept in a proprietary + format so that a disk drive cannot be simply plugged + into another main board and booted. + + + You often cannot mix and + match drives with different sizes and interfaces. + + + You are often limited to the number of drives supported by the + hardware RAID controller (often only four or eight). + + + In other words, &vinum.ap; may offer advantages in that + there is no single point of failure, + the drives can boot on most any main board, and + you are free to mix and match as many drives using + whatever interface you choose. + + + Keep your kernel fairly generic (or at least keep + /kernel.GENERIC around). + This will improve the chances that you can come back up on + "foreign" hardware more quickly. + + + The pros and cons discussed above suggest + that the root file system and swap partition are good + candidates for hardware RAID if available. + This is especially true for servers where it is difficult for + administrators to get console access (recall that this is sometimes + required to configure a server for degraded mode operation). + A server with only software RAID is well suited to office and home + environments where an administrator can be close at hand. + + A common myth is that hardware RAID is always faster + than software RAID. + Since it runs on the host CPU, Vinum + often has more CPU power and memory available than a + dedicated RAID controller would have. + If performance is a prime concern, it is best to benchmark + your application running on your CPU with your spindles using + both hardware and software RAID systems before making + a decision. + +
+ +
+ Hardware for Vinum + + These instructions may be timely since commodity PC hardware + can now easily host several hundred megabytes of reasonably + high-performance disk space at a low price. Many disk + drive manufactures now sell 7,200 RPM disk drives with quite + low seek times and high transfer rates through ATA-100 + interfaces, all at very attractive prices. Four such drives, + attached to a suitable main board and configured with + Vinum + and prudent partitioning, yields a failure-resilient, high + performance disk server at a very reasonable cost. + + However, you can indeed get started with + Vinum very simply. + A minimum system can be as simple as + an old CPU (even a 486 is fine) and a pair of drives + that are 500 MB or more. They need not be the same size or + even use the same interface (i.e., it is fine to mix ATAPI and + SCSI). So get busy and give this a try today! You will have + the foundation of a failure-resilient server running in an + hour or so! +
+
+ +
+ Bootstrapping Phases + + Greg Lehey suggested this bootstrapping method. + It uses knowledge of how Vinum + internally allocates disk space to avoid copying data. + Instead, Vinum + objects are configured so that they occupy the + same disk space where /stand/sysinstall built + file systems. + The file systems are thus embedded within + Vinum objects without copying. + + There are several distinct phases to the + Vinum bootstrapping + procedure. Each of these phases is presented in a separate section below. + The section starts with a general overview of the phase and its goals. + It then gives example steps for the two-spindle scenario + presented here and advice on how to adapt them for your server. + (If you are reading for a general understanding + of Vinum + bootstrapping, the example sections for each phase + can safely be skipped.) + The remainder of this section gives + an overview of the entire bootstrapping process. + + Phase 1 involves planning and preparation. + We will balance requirements + for the server against available resources and make design + tradeoffs. + We will plan the transition from no + Vinum to + Vinum + on just one spindle, to Vinum + on two spindles. + + In phase 2, we will install a minimum FreeBSD system on a + single spindle using partitions of type + 4.2BSD (regular UFS file systems). + + Phase 3 will embed the non-root file systems from phase 2 in + Vinum objects. + Note that Vinum will be up and + running at this point, + but it cannot yet provide any resilience since it only has + one spindle on which to store data. + + Finally in phase 4, we configure Vinum + on a second spindle and make a backup copy of the root file system. + This will give us resilience on all file systems. + +
+ Bootstrapping Phase 1: Planning and Preparation + + Our goal in this phase is to define the different partitions + we will need and examine their requirements. + We will also look at available disk drives and controllers and allocate + partitions to them. + Finally, we will determine the size of + each partition and its use during the bootstrapping process. + After this planning is complete, we can optionally prepare to use some + tools that will make bootstrapping Vinum + easier. + + Several key questions must be answered in this + planning phase: + + + + What file system and partitions will be needed? + + + How will they be used? + + + How will we name each spindle? + + + How will the partitions be ordered for each spindle? + + + How will partitions be assigned to the spindles? + + + How will partitions be configured? Resilience or performance? + + + What technique will be used to achieve resilience? + + + What spindles will be used? + + + How will they be configured on the available controllers? + + + How much space is required for each partition? + + + +
+ Phase 1 Example + + In this example, I will assume a scenario + where we are building + a minimal foundation for a failure-resilient server. + Hence we will need at least root, + /usr, + /home, + and swap partitions. + The root, + /usr, and + /home file systems all need resilience since the + server will not be much good without them. + The swap partition needs performance first and + generally does + not need resilience since nothing it holds needs to be retained + across a reboot. + +
+ Spindle Naming + + The kernel would refer to the master spindle on + the primary and secondary ATA controllers as + /dev/ad0 and + /dev/ad2 respectively. + + + This assumes that you have not removed the line + options ATA_STATIC_ID + from your kernel configuration. + + + But Vinum + also needs to have a name for each spindle + that will stay the same name regardless + of how it is attached to the CPU (i.e., if the drive moves, the + Vinum name moves with the drive). + + Some recovery techniques documented below suggest + moving a spindle from + the secondary ATA controller to the primary ATA controller. + (Indeed, the flexibility of making such moves is a key benefit + of Vinum + especially if you are managing a large number of spindles.) + After such a drive/controller swap, + the kernel will see what used to be + /dev/ad2 as + /dev/ad0 + but Vinum + will still call + it by whatever name it had when it was attached to + /dev/ad2 + (i.e., when it was "created" or first made known to + Vinum). + + Since connections can change, it is best to give + each spindle a unique, abstract + name that gives no hint of how it is attached. + Avoid names that suggest a manufacturer, model number, + physical location, or membership in a sequence + (e.g. avoid names like + upper, lower, etc., + alpha, beta, etc., + SCSI1, SCSI2, etc., or + Seagate1, Seagate2 etc.). + Such names are likely to lose their uniqueness or + get out of sequence + someday even if they seem like great names today. + + + Once you have picked names for your spindles, + label them with a permanent marker. + If you have hot-swappable hardware, write the names on the sleds + in which the spindles are mounted. + This will significantly reduce the likelihood of + error when you are moving spindles around later as + part of failure recovery or routine system management + procedures. + + In the instructions that follow, + Vinum + will name the root spindle YouCrazy + and the rootback spindle UpWindow. + I will only use /dev/ad0 + when I want to refer to whichever + of the two spindles is currently attached as + /dev/ad0. +
+ Partition Ordering + + Modern disk drives operate with fairly uniform areal + density across the surface of the disk. + That implies that more data is available under the heads without + seeking on the outer cylinders than on the inner cylinders. + We will allocate partitions most critical to system performance + from these outer cylinders as + /stand/sysinstall generally does. + + The root file system is traditionally the outermost, even though + it generally is not as critical to system performance as others. + (However root can have a larger impact on performance if it contains + /tmp and /var as it + does in this example.) + The FreeBSD boot loaders assume that the + root file system lives in the a partition. + There is no requirement that the a + partition start on the outermost cylinders, but this + convention makes it easier to manage disk labels. + + Swap performance is critical so it comes next on our way toward + the center. + I/O operations here tend to be large and contiguous. + Having as much data under the heads as possible avoids seeking + while swapping. + + With all the smaller partitions out of the way, we finish + up the disk with + /home and + /usr. + Access patterns here tend not to be as intense as for other + file systems (especially if there is an abundant supply of RAM + and read cache hit rates are high). + + If the pair of spindles you have are large enough to allow + for more than + /home and + /usr, + it is fine to plan for additional file systems here. + +
+ Assigning Partitions to Spindles + + We will want to assign + partitions to these spindles so that either can fail + without loss of data on file systems configured for + resilience. + + Reliability on + /usr and + /home + is best achieved using Vinum + mirroring. + Resilience will have to come differently, however, for the root + file system since Vinum + is not a part of the FreeBSD boot sequence. + Here we will have to settle for two identical + partitions with a periodic copy from the primary to the + backup secondary. + + The kernel already has support for interleaved swap across + all available partitions so there is no need for help from + Vinum here. + /stand/sysinstall + will automatically configure /etc/fstab + for all swap partitions given. + + The &vinum.ap; bootstrapping method given below + requires a pair of spindles that I will call the + root spindle and the + rootback spindle. + + The rootback spindle must be the same size or + larger than the root spindle. + + These instructions first allocate all space on the root + spindle and then allocate exactly that amount of space on + a rootback spindle. + (After &vinum.ap; is bootstrapped, there is nothing special + about either of these spindles--they are interchangeable.) + You can later use the remaining space on the rootback spindle for + other file systems. + + If you have more than two spindles, the + bootvinum Perl script and the procedure + below will help you initialize them for use with &vinum.ap;. + However you will have to figure out how to assign partitions + to them on your own. + +
+ +
+ Assigning Space to Partitions + + For this example, I will use two spindles: one with + 4,124,673 blocks (about 2 GB) on /dev/ad0 + and one with 8,420,769 blocks (about 4 GB) on + /dev/ad2. + + It is best to configure your two spindles on separate + controllers so that both can operate in parallel and + so that you will have failure resilience in case a + controller dies. + Note that mirrored volume write performance will be halved + in cases where both spindles share a controller that requires + they operate serially (as is often the case with ATA controllers). + One spindle will be the master on the primary ATA + controller and the other will be the master on the + secondary ATA controller. + + Recall that we will be allocating space on the smaller + spindle first and the larger spindle second. + +
+ +
+ Assigning Partitions on the Root Spindle + + We will allocate 200,000 blocks (about 93 MB) + for a root file system on each spindle + (/dev/ad0s1a and + /dev/ad2s1a). + We will initially allocate 200,265 blocks for a swap partition + on each spindle, + giving a total of about 186 MB of + swap space (/dev/ad0s1b and + /dev/ad2s1b). + + We will lose 265 blocks from each swap partition + as part of the bootstrapping process. + This is the size of the space used by + Vinum to store configuration + information. + The space will be taken from swap and given to a vinum + partition but will be unavailable for + Vinum subdisks. + + I have done the partition allocation in nice round + numbers of blocks just to emphasize where the 265 blocks go. + There is nothing wrong with allocating space in MB if that is + more convenient for you. + + This leaves 4,124,673 - 200,000 - 200,265 = 3,724,408 blocks + (about 1,818 MB) on the root spindle for + Vinum + partitions (/dev/ad0s1e and + /dev/ad2s1f). + From this, allocate the 265 blocks for + Vinum configuration information, + 1,000,000 blocks (about 488 MB) + for /home, and the remaining + 2,724,408 blocks (about 1,330 MB) for + /usr. + See below to see this graphically. + + The left-hand side of + below shows what spindle ad0 will + look like at the end of phase 2. + The right-hand side shows what it will look like at the + end of phase 3. + +
+ Spindle ad0 Before and After Vinum + + + + + + + + ad0 Before Vinum Offset (blocks) ad0 After Vinum ++----------------------+ <-- 0--> +----------------------+ +| root | | root | +| /dev/ad0s1a | | /dev/ad0s1a | ++----------------------+ <-- 200000--> +----------------------+ +| swap | | swap | +| /dev/ad0s1b | | /dev/ad0s1b | +| | 400000--> +----------------------+ +| | | Vinum drive YouCrazy | +| | | /dev/ad0s1h | ++----------------------+ <-- 400265--> +-----------------+ | +| /home | | Vinum sd | | +| /dev/ad0s1e | | home.p0.s0 | | ++----------------------+ <--1400265--> +-----------------+ | +| /usr | | Vinum sd | | +| /dev/ad0s1f | | usr.p0.s0 | | ++----------------------+ <--4124673--> +-----------------+----+ +Not to scale + + + + Spindle /dev/ad0 Before and After Vinum + + +
+ +
+ +
+ Assigning Partitions on the Rootback Spindle + + The /rootback and swap partition sizes + on the rootback spindle must + match the root and swap partition sizes on the root spindle. + That leaves 8,420,769 - 200,000 - 200,265 = 8,020,504 + blocks for the Vinum partition. + Mirrors of /home and + /usr receive the same allocation as on + the root spindle. + That will leave an extra 2 GB or so that we can deal + with later. + See below to see this graphically. + + The left-hand side of + below shows what spindle ad2 will + look like at the beginning of phase 4. + The right-hand side shows what it will look like at the end. + +
+ Spindle ad2 Before and After Vinum + + + + + + + + ad2 Before Vinum Offset (blocks) ad2 After Vinum ++----------------------+ <-- 0--> +----------------------+ +| /rootback | | /rootback | +| /dev/ad2s1e | | /dev/ad2s1a | ++----------------------+ <-- 200000--> +----------------------+ +| swap | | swap | +| /dev/ad2s1b | | /dev/ad2s1b | +| | 400000--> +----------------------+ +| | | Vinum drive UpWindow | +| | | /dev/ad2s1h | ++----------------------+ <-- 400265--> +-----------------+ | +| /NOFUTURE | | Vinum sd | | +| /dev/ad2s1f | | home.p1.s0 | | +| | 1400265--> +-----------------+ | +| | | Vinum sd | | +| | | usr.p1.s0 | | +| | 4124673--> +-----------------+ | +| | | Vinum sd | | +| | | hope.p0.s0 | | ++----------------------+ <--8420769--> +-----------------+----+ +Not to scale + + + + Spindle ad2 Before and After Vinum + + +
+ +
+ +
+ Preparation of Tools + + The bootvinum Perl script given below in + will make the + Vinum bootstrapping process much + easier if you can run it on the machine being bootstrapped. + It is over 200 lines and you would not want to type it in. + At this point, I recommend that you + copy it to a floppy or arrange some + alternative method of making it readily available + so that it can be available later when needed. + For example: + +&prompt.root; fdformat -f 1440 /dev/fd0 +&prompt.root; newfs_msdos -f 1440 /dev/fd0 +&prompt.root; mount /dev/fd0 /mnt +&prompt.root; cp /usr/share/examples/vinum/bootvinum /mnt + + XXX need to find a way to distribute this script. FTP? + Could DN host it? + Maybe Greg can commit it? + /usr/share/examples/vinum? +
+
+ + +
+ Bootstrapping Phase 2: Minimal OS Installation + + Our goal in this phase is to complete the smallest possible + FreeBSD installation in such a way that we can later install + Vinum. + We will use only + partitions of type 4.2BSD (i.e., regular UFS file + systems) since that is the only type supported by + /stand/sysinstall. + +
+ Phase 2 Example + + + + Start up the FreeBSD installation process by running + /stand/sysinstall from + installation media as you normally would. + + + Fdisk partition all spindles as needed. + + + Make sure to select BootMgr for all spindles. + + + + Partition the root spindle with appropriate block + allocations as described above in . + For this example on a 2 GB spindle, I will use + 200,000 blocks for root, 200,265 blocks for swap, + 1,000,000 blocks for /home, and + the rest of the spindle (2,724,408 blocks) for + /usr. + (/stand/sysinstall + should automatically assign these to + /dev/ad0s1a, + /dev/ad0s1b, + /dev/ad0s1e, and + /dev/ad0s1f + by default.) + + If you prefer soft updates as I do and you are + using 4.4-RELEASE or better, this is a good time to enable + them. + + + + + Partition the rootback spindle with the appropriate block + allocations as described above in . + For this example on a 4 GB spindle, I will use + 200,000 blocks for /rootback, + 200,265 blocks for swap, and + the rest of the spindle (8,020,504 blocks) for + /NOFUTURE. + (/stand/sysinstall + should automatically assign these to + /dev/ad2s1e, + /dev/ad2s1b, and + /dev/ad2s1f by default.) + + + We do not really want to have a + /NOFUTURE UFS file system (we + want a vinum partition instead), but that is the + best choice we have for the space given the limitations of + /stand/sysinstall. + Mount point names beginning with NOFUTURE + and rootback + serve as sentinels to the bootstrapping + script presented in below. + + + + Partition any other spindles with swap if desired and a + single /NOFUTURExx file system. + + + + Select a minimum system install for now even if you + want to end up with more distributions loaded later. + + + Do not worry about system configuration options at this + point--get Vinum + set up and get the partitions in + the right places first. + + + + Exit /stand/sysinstall and reboot. + Do a quick test to verify that the minimum + installation was successful. + + + + The left-hand side of above + and the left-hand side of above + show how the disks will look at this point. +
+
+ +
+ Bootstrapping Phase 3: Root Spindle Setup + + Our goal in this phase is get Vinum + set up and running on the + root spindle. + We will embed the existing + /usr and + /home file systems in a + Vinum partition. + Note that the Vinum + volumes created will not yet be + failure-resilient since we have + only one underlying Vinum + drive to hold them. + The resulting system will automatically start + Vinum as it boots to multi-user mode. + +
+ Phase 3 Example + + + + Login as root. + + + + We will need a directory in the root file system in + which to keep a few files that will be used in the + Vinum + bootstrapping process. + + &prompt.root; mkdir /bootvinum +&prompt.root; cd /bootvinum + + + + Several files need to be prepared for use in bootstrapping. + I have written a Perl script that makes all the required + files for you. + Copy this script to /bootvinum by + floppy disk, tape, network, or any convenient means and + then run it. + (If you cannot get this script copied onto the machine being + bootstrapped, then see + below for a manual alternative.) + + &prompt.root; cp /mnt/bootvinum . +&prompt.root; ./bootvinum + + bootvinum produces no output + when run successfully. + If you get any errors, + something may have gone wrong when you were creating + partitions with + /stand/sysinstall above. + + Running bootvinum will: + + + + Create /etc/fstab.vinum + based on what it finds + in your existing /etc/fstab + + + Create new disk labels for each spindle mentioned + in /etc/fstab and keep copies of the + current disk labels + + + Create files needed as input to vinum + for building + Vinum objects on each spindle + + + Create many alternates to /etc/fstab.vinum + that might come in handy should a spindle fail + + + + You may want to take a look at these files to learn more + about the disk partitioning required for + Vinum or to learn more about the + commands needed to create + Vinum objects. + + + + + We now need to install new spindle partitioning for + /dev/ad0. + This requires that + /dev/ad0s1b not be in use for + swapping so we have to reboot in single-user mode. + + + + First, reboot the system. + + &prompt.root; reboot + + + + Next, enter single-user mode. + Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. +Booting [kernel] in 8 seconds... + +Type '?' for a list of commands, 'help' for more detailed help. +ok boot -s + + + + + + + In single-user mode, install the new partitioning + created above. + + &prompt.root; cd /bootvinum +&prompt.root; disklabel -R ad0s1 disklabel.ad0s1 +&prompt.root; disklabel -R ad2s1 disklabel.ad2s1 + + If you have additional spindles, repeate the + above commands as appropriate for them. + + + + + We are about to start Vinum + for the first time. + It is going to want to create several device nodes under + /dev/vinum so we will need to mount the + root file system for read/write access. + + &prompt.root; fsck -p / +&prompt.root; mount / + + + + Now it is time to create the Vinum + objects that + will embed the existing non-root file systems on + the root spindle in a + Vinum partition. + This will load the Vinum + kernel module and start Vinum + as a side effect. + + &prompt.root; vinum create create.YouCrazy + + + You should see a list of Vinum + objects created that looks like the following: +1 drives: +D YouCrazy State: up Device /dev/ad0s1h Avail: 0/1818 MB (0%) + +2 volumes: +V home State: up Plexes: 1 Size: 488 MB +V usr State: up Plexes: 1 Size: 1330 MB + +2 plexes: +P home.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 488 MB +P usr.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 1330 MB + +2 subdisks: +S home.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 488 MB +S usr.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 1330 MB + + You should also see several kernel messages + which state that the Vinum + objects you have created are now up. + + + + Our non-root file systems should now be embedded in a + Vinum partition and + hence available through Vinum + volumes. + It is important to test that this embedding worked. + + &prompt.root; fsck -n /dev/vinum/home +&prompt.root; fsck -n /dev/vinum/usr + + This should produce no errors. + If it does produce errors do not fix them. + Instead, go back and examine the root spindle partition tables + before and after Vinum + to see if you can spot the error. + You can back out the partition table changes by using + disklabel -R with the + disklabel.*.b4vinum files. + + + + While we have the root file system mounted read/write, this is + a good time to install /etc/fstab. + + &prompt.root; mv /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.b4vinum +&prompt.root; cp /etc/fstab.vinum /etc/fstab + + + + We are now done with tasks requiring single-user + mode, so it is safe to go multi-user from here on. + + &prompt.root; ^D + + + + Login as root. + + + + Edit /etc/rc.conf and add this line: + start_vinum="YES" + + +
+
+ +
+ Bootstrapping Phase 4: Rootback Spindle Setup + + Our goal in this phase is to get redundant copies of all data + from the root spindle to the rootback spindle. + We will first create the necessary Vinum + objects on the rootback spindle. + Then we will ask Vinum + to copy the data from the root spindle to the + rootback spindle. + Finally, we use dump and restore + to copy the root file system. + +
+ Phase 4 Example + + + + Now that Vinum + is running on the root spindle, we can bring + it up on the rootback spindle so that our + Vinum volumes can become + failure-resilient. + + &prompt.root; cd /bootvinum +&prompt.root; vinum create create.UpWindow + + You should see a list of Vinum + objects created that + looks like the following: + +2 drives: +D YouCrazy State: up Device /dev/ad0s1h Avail: 0/1818 MB (0%) +D UpWindow State: up Device /dev/ad2s1h Avail: 2096/3915 MB (53%) + +2 volumes: +V home State: up Plexes: 2 Size: 488 MB +V usr State: up Plexes: 2 Size: 1330 MB + +4 plexes: +P home.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 488 MB +P usr.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 1330 MB +P home.p1 C State: faulty Subdisks: 1 Size: 488 MB +P usr.p1 C State: faulty Subdisks: 1 Size: 1330 MB + +4 subdisks: +S home.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 488 MB +S usr.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 1330 MB +S home.p1.s0 State: stale PO: 0 B Size: 488 MB +S usr.p1.s0 State: stale PO: 0 B Size: 1330 MB + + You should also see several kernel messages + which state that some of the Vinum + objects you have created are now up + while others are faulty or + stale. + + + + Now we ask Vinum + to copy each of the subdisks on drive + YouCrazy to drive UpWindow. + This will change the state of the newly created + Vinum subdisks + from stale to up. + It will also change the state of the newly created + Vinum plexes + from faulty to up. + + First, we do the new subdisk we + added to /home. + + &prompt.root; vinum start -w home.p1.s0 +reviving home.p1.s0 +(time passes . . . ) +home.p1.s0 is up by force +home.p1 is up +home.p1.s0 is up + + + My 5,400 RPM EIDE spindles copied at about 3.5 MBytes/sec. + Your mileage may vary. + + + + + + Next we do the new subdisk we + added to /usr. + + &prompt.root; vinum -w start usr.p1.s0 +reviving usr.p1.s0 +(time passes . . . ) +usr.p1.s0 is up by force +usr.p1 is up +usr.p1.s0 is up + + All Vinum + objects should be in state up at this point. + The output of + vinum list should look + like the following: + +2 drives: +D YouCrazy State: up Device /dev/ad0s1h Avail: 0/1818 MB (0%) +D UpWindow State: up Device /dev/ad2s1h Avail: 2096/3915 MB (53%) + +2 volumes: +V home State: up Plexes: 2 Size: 488 MB +V usr State: up Plexes: 2 Size: 1330 MB + +4 plexes: +P home.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 488 MB +P usr.p0 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 1330 MB +P home.p1 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 488 MB +P usr.p1 C State: up Subdisks: 1 Size: 1330 MB + +4 subdisks: +S home.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 488 MB +S usr.p0.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 1330 MB +S home.p1.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 488 MB +S usr.p1.s0 State: up PO: 0 B Size: 1330 MB + + + + Copy the root file system so that you will have a backup. + + &prompt.root; cd /rootback +&prompt.root; dump 0f - / | restore rf - +&prompt.root; rm restoresymtable +&prompt.root; cd / + + + You may see errors like this: + + ./tmp/rstdir1001216411: (inode 558) not found on tape +cannot find directory inode 265 +abort? [yn] n +expected next file 492, got 491 + + They seem to cause no harm. + I suspect they are a consequence of dumping the file system + containing /tmp and/or the pipe + connecting dump and + restore. + + + + + + Make a directory on which we can mount a damaged root + file system during the recovery process. + + &prompt.root; mkdir /rootbad + + + + + Remove sentinel mount points that are now unused. + + &prompt.root; rmdir /NOFUTURE* + + + + + Create empty &vinum.ap; drives on remaining spindles. + + &prompt.root; vinum create create.ThruBank +&prompt.root; ... + + + + + At this point, the reliable server foundation is complete. + The right-hand side of above + and the right-hand side of above + show how the disks will look. + + You may want to do a quick reboot to multi-user and give it + a quick test drive. + This is also a good point to complete installation + of other distributions beyond the minimal install. + Add packages, ports, and users as required. + Configure /etc/rc.conf as required. + + + After you have completed your server configuration, + remember to do one more copy of root to + /rootback as shown above before placing + the server into production. + + + Make a schedule to refresh + /rootback periodically. + + + It may be a good idea to mount + /rootback read-only for normal operation + of the server. + This does, however, complicate the periodic refresh a bit. + + + Do not forget to watch + /var/log/messages carefully for errors. + Vinum + may automatically avoid failed hardware in a way that users + do not notice. + You must watch for such failures and get them repaired before a + second failure results in data loss. + You may see + Vinum noting damaged objects + at server boot time. + +
+
+ + +
+ Where to Go from Here? + + Now that you have established the foundation of a reliable server, + there are several things you might want to try next. + +
+ Make a Vinum Volume with Remaining Space + + Following are the steps to create another + Vinum volume with space remaining + on the rootback spindle. + + This volume will not be resilient to spindle failure + since it has only one plex on a single spindle. + + + + Create a file with the following contents: + + volume hope + plex name hope.p0 org concat volume hope + sd name hope.p0.s0 drive UpWindow plex hope.p0 len 0 + + + Specifying a length of 0 for + the hope.p0.s0 subdisk + asks Vinum + to use whatever space is left available on the underlying + drive. + + + + Feed these commands into vinum . + &prompt.root; vinum create filename + + + + Now we newfs the volume and + mount it. + + &prompt.root; newfs -v /dev/vinum/hope +&prompt.root; mkdir /hope +&prompt.root; mount /dev/vinum/hope /hope + + + + + Edit /etc/fstab if you want + /hope mounted at boot time. + + + +
+ +
+ Try Out More Vinum Commands + + You might already be familiar with + vinum to get a list of + all Vinum objects. + Try following it to see more detail. + + If you have more spindles and you want to bring them up as + concatenated, mirrored, or striped volumes, then give + vinum drivelist, + vinum drivelist, or + vinum drivelist a try. + + See &man.vinum.8; for sample configurations and important + performance considerations before settling on a final organization + for your additional spindles. + + The failure recovery instructions below will also give you + some experience using more Vinum + commands. + +
+
+ +
+ Failure Scenarios + + This section contains descriptions of various failure scenarios. + For each scenario, there is a subsection on how to configure your + server for degraded mode operation, how to recover from the failure, + how to exit degraded mode, and how to simulate the failure. + + + Make a hard copy of these instructions and leave them inside the CPU + case, being careful not to interfere with ventilation. + +
+ Root file system on ad0 unusable, rest of drive ok + + + We assume here that the boot blocks and disk label on + /dev/ad0 are ok. + If your BIOS can boot from a drive other than + C:, you may be able to get around this + limitation. + +
+ Configure Server for Degraded Mode + + + + Use BootMgr to load kernel from + /dev/ad2s1a. + + + + Hit F5 in BootMgr to select + Drive 1. + + + + Hit F1 to select + FreeBSD. + + + + + + After the kernel is loaded, hit any key but enter to interrupt + the boot sequence. + Boot into single-user mode and allow explicit entry of + a root file system. + + Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. +Booting [kernel] in 8 seconds... + +Type '?' for a list of commands, 'help' for more detailed help. +ok boot -as + + + + + Select /rootback + as your root file system. + + Manual root file system specification: + <fstype>:<device> Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype> + e.g. ufs:/dev/da0s1a + ? List valid disk boot devices + <empty line> Abort manual input + + mountroot> ufs:/dev/ad2s1a + + + + Now that you are in single-user mode, change + /etc/fstab to avoid the + bad root file system. + + + If you used the bootvinum Perl script from + below, then these commands should configure your server for + degraded mode. + + &prompt.root; fsck -p / +&prompt.root; mount / +&prompt.root; cd /etc +&prompt.root; mv fstab fstab.bak +&prompt.root; cp fstab_ad0s1_root_bad fstab +&prompt.root; cd / +&prompt.root; mount -o ro / +&prompt.root; vinum start +&prompt.root; fsck -p +&prompt.root; ^D + + + +
+ +
+ Recovery + + + + Restore /dev/ad0s1a from + backups or copy + /rootback to it with these commands: + + &prompt.root; umount /rootbad +&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad0s1a +&prompt.root; tunefs -n enable /dev/ad0s1a +&prompt.root; mount /rootbad +&prompt.root; cd /rootbad +&prompt.root; dump 0f - / | restore rf - +&prompt.root; rm restoresymtable + + +
+ +
+ Exiting Degraded Mode + + + + Enter single-user mode. + + &prompt.root; shutdown now + + + + Put /etc/fstab back to + normal and reboot. + + &prompt.root; cd /rootbad/etc +&prompt.root; rm fstab +&prompt.root; mv fstab.bak fstab +&prompt.root; reboot + + + + Reboot and hit F1 to boot from + /dev/ad0 when + prompted by BootMgr. + + +
+ +
+ Simulation + + This kind of failure can be simulated by shutting down to + single-user mode and then booting as shown above in + . +
+
+ +
+ Drive ad2 Fails + + This section deals with the total failure of + /dev/ad2. + +
+ Configure Server for Degraded Mode + + + + After the kernel is loaded, hit any key but + Enter to interrupt the boot sequence. + Boot into single-user mode. + + Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. +Booting [kernel] in 8 seconds... + +Type '?' for a list of commands, 'help' for more detailed help. +ok boot -s + + + + + Change + /etc/fstab to avoid the bad drive. + If you used the bootvinum Perl script from + below, then + these commands should configure your server for + degraded mode. + + &prompt.root; fsck -p / +&prompt.root; mount / +&prompt.root; cd /etc +&prompt.root; mv fstab fstab.bak +&prompt.root; cp fstab_only_have_ad0s1 fstab +&prompt.root; cd / +&prompt.root; mount -o ro / +&prompt.root; vinum start +&prompt.root; fsck -p +&prompt.root; ^D + + If you do not have modified versions of + /etc/fstab that are ready for use, + then you can use ed to make one. + Alternatively, you can fsck and + mount + /usr and then use your + favorite editor. + + + +
+ +
+ Recovery + + + We assume here that your server is up and running multi-user in + degraded mode on just + /dev/ad0 and that you have + a new spindle now on + /dev/ad2 ready to go. + + You will need a new spindle with enough room to hold root and swap + partitions plus a Vinum + partition large enough to hold + /home and /usr. + + + Create a BIOS partition (slice) on the new spindle. + + &prompt.root; /stand/sysinstall + + + Select Custom. + Select Partition. + Select ad2. + Create a FreeBSD (type 165) slice + large enough to hold everything mentioned above. + Write changes. + Yes, you are absolutely sure. + Select BootMgr. + Quit Partitioning. + Exit /stand/sysinstall. + + + + + Create disk label partitioning based on current + /dev/ad0 partitioning. + + &prompt.root; disklabel ad0 > /tmp/ad0 +&prompt.root; disklabel -e ad2 + + This will drop you into your favorite editor. + + + + Copy the lines for the a and + b partitions from + /tmp/ad0 to the + ad2 disklabel. + + + + Add the size of the + a and + b partitions to find the proper + offset for the + h partition. + + + + Subtract this offset from the + size of the c + partition to find the proper size for the h + partition. + + + + Define an h partition with the + size and + offset calculated above. + + + + Set the fstype column to + vinum. + + + + Save the file and quit your editor. + + + + + + Tell Vinum + about the new drive. + + + + Ask Vinum to start an + editor with a copy of the current configuration. + + &prompt.root; vinum create + + + + + Uncomment the drive line referring to drive + UpWindow and set + device to + /dev/ad2s1h. + + + Save the file and quit your editor. + + + + + + Now that Vinum + has two spindles again, revive the mirrors. + + &prompt.root; vinum start -w usr.p1.s0 +&prompt.root; vinum start -w home.p1.s0 + + + + Now we need to restore + /rootback to a current copy of the + root file system. + These commands will accomplish this. + + &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad2s1a +&prompt.root; tunefs -n enable /dev/ad2s1a +&prompt.root; mount /dev/ad2s1a /mnt +&prompt.root; cd /mnt +&prompt.root; dump 0f - / | restore rf - +&prompt.root; rm restoresymtable +&prompt.root; cd / +&prompt.root; umount /mnt + + +
+ +
+ Exiting Degraded Mode + + + + Enter single-user mode. + + &prompt.root; shutdown now + + + + Return /etc/fstab to + its normal state and reboot. + + &prompt.root; cd /etc +&prompt.root; rm fstab +&prompt.root; mv fstab.bak fstab +&prompt.root; reboot + + +
+ +
+ Simulation + + You can simulate this kind of failure by unplugging + /dev/ad2, write-protecting it, + or by this procedure: + + + + Shutdown to single-user mode. + + + + Unmount all non-root file systems. + + + + Clobber any existing Vinum + configuration and partitioning on + /dev/ad2. + + &prompt.root; vinum stop +&prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ad2s1h count=512 +&prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ad2 count=512 + + +
+
+ +
+ Drive ad0 Fails + + Some BIOSes can boot from drive 1 or drive 2 (often called + C: or D:), + while others can boot only from drive 1. + If your BIOS can boot from either, the fastest road to recovery + might be to boot directly from /dev/ad2 + in single-user mode and + install /etc/fsatb_only_have_ad2s1 as + /etc/fstab. + You would then have to adapt the /dev/ad2 + failure recovery instructions from above. + + If your BIOS can only boot from drive one, then you will have to + unplug drive YouCrazy from the controller for + /dev/ad2 and plug it + into the controller for /dev/ad0. + Then continue with the instructions for + /dev/ad2 failure recovery + in above. +
+
+ + + bootvinum Perl Script + + The bootvinum Perl script below reads /etc/fstab + and current drive partitioning. + It then writes several files in the current directory and several + variants of /etc/fstab in /etc. + These files significantly simplify the installation of + Vinum and recovery from + spindle failures. + + #!/usr/bin/perl -w +use strict; +use FileHandle; + +my $config_tag1 = '$Id: article.sgml,v 1.1 2001-10-16 20:54:26 chern Exp $'; +# Copyright (C) 2001 Robert A. Van Valzah +# +# Bootstrap Vinum +# +# Read /etc/fstab and current partitioning for all spindles mentioned there. +# Generate files needed to mirror all file systems on root spindle. +# A new partition table for each spindle +# Input for the vinum create command to create Vinum objects on each spindle +# A copy of fstab mounting Vinum volumes instead of BSD partitions +# Copies of fstab altered for server's degraded modes of operation +# See handbook for instructions on how to use the the files generated. +# N.B. This bootstrapping method shrinks size of swap partition by the size +# of Vinum's on-disk configuration (265 sectors). It embeds existing file +# systems on the root spindle in Vinum objects without having to copy them. +# Thanks to Greg Lehey for suggesting this bootstrapping method. +# Expectations: +# The root spindle must contain at least root, swap, and /usr partitions +# The rootback spindle must have matching /rootback and swap partitions +# Other spindles should only have a /NOFUTURE* file system and maybe swap +# File systems named /NOFUTURE* will be replaced with Vinum drives + +# Change configuration variables below to suit your taste +my $vip = 'h'; # VInum Partition +my @drv = ('YouCrazy', 'UpWindow', 'ThruBank', # Vinum DRiVe names + 'OutSnakes', 'MeWild', 'InMovie', 'HomeJames', 'DownPrices', 'WhileBlind'); +# No configuration variables beyond this point + +my %vols; # One entry per Vinum volume to be created +my @spndl; # One entry per SPiNDLe +my $rsp; # Root SPindle (as in /dev/$rsp) +my $rbsp; # RootBack SPindle (as in /dev/$rbsp) +my $cfgsiz = 265; # Size of Vinum on-disk configuration info in sectors +my $nxtpas = 2; # Next fsck pass number for non-root file systems + +# Parse fstab, generating the version we'll need for Vinum and noting +# spindles in use. +my $fsin = "/etc/fstab"; +#my $fsin = "simu/fstab"; +open(FSIN, "$fsin") || die("Couldn't open $fsin: $!\n"); + +my $fsout = "/etc/fstab.vinum"; +open(FSOUT, ">$fsout") || die("Couldn't open $fsout for writing: $!\n"); + +while (<FSIN>) { + my ($dev, $mnt, $fstyp, $opt, $dump, $pass) = split; + next if $dev =~ /^#/; + if ($mnt eq '/' || $mnt eq '/rootback' || $mnt =~ /^\/NOFUTURE/) { + my $dn = substr($dev, 5, length($dev)-6); # Device Name without /dev/ + push(@spndl, $dn) unless grep($_ eq $dn, @spndl); + $rsp = $dn if $mnt eq '/'; + next if $mnt =~ /^\/NOFUTURE/; + } + # Move /rootback from partition e to a + if ($mnt =~ /^\/rootback/) { + $dev =~ s/e$/a/; + $pass = 1; + $rbsp = substr($dev, 5, length($dev)-6); + print FSOUT "$dev\t\t$mnt\t$fstyp\t$opt\t\t$dump\t$pass\n"; + next; + } + # Move non-root file systems on smallest spindle into Vinum + if (defined($rsp) && $dev =~ /^\/dev\/$rsp/ && $dev =~ /[d-h]$/) { + $pass = $nxtpas++; + print FSOUT "/dev/vinum$mnt\t\t$mnt\t\t$fstyp\t$opt\t\t$dump\t$pass\n"; + $vols{$dev}->{mnt} = substr($mnt, 1); + next; + } + print FSOUT $_; +} +close(FSOUT); +die("Found more spindles than we have abstract names\n") if $#spndl > $#drv; +die("Didn't find a root partition!\n") if !defined($rsp); +die("Didn't find a /rootback partition!\n") if !defined($rbsp); + +# Table of server's Degraded Modes +# One row per mode with hash keys +# fn FileName +# xpr eXPRession needed to convert fstab lines for this mode +# cm1 CoMment 1 describing this mode +# cm2 CoMment 2 describing this mode +# FH FileHandle (dynamically initialized below) +my @DM = ( + { cm1 => "When we only have $rsp, comment out lines using $rbsp", + fn => "/etc/fstab_only_have_$rsp", + xpr => "s:^/dev/$rbsp:#\$&:", + }, + { cm1 => "When we only have $rbsp, comment out lines using $rsp and", + cm2 => "rootback becomes root", + fn => "/etc/fstab_only_have_$rbsp", + xpr => "s:^/dev/$rsp:#\$&: || s:/rootback:/\t:", + }, + { cm1 => "When only $rsp root is bad, /rootback becomes root and", + cm2 => "root becomes /rootbad", + fn => "/etc/fstab_${rsp}_root_bad", + xpr => "s:\t/\t:\t/rootbad: || s:/rootback:/\t:", + }, +); + +# Initialize output FileHandles and write comments +foreach my $dm (@DM) { + my $fh = new FileHandle; + $fh->open(">$dm->{fn}") || die("Can't write $dm->{fn}: $!\n"); + print $fh "# $dm->{cm1}\n" if $dm->{cm1}; + print $fh "# $dm->{cm2}\n" if $dm->{cm2}; + $dm->{FH} = $fh; +} + +# Parse the Vinum version of fstab written above and write versions needed +# for server's degraded modes. +open(FSOUT, "$fsout") || die("Couldn't open $fsout: $!\n"); +while (<FSOUT>) { + my $line = $_; + foreach my $dm (@DM) { + $_ = $line; + eval $dm->{xpr}; + print {$dm->{FH}} $_; + } +} + +# Parse partition table for each spindle and write versions needed for Vinum +my $rootsiz; # ROOT partition SIZe +my $swapsiz; # SWAP partition SIZe +my $rspminoff; # Root SPindle MINimum OFFset of non-root, non-swap, non-c parts +my $rspsiz; # Root SPindle SIZe +my $rbspsiz; # RootBack SPindle SIZe +foreach my $i (0..$#spndl) { + my $dlin = "disklabel $spndl[$i] |"; +# my $dlin = "simu/disklabel.$spndl[$i]"; + open(DLIN, "$dlin") || die("Couldn't open $dlin: $!\n"); + + my $dlout = "disklabel.$spndl[$i]"; + open(DLOUT, ">$dlout") || die("Couldn't open $dlout for writing: $!\n"); + + my $dlb4 = "$dlout.b4vinum"; + open(DLB4, ">$dlb4") || die("Couldn't open $dlb4 for writing: $!\n"); + + my $minoff; # MINimum OFFset of non-root, non-swap, non-c partitions + my $totsiz = 0; # TOTal SIZe of all non-root, non-swap, non-c partitions + my $swapspndl = 0; # True if SWAP partition on this SPiNDLe + while (<DLIN>) { + print DLB4 $_; + my ($part, $siz, $off, $fstyp, $fsiz, $bsiz, $bps) = split; + + if ($part && $part eq 'a:' && $spndl[$i] eq $rsp) { + $rootsiz = $siz; + } + if ($part && $part eq 'e:' && $spndl[$i] eq $rbsp) { + if ($rootsiz != $siz) { + die("Rootback size ($siz) != root size ($rootsiz)\n"); + } + } + if ($part && $part eq 'c:') { + $rspsiz = $siz if $spndl[$i] eq $rsp; + $rbspsiz = $siz if $spndl[$i] eq $rbsp; + } + # Make swap partition $cfgsiz sectors smaller + if ($part && $part eq 'b:') { + if ($spndl[$i] eq $rsp) { + $swapsiz = $siz; + } else { + if ($swapsiz != $siz) { + die("Swap partition sizes unequal across spindles\n"); + } + } + printf DLOUT "%4s%9d%9d%10s\n", $part, $siz-$cfgsiz, $off, $fstyp; + $swapspndl = 1; + next; + } + # Move rootback spindle e partitions to a + if ($part && $part eq 'e:' && $spndl[$i] eq $rbsp) { + printf DLOUT "%4s%9d%9d%10s%9d%6d%6d\n", 'a:', $siz, $off, $fstyp, + $fsiz, $bsiz, $bps; + next; + } + # Delete non-root, non-swap, non-c partitions but note their minimum + # offset and total size that're needed below. + if ($part && $part =~ /^[d-h]:$/) { + $minoff = $off unless $minoff; + $minoff = $off if $off < $minoff; + $totsiz += $siz; + if ($spndl[$i] eq $rsp) { # If doing spindle containing root + my $dev = "/dev/$spndl[$i]" . substr($part, 0, 1); + $vols{$dev}->{siz} = $siz; + $vols{$dev}->{off} = $off; + $rspminoff = $minoff; + } + next; + } + print DLOUT $_; + } + if ($swapspndl) { # If there was a swap partition on this spindle + # Make a Vinum partition the size of all non-root, non-swap, + # non-c partitions + the size of Vinum's on-disk configuration. + # Set its offset so that the start of the first subdisk it contains + # coincides with the first file system we're embedding in Vinum. + printf DLOUT "%4s%9d%9d%10s\n", "$vip:", $totsiz+$cfgsiz, $minoff-$cfgsiz, + 'vinum'; + } else { + # No need to mess with size size and offset if there was no swap + printf DLOUT "%4s%9d%9d%10s\n", "$vip:", $totsiz, $minoff, + 'vinum'; + } +} +die("Swap partition not found\n") unless $swapsiz; +die("Swap partition not larger than $cfgsiz blocks\n") unless $swapsiz>$cfgsiz; +die("Rootback spindle size not >= root spindle size\n") unless $rbspsiz>=$rspsiz; + +# Generate input to vinum create command needed for each spindle. +foreach my $i (0..$#spndl) { + my $cfn = "create.$drv[$i]"; # Create File Name + open(CF, ">$cfn") || die("Can't open $cfn for writing: $!\n"); + print CF "drive $drv[$i] device /dev/$spndl[$i]$vip\n"; + next unless $spndl[$i] eq $rsp || $spndl[$i] eq $rbsp; + foreach my $dev (keys(%vols)) { + my $mnt = $vols{$dev}->{mnt}; + my $siz = $vols{$dev}->{siz}; + my $off = $vols{$dev}->{off}-$rspminoff+$cfgsiz; + print CF "volume $mnt\n" if $spndl[$i] eq $rsp; + print CF <<EOF; + plex name $mnt.p$i org concat volume $mnt + sd name $mnt.p$i.s0 drive $drv[$i] plex $mnt.p$i len ${siz}s driveoffset ${off}s +EOF + } +} + + + + Manual Vinum Bootstrapping + + The bootvinum Perl script in makes life easier, but + it may be necessary to manually perform some or all of the steps that + it automates. + This appendix describes how you would manually mimic the script. + + + + Make a copy of /etc/fstab + to be customized. + + &prompt.root; cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.vinum + + + + Edit /etc/fstab.vinum. + + + + Change the device column of + non-root partitions on the root spindle to + /dev/vinum/mnt. + + + Change the pass column of + non-root partitions on the root spindle to 2, + 3, etc. + + + Delete any lines with mountpoint + matching /NOFUTURE*. + + + Change the device column of + /rootback + from e to + a. + + + Change the pass column of + /rootback to + 1. + + + + + + Prepare disklabels for editing: + + &prompt.root; cd /bootvinum +&prompt.root; disklabel ad0s1 > disklabel.ad0s1 +&prompt.root; cp disklabel.ad0s1 disklabel.ad0s1.b4vinum +&prompt.root; disklabel ad2s1 > disklabel.ad2s1 +&prompt.root; cp disklabel.ad2s1 disklabel.ad2s1.b4vinum + + + + Edit /etc/disklabel.ad?s1. + + + + On the root spindle: + + + + Decrease the size of the + b partition by 265 blocks. + + + Note the size and + offset of the a and + b partitions. + + + Note the smallest offset for partitions + d-h. + + + Note the size and + offset for all non-root, non-swap + partitions (/home was probably on + e and /usr was + probably on f). + + + Delete partitions + d-h. + + + Create a new h partition with + offset 265 blocks less than the + smallest offset + for partitions d-h + noted above. + Set its size to the size + of the c partition less the + smallest offset + for partitions d-h + noted above + 265 blocks. + + + Vinum + can use any partition other than c. + It is not strictly necessary to use h + for all your Vinum + partitions, but it is good practice to + be consistent across all spindles. + + + + Set the fstype of this new + partition to vinum. + + + + + On the rootback spindle: + + + + Move the e partition to + a. + + + Verify that the size of the + a and + b partitions matches the + root spindle. + + + Note the smallest offset for partitions + d-h. + + + Delete partitions + d-h. + + + Create a new h partition with + offset 265 blocks less than the + smallest offset + noted above for partitions + d-h. + Set its size to the size + of the c partition less the + smallest offset + for partitions d-h + noted above + 265 blocks. + + + Set the fstype of this new + partition to vinum. + + + + + + + + Create a file named + create.YouCrazy that contains: + + drive YouCrazy device /dev/ad0s1h +volume home + plex name home.p0 org concat volume home + sd name home.p0.s0 drive YouCrazy plex home.p0 len $hl driveoffset $ho +volume usr + plex name usr.p0 org concat volume usr + sd name usr.p0.s0 drive YouCrazy plex usr.p0 len $ul driveoffset $uo + + Where: + + + $hl is the length noted above for + /home. + + + $ho is the offset noted above for + /home less the smallest offset + noted above + 265 blocks. + + + $ul is the length noted above for + /usr. + + + $uo is the offset noted above for + /usr less the smallest offset + noted above + 265 blocks. + + + + + Create a file named + create.UpWindow containing: + + drive UpWindow device /dev/ad2s1h + plex name home.p1 org concat volume home + sd name home.p1.s0 drive UpWindow plex home.p1 len $hl driveoffset $ho + plex name usr.p1 org concat volume usr + sd name usr.p1.s0 drive UpWindow plex usr.p1 len $ul driveoffset $uo + + Where $hl, $ho, $ul, and $uo are set as above. + + + + + + Acknowledgements + + I would like to thank Greg Lehey for writing &vinum.ap; and for + providing very helpful comments on early drafts. + Several others made helpful suggestions after reviewing later drafts + including + Dag-Erling Smørgrav, + Michael Splendoria, + Chern Lee, + Stefan Aeschbacher, + Fleming Froekjaer, + Bernd Walter, + Aleksey Baranov, and + Doug Swarin. + +