diff --git a/en/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml index a5ed9584f2..8f3ecfdc06 100644 --- a/en/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml @@ -1,934 +1,934 @@ Advanced Networking Gateways and Routes Contributed by &a.gryphon;. 6 October 1995. For one machine to be able to find another, there must be a mechanism in place to describe how to get from one to the other. This is called Routing. A “route” is a defined pair of addresses: a “destination” and a “gateway”. The pair indicates that if you are trying to get to this destination, send along through this gateway. There are three types of destinations: individual hosts, subnets, and “default”. The “default route” is used if none of the other routes apply. We will talk a little bit more about default routes later on. There are also three types of gateways: individual hosts, interfaces (also called “links”), and ethernet hardware addresses. An example To illustrate different aspects of routing, we will use the following example which is the output of the command netstat -r: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default outside-gw UGSc 37 418 ppp0 localhost localhost UH 0 181 lo0 test0 0:e0:b5:36:cf:4f UHLW 5 63288 ed0 77 10.20.30.255 link#1 UHLW 1 2421 foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 host1 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 3 4601 lo0 host2 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 0 5 lo0 => host2.foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 224 link#1 UC 0 0 The first two lines specify the default route (which we will cover in the next section) and the localhost route. The interface (Netif column) that it specifies to use for localhost is lo0, also known as the loopback device. This says to keep all traffic for this destination internal, rather than sending it out over the LAN, since it will only end up back where it started anyway. The next thing that stands out are the 0:e0:... addresses. These are ethernet hardware addresses. FreeBSD will automatically identify any hosts (test0 in the example) on the local ethernet and add a route for that host, directly to it over the ethernet interface, ed0. There is also a timeout (Expire column) associated with this type of route, which is used if we fail to hear from the host in a specific amount of time. In this case the route will be automatically deleted. These hosts are identified using a mechanism known as RIP (Routing Information Protocol), which figures out routes to local hosts based upon a shortest path determination. FreeBSD will also add subnet routes for the local subnet (10.20.30.255 is the broadcast address for the subnet 10.20.30, and foobar.com is the domain name associated with that subnet). The designation link#1 refers to the first ethernet card in the machine. You will notice no additional interface is specified for those. Both of these groups (local network hosts and local subnets) have their routes automatically configured by a daemon called routed. If this is not run, then only routes which are statically defined (ie. entered explicitly) will exist. The host1 line refers to our host, which it knows by ethernet address. Since we are the sending host, FreeBSD knows to use the loopback interface (lo0) rather than sending it out over the ethernet interface. The two host2 lines are an example of what happens when we use an ifconfig alias (see the section of ethernet for reasons why we would do this). The => symbol after the lo0 interface says that not only are we using the loopback (since this is address also refers to the local host), but specifically it is an alias. Such routes only show up on the host that supports the alias; all other hosts on the local network will simply have a link#1 line for such. The final line (destination subnet 224) deals with MultiCasting, which will be covered in a another section. The other column that we should talk about are the Flags. Each route has different attributes that are described in the column. Below is a short table of some of these flags and their meanings: U Up: The route is active. H Host: The route destination is a single host. G Gateway: Send anything for this destination on to this remote system, which will figure out from there where to send it. S Static: This route was configured manually, not automatically generated by the system. C Clone: Generates a new route based upon this route for machines we connect to. This type of route is normally used for local networks. W WasCloned: Indicated a route that was auto-configured based upon a local area network (Clone) route. L Link: Route involves references to ethernet hardware. Default routes When the local system needs to make a connection to remote host, it checks the routing table to determine if a known path exists. If the remote host falls into a subnet that we know how to reach (Cloned routes), then the system checks to see if it can connect along that interface. If all known paths fail, the system has one last option: the “default” route. This route is a special type of gateway route (usually the only one present in the system), and is always marked with a c in the flags field. For hosts on a local area network, this gateway is set to whatever machine has a direct connection to the outside world (whether via PPP link, or your hardware device attached to a dedicated data line). If you are configuring the default route for a machine which itself is functioning as the gateway to the outside world, then the default route will be the gateway machine at your Internet Service Provider's (ISP) site. Let us look at an example of default routes. This is a common configuration: [Local2] <--ether--> [Local1] <--PPP--> [ISP-Serv] <--ether--> [T1-GW] The hosts Local1 and Local2 are at your site, with the formed being your PPP connection to your ISP's Terminal Server. Your ISP has a local network at their site, which has, among other things, the server where you connect and a hardware device (T1-GW) attached to the ISP's Internet feed. The default routes for each of your machines will be: host default gateway interface Local2 Local1 ethernet Local1 T1-GW PPP A common question is “Why (or how) would we set the T1-GW to be the default gateway for Local1, rather than the ISP server it is connected to?”. Remember, since the PPP interface is using an address on the ISP's local network for your side of the connection, routes for any other machines on the ISP's local network will be automatically generated. Hence, you will already know how to reach the T1-GW machine, so there is no need for the intermediate step of sending traffic to the ISP server. As a final note, it is common to use the address ...1 as the gateway address for your local network. So (using the same example), if your local class-C address space was 10.20.30 and your ISP was using 10.9.9 then the default routes would be: Local2 (10.20.30.2) --> Local1 (10.20.30.1) Local1 (10.20.30.1, 10.9.9.30) --> T1-GW (10.9.9.1) Dual homed hosts There is one other type of configuration that we should cover, and that is a host that sits on two different networks. Technically, any machine functioning as a gateway (in the example above, using a PPP connection) counts as a dual-homed host. But the term is really only used to refer to a machine that sits on two local-area networks. In one case, the machine as two ethernet cards, each having an address on the separate subnets. Alternately, the machine may only have one ethernet card, and be using ifconfig aliasing. The former is used if two physically separate ethernet networks are in use, the latter if there is one physical network segment, but two logically separate subnets. Either way, routing tables are set up so that each subnet knows that this machine is the defined gateway (inbound route) to the other subnet. This configuration, with the machine acting as a Bridge between the two subnets, is often used when we need to implement packet filtering or firewall security in either or both directions. Routing propagation We have already talked about how we define our routes to the outside world, but not about how the outside world finds us. We already know that routing tables can be set up so that all traffic for a particular address space (in our examples, a class-C subnet) can be sent to a particular host on that network, which will forward the packets inbound. When you get an address space assigned to your site, your service provider will set up their routing tables so that all traffic for your subnet will be sent down your PPP link to your site. But how do sites across the country know to send to your ISP? There is a system (much like the distributed DNS information) that keeps track of all assigned address-spaces, and defines their point of connection to the Internet Backbone. The “Backbone” are the main trunk lines that carry Internet traffic across the country, and around the world. Each backbone machine has a copy of a master set of tables, which direct traffic for a particular network to a specific backbone carrier, and from there down the chain of service providers until it reaches your network. It is the task of your service provider to advertise to the backbone sites that they are the point of connection (and thus the path inward) for your site. This is known as route propagation. Troubleshooting Sometimes, there is a problem with routing propagation, and some sites are unable to connect to you. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out where a routing is breaking down is the &man.traceroute.8; command. It is equally useful if you cannot seem to make a connection to a remote machine (i.e. &man.ping.8; fails). The &man.traceroute.8; command is run with the name of the remote host you are trying to connect to. It will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack of connection. For more information, see the manual page for &man.traceroute.8;. NFS Contributed by &a.jlind;. Certain Ethernet adapters for ISA PC systems have limitations which can lead to serious network problems, particularly with NFS. This difficulty is not specific to FreeBSD, but FreeBSD systems are affected by it. The problem nearly always occurs when (FreeBSD) PC systems are networked with high-performance workstations, such as those made by Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The NFS mount will work fine, and some operations may succeed, but suddenly the server will seem to become unresponsive to the client, even though requests to and from other systems continue to be processed. This happens to the client system, whether the client is the FreeBSD system or the workstation. On many systems, there is no way to shut down the client gracefully once this problem has manifested itself. The only solution is often to reset the client, because the NFS situation cannot be resolved. Though the “correct” solution is to get a higher performance and capacity Ethernet adapter for the FreeBSD system, there is a simple workaround that will allow satisfactory operation. If the FreeBSD system is the server, include the option on the mount from the client. If the FreeBSD system is the client, then mount the NFS file system with the option . These options may be specified using the fourth field of the fstab entry on the client for automatic mounts, or by using the parameter of the mount command for manual mounts. It should be noted that there is a different problem, sometimes mistaken for this one, when the NFS servers and clients are on different networks. If that is the case, make certain that your routers are routing the necessary UDP information, or you will not get anywhere, no matter what else you are doing. In the following examples, fastws is the host (interface) name of a high-performance workstation, and freebox is the host (interface) name of a FreeBSD system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter. Also, /sharedfs will be the exported NFS filesystem (see man exports), and /project will be the mount point on the client for the exported file system. In all cases, note that additional options, such as or and may be desirable in your application. Examples for the FreeBSD system (freebox) as the client: in /etc/fstab on freebox: fastws:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-r=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on freebox: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -r=1024 fastws:/sharedfs /project Examples for the FreeBSD system as the server: in /etc/fstab on fastws: freebox:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-w=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on fastws: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -w=1024 freebox:/sharedfs /project Nearly any 16-bit Ethernet adapter will allow operation without the above restrictions on the read or write size. For anyone who cares, here is what happens when the failure occurs, which also explains why it is unrecoverable. NFS typically works with a “block” size of 8k (though it may do fragments of smaller sizes). Since the maximum Ethernet packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS “block” gets split into multiple Ethernet packets, even though it is still a single unit to the upper-level code, and must be received, assembled, and acknowledged as a unit. The high-performance workstations can pump out the packets which comprise the NFS unit one right after the other, just as close together as the standard allows. On the smaller, lower capacity cards, the later packets overrun the earlier packets of the same unit before they can be transferred to the host and the unit as a whole cannot be reconstructed or acknowledged. As a result, the workstation will time out and try again, but it will try again with the entire 8K unit, and the process will be repeated, ad infinitum. By keeping the unit size below the Ethernet packet size limitation, we ensure that any complete Ethernet packet received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding the deadlock situation. Overruns may still occur when a high-performance workstations is slamming data out to a PC system, but with the better cards, such overruns are not guaranteed on NFS “units”. When an overrun occurs, the units affected will be retransmitted, and there will be a fair chance that they will be received, assembled, and acknowledged. Diskless Operation Contributed by &a.martin;. netboot.com/netboot.rom allow you to boot your FreeBSD machine over the network and run FreeBSD without having a disk on your client. Under 2.0 it is now possible to have local swap. Swapping over NFS is also still supported. Supported Ethernet cards include: Western Digital/SMC 8003, 8013, 8216 and compatibles; NE1000/NE2000 and compatibles (requires recompile) Setup Instructions Find a machine that will be your server. This machine will require enough disk space to hold the FreeBSD 2.0 binaries and have bootp, tftp and NFS services available. Tested machines: HP9000/8xx running HP-UX 9.04 or later (pre 9.04 doesn't work) Sun/Solaris 2.3. (you may need to get bootp) Set up a bootp server to provide the client with IP, gateway, netmask. diskless:\ :ht=ether:\ :ha=0000c01f848a:\ :sm=255.255.255.0:\ :hn:\ :ds=192.1.2.3:\ :ip=192.1.2.4:\ :gw=192.1.2.5:\ :vm=rfc1048: Set up a TFTP server (on same machine as bootp server) to provide booting information to client. The name of this file is cfg.X.X.X.X (or /tftpboot/cfg.X.X.X.X, it will try both) where X.X.X.X is the IP address of the client. The contents of this file can be any valid netboot commands. Under 2.0, netboot has the following commands: help print help list ip print/set client's IP address server print/set bootp/tftp server address netmask print/set netmask hostname name print/set hostname kernel print/set kernel name rootfs print/set root filesystem swapfs print/set swap filesystem swapsize set diskless swapsize in Kbytes diskboot boot from disk autoboot continue boot process trans | turn transceiver on|off flags set boot flags A typical completely diskless cfg file might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient swapfs 192.1.2.3:/swapfs swapsize 20000 hostname myclient.mydomain A cfg file for a machine with local swap might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient hostname myclient.mydomain Ensure that your NFS server has exported the root (and swap if applicable) filesystems to your client, and that the client has root access to these filesystems A typical /etc/exports file on FreeBSD might look like: /rootfs/myclient -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain /swapfs -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain And on HP-UX: /rootfs/myclient -root=myclient.mydomain /swapfs -root=myclient.mydomain If you are swapping over NFS (completely diskless configuration) create a swap file for your client using dd. If your swapfs command has the arguments /swapfs and the size 20000 as in the example above, the swapfile for myclient will be called /swapfs/swap.X.X.X.X where X.X.X.X is the client's IP addr, eg: &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 bs=1k count=20000 Also, the client's swap space might contain sensitive information once swapping starts, so make sure to restrict read and write access to this file to prevent unauthorized access: &prompt.root; chmod 0600 /swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 Unpack the root filesystem in the directory the client will use for its root filesystem (/rootfs/myclient in the example above). On HP-UX systems: The server should be running HP-UX 9.04 or later for HP9000/800 series machines. Prior versions do not allow the creation of device files over NFS. When extracting /dev in /rootfs/myclient, beware that some systems (HPUX) will not create device files that FreeBSD is happy with. You may have to go to single user mode on the first bootup (press control-c during the bootup phase), cd /dev and do a sh ./MAKEDEV all from the client to fix this. Run netboot.com on the client or make an EPROM from the netboot.rom file Using Shared <filename>/</filename> and <filename>/usr</filename> filesystems At present there isn't an officially sanctioned way of doing this, although I have been using a shared /usr filesystem and individual / filesystems for each client. If anyone has any suggestions on how to do this cleanly, please let me and/or the &a.core; know. Compiling netboot for specific setups Netboot can be compiled to support NE1000/2000 cards by changing the configuration in /sys/i386/boot/netboot/Makefile. See the comments at the top of this file. ISDN Last modified by &a.wlloyd;. A good resource for information on ISDN technology and hardware is Dan Kegel's ISDN Page. A quick simple roadmap to ISDN follows: If you live in Europe I suggest you investigate the ISDN card section. If you are planning to use ISDN primarily to connect to the Internet with an Internet Provider on a dialup non-dedicated basis, I suggest you look into Terminal Adapters. This will give you the most flexibility, with the fewest problems, if you change providers. If you are connecting two lans together, or connecting to the Internet with a dedicated ISDN connection, I suggest you consider the stand alone router/bridge option. Cost is a significant factor in determining what solution you will choose. The following options are listed from least expensive to most expensive. ISDN Cards Contributed by &a.hm;. This section is really only relevant to ISDN users in countries where the DSS1/Q.931 ISDN standard is supported. Some growing number of PC ISDN cards are supported under FreeBSD 2.2.x and up by the isdn4bsd driver package. It is still under development but the reports show that it is successfully used all over Europe. The latest isdn4bsd version is available from ftp://isdn4bsd@ftp.consol.de/pub/, the main isdn4bsd ftp site (you have to log in as user isdn4bsd , give your mail address as the password and change to the pub directory. Anonymous ftp as user ftp or anonymous will not give the desired result). Isdn4bsd allows you to connect to other ISDN routers using either IP over raw HDLC or by using synchronous PPP. A telephone answering machine application is also available. Many ISDN PC cards are supported, mostly the ones with a Siemens ISDN chipset (ISAC/HSCX), support for other chipsets (from Motorola, Cologne Chip Designs) is currently under development. For an up-to-date list of supported cards, please have a look at the README file. In case you are interested in adding support for a different ISDN protocol, a currently unsupported ISDN PC card or otherwise enhancing isdn4bsd, please get in touch with hm@kts.org. A majordomo maintained mailing list is available. To join the - list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG and + list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org and specify: subscribe freebsd-isdn in the body of your message. ISDN Terminal Adapters Terminal adapters(TA), are to ISDN what modems are to regular phone lines. Most TA's use the standard hayes modem AT command set, and can be used as a drop in replacement for a modem. A TA will operate basically the same as a modem except connection and throughput speeds will be much faster than your old modem. You will need to configure PPP exactly the same as for a modem setup. Make sure you set your serial speed as high as possible. The main advantage of using a TA to connect to an Internet Provider is that you can do Dynamic PPP. As IP address space becomes more and more scarce, most providers are not willing to provide you with a static IP anymore. Most standalone routers are not able to accommodate dynamic IP allocation. TA's completely rely on the PPP daemon that you are running for their features and stability of connection. This allows you to upgrade easily from using a modem to ISDN on a FreeBSD machine, if you already have PPP setup. However, at the same time any problems you experienced with the PPP program and are going to persist. If you want maximum stability, use the kernel PPP option, not the user-land iijPPP. The following TA's are know to work with FreeBSD. Motorola BitSurfer and Bitsurfer Pro Adtran Most other TA's will probably work as well, TA vendors try to make sure their product can accept most of the standard modem AT command set. The real problem with external TA's is like modems you need a good serial card in your computer. You should read the serial ports section in the handbook for a detailed understanding of serial devices, and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous serial ports. A TA running off a standard PC serial port (asynchronous) limits you to 115.2Kbs, even though you have a 128Kbs connection. To fully utilize the 128Kbs that ISDN is capable of, you must move the TA to a synchronous serial card. Do not be fooled into buying an internal TA and thinking you have avoided the synchronous/asynchronous issue. Internal TA's simply have a standard PC serial port chip built into them. All this will do, is save you having to buy another serial cable, and find another empty electrical socket. A synchronous card with a TA is at least as fast as a standalone router, and with a simple 386 FreeBSD box driving it, probably more flexible. The choice of sync/TA vs standalone router is largely a religious issue. There has been some discussion of this in the mailing lists. I suggest you search the archives for the complete discussion. Standalone ISDN Bridges/Routers ISDN bridges or routers are not at all specific to FreeBSD or any other operating system. For a more complete description of routing and bridging technology, please refer to a Networking reference book. In the context of this page, I will use router and bridge interchangeably. As the cost of low end ISDN routers/bridges comes down, it will likely become a more and more popular choice. An ISDN router is a small box that plugs directly into your local Ethernet network(or card), and manages its own connection to the other bridge/router. It has all the software to do PPP and other protocols built in. A router will allow you much faster throughput that a standard TA, since it will be using a full synchronous ISDN connection. The main problem with ISDN routers and bridges is that interoperability between manufacturers can still be a problem. If you are planning to connect to an Internet provider, I recommend that you discuss your needs with them. If you are planning to connect two lan segments together, ie: home lan to the office lan, this is the simplest lowest maintenance solution. Since you are buying the equipment for both sides of the connection you can be assured that the link will work. For example to connect a home computer or branch office network to a head office network the following setup could be used. Branch office or Home network Network is 10 Base T Ethernet. Connect router to network cable with AUI/10BT transceiver, if necessary. ---Sun workstation | ---FreeBSD box | ---Windows 95 (Do not admit to owning it) | Standalone router | ISDN BRI line If your home/branch office is only one computer you can use a twisted pair crossover cable to connect to the standalone router directly. Head office or other lan Network is Twisted Pair Ethernet. -------Novell Server | H | | ---Sun | | | U ---FreeBSD | | | ---Windows 95 | B | |___---Standalone router | ISDN BRI line One large advantage of most routers/bridges is that they allow you to have 2 separate independent PPP connections to 2 separate sites at the same time. This is not supported on most TA's, except for specific(expensive) models that have two serial ports. Do not confuse this with channel bonding, MPP etc. This can be very useful feature, for example if you have an dedicated internet ISDN connection at your office and would like to tap into it, but don't want to get another ISDN line at work. A router at the office location can manage a dedicated B channel connection (64Kbs) to the internet, as well as a use the other B channel for a separate data connection. The second B channel can be used for dialin, dialout or dynamically bond(MPP etc.) with the first B channel for more bandwidth. An Ethernet bridge will also allow you to transmit more than just IP traffic, you can also send IPX/SPX or whatever other protocols you use. diff --git a/en/handbook/authors.ent b/en/handbook/authors.ent index bc15cc25ad..43fd766942 100644 --- a/en/handbook/authors.ent +++ b/en/handbook/authors.ent @@ -1,387 +1,387 @@ abial@FreeBSD.org"> ache@FreeBSD.org"> adam@FreeBSD.org"> alc@FreeBSD.org"> alex@FreeBSD.org"> amurai@FreeBSD.org"> andreas@FreeBSD.org"> archie@FreeBSD.org"> asami@FreeBSD.org"> ats@FreeBSD.org"> awebster@pubnix.net"> bde@FreeBSD.org"> billf@FreeBSD.org"> brandon@FreeBSD.org"> brian@FreeBSD.org"> cawimm@FreeBSD.org"> cg@FreeBSD.org"> charnier@FreeBSD.org"> chuckr@glue.umd.edu"> chuckr@FreeBSD.org"> cpiazza@FreeBSD.org"> cracauer@FreeBSD.org"> csgr@FreeBSD.org"> cwt@FreeBSD.org"> danny@FreeBSD.org"> darrenr@FreeBSD.org"> davidn@blaze.net.au"> dbaker@FreeBSD.org"> dburr@FreeBSD.org"> dcs@FreeBSD.org"> deischen@FreeBSD.org"> des@FreeBSD.org"> dfr@FreeBSD.org"> dg@FreeBSD.org"> dick@FreeBSD.org"> dillon@FreeBSD.org"> dima@FreeBSD.org"> dirk@FreeBSD.org"> Dirk.vanGulik@jrc.it"> dt@FreeBSD.org"> dufault@FreeBSD.org"> dwhite@FreeBSD.org"> dyson@FreeBSD.org"> eivind@FreeBSD.org"> ejc@FreeBSD.org"> erich@FreeBSD.org"> faq@FreeBSD.org"> fenner@FreeBSD.org"> flathill@FreeBSD.org"> foxfair@FreeBSD.org"> fsmp@FreeBSD.org"> gallatin@FreeBSD.org"> gclarkii@FreeBSD.org"> gehenna@FreeBSD.org"> gena@NetVision.net.il"> ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu"> gibbs@FreeBSD.org"> gj@FreeBSD.org"> gpalmer@FreeBSD.org"> graichen@FreeBSD.org"> green@FreeBSD.org"> grog@FreeBSD.org"> gryphon@healer.com"> guido@FreeBSD.org"> hanai@FreeBSD.org"> handy@sxt4.physics.montana.edu"> helbig@FreeBSD.org"> hm@FreeBSD.org"> hoek@FreeBSD.org"> hosokawa@FreeBSD.org"> hsu@FreeBSD.org"> imp@FreeBSD.org"> itojun@itojun.org"> iwasaki@FreeBSD.org"> jasone@FreeBSD.org"> jb@cimlogic.com.au"> jdp@FreeBSD.org"> jehamby@lightside.com"> jfieber@FreeBSD.org"> jfitz@FreeBSD.org"> jgreco@FreeBSD.org"> jhay@FreeBSD.org"> jhs@FreeBSD.org"> jkh@FreeBSD.org"> jkoshy@FreeBSD.org"> jlemon@FreeBSD.org"> john@starfire.MN.ORG"> jlrobin@FreeBSD.org"> jmacd@FreeBSD.org"> jmb@FreeBSD.org"> jmg@FreeBSD.org"> jmz@FreeBSD.org"> joerg@FreeBSD.org"> john@FreeBSD.org"> jraynard@FreeBSD.org"> jseger@FreeBSD.org"> julian@FreeBSD.org"> jvh@FreeBSD.org"> karl@FreeBSD.org"> kato@FreeBSD.org"> kelly@plutotech.com"> ken@FreeBSD.org"> kjc@FreeBSD.org"> kris@FreeBSD.org"> kuriyama@FreeBSD.org"> lars@FreeBSD.org"> lile@FreeBSD.org"> ljo@FreeBSD.org"> luoqi@FreeBSD.org"> marcel@FreeBSD.org"> markm@FreeBSD.org"> martin@FreeBSD.org"> max@FreeBSD.org"> mark@vmunix.com"> mbarkah@FreeBSD.org"> mckay@FreeBSD.org"> mckusick@FreeBSD.org"> md@bsc.no"> winter@jurai.net"> mharo@FreeBSD.org"> mjacob@FreeBSD.org"> mks@FreeBSD.org"> motoyuki@FreeBSD.org"> mph@FreeBSD.org"> mpp@FreeBSD.org"> msmith@FreeBSD.org"> nate@FreeBSD.org"> nectar@FreeBSD.org"> newton@FreeBSD.org"> n_hibma@FreeBSD.org"> nik@FreeBSD.org"> nsayer@FreeBSD.org"> nsj@FreeBSD.org"> nyan@FreeBSD.org"> obrien@FreeBSD.org"> olah@FreeBSD.org"> opsys@open-systems.net"> paul@FreeBSD.org"> pb@fasterix.freenix.org"> pds@FreeBSD.org"> peter@FreeBSD.org"> phk@FreeBSD.org"> pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au"> proven@FreeBSD.org"> pst@FreeBSD.org"> rgrimes@FreeBSD.org"> rhuff@cybercom.net"> ricardag@ag.com.br"> rich@FreeBSD.org"> rnordier@FreeBSD.org"> roberto@FreeBSD.org"> rse@FreeBSD.org"> ru@FreeBSD.org"> sada@FreeBSD.org"> scrappy@FreeBSD.org"> se@FreeBSD.org"> sef@FreeBSD.org"> sheldonh@FreeBSD.org"> shige@FreeBSD.org"> simokawa@FreeBSD.org"> smace@FreeBSD.org"> smpatel@FreeBSD.org"> sos@FreeBSD.org"> stark@FreeBSD.org"> stb@FreeBSD.org"> steve@FreeBSD.org"> swallace@FreeBSD.org"> tanimura@FreeBSD.org"> taoka@FreeBSD.org"> tedm@FreeBSD.org"> tegge@FreeBSD.org"> tg@FreeBSD.org"> thepish@FreeBSD.org"> -tom@freebsd.org"> +tom@FreeBSD.org"> torstenb@FreeBSD.org"> truckman@FreeBSD.org"> ugen@FreeBSD.org"> uhclem@FreeBSD.org"> ulf@FreeBSD.org"> vanilla@FreeBSD.org"> wes@FreeBSD.org"> whiteside@acm.org"> wilko@yedi.iaf.nl"> wlloyd@mpd.ca"> wollman@FreeBSD.org"> wosch@FreeBSD.org"> wpaul@FreeBSD.org"> yokota@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml index b11aa28161..aeabf86faf 100644 --- a/en/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml @@ -1,478 +1,478 @@ Bibliography While the manual pages provide the definitive reference for individual pieces of the FreeBSD operating system, they are notorious for not illustrating how to put the pieces together to make the whole operating system run smoothly. For this, there is no substitute for a good book on UNIX system administration and a good users' manual. Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD International books & Magazines: Using FreeBSD (in Chinese). FreeBSD for PC 98'ers (in Japanese), published by SHUWA System Co, LTD. ISBN 4-87966-468-5 C3055 P2900E. FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by CUTT. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E. Complete Introduction to FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by Shoeisha Co., Ltd. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E. Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E. FreeBSD Handbook (Japanese translation), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E. FreeBSD mit Methode (in German), published by Computer und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0. FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual (in Japanese), published by Mainichi Communications Inc.. English language books & Magazines: The Complete FreeBSD, published by Walnut Creek CDROM. Users' Guides Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-075-9 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-076-7 UNIX in a Nutshell. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1990. ISBN 093717520X Mui, Linda. What You Need To Know When You Can't Find Your UNIX System Administrator. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-104-6 Ohio State University has written a UNIX Introductory Course which is available online in HTML and postscript format. - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD User's Reference Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0088-4 P3800E. Administrators' Guides Albitz, Paul and Liu, Cricket. DNS and BIND, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-236-0 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-080-5 Costales, Brian, et al. Sendmail, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-222-0 Frisch, Æleen. Essential System Administration, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-127-5 Hunt, Craig. TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-937175-82-X Nemeth, Evi. UNIX System Administration Handbook. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0131510517 Stern, Hal Managing NFS and NIS O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-937175-75-7 - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD System Administrator's Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0109-0 P3300E. Programmers' Guides Asente, Paul. X Window System Toolkit. Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-051-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-078-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-079-1 Harbison, Samuel P. and Steele, Guy L. Jr. C: A Reference Manual. 4rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0-13-326224-3 Kernighan, Brian and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Programming Language.. PTR Prentice Hall, 1988. ISBN 0-13-110362-9 Lehey, Greg. Porting UNIX Software. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-126-7 Plauger, P. J. The Standard C Library. Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-131509-9 Stevens, W. Richard. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1992 ISBN 0-201-56317-7 Stevens, W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming. 2nd Ed, PTR Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN 0-13-490012-X Wells, Bill. “Writing Serial Drivers for UNIX”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. 19(15), December 1994. pp68-71, 97-99. Operating System Internals Andleigh, Prabhat K. UNIX System Architecture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-13-949843-5 Jolitz, William. “Porting UNIX to the 386”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. January 1991-July 1992. Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and John Quarterman The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1 Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System: Answer Book. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-54629-9 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and John Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63346-9 Schimmel, Curt. Unix Systems for Modern Architectures. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1994. ISBN 0-201-63338-8 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP and the UNIX Domain Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63495-3 Vahalia, Uresh. UNIX Internals -- The New Frontiers. Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN 0-13-101908-2 Wright, Gary R. and W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63354-X Security Reference Cheswick, William R. and Steven M. Bellovin. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63357-4 Garfinkel, Simson and Gene Spafford. Practical UNIX Security. 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1996. ISBN 1-56592-148-8 Garfinkel, Simson. PGP Pretty Good Privacy O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-098-8 Hardware Reference Anderson, Don and Tom Shanley. Pentium Processor System Architecture. 2nd Ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40992-5 Ferraro, Richard F. Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62490-7 Intel Corporation publishes documentation on their CPUs, chipsets and standards on their developer web site, usually as PDF files. Shanley, Tom. 80486 System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40994-1 Shanley, Tom. ISA System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40996-8 Shanley, Tom. PCI System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40993-3 Van Gilluwe, Frank. The Undocumented PC. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1994. ISBN 0-201-62277-7 UNIX History Lion, John Lion's Commentary on UNIX, 6th Ed. With Source Code. ITP Media Group, 1996. ISBN 1573980137 Raymond, Eric S. The New Hacker's Dictonary, 3rd edition. MIT Press, 1996. ISBN 0-262-68092-0. Also known as the Jargon File Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-201-54777-5 Simon Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann. The UNIX-HATERS Handbook. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56884-203-1 Don Libes, Sandy Ressler Life with UNIX — special edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989. ISBN 0-13-536657-7 The BSD family tree. 1997. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree or local on a FreeBSD-current machine. The BSD Release Announcements collection. 1997. http://www.de.FreeBSD.ORG/de/ftp/releases/ + URL="http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/">http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/ Networked Computer Science Technical Reports Library. http://www.ncstrl.org/ Old BSD releases from the Computer Systems Research group (CSRG). http://www.mckusick.com/csrg/: The 4CD set covers all BSD versions from 1BSD to 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite2 (but not 2.11BSD, unfortunately). As well, the last disk holds the final sources plus the SCCS files. Magazines and Journals The C/C++ Users Journal. R&D Publications Inc. ISSN 1075-2838 Sys Admin — The Journal for UNIX System Administrators Miller Freeman, Inc., ISSN 1061-2688 diff --git a/en/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml index e47079d905..71a6956f69 100644 --- a/en/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml @@ -1,5765 +1,5765 @@ Contributing to FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. So you want to contribute something to FreeBSD? That is great! We can always use the help, and FreeBSD is one of those systems that relies on the contributions of its user base in order to survive. Your contributions are not only appreciated, they are vital to FreeBSD's continued growth! Contrary to what some people might also have you believe, you do not need to be a hot-shot programmer or a close personal friend of the FreeBSD core team in order to have your contributions accepted. The FreeBSD Project's development is done by a large and growing number of international contributors whose ages and areas of technical expertise vary greatly, and there is always more work to be done than there are people available to do it. Since the FreeBSD project is responsible for an entire operating system environment (and its installation) rather than just a kernel or a few scattered utilities, our TODO list also spans a very wide range of tasks, from documentation, beta testing and presentation to highly specialized types of kernel development. No matter what your skill level, there is almost certainly something you can do to help the project! Commercial entities engaged in FreeBSD-related enterprises are also encouraged to contact us. Need a special extension to make your product work? You will find us receptive to your requests, given that they are not too outlandish. Working on a value-added product? Please let us know! We may be able to work cooperatively on some aspect of it. The free software world is challenging a lot of existing assumptions about how software is developed, sold, and maintained throughout its life cycle, and we urge you to at least give it a second look. What Is Needed The following list of tasks and sub-projects represents something of an amalgam of the various core team TODO lists and user requests we have collected over the last couple of months. Where possible, tasks have been ranked by degree of urgency. If you are interested in working on one of the tasks you see here, send mail to the coordinator listed by clicking on their names. If no coordinator has been appointed, maybe you would like to volunteer? High priority tasks The following tasks are considered to be urgent, usually because they represent something that is badly broken or sorely needed: 3-stage boot issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Do WinNT compatible drive tagging so that the 3rd stage can provide an accurate mapping of BIOS geometries for disks. Filesystem problems. Overall coordination: &a.fs; Fix the MSDOS file system. Clean up and document the nullfs filesystem code. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Fix the union file system. Coordinator: &a.dg; Implement Int13 vm86 disk driver. Coordinator: &a.hackers; New bus architecture. Coordinator: &a.newbus; Port existing ISA drivers to new architecture. Move all interrupt-management code to appropriate parts of the bus drivers. Port PCI subsystem to new architecture. Coordinator: &a.dfr; Figure out the right way to handle removable devices and then use that as a substrate on which PC-Card and CardBus support can be implemented. Resolve the probe/attach priority issue once and for all. Move any remaining buses over to the new architecture. Kernel issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Add more pro-active security infrastructure. Overall coordination: &a.security; Build something like Tripwire(TM) into the kernel, with a remote and local part. There are a number of cryptographic issues to getting this right; contact the coordinator for details. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make the entire kernel use suser() instead of comparing to 0. It is presently using about half of each. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Split securelevels into different parts, to allow an administrator to throw away those privileges he can throw away. Setting the overall securelevel needs to have the same effect as now, obviously. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make it possible to upload a list of “allowed program” to BPF, and then block BPF from accepting other programs. This would allow BPF to be used e.g. for DHCP, without allowing an attacker to start snooping the local network. Update the security checker script. We should at least grab all the checks from the other BSD derivatives, and add checks that a system with securelevel increased also have reasonable flags on the relevant parts. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Add authorization infrastructure to the kernel, to allow different authorization policies. Part of this could be done by modifying suser(). Coordinatory: &a.eivind; Add code to the NFS layer so that you cannot chdir("..") out of an NFS partition. E.g., /usr is a UFS partition with /usr/src NFS exported. Now it is possible to use the NFS filehandle for /usr/src to get access to /usr. Medium priority tasks The following tasks need to be done, but not with any particular urgency: Full KLD based driver support/Configuration Manager. Write a configuration manager (in the 3rd stage boot?) that probes your hardware in a sane manner, keeps only the KLDs required for your hardware, etc. PCMCIA/PCCARD. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; Documentation! Reliable operation of the pcic driver (needs testing). Recognizer and handler for sio.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ed.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ep.c (mostly done). User-mode recognizer and handler (partially done). Advanced Power Management. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; APM sub-driver (mostly done). IDE/ATA disk sub-driver (partially done). syscons/pcvt sub-driver. Integration with the PCMCIA/PCCARD drivers (suspend/resume). Low priority tasks The following tasks are purely cosmetic or represent such an investment of work that it is not likely that anyone will get them done anytime soon: The first N items are from Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org NetWare Server (protected mode ODI driver) loader and subservices to allow the use of ODI card drivers supplied with network cards. The same thing for NDIS drivers and NetWare SCSI drivers. An "upgrade system" option that works on Linux boxes instead of just previous rev FreeBSD boxes. Symmetric Multiprocessing with kernel preemption (requires kernel preemption). A concerted effort at support for portable computers. This is somewhat handled by changing PCMCIA bridging rules and power management event handling. But there are things like detecting internal vs. external display and picking a different screen resolution based on that fact, not spinning down the disk if the machine is in dock, and allowing dock-based cards to disappear without affecting the machines ability to boot (same issue for PCMCIA). Smaller tasks Most of the tasks listed in the previous sections require either a considerable investment of time or an in-depth knowledge of the FreeBSD kernel (or both). However, there are also many useful tasks which are suitable for "weekend hackers", or people without programming skills. If you run FreeBSD-current and have a good Internet connection, there is a machine current.FreeBSD.org which builds a full release once a day — every now and again, try and install the latest release from it and report any failures in the process. Read the freebsd-bugs mailing list. There might be a problem you can comment constructively on or with patches you can test. Or you could even try to fix one of the problems yourself. Read through the FAQ and Handbook periodically. If anything is badly explained, out of date or even just completely wrong, let us know. Even better, send us a fix (SGML is not difficult to learn, but there is no objection to ASCII submissions). Help translate FreeBSD documentation into your native language (if not already available) — just send an email to &a.doc; asking if anyone is working on it. Note that you are not committing yourself to translating every single FreeBSD document by doing this — in fact, the documentation most in need of translation is the installation instructions. Read the freebsd-questions mailing list and &ng.misc occasionally (or even regularly). It can be very satisfying to share your expertise and help people solve their problems; sometimes you may even learn something new yourself! These forums can also be a source of ideas for things to work on. If you know of any bugfixes which have been successfully applied to -current but have not been merged into -stable after a decent interval (normally a couple of weeks), send the committer a polite reminder. Move contributed software to src/contrib in the source tree. Make sure code in src/contrib is up to date. Look for year 2000 bugs (and fix any you find!) Build the source tree (or just part of it) with extra warnings enabled and clean up the warnings. Fix warnings for ports which do deprecated things like using gets() or including malloc.h. If you have contributed any ports, send your patches back to the original author (this will make your life easier when they bring out the next version) Suggest further tasks for this list! How to Contribute Contributions to the system generally fall into one or more of the following 6 categories: Bug reports and general commentary An idea or suggestion of general technical interest should be mailed to the &a.hackers;. Likewise, people with an interest in such things (and a tolerance for a high volume of mail!) may subscribe to the hackers mailing list by sending mail to &a.majordomo;. See mailing lists for more information about this and other mailing lists. If you find a bug or are submitting a specific change, please report it using the &man.send-pr.1; program or its WEB-based equivalent. Try to fill-in each field of the bug report. Unless they exceed 65KB, include any patches directly in the report. When including patches, do not use cut-and-paste because cut-and-paste turns tabs into spaces and makes them unusable. Consider compressing patches and using &man.uuencode.1; if they exceed 20KB. Upload very large submissions to ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/">ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. After filing a report, you should receive confirmation along with a tracking number. Keep this tracking number so that you can update us with details about the problem by sending mail to - bug-followup@FreeBSD.ORG. Use the number as the + bug-followup@FreeBSD.org. Use the number as the message subject, e.g. "Re: kern/3377". Additional information for any bug report should be submitted this way. If you do not receive confirmation in a timely fashion (3 days to a week, depending on your email connection) or are, for some reason, unable to use the &man.send-pr.1; command, then you may ask someone to file it for you by sending mail to the &a.bugs;. Changes to the documentation Changes to the documentation are overseen by the &a.doc;. Send submissions and changes (even small ones are welcome!) using send-pr as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Changes to existing source code An addition or change to the existing source code is a somewhat trickier affair and depends a lot on how far out of date you are with the current state of the core FreeBSD development. There is a special on-going release of FreeBSD known as “FreeBSD-current” which is made available in a variety of ways for the convenience of developers working actively on the system. See Staying current with FreeBSD for more information about getting and using FreeBSD-current. Working from older sources unfortunately means that your changes may sometimes be too obsolete or too divergent for easy re-integration into FreeBSD. Chances of this can be minimized somewhat by subscribing to the &a.announce; and the &a.current; lists, where discussions on the current state of the system take place. Assuming that you can manage to secure fairly up-to-date sources to base your changes on, the next step is to produce a set of diffs to send to the FreeBSD maintainers. This is done with the &man.diff.1; command, with the “context diff” form being preferred. For example: &prompt.user; diff -c oldfile newfile or &prompt.user; diff -c -r olddir newdir would generate such a set of context diffs for the given source file or directory hierarchy. See the man page for &man.diff.1; for more details. Once you have a set of diffs (which you may test with the &man.patch.1; command), you should submit them for inclusion with FreeBSD. Use the &man.send-pr.1; program as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Do not just send the diffs to the &a.hackers; or they will get lost! We greatly appreciate your submission (this is a volunteer project!); because we are busy, we may not be able to address it immediately, but it will remain in the pr database until we do. If you feel it appropriate (e.g. you have added, deleted, or renamed files), bundle your changes into a tar file and run the &man.uuencode.1; program on it. Shar archives are also welcome. If your change is of a potentially sensitive nature, e.g. you are unsure of copyright issues governing its further distribution or you are simply not ready to release it without a tighter review first, then you should send it to &a.core; directly rather than submitting it with &man.send-pr.1;. The core mailing list reaches a much smaller group of people who do much of the day-to-day work on FreeBSD. Note that this group is also very busy and so you should only send mail to them where it is truly necessary. Please refer to man 9 intro and man 9 style for some information on coding style. We would appreciate it if you were at least aware of this information before submitting code. New code or major value-added packages In the rare case of a significant contribution of a large body work, or the addition of an important new feature to FreeBSD, it becomes almost always necessary to either send changes as uuencode'd tar files or upload them to our ftp site ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. When working with large amounts of code, the touchy subject of copyrights also invariably comes up. Acceptable copyrights for code included in FreeBSD are: The BSD copyright. This copyright is most preferred due to its “no strings attached” nature and general attractiveness to commercial enterprises. Far from discouraging such commercial use, the FreeBSD Project actively encourages such participation by commercial interests who might eventually be inclined to invest something of their own into FreeBSD. The GNU Public License, or “GPL”. This license is not quite as popular with us due to the amount of extra effort demanded of anyone using the code for commercial purposes, but given the sheer quantity of GPL'd code we currently require (compiler, assembler, text formatter, etc) it would be silly to refuse additional contributions under this license. Code under the GPL also goes into a different part of the tree, that being /sys/gnu or /usr/src/gnu, and is therefore easily identifiable to anyone for whom the GPL presents a problem. Contributions coming under any other type of copyright must be carefully reviewed before their inclusion into FreeBSD will be considered. Contributions for which particularly restrictive commercial copyrights apply are generally rejected, though the authors are always encouraged to make such changes available through their own channels. To place a “BSD-style” copyright on your work, include the following text at the very beginning of every source code file you wish to protect, replacing the text between the %% with the appropriate information. Copyright (c) %%proper_years_here%% %%your_name_here%%, %%your_state%% %%your_zip%%. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY %%your_name_here%% ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL %%your_name_here%% BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. $Id$ For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in /usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright. Money, Hardware or Internet access We are always very happy to accept donations to further the cause of the FreeBSD Project and, in a volunteer effort like ours, a little can go a long way! Donations of hardware are also very important to expanding our list of supported peripherals since we generally lack the funds to buy such items ourselves. <anchor id="donations">Donating funds While the FreeBSD Project is not a 501(c)(3) (charitable) corporation and hence cannot offer special tax incentives for any donations made, any such donations will be gratefully accepted on behalf of the project by FreeBSD, Inc. FreeBSD, Inc. was founded in early 1995 by &a.jkh; and &a.dg; with the goal of furthering the aims of the FreeBSD Project and giving it a minimal corporate presence. Any and all funds donated (as well as any profits that may eventually be realized by FreeBSD, Inc.) will be used exclusively to further the project's goals. Please make any checks payable to FreeBSD, Inc., sent in care of the following address:
FreeBSD, Inc. c/o Jordan Hubbard 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520
(currently using the Walnut Creek CDROM address until a PO box can be opened) Wire transfers may also be sent directly to:
Bank Of America Concord Main Office P.O. Box 37176 San Francisco CA, 94137-5176 Routing #: 121-000-358 Account #: 01411-07441 (FreeBSD, Inc.)
Any correspondence related to donations should be sent to &a.jkh, either via email or to the FreeBSD, Inc. postal address given above. If you do not wish to be listed in our donors section, please specify this when making your donation. Thanks! Donating hardware Donations of hardware in any of the 3 following categories are also gladly accepted by the FreeBSD Project: General purpose hardware such as disk drives, memory or complete systems should be sent to the FreeBSD, Inc. address listed in the donating funds section. Hardware for which ongoing compliance testing is desired. We are currently trying to put together a testing lab of all components that FreeBSD supports so that proper regression testing can be done with each new release. We are still lacking many important pieces (network cards, motherboards, etc) and if you would like to make such a donation, please contact &a.dg; for information on which items are still required. Hardware currently unsupported by FreeBSD for which you would like to see such support added. Please contact the &a.core; before sending such items as we will need to find a developer willing to take on the task before we can accept delivery of new hardware. Donating Internet access We can always use new mirror sites for FTP, WWW or cvsup. If you would like to be such a mirror, please contact the FreeBSD project administrators - admin@FreeBSD.ORG for more information. + admin@FreeBSD.org for more information. Donors Gallery The FreeBSD Project is indebted to the following donors and would like to publically thank them here! Contributors to the central server project: The following individuals and businesses made it possible for the FreeBSD Project to build a new central server machine to eventually replace freefall.FreeBSD.org by donating the following items: &a.mbarkah and his employer, Hemisphere Online, donated a Pentium Pro (P6) 200Mhz CPU ASA Computers donated a Tyan 1662 motherboard. Joe McGuckin joe@via.net of ViaNet Communications donated a Kingston ethernet controller. Jack O'Neill jack@diamond.xtalwind.net donated an NCR 53C875 SCSI controller card. Ulf Zimmermann ulf@Alameda.net of Alameda Networks donated 128MB of memory, a 4 Gb disk drive and the case. Direct funding: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed direct funding to the project: Annelise Anderson ANDRSN@HOOVER.STANFORD.EDU &a.dillon Epilogue Technology Corporation &a.sef Don Scott Wilde Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@masternet.it Josef C. Grosch joeg@truenorth.org Robert T. Morris &a.chuckr Kenneth P. Stox ken@stox.sa.enteract.com of Imaginary Landscape, LLC. Dmitry S. Kohmanyuk dk@dog.farm.org Laser5 of Japan (a portion of the profits from sales of their various FreeBSD CD-ROMs. Fuki Shuppan Publishing Co. donated a portion of their profits from Hajimete no FreeBSD (FreeBSD, Getting started) to the FreeBSD and XFree86 projects. ASCII Corp. donated a portion of their profits from several FreeBSD-related books to the FreeBSD project. Yokogawa Electric Corp has generously donated significant funding to the FreeBSD project. BuffNET Pacific Solutions Siemens AG via Andre Albsmeier Chris Silva Hardware contributors: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed hardware for testing and device driver development/support: Walnut Creek CDROM for providing the Pentium P5-90 and 486/DX2-66 EISA/VL systems that are being used for our development work, to say nothing of the network access and other donations of hardware resources. TRW Financial Systems, Inc. provided 130 PCs, three 68 GB fileservers, twelve Ethernets, two routers and an ATM switch for debugging the diskless code. Dermot McDonnell donated the Toshiba XM3401B CDROM drive currently used in freefall. &a.chuck; contributed his floppy tape streamer for experimental work. Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM, and &a.wilko;, provided Wangtek and Archive QIC-02 tape drives in order to improve the wt driver. Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de contributed a 2.88 MB floppy drive to the project. This will hopefully increase the pressure for rewriting the floppy disk driver. ;-) Tekram Technologies sent one each of their DC-390, DC-390U and DC-390F FAST and ULTRA SCSI host adapter cards for regression testing of the NCR and AMD drivers with their cards. They are also to be applauded for making driver sources for free operating systems available from their FTP server ftp://ftp.tekram.com/scsi/FreeBSD. Larry M. Augustin contributed not only a Symbios Sym8751S SCSI card, but also a set of data books, including one about the forthcoming Sym53c895 chip with Ultra-2 and LVD support, and the latest programming manual with information on how to safely use the advanced features of the latest Symbios SCSI chips. Thanks a lot! Christoph Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org donated an FX120 12 speed Mitsumi CDROM drive for IDE CDROM driver development. Special contributors: Walnut Creek CDROM has donated almost more than we can say (see the history document for more details). In particular, we would like to thank them for the original hardware used for freefall.FreeBSD.ORG, our primary + role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org, our primary development machine, and for thud.FreeBSD.ORG, a testing and build + role="fqdn">thud.FreeBSD.org, a testing and build box. We are also indebted to them for funding various contributors over the years and providing us with unrestricted use of their T1 connection to the Internet. The interface business GmbH, Dresden has been patiently supporting &a.joerg; who has often preferred FreeBSD work over paywork, and used to fall back to their (quite expensive) EUnet Internet connection whenever his private connection became too slow or flakey to work with it... Berkeley Software Design, Inc. has contributed their DOS emulator code to the remaining BSD world, which is used in the doscmd command. Core Team Alumni The following people were members of the FreeBSD core team during the periods indicated. We thank them for their past efforts in the service of the FreeBSD project. In rough chronological order: &a.guido (1995 - 1999) &a.dyson (1993 - 1998) &a.nate (1992 - 1996) &a.rgrimes (1992 - 1995) Andreas Schulz (1992 - 1995) &a.csgr (1993 - 1995) &a.paul (1992 - 1995) &a.smace (1993 - 1994) Andrew Moore (1993 - 1994) Christoph Robitschko (1993 - 1994) J. T. Conklin (1992 - 1993) Derived Software Contributors This software was originally derived from William F. Jolitz's 386BSD release 0.1, though almost none of the original 386BSD specific code remains. This software has been essentially re-implemented from the 4.4BSD-Lite release provided by the Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley and associated academic contributors. There are also portions of NetBSD and OpenBSD that have been integrated into FreeBSD as well, and we would therefore like to thank all the contributors to NetBSD and OpenBSD for their work. Additional FreeBSD Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): ABURAYA Ryushirou rewsirow@ff.iij4u.or.jp AMAGAI Yoshiji amagai@nue.org Aaron Bornstein aaronb@j51.com Aaron Smith aaron@mutex.org Achim Patzner ap@noses.com Ada T Lim ada@bsd.org Adam Baran badam@mw.mil.pl Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adam McDougall mcdouga9@egr.msu.edu Adrian Colley aecolley@ois.ie Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu Adrian Steinmann ast@marabu.ch Adam Strohl troll@digitalspark.net Adrian T. Filipi-Martin atf3r@agate.cs.virginia.edu Ajit Thyagarajan unknown Akio Morita amorita@meadow.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp Akira SAWADA unknown Akira Watanabe akira@myaw.ei.meisei-u.ac.jp Akito Fujita fujita@zoo.ncl.omron.co.jp Alain Kalker A.C.P.M.Kalker@student.utwente.nl Alan Bawden alan@curry.epilogue.com Alec Wolman wolman@cs.washington.edu Aled Morris aledm@routers.co.uk Alex garbanzo@hooked.net Alex D. Chen dhchen@Canvas.dorm7.nccu.edu.tw Alex G. Bulushev bag@demos.su Alex Le Heux alexlh@funk.org Alex Perel veers@disturbed.net Alexander B. Povolotsky tarkhil@mgt.msk.ru Alexander Leidinger netchild@wurzelausix.CS.Uni-SB.DE Alexander Langer alex@cichlids.com Alexandre Snarskii snar@paranoia.ru Alfred Perlstein bright@rush.net Alistair G. Crooks agc@uts.amdahl.com Allan Saddi asaddi@philosophysw.com Allen Campbell allenc@verinet.com Amakawa Shuhei amakawa@hoh.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Amancio Hasty hasty@star-gate.com Amir Farah amir@comtrol.com Amy Baron amee@beer.org Anatoly A. Orehovsky tolik@mpeks.tomsk.su Anatoly Vorobey mellon@pobox.com Anders Nordby nickerne@nome.no Anders Thulin Anders.X.Thulin@telia.se Andras Olah olah@cs.utwente.nl Andre Albsmeier Andre.Albsmeier@mchp.siemens.de Andre Oppermann andre@pipeline.ch Andreas Haakh ah@alman.robin.de Andreas Kohout shanee@rabbit.augusta.de Andreas Lohr andreas@marvin.RoBIN.de Andreas Schulz unknown Andreas Wetzel mickey@deadline.snafu.de Andreas Wrede andreas@planix.com Andres Vega Garcia unknown Andrew Atrens atreand@statcan.ca Andrew Boothman andrew@cream.org Andrew Gillham gillham@andrews.edu Andrew Gordon andrew.gordon@net-tel.co.uk Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew J. Korty ajk@purdue.edu Andrew L. Moore alm@mclink.com Andrew McRae amcrae@cisco.com Andrew Stevenson andrew@ugh.net.au Andrew Timonin tim@pool1.convey.ru Andrew V. Stesin stesin@elvisti.kiev.ua Andrew Webster awebster@dataradio.com Andrey Zakhvatov andy@icc.surw.chel.su Andy Farkas andyf@speednet.com.au Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com Andy Whitcroft andy@sarc.city.ac.uk Angelo Turetta ATuretta@stylo.it Anthony C. Chavez magus@xmission.com Anthony Yee-Hang Chan yeehang@netcom.com Anton Berezin tobez@plab.ku.dk Antti Kaipila anttik@iki.fi Are Bryne are.bryne@communique.no Ari Suutari ari@suutari.iki.fi Arjan de Vet devet@IAEhv.nl Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Assar Westerlund assar@sics.se Atsushi Furuta furuta@sra.co.jp Atsushi Murai amurai@spec.co.jp Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Bierbauch pivrnec@vszbr.cz Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Ben Hutchinson benhutch@xfiles.org.uk Ben Jackson unknown Ben Smithurst ben@scientia.demon.co.uk Ben Walter bwalter@itachi.swcp.com Benjamin Lewis bhlewis@gte.net Bernd Rosauer br@schiele-ct.de Bill Kish kish@osf.org Bill Trost trost@cloud.rain.com Blaz Zupan blaz@amis.net Bob Van Valzah Bob@whitebarn.com Bob Willcox bob@luke.pmr.com Boris Staeblow balu@dva.in-berlin.de Boyd R. Faulkner faulkner@asgard.bga.com Brad Karp karp@eecs.harvard.edu Bradley Dunn bradley@dunn.org Brandon Fosdick bfoz@glue.umd.edu Brandon Gillespie brandon@roguetrader.com &a.wlloyd Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Boyd Faulkner faulkner@mpd.tandem.com Brent J. Nordquist bjn@visi.com Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Brett Taylor brett@peloton.physics.montana.edu Brian Campbell brianc@pobox.com Brian Clapper bmc@willscreek.com Brian Cully shmit@kublai.com Brian Handy handy@lambic.space.lockheed.com Brian Litzinger brian@MediaCity.com Brian McGovern bmcgover@cisco.com Brian Moore ziff@houdini.eecs.umich.edu Brian R. Haug haug@conterra.com Brian Tao taob@risc.org Brion Moss brion@queeg.com Bruce A. Mah bmah@ca.sandia.gov Bruce Albrecht bruce@zuhause.mn.org Bruce Gingery bgingery@gtcs.com Bruce J. Keeler loodvrij@gridpoint.com Bruce Murphy packrat@iinet.net.au Bruce Walter walter@fortean.com Carey Jones mcj@acquiesce.org Carl Fongheiser cmf@netins.net Carl Mascott cmascott@world.std.com Casper casper@acc.am Castor Fu castor@geocast.com Cejka Rudolf cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz Chain Lee chain@110.net Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Charles Henrich henrich@msu.edu Charles Mott cmott@srv.net Charles Owens owensc@enc.edu Chet Ramey chet@odin.INS.CWRU.Edu Chia-liang Kao clkao@CirX.ORG Chiharu Shibata chi@bd.mbn.or.jp Chip Norkus unknown Choi Jun Ho junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr Chris Costello chris@calldei.com Chris Csanady cc@tarsier.ca.sandia.gov Chris Dabrowski chris@vader.org Chris Dillon cdillon@wolves.k12.mo.us Chris Shenton cshenton@angst.it.hq.nasa.gov Chris Stenton jacs@gnome.co.uk Chris Timmons skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christian Gusenbauer cg@fimp01.fim.uni-linz.ac.at Christian Haury Christian.Haury@sagem.fr Christian Weisgerber naddy@bigeye.rhein-neckar.de Christoph P. Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Christoph Weber-Fahr wefa@callcenter.systemhaus.net Christopher G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Christopher T. Johnson cjohnson@neunacht.netgsi.com Chrisy Luke chrisy@flix.net Chuck Hein chein@cisco.com Clive Lin clive@CiRX.ORG Colman Reilly careilly@tcd.ie Conrad Sabatier conrads@neosoft.com Coranth Gryphon gryphon@healer.com Cornelis van der Laan nils@guru.ims.uni-stuttgart.de Cove Schneider cove@brazil.nbn.com Craig Leres leres@ee.lbl.gov Craig Loomis unknown Craig Metz cmetz@inner.net Craig Spannring cts@internetcds.com Craig Struble cstruble@vt.edu Cristian Ferretti cfs@riemann.mat.puc.cl Curt Mayer curt@toad.com Cy Schubert cschuber@uumail.gov.bc.ca DI. Christian Gusenbauer cg@scotty.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at Dai Ishijima ishijima@tri.pref.osaka.jp Damian Hamill damian@cablenet.net Dan Cross tenser@spitfire.ecsel.psu.edu Dan Lukes dan@obluda.cz Dan Nelson dnelson@emsphone.com Dan Walters hannibal@cyberstation.net Daniel M. Eischen deischen@iworks.InterWorks.org Daniel O'Connor doconnor@gsoft.com.au Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Daniel Rock rock@cs.uni-sb.de Danny Egen unknown Danny J. Zerkel dzerkel@phofarm.com Darren Reed avalon@coombs.anu.edu.au Dave Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu Dave Andersen angio@aros.net Dave Blizzard dblizzar@sprynet.com Dave Bodenstab imdave@synet.net Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Chapeskie dchapes@ddm.on.ca Dave Cornejo dave@dogwood.com Dave Edmondson davided@sco.com Dave Glowacki dglo@ssec.wisc.edu Dave Marquardt marquard@austin.ibm.com Dave Tweten tweten@FreeBSD.org David A. Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu David A. Bader dbader@umiacs.umd.edu David Borman dab@bsdi.com David Dawes dawes@XFree86.org David Filo filo@yahoo.com David Holland dholland@eecs.harvard.edu David Holloway daveh@gwythaint.tamis.com David Horwitt dhorwitt@ucsd.edu David Hovemeyer daveho@infocom.com David Jones dej@qpoint.torfree.net David Kelly dkelly@tomcat1.tbe.com David Kulp dkulp@neomorphic.com David L. Nugent davidn@blaze.net.au David Leonard d@scry.dstc.edu.au David Malone dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie David Muir Sharnoff muir@idiom.com David S. Miller davem@jenolan.rutgers.edu David Wolfskill dhw@whistle.com Dean Gaudet dgaudet@arctic.org Dean Huxley dean@fsa.ca Denis Fortin unknown Dennis Glatting dennis.glatting@software-munitions.com Denton Gentry denny1@home.com Derek Inksetter derek@saidev.com Dima Sivachenko dima@Chg.RU Dirk Keunecke dk@panda.rhein-main.de Dirk Nehrling nerle@pdv.de Dmitry Khrustalev dima@xyzzy.machaon.ru Dmitry Kohmanyuk dk@farm.org Dom Mitchell dom@myrddin.demon.co.uk Dominik Brettnacher domi@saargate.de Don Croyle croyle@gelemna.ft-wayne.in.us &a.whiteside; Don Morrison dmorrisn@u.washington.edu Don Yuniskis dgy@rtd.com Donald Maddox dmaddox@conterra.com Doug Barton studded@dal.net Douglas Ambrisko ambrisko@whistle.com Douglas Carmichael dcarmich@mcs.com Douglas Crosher dtc@scrooge.ee.swin.oz.au Drew Derbyshire ahd@kew.com Duncan Barclay dmlb@ragnet.demon.co.uk Dustin Sallings dustin@spy.net Eckart "Isegrim" Hofmann Isegrim@Wunder-Nett.org Ed Gold vegold01@starbase.spd.louisville.edu Ed Hudson elh@p5.spnet.com Edward Wang edward@edcom.com Edwin Groothus edwin@nwm.wan.philips.com Eiji-usagi-MATSUmoto usagi@clave.gr.jp ELISA Font Project Elmar Bartel bartel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Eric A. Griff eagriff@global2000.net Eric Blood eblood@cs.unr.edu Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Eric J. Schwertfeger eric@cybernut.com Eric L. Hernes erich@lodgenet.com Eric P. Scott eps@sirius.com Eric Sprinkle eric@ennovatenetworks.com Erich Stefan Boleyn erich@uruk.org Erik E. Rantapaa rantapaa@math.umn.edu Erik H. Moe ehm@cris.com Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de Espen Skoglund espensk@stud.cs.uit.no> Eugene M. Kim astralblue@usa.net Eugene Radchenko genie@qsar.chem.msu.su Evan Champion evanc@synapse.net Faried Nawaz fn@Hungry.COM Flemming Jacobsen fj@tfs.com Fong-Ching Liaw fong@juniper.net Francis M J Hsieh mjshieh@life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Bartels knarf@camelot.de Frank Chen Hsiung Chan frankch@waru.life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Durda IV uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org Frank MacLachlan fpm@n2.net Frank Nobis fn@Radio-do.de Frank Volf volf@oasis.IAEhv.nl Frank ten Wolde franky@pinewood.nl Frank van der Linden frank@fwi.uva.nl Fred Cawthorne fcawth@jjarray.umn.edu Fred Gilham gilham@csl.sri.com Fred Templin templin@erg.sri.com Frederick Earl Gray fgray@rice.edu FUJIMOTO Kensaku fujimoto@oscar.elec.waseda.ac.jp FUJISHIMA Satsuki k5@respo.or.jp FURUSAWA Kazuhisa furusawa@com.cs.osakafu-u.ac.jp Gabor Kincses gabor@acm.org Gabor Zahemszky zgabor@CoDe.hu G. Adam Stanislavadam@whizkidtech.net Garance A Drosehn gad@eclipse.its.rpi.edu Gareth McCaughan gjm11@dpmms.cam.ac.uk Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Gary J. garyj@rks32.pcs.dec.com Gary Kline kline@thought.org Gaspar Chilingarov nightmar@lemming.acc.am Gea-Suan Lin gsl@tpts4.seed.net.tw Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Georg Wagner georg.wagner@ubs.com Gerard Roudier groudier@club-internet.fr Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@giovannelli.it Gil Kloepfer Jr. gil@limbic.ssdl.com Gilad Rom rom_glsa@ein-hashofet.co.il Ginga Kawaguti ginga@amalthea.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Giles Lean giles@nemeton.com.au Glen Foster gfoster@gfoster.com Glenn Johnson gljohns@bellsouth.net Godmar Back gback@facility.cs.utah.edu Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Gord Matzigkeit gord@enci.ucalgary.ca Gordon Greeff gvg@uunet.co.za Graham Wheeler gram@cdsec.com Greg A. Woods woods@zeus.leitch.com Greg Ansley gja@ansley.com Greg Troxel gdt@ir.bbn.com Greg Ungerer gerg@stallion.oz.au Gregory Bond gnb@itga.com.au Gregory D. Moncreaff moncrg@bt340707.res.ray.com Guy Harris guy@netapp.com Guy Helmer ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu HAMADA Naoki hamada@astec.co.jp HONDA Yasuhiro honda@kashio.info.mie-u.ac.jp HOSOBUCHI Noriyuki hoso@buchi.tama.or.jp Hannu Savolainen hannu@voxware.pp.fi Hans Huebner hans@artcom.de Hans Petter Bieker zerium@webindex.no Hans Zuidam hans@brandinnovators.com Harlan Stenn Harlan.Stenn@pfcs.com Harold Barker hbarker@dsms.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Heikki Suonsivu hsu@cs.hut.fi Heiko W. Rupp unknown Helmut F. Wirth hfwirth@ping.at Henrik Vestergaard Draboel hvd@terry.ping.dk Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Hideaki Ohmon ohmon@tom.sfc.keio.ac.jp Hidekazu Kuroki hidekazu@cs.titech.ac.jp Hideki Yamamoto hyama@acm.org Hideyuki Suzuki hideyuki@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hirayama Issei iss@mail.wbs.ne.jp Hiroaki Sakai sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Hiroharu Tamaru tamaru@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hironori Ikura hikura@kaisei.org Hiroshi Nishikawa nis@pluto.dti.ne.jp Hiroya Tsubakimoto unknown Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Holm Tiffe holm@geophysik.tu-freiberg.de Horance Chou horance@freedom.ie.cycu.edu.tw Horihiro Kumagai kuma@jp.FreeBSD.org HOTARU-YA hotaru@tail.net Hr.Ladavac lada@ws2301.gud.siemens.co.at Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.ORG Hugh F. Mahon hugh@nsmdserv.cnd.hp.com Hugh Mahon h_mahon@fc.hp.com Hung-Chi Chu hcchu@r350.ee.ntu.edu.tw IMAI Takeshi take-i@ceres.dti.ne.jp IMAMURA Tomoaki tomoak-i@is.aist-nara.ac.jp Ian Dowse iedowse@maths.tcd.ie Ian Holland ianh@tortuga.com.au Ian Struble ian@broken.net Ian Vaudrey i.vaudrey@bigfoot.com Igor Khasilev igor@jabber.paco.odessa.ua Igor Roshchin str@giganda.komkon.org Igor Sviridov siac@ua.net Igor Vinokurov igor@zynaps.ru Ikuo Nakagawa ikuo@isl.intec.co.jp Ilya V. Komarov mur@lynx.ru Issei Suzuki issei@jp.FreeBSD.org Itsuro Saito saito@miv.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp J. Bryant jbryant@argus.flash.net J. David Lowe lowe@saturn5.com J. Han hjh@best.com J. Hawk jhawk@MIT.EDU J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com J.T. Jang keith@email.gcn.net.tw Jack jack@zeus.xtalwind.net Jacob Bohn Lorensen jacob@jblhome.ping.mk Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com Jake Burkholder jake@checker.org Jake Hamby jehamby@lightside.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James D. Stewart jds@c4systm.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James Raynard fhackers@jraynard.demon.co.uk James T. Liu jtliu@phlebas.rockefeller.edu James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu Jan Conard charly@fachschaften.tu-muenchen.de Jan Koum jkb@FreeBSD.org Janick Taillandier Janick.Taillandier@ratp.fr Janusz Kokot janek@gaja.ipan.lublin.pl Jarle Greipsland jarle@idt.unit.no Jason Garman init@risen.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Jason Wright jason@OpenBSD.org Jason Young doogie@forbidden-donut.anet-stl.com Javier Martin Rueda jmrueda@diatel.upm.es Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jaye Mathisen mrcpu@cdsnet.net Jeff Bartig jeffb@doit.wisc.edu Jeff Forys jeff@forys.cranbury.nj.us Jeff Kletsky Jeff@Wagsky.com Jeffrey Evans evans@scnc.k12.mi.us Jeffrey Wheat jeff@cetlink.net Jens Schweikhardt schweikh@noc.dfn.d Jeremy Allison jallison@whistle.com Jeremy Chatfield jdc@xinside.com Jeremy Lea reg@shale.csir.co.za Jeremy Prior unknown Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai asmodai@wxs.nl Jesse Rosenstock jmr@ugcs.caltech.edu Jian-Da Li jdli@csie.nctu.edu.tw Jim Babb babb@FreeBSD.org Jim Binkley jrb@cs.pdx.edu Jim Carroll jim@carroll.com Jim Flowers jflowers@ezo.net Jim Leppek jleppek@harris.com Jim Lowe james@cs.uwm.edu Jim Mattson jmattson@sonic.net Jim Mercer jim@komodo.reptiles.org Jim Mock jim@phrantic.phear.net Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jimbo Bahooli griffin@blackhole.iceworld.org Jin Guojun jin@george.lbl.gov Joachim Kuebart unknown Joao Carlos Mendes Luis jonny@jonny.eng.br Jochen Pohl jpo.drs@sni.de Joe "Marcus" Clarke marcus@miami.edu Joe Abley jabley@clear.co.nz Joe Jih-Shian Lu jslu@dns.ntu.edu.tw Joe Orthoefer j_orthoefer@tia.net Joe Traister traister@mojozone.org Joel Faedi Joel.Faedi@esial.u-nancy.fr Joel Ray Holveck joelh@gnu.org Joel Sutton sutton@aardvark.apana.org.au Johan Granlund johan@granlund.nu Johan Karlsson k@numeri.campus.luth.se Johan Larsson johan@moon.campus.luth.se Johann Tonsing jtonsing@mikom.csir.co.za Johannes Helander unknown Johannes Stille unknown John Baldwin jobaldwi@vt.edu John Beckett jbeckett@southern.edu John Beukema jbeukema@hk.super.net John Brezak unknown John Capo jc@irbs.com John F. Woods jfw@jfwhome.funhouse.com John Goerzen jgoerzen@alexanderwohl.complete.org John Hay jhay@mikom.csir.co.za John Heidemann johnh@isi.edu John Hood cgull@owl.org John Kohl unknown John Lind john@starfire.mn.org John Mackin john@physiol.su.oz.au John P johnp@lodgenet.com John Perry perry@vishnu.alias.net John Preisler john@vapornet.com John Rochester jr@cs.mun.ca John Sadler john_sadler@alum.mit.edu John Saunders john@pacer.nlc.net.au John W. DeBoskey jwd@unx.sas.com John Wehle john@feith.com John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jon Morgan morgan@terminus.trailblazer.com Jonathan H N Chin jc254@newton.cam.ac.uk Jonathan Hanna jh@pc-21490.bc.rogers.wave.ca Jorge Goncalves j@bug.fe.up.pt Jorge M. Goncalves ee96199@tom.fe.up.pt Jos Backus jbackus@plex.nl Jose M. Alcaide jose@we.lc.ehu.es Jose Marques jose@nobody.org Josef Grosch jgrosch@superior.mooseriver.com Josef Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Joseph Stein joes@wstein.com Josh Gilliam josh@quick.net Josh Tiefenbach josh@ican.net Juergen Lock nox@jelal.hb.north.de Juha Inkari inkari@cc.hut.fi Jukka A. Ukkonen jua@iki.fi Julian Assange proff@suburbia.net Julian Coleman j.d.coleman@ncl.ac.uk &a.jhs Julian Jenkins kaveman@magna.com.au Junichi Satoh junichi@jp.FreeBSD.org Junji SAKAI sakai@jp.FreeBSD.org Junya WATANABE junya-w@remus.dti.ne.jp K.Higashino a00303@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp KUNISHIMA Takeo kunishi@c.oka-pu.ac.jp Kai Vorma vode@snakemail.hut.fi Kaleb S. Keithley kaleb@ics.com Kaneda Hiloshi vanitas@ma3.seikyou.ne.jp Kapil Chowksey kchowksey@hss.hns.com Karl Denninger karl@mcs.com Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com Kato Takenori kato@eclogite.eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp Kawanobe Koh kawanobe@st.rim.or.jp Kazuhiko Kiriyama kiri@kiri.toba-cmt.ac.jp Kazuo Horikawa horikawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Kees Jan Koster kjk1@ukc.ac.uk Keith Bostic bostic@bostic.com Keith E. Walker unknown Keith Moore unknown Keith Sklower unknown Ken Hornstein unknown Ken Key key@cs.utk.edu Ken Mayer kmayer@freegate.com Kenji Saito marukun@mx2.nisiq.net Kenji Tomita tommyk@da2.so-net.or.jp Kenneth Furge kenneth.furge@us.endress.com Kenneth Monville desmo@bandwidth.org Kenneth R. Westerback krw@tcn.net Kenneth Stailey kstailey@gnu.ai.mit.edu Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kent Vander Velden graphix@iastate.edu Kentaro Inagaki JBD01226@niftyserve.ne.jp Kevin Bracey kbracey@art.acorn.co.uk Kevin Day toasty@dragondata.com Kevin Lahey kml@nas.nasa.gov Kevin Lokevlo@hello.com.tw Kevin Street street@iname.com Kevin Van Maren vanmaren@fast.cs.utah.edu Kiroh HARADA kiroh@kh.rim.or.jp Klaus Klein kleink@layla.inka.de Klaus-J. Wolf Yanestra@t-online.de Koichi Sato copan@ppp.fastnet.or.jp Kostya Lukin lukin@okbmei.msk.su Kouichi Hirabayashi kh@mogami-wire.co.jp Kurt D. Zeilenga Kurt@Boolean.NET Kurt Olsen kurto@tiny.mcs.usu.edu L. Jonas Olsson ljo@ljo-slip.DIALIN.CWRU.Edu Lars Köller Lars.Koeller@Uni-Bielefeld.DE Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM Laurence Lopez lopez@mv.mv.com Lee Cremeans lcremean@tidalwave.net Liang Tai-hwa avatar@www.mmlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw Lon Willett lon%softt.uucp@math.utah.edu Louis A. Mamakos louie@TransSys.COM Louis Mamakos loiue@TransSys.com Lucas James Lucas.James@ldjpc.apana.org.au Lyndon Nerenberg lyndon@orthanc.com M.C. Wong unknown MANTANI Nobutaka nobutaka@nobutaka.com MIHIRA Sanpei Yoshiro sanpei@sanpei.org - MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.org MITSUNAGA Noriaki mitchy@er.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp MOROHOSHI Akihiko moro@race.u-tokyo.ac.jp Magnus Enbom dot@tinto.campus.luth.se Mahesh Neelakanta mahesh@gcomm.com Makoto MATSUSHITA matusita@jp.FreeBSD.org Makoto WATANABE watanabe@zlab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp Malte Lance malte.lance@gmx.net Manu Iyengar iyengar@grunthos.pscwa.psca.com Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Marc Ramirez mrami@mramirez.sy.yale.edu Marc Slemko marcs@znep.com Marc van Kempen wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl Marc van Woerkom van.woerkom@netcologne.de Marcel Moolenaar marcel@scc.nl Mario Sergio Fujikawa Ferreira lioux@gns.com.br Mark Andrews unknown Mark Cammidge mark@gmtunx.ee.uct.ac.za Mark Diekhans markd@grizzly.com Mark Huizer xaa@stack.nl Mark J. Taylor mtaylor@cybernet.com Mark Krentel krentel@rice.edu Mark Mayo markm@vmunix.com Mark Thompson thompson@tgsoft.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu Mark Treacy unknown Mark Valentine mark@linus.demon.co.uk Martin Birgmeier Martin Ibert mib@ppe.bb-data.de Martin Kammerhofer dada@sbox.tu-graz.ac.at Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Martti Kuparinen martti.kuparinen@ericsson.com Masachika ISHIZUKA ishizuka@isis.min.ntt.jp Mas.TAKEMURA unknown Masafumi NAKANE max@wide.ad.jp Masahiro Sekiguchi seki@sysrap.cs.fujitsu.co.jp Masanobu Saitoh msaitoh@spa.is.uec.ac.jp Masanori Kanaoka kana@saijo.mke.mei.co.jp Masanori Kiriake seiken@ARGV.AC Masatoshi TAMURA tamrin@shinzan.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp Mats Lofkvist mal@algonet.se Matt Bartley mbartley@lear35.cytex.com Matt Thomas matt@3am-software.com Matt White mwhite+@CMU.EDU Matthew C. Mead mmead@Glock.COM Matthew Cashdollar mattc@rfcnet.com Matthew Flatt mflatt@cs.rice.edu Matthew Fuller fullermd@futuresouth.com Matthew Stein matt@bdd.net Matthias Pfaller leo@dachau.marco.de Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Mattias Gronlund Mattias.Gronlund@sa.erisoft.se Mattias Pantzare pantzer@ludd.luth.se Maurice Castro maurice@planet.serc.rmit.edu.au Max Euston meuston@jmrodgers.com Max Khon fjoe@husky.iclub.nsu.ru Maxim Bolotin max@rsu.ru Micha Class michael_class@hpbbse.bbn.hp.com Michael Butler imb@scgt.oz.au Michael Butschky butsch@computi.erols.com Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org - Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.ORG + Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Michael Hancock michaelh@cet.co.jp Michael Hohmuth hohmuth@inf.tu-dresden.de Michael Perlman canuck@caam.rice.edu Michael Petry petry@netwolf.NetMasters.com Michael Reifenberger root@totum.plaut.de Michael Searle searle@longacre.demon.co.uk Michal Listos mcl@Amnesiac.123.org Michio Karl Jinbo karl@marcer.nagaokaut.ac.jp Miguel Angel Sagreras msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar Mihoko Tanaka m_tonaka@pa.yokogawa.co.jp Mika Nystrom mika@cs.caltech.edu Mikael Hybsch micke@dynas.se Mikael Karpberg karpen@ocean.campus.luth.se Mike Del repenting@hotmail.com Mike Durian durian@plutotech.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Mike E. Matsnev mike@azog.cs.msu.su Mike Evans mevans@candle.com Mike Grupenhoff kashmir@umiacs.umd.edu Mike Hibler mike@marker.cs.utah.edu Mike Karels unknown Mike McGaughey mmcg@cs.monash.edu.au Mike Meyer mwm@shiva.the-park.com Mike Mitchell mitchell@ref.tfs.com Mike Murphy mrm@alpharel.com Mike Peck mike@binghamton.edu Mike Spengler mks@msc.edu Mikhail A. Sokolov mishania@demos.su Mikhail Teterin mi@aldan.ziplink.net Ming-I Hseh PA@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Mitsuru IWASAKI iwasaki@pc.jaring.my Mitsuru Yoshida mitsuru@riken.go.jp Monte Mitzelfelt monte@gonefishing.org Morgan Davis root@io.cts.com Mostyn Lewis mostyn@mrl.com Motomichi Matsuzaki mzaki@e-mail.ne.jp Motoyuki Kasahara m-kasahr@sra.co.jp Motoyuki Konno motoyuki@snipe.rim.or.jp Munechika Sumikawa sumikawa@kame.net Murray Stokely murray@cdrom.com N.G.Smith ngs@sesame.hensa.ac.uk NAGAO Tadaaki nagao@cs.titech.ac.jp NAKAJI Hiroyuki nakaji@tutrp.tut.ac.jp NAKAMURA Kazushi nkazushi@highway.or.jp NAKAMURA Motonori motonori@econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp NIIMI Satoshi sa2c@and.or.jp NOKUBI Hirotaka h-nokubi@yyy.or.jp Nadav Eiron nadav@barcode.co.il Nanbor Wang nw1@cs.wustl.edu Naofumi Honda honda@Kururu.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Narvi narvi@haldjas.folklore.ee Nathan Ahlstrom nrahlstr@winternet.com Nathan Dorfman nathan@rtfm.net Neal Fachan kneel@ishiboo.com Neil Blakey-Milner nbm@rucus.ru.ac.za Niall Smart rotel@indigo.ie Nick Barnes Nick.Barnes@pobox.com Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com Nick Hilliard nick@foobar.org &a.nsayer; Nick Williams njw@cs.city.ac.uk Nickolay N. Dudorov nnd@itfs.nsk.su Niklas Hallqvist niklas@filippa.appli.se Nisha Talagala nisha@cs.berkeley.edu No Name ZW6T-KND@j.asahi-net.or.jp No Name adrian@virginia.edu No Name alex@elvisti.kiev.ua No Name anto@netscape.net No Name bobson@egg.ics.nitch.ac.jp No Name bovynf@awe.be No Name burg@is.ge.com No Name chris@gnome.co.uk No Name colsen@usa.net No Name coredump@nervosa.com No Name dannyman@arh0300.urh.uiuc.edu No Name davids@SECNET.COM No Name derek@free.org No Name devet@adv.IAEhv.nl No Name djv@bedford.net No Name dvv@sprint.net No Name enami@ba2.so-net.or.jp No Name flash@eru.tubank.msk.su No Name flash@hway.ru No Name fn@pain.csrv.uidaho.edu No Name gclarkii@netport.neosoft.com No Name gordon@sheaky.lonestar.org No Name graaf@iae.nl No Name greg@greg.rim.or.jp No Name grossman@cygnus.com No Name gusw@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de No Name hfir@math.rochester.edu No Name hnokubi@yyy.or.jp No Name iaint@css.tuu.utas.edu.au No Name invis@visi.com No Name ishisone@sra.co.jp No Name iverson@lionheart.com No Name jpt@magic.net No Name junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr No Name k-sugyou@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp No Name kenji@reseau.toyonaka.osaka.jp No Name kfurge@worldnet.att.net No Name lh@aus.org No Name lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie No Name mrgreen@mame.mu.oz.au No Name nakagawa@jp.FreeBSD.org No Name ohki@gssm.otsuka.tsukuba.ac.jp No Name owaki@st.rim.or.jp No Name pechter@shell.monmouth.com No Name pete@pelican.pelican.com No Name pritc003@maroon.tc.umn.edu No Name risner@stdio.com No Name roman@rpd.univ.kiev.ua No Name root@ns2.redline.ru No Name root@uglabgw.ug.cs.sunysb.edu No Name stephen.ma@jtec.com.au No Name sumii@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp No Name takas-su@is.aist-nara.ac.jp No Name tamone@eig.unige.ch No Name tjevans@raleigh.ibm.com No Name tony-o@iij.ad.jp amurai@spec.co.jp No Name torii@tcd.hitachi.co.jp No Name uenami@imasy.or.jp No Name uhlar@netlab.sk No Name vode@hut.fi No Name wlloyd@mpd.ca No Name wlr@furball.wellsfargo.com No Name wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl No Name yamagata@nwgpc.kek.jp No Name ziggy@ryan.org Nobuhiro Yasutomi nobu@psrc.isac.co.jp Nobuyuki Koganemaru kogane@koganemaru.co.jp Norio Suzuki nosuzuki@e-mail.ne.jp - Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@sra.co.jp Oh Junseon hollywar@mail.holywar.net Olaf Wagner wagner@luthien.in-berlin.de Oleg Sharoiko os@rsu.ru Oliver Breuninger ob@seicom.NET Oliver Friedrichs oliver@secnet.com Oliver Fromme oliver.fromme@heim3.tu-clausthal.de Oliver Laumann net@informatik.uni-bremen.de Oliver Oberdorf oly@world.std.com Olof Johansson offe@ludd.luth.se - Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@freebsd.org.ru + Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@FreeBSD.org.ru Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paco Rosich rosich@modico.eleinf.uv.es Palle Girgensohn girgen@partitur.se Parag Patel parag@cgt.com Pascal Pederiva pascal@zuo.dec.com Pasvorn Boonmark boonmark@juniper.net Patrick Gardella patrick@cre8tivegroup.com Patrick Hausen unknown Paul Antonov apg@demos.su Paul F. Werkowski unknown Paul Fox pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us Paul Koch koch@thehub.com.au Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Paul S. LaFollette, Jr. unknown Paul Saab paul@mu.org Paul Sandys myj@nyct.net Paul T. Root proot@horton.iaces.com Paul Vixie paul@vix.com Paulo Menezes paulo@isr.uc.pt Paulo Menezes pm@dee.uc.pt Pedro A M Vazquez vazquez@IQM.Unicamp.BR Pedro Giffuni giffunip@asme.org Pete Bentley pete@demon.net Peter Childs pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au Peter Cornelius pc@inr.fzk.de Peter Haight peterh@prognet.com Peter Jeremy perer.jeremy@alcatel.com.au Peter M. Chen pmchen@eecs.umich.edu Peter Much peter@citylink.dinoex.sub.org Peter Olsson unknown Peter Philipp pjp@bsd-daemon.net Peter Stubbs PETERS@staidan.qld.edu.au Phil Maker pjm@cs.ntu.edu.au Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au Phil Taylor phil@zipmail.co.uk Philip Musumeci philip@rmit.edu.au Pierre Y. Dampure pierre.dampure@k2c.co.uk Pius Fischer pius@ienet.com Pomegranate daver@flag.blackened.net Powerdog Industries kevin.ruddy@powerdog.com R. Kym Horsell Rajesh Vaidheeswarran rv@fore.com Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Randal S. Masutani randal@comtest.com Randall Hopper rhh@ct.picker.com Randall W. Dean rwd@osf.org Randy Bush rbush@bainbridge.verio.net Reinier Bezuidenhout rbezuide@mikom.csir.co.za Remy Card Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr Ricardas Cepas rch@richard.eu.org Riccardo Veraldi veraldi@cs.unibo.it Richard Henderson richard@atheist.tamu.edu Richard Hwang rhwang@bigpanda.com Richard Kiss richard@homemail.com Richard J Kuhns rjk@watson.grauel.com Richard M. Neswold rneswold@drmemory.fnal.gov Richard Seaman, Jr. dick@tar.com Richard Stallman rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu Richard Straka straka@user1.inficad.com Richard Tobin richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk Richard Wackerbarth rkw@Dataplex.NET Richard Winkel rich@math.missouri.edu Richard Wiwatowski rjwiwat@adelaide.on.net Rick Macklem rick@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Rick Macklin unknown Rob Austein sra@epilogue.com Rob Mallory rmallory@qualcomm.com Rob Snow rsnow@txdirect.net Robert Crowe bob@speakez.com Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Robert Eckardt roberte@MEP.Ruhr-Uni-Bochum.de Robert Sanders rsanders@mindspring.com Robert Sexton robert@kudra.com Robert Shady rls@id.net Robert Swindells swindellsr@genrad.co.uk Robert Watson robert@cyrus.watson.org Robert Withrow witr@rwwa.com Robert Yoder unknown Robin Carey robin@mailgate.dtc.rankxerox.co.uk Roger Hardiman roger@cs.strath.ac.uk Roland Jesse jesse@cs.uni-magdeburg.de Ron Bickers rbickers@intercenter.net Ron Lenk rlenk@widget.xmission.com Ronald Kuehn kuehn@rz.tu-clausthal.de Rudolf Cejka unknown Ruslan Belkin rus@home2.UA.net Ruslan Ermilov ru@ucb.crimea.ua Ruslan Shevchenko rssh@cam.grad.kiev.ua Russell L. Carter rcarter@pinyon.org Russell Vincent rv@groa.uct.ac.za Ryan Younce ryany@pobox.com Ryuichiro IMURA imura@cs.titech.ac.jp SANETO Takanori sanewo@strg.sony.co.jp SAWADA Mizuki miz@qb3.so-net.ne.jp - SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org SURANYI Peter suranyip@jks.is.tsukuba.ac.jp Sakai Hiroaki sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Sakari Jalovaara sja@tekla.fi Sam Hartman hartmans@mit.edu Samuel Lam skl@ScalableNetwork.com Samuele Zannoli zannoli@cs.unibo.it Sander Vesik sander@haldjas.folklore.ee Sandro Sigala ssigala@globalnet.it Sascha Blank blank@fox.uni-trier.de Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Satoh Junichi junichi@astec.co.jp Scot Elliott scot@poptart.org Scot W. Hetzel hetzels@westbend.net Scott A. Kenney saken@rmta.ml.org Scott Blachowicz scott.blachowicz@seaslug.org Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Hazen Mueller scott@zorch.sf-bay.org Scott Michel scottm@cs.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sebastian Strollo seb@erix.ericsson.se Serge A. Babkin babkin@hq.icb.chel.su Serge V. Vakulenko vak@zebub.msk.su Sergei Chechetkin csl@whale.sunbay.crimea.ua Sergei S. Laskavy laskavy@pc759.cs.msu.su Sergey Gershtein sg@mplik.ru Sergey Potapov sp@alkor.ru Sergey Shkonda serg@bcs.zp.ua Sergey V.Dorokhov svd@kbtelecom.nalnet.ru Sergio Lenzi lenzi@bsi.com.br Shaun Courtney shaun@emma.eng.uct.ac.za Shawn M. Carey smcarey@mailbox.syr.edu Shigio Yamaguchi shigio@wafu.netgate.net Shinya Esu esu@yk.rim.or.jp Shuichi Tanaka stanaka@bb.mbn.or.jp Shunsuke Akiyama akiyama@jp.FreeBSD.org Simon simon@masi.ibp.fr Simon Burge simonb@telstra.com.au Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au Simon Marlow simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk Simon Shapiro shimon@simon-shapiro.org Sin'ichiro MIYATANI siu@phaseone.co.jp Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de Soochon Radee slr@mitre.org Soren Dayton csdayton@midway.uchicago.edu Soren Dossing sauber@netcom.com Soren S. Jorvang soren@dt.dk Stefan Bethke stb@hanse.de Stefan Eggers seggers@semyam.dinoco.de Stefan Moeding s.moeding@ndh.net Stefan Petri unknown Stefan `Sec` Zehl sec@42.org Steinar Haug sthaug@nethelp.no Stephane E. Potvin sepotvin@videotron.ca Stephane Legrand stephane@lituus.fr Stephen Clawson sclawson@marker.cs.utah.edu Stephen F. Combs combssf@salem.ge.com Stephen Farrell stephen@farrell.org Stephen Hocking sysseh@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen J. Roznowski sjr@home.net Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen Melvin melvin@zytek.com Steve Bauer sbauer@rock.sdsmt.edu Steve Coltrin spcoltri@io.com Steve Deering unknown Steve Gerakines steve2@genesis.tiac.net Steve Gericke steveg@comtrol.com Steve Piette steve@simon.chi.il.US Steve Schwarz schwarz@alpharel.com Steven G. Kargl kargl@troutmask.apl.washington.edu Steven H. Samorodin samorodi@NUXI.com Steven McCanne mccanne@cs.berkeley.edu Steven Plite splite@purdue.edu Steven Wallace unknown Stuart Henderson stuart@internationalschool.co.uk Sue Blake sue@welearn.com.au Sugimoto Sadahiro ixtl@komaba.utmc.or.jp Sugiura Shiro ssugiura@duo.co.jp Sujal Patel smpatel@wam.umd.edu Sune Stjerneby stjerneby@usa.net Suzuki Yoshiaki zensyo@ann.tama.kawasaki.jp Tadashi Kumano kumano@strl.nhk.or.jp Taguchi Takeshi taguchi@tohoku.iij.ad.jp Takahiro Yugawa yugawa@orleans.rim.or.jp Takanori Watanabe takawata@shidahara1.planet.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp Takashi Mega mega@minz.org Takashi Uozu j1594016@ed.kagu.sut.ac.jp Takayuki Ariga a00821@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp Takeru NAIKI naiki@bfd.es.hokudai.ac.jp Takeshi Amaike amaike@iri.co.jp Takeshi MUTOH mutoh@info.nara-k.ac.jp Takeshi Ohashi ohashi@mickey.ai.kyutech.ac.jp Takeshi WATANABE watanabe@crayon.earth.s.kobe-u.ac.jp Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@makino.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp Tatoku Ogaito tacha@tera.fukui-med.ac.jp Tatsumi HOSOKAWA hosokawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Ted Buswell tbuswell@mediaone.net Ted Faber faber@isi.edu Ted Lemon mellon@isc.org Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tetsuya Furukawa tetsuya@secom-sis.co.jp Theo de Raadt deraadt@OpenBSD.org Thomas thomas@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Thomas D. Dean tomdean@ix.netcom.com Thomas David Rivers rivers@dignus.com Thomas G. McWilliams tgm@netcom.com Thomas Gellekum thomas@ghpc8.ihf.rwth-aachen.de Thomas Graichen graichen@omega.physik.fu-berlin.de Thomas König Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de Thomas Ptacek unknown Thomas Stevens tas@stevens.org Thomas Stromberg tstrombe@rtci.com Thomas Valentino Crimi tcrimi+@andrew.cmu.edu Thomas Wintergerst thomas@lemur.nord.de Þórður Ívarsson totii@est.is Tim Kientzle kientzle@netcom.com Tim Singletary tsingle@sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov Tim Wilkinson tim@sarc.city.ac.uk Timo J. Rinne tri@iki.fi Todd Miller millert@openbsd.org Tom root@majestix.cmr.no Tom tom@sdf.com Tom Gray - DCA dcasba@rain.org Tom Jobbins tom@tom.tj Tom Pusateri pusateri@juniper.net Tom Rush tarush@mindspring.com Tom Samplonius tom@misery.sdf.com Tomohiko Kurahashi kura@melchior.q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Tony Kimball alk@Think.COM Tony Li tli@jnx.com Tony Lynn wing@cc.nsysu.edu.tw Tony Maher tonym@angis.org.au Torbjorn Granlund tege@matematik.su.se Toshihiko ARAI toshi@tenchi.ne.jp Toshihiko SHIMOKAWA toshi@tea.forus.or.jp Toshihiro Kanda candy@kgc.co.jp Toshiomi Moriki Toshiomi.Moriki@ma1.seikyou.ne.jp Trefor S. trefor@flevel.co.uk Trevor Blackwell tlb@viaweb.com URATA Shuichiro s-urata@nmit.tmg.nec.co.jp Udo Schweigert ust@cert.siemens.de Ugo Paternostro paterno@dsi.unifi.it Ulf Kieber kieber@sax.de Ulli Linzen ulli@perceval.camelot.de Ustimenko Semen semen@iclub.nsu.ru Uwe Arndt arndt@mailhost.uni-koblenz.de Vadim Chekan vadim@gc.lviv.ua Vadim Kolontsov vadim@tversu.ac.ru Vadim Mikhailov mvp@braz.ru Van Jacobson van@ee.lbl.gov Vasily V. Grechishnikov bazilio@ns1.ied-vorstu.ac.ru Vasim Valejev vasim@uddias.diaspro.com Vernon J. Schryver vjs@mica.denver.sgi.com Vic Abell abe@cc.purdue.edu Ville Eerola ve@sci.fi Vincent Poy vince@venus.gaianet.net Vincenzo Capuano VCAPUANO@vmprofs.esoc.esa.de Virgil Champlin champlin@pa.dec.com Vladimir A. Jakovenko vovik@ntu-kpi.kiev.ua Vladimir Kushnir kushn@mail.kar.net Vsevolod Lobko seva@alex-ua.com W. Gerald Hicks wghicks@bellsouth.net W. Richard Stevens rstevens@noao.edu Walt Howard howard@ee.utah.edu Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wayne Scott wscott@ichips.intel.com Werner Griessl werner@btp1da.phy.uni-bayreuth.de Wes Santee wsantee@wsantee.oz.net Wietse Venema wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@apple.com Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de Wilko Bulte wilko@yedi.iaf.nl Will Andrews andrews@technologist.com Willem Jan Withagen wjw@surf.IAE.nl William Jolitz withheld William Liao william@tale.net Wojtek Pilorz wpilorz@celebris.bdk.lublin.pl Wolfgang Helbig helbig@ba-stuttgart.de Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@FreeBSD.org Wu Ching-hong woju@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Yarema yds@ingress.com Yaroslav Terletsky ts@polynet.lviv.ua Yasuhito FUTATSUKI futatuki@fureai.or.jp Yasuhiro Fukama yasuf@big.or.jp Yen-Shuo Su yssu@CCCA.NCTU.edu.tw Ying-Chieh Liao ijliao@csie.NCTU.edu.tw Yixin Jin yjin@rain.cs.ucla.edu Yoshiaki Uchikawa yoshiaki@kt.rim.or.jp Yoshihiko OHTA yohta@bres.tsukuba.ac.jp Yoshihisa NAKAGAWA y-nakaga@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp Yoshikazu Goto gotoh@ae.anritsu.co.jp Yoshimasa Ohnishi ohnishi@isc.kyutech.ac.jp Yoshishige Arai ryo2@on.rim.or.jp Yuichi MATSUTAKA matutaka@osa.att.ne.jp Yujiro MIYATA miyata@bioele.nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp Yukihiro Nakai nacai@iname.com Yusuke Nawano azuki@azkey.org Yuu Yashiki s974123@cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il Yves Fonk yves@cpcoup5.tn.tudelft.nl Yves Fonk yves@dutncp8.tn.tudelft.nl Zach Heilig zach@gaffaneys.com Zahemszhky Gabor zgabor@code.hu Zhong Ming-Xun zmx@mail.CDPA.nsysu.edu.tw arci vega@sophia.inria.fr der Mouse mouse@Collatz.McRCIM.McGill.EDU frf frf@xocolatl.com Ege Rekk aagero@aage.priv.no 386BSD Patch Kit Patch Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Andrey A. Chernov ache@astral.msk.su Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew Moore alm@netcom.com Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com jtk@netcom.com Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Branko Lankester Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Chris G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Rivers rivers@ponds.uucp David Dawes dawes@physics.su.OZ.AU David Greenman dg@Root.COM Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Felix Gaehtgens felix@escape.vsse.in-berlin.de Frank Maclachlan fpm@crash.cts.com Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Guido van Rooij guido@gvr.org Guy Harris guy@auspex.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@novatel.cuc.ab.ca Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Ishii Masahiro, R. Kym Horsell J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James W. Dolter James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu et al Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jörg Lohse lohse@tech7.informatik.uni-hamburg.de Jörg Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de John Dyson John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jordan K. Hubbard jkh@whisker.hubbard.ie Julian Elischer julian@dialix.oz.au - Julian Stacey jhs@freebsd.org + Julian Stacey jhs@FreeBSD.org Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com karl@one.neosoft.com Keith Bostic bostic@toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU Ken Hughes Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kevin Lahey kml%rokkaku.UUCP@mathcs.emory.edu kml@mosquito.cis.ufl.edu Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu tinguely@hookie.cs.ndsu.NoDak.edu Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Nate Williams nate@bsd.coe.montana.edu Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com nick@madhouse.neosoft.com Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paul Kranenburg pk@cs.few.eur.nl Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Peter da Silva peter@NeoSoft.com Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au - Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.ORG + Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.org Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Rick Macklem root@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Rodney W. Grimes rgrimes@cdrom.com Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sean Eric Fagan sef@kithrup.com Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au sjg@zen.void.oz.au Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Terry Lambert terry@icarus.weber.edu Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tor Egge Tor.Egge@idi.ntnu.no Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de William Jolitz withheld Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@dentaro.GUN.de Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il diff --git a/en/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml index 484daea3c9..a79fc015cf 100644 --- a/en/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml @@ -1,2473 +1,2473 @@ The Cutting Edge: FreeBSD-current and FreeBSD-stable FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. For people who want to be on the cutting edge, there are several easy mechanisms for keeping your system in sync with the latest developments. Be warned: the cutting edge is not for everyone! This chapter will help you decide if you want to track the development system, or stick with one of the released versions. Staying Current with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is, quite literally, nothing more than a daily snapshot of the working sources for FreeBSD. These include work in progress, experimental changes and transitional mechanisms that may or may not be present in the next official release of the software. While many of us compile almost daily from FreeBSD-current sources, there are periods of time when the sources are literally un-compilable. These problems are generally resolved as expeditiously as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-current sources bring disaster or greatly desired functionality can literally be a matter of which part of any given 24 hour period you grabbed them in! Who needs FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is made generally available for 3 primary interest groups: Members of the FreeBSD group who are actively working on some part of the source tree and for whom keeping “current” is an absolute requirement. Members of the FreeBSD group who are active testers, willing to spend time working through problems in order to ensure that FreeBSD-current remains as sane as possible. These are also people who wish to make topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD. Peripheral members of the FreeBSD (or some other) group who merely wish to keep an eye on things and use the current sources for reference purposes (e.g. for reading, not running). These people also make the occasional comment or contribute code. What is FreeBSD-current <emphasis>not</emphasis>? A fast-track to getting pre-release bits because you heard there is some cool new feature in there and you want to be the first on your block to have it. A quick way of getting bug fixes. In any way “officially supported” by us. We do our best to help people genuinely in one of the 3 “legitimate” FreeBSD-current categories, but we simply do not have the time to provide tech support for it. This is not because we are mean and nasty people who do not like helping people out (we would not even be doing FreeBSD if we were), it is literally because we cannot answer 400 messages a day and actually work on FreeBSD! I am sure that, if given the choice between having us answer lots of questions or continuing to improve FreeBSD, most of you would vote for us improving it. Using FreeBSD-current Join the &a.current; and the &a.cvsall; . This is not just a good idea, it is essential. If you are not on the FreeBSD-current mailing list, you will not see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and thus will probably end up stumbling over a lot of problems that others have already found and solved. Even more importantly, you will miss out on important bulletins which may be critical to your system's continued health. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-current subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. Grab the sources from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. You can do this in three + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. You can do this in three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron and keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-current is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. If you are grabbing the sources to run, and not just look at, then grab all of current, not just selected portions. The reason for this is that various parts of the source depend on updates elsewhere, and trying to compile just a subset is almost guaranteed to get you into trouble. Before compiling current, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.current; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Be active! If you are running FreeBSD-current, we want to know what you have to say about it, especially if you have suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are received most enthusiastically! Staying Stable with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-stable? FreeBSD-stable is our development branch for a more low-key and conservative set of changes intended for our next mainstream release. Changes of an experimental or untested nature do not go into this branch (see FreeBSD-current). Who needs FreeBSD-stable? If you are a commercial user or someone who puts maximum stability of their FreeBSD system before all other concerns, you should consider tracking stable. This is especially true if you have installed the most recent release (&rel.current;-RELEASE at the time of this writing) since the stable branch is effectively a bug-fix stream relative to the previous release. The stable tree endeavors, above all, to be fully compilable and stable at all times, but we do occasionally make mistakes (these are still active sources with quickly-transmitted updates, after all). We also do our best to thoroughly test fixes in current before bringing them into stable, but sometimes our tests fail to catch every case. If something breaks for you in stable, please let us know immediately! (see next section). Using FreeBSD-stable Join the &a.stable;. This will keep you informed of build-dependencies that may appear in stable or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-stable subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. If you are installing a new system and want it to be as stable as possible, you can simply grab the latest dated branch snapshot from ftp://releng3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ and install it like any other release. If you are already running a previous release of 2.2 and wish to upgrade via sources then you can easily do so from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. This can be done in one + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. This can be done in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron to keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type;
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-stable is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. Before compiling stable, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.stable; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Synchronizing Source Trees over the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. There are various ways of using an Internet (or email) connection to stay up-to-date with any given area of the FreeBSD project sources, or all areas, depending on what interests you. The primary services we offer are Anonymous CVS, CVSup, and CTM. Anonymous CVS and CVSup use the pull model of updating sources. In the case of CVSup the user (or a cron script) invokes the cvsup program, and it interacts with a cvsupd server somewhere to bring your files up to date. The updates you receive are up-to-the-minute and you get them when, and only when, you want them. You can easily restrict your updates to the specific files or directories that are of interest to you. Updates are generated on the fly by the server, according to what you have and what you want to have. Anonymous CVS is quite a bit more simplistic than CVSup in that it's just an extension to CVS which allows it to pull changes directly from a remote CVS repository. CVSup can do this far more efficiently, but Anonymous CVS is easier to use. CTM, on the other hand, does not interactively compare the sources you have with those on the master archive or otherwise pull them across.. Instead, a script which identifies changes in files since its previous run is executed several times a day on the master CTM machine, any detected changes being compressed, stamped with a sequence-number and encoded for transmission over email (in printable ASCII only). Once received, these “CTM deltas” can then be handed to the &man.ctm.rmail.1; utility which will automatically decode, verify and apply the changes to the user's copy of the sources. This process is far more efficient than CVSup, and places less strain on our server resources since it is a push rather than a pull model. There are other trade-offs, of course. If you inadvertently wipe out portions of your archive, CVSup will detect and rebuild the damaged portions for you. CTM won't do this, and if you wipe some portion of your source tree out (and don't have it backed up) then you will have to start from scratch (from the most recent CVS “base delta”) and rebuild it all with CTM or, with anoncvs, simply delete the bad bits and resync. For more information on Anonymous CVS, CTM, and CVSup, please see one of the following sections: Anonymous CVS Contributed by &a.jkh; <anchor id="anoncvs-intro">Introduction Anonymous CVS (or, as it is otherwise known, anoncvs) is a feature provided by the CVS utilities bundled with FreeBSD for synchronizing with a remote CVS repository. Among other things, it allows users of FreeBSD to perform, with no special privileges, read-only CVS operations against one of the FreeBSD project's official anoncvs servers. To use it, one simply sets the CVSROOT environment variable to point at the appropriate anoncvs server and then uses the &man.cvs.1; command to access it like any local repository. While it can also be said that the CVSup and anoncvs services both perform essentially the same function, there are various trade-offs which can influence the user's choice of synchronization methods. In a nutshell, CVSup is much more efficient in its usage of network resources and is by far the most technically sophisticated of the two, but at a price. To use CVSup, a special client must first be installed and configured before any bits can be grabbed, and then only in the fairly large chunks which CVSup calls collections. Anoncvs, by contrast, can be used to examine anything from an individual file to a specific program (like ls or grep) by referencing the CVS module name. Of course, anoncvs is also only good for read-only operations on the CVS repository, so if it's your intention to support local development in one repository shared with the FreeBSD project bits then CVSup is really your only option. <anchor id="anoncvs-usage">Using Anonymous CVS Configuring &man.cvs.1; to use an Anonymous CVS repository is a simple matter of setting the CVSROOT environment variable to point to one of the FreeBSD project's anoncvs servers. At the time of this writing, the following servers are available: USA: anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs Since CVS allows one to “check out” virtually any version of the FreeBSD sources that ever existed (or, in some cases, will exist :), you need to be familiar with the revision () flag to &man.cvs.1; and what some of the permissible values for it in the FreeBSD Project repository are. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: HEAD Symbolic name for the main line, or FreeBSD-current. Also the default when no revision is specified. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. This branch is mostly obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports collection. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the flag. See the &man.cvs.1; man page for more details. Examples While it really is recommended that you read the manual page for &man.cvs.1; thoroughly before doing anything, here are some quick examples which essentially show how to use Anonymous CVS: Checking out something from -current (&man.ls.1;) and deleting it again: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Checking out the version of ls(1) in the 2.2-stable branch: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co -rRELENG_2_2 ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Creating a list of changes (as unidiffs) to &man.ls.1; &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs rdiff -u -rRELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE -rRELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE ls Finding out what other module names can be used: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co modules &prompt.user; more modules/modules &prompt.user; cvs release -d modules Other Resources The following additional resources may be helpful in learning CVS: CVS Tutorial from Cal Poly. Cyclic Software, commercial maintainers of CVS. CVSWeb is the FreeBSD Project web interface for CVS. <application>CTM</application> Contributed by &a.phk;. Updated 19-October-1997. CTM is a method for keeping a remote directory tree in sync with a central one. It has been developed for usage with FreeBSD's source trees, though other people may find it useful for other purposes as time goes by. Little, if any, documentation currently exists at this time on the process of creating deltas, so talk to &a.phk; for more information should you wish to use CTM for other things. Why should I use <application>CTM</application>? CTM will give you a local copy of the FreeBSD source trees. There are a number of “flavors” of the tree available. Whether you wish to track the entire cvs tree or just one of the branches, CTM can provide you the information. If you are an active developer on FreeBSD, but have lousy or non-existent TCP/IP connectivity, or simply wish to have the changes automatically sent to you, CTM was made for you. You will need to obtain up to three deltas per day for the most active branches. However, you should consider having them sent by automatic email. The sizes of the updates are always kept as small as possible. This is typically less than 5K, with an occasional (one in ten) being 10-50K and every now and then a biggie of 100K+ or more coming around. You will also need to make yourself aware of the various caveats related to working directly from the development sources rather than a pre-packaged release. This is particularly true if you choose the “current” sources. It is recommended that you read Staying current with FreeBSD. What do I need to use <application>CTM</application>? You will need two things: The CTM program and the initial deltas to feed it (to get up to “current” levels). The CTM program has been part of FreeBSD ever since version 2.0 was released, and lives in /usr/src/usr.sbin/CTM if you have a copy of the source online. If you are running a pre-2.0 version of FreeBSD, you can fetch the current CTM sources directly from: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm The “deltas” you feed CTM can be had two ways, FTP or e-mail. If you have general FTP access to the Internet then the following FTP sites support access to CTM: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/CTM + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM or see section mirrors. FTP the relevant directory and fetch the README file, starting from there. If you may wish to get your deltas via email: Send email to &a.majordomo; to subscribe to one of the CTM distribution lists. “ctm-cvs-cur” supports the entire cvs tree. “ctm-src-cur” supports the head of the development branch. “ctm-src-2_2” supports the 2.2 release branch, etc. (If you do not know how to subscribe yourself using majordomo, send a message first containing the word help — it will send you back usage instructions.) When you begin receiving your CTM updates in the mail, you may use the ctm_rmail program to unpack and apply them. You can actually use the ctm_rmail program directly from a entry in /etc/aliases if you want to have the process run in a fully automated fashion. Check the ctm_rmail man page for more details. No matter what method you use to get the CTM deltas, you should subscribe to the - ctm-announce@FreeBSD.ORG mailing list. In the + ctm-announce@FreeBSD.org mailing list. In the future, this will be the only place where announcements concerning the operations of the CTM system will be posted. Send an email to &a.majordomo; with a single line of subscribe ctm-announce to get added to the list. Starting off with <application>CTM</application> for the first time Before you can start using CTM deltas, you will need to get to a starting point for the deltas produced subsequently to it. First you should determine what you already have. Everyone can start from an “empty” directory. You must use an initial “Empty&rdquo delta to start off your CTM supported tree. At some point it is intended that one of these “started” deltas be distributed on the CD for your convenience. This does not currently happen however. However, since the trees are many tens of megabytes, you should prefer to start from something already at hand. If you have a RELEASE CD, you can copy or extract an initial source from it. This will save a significant transfer of data. You can recognize these “starter” deltas by the X appended to the number (src-cur.3210XEmpty.gz for instance). The designation following the X corresponds to the origin of your initial “seed”. Empty is an empty directory. As a rule a base transition from Empty is produced every 100 deltas. By the way, they are large! 25 to 30 Megabytes of gzip'ed data is common for the XEmpty deltas. Once you've picked a base delta to start from, you will also need all deltas with higher numbers following it. Using <application>CTM</application> in your daily life To apply the deltas, simply say: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/the/stuff &prompt.root; ctm -v -v /where/you/store/your/deltas/src-xxx.* CTM understands deltas which have been put through gzip, so you do not need to gunzip them first, this saves disk space. Unless it feels very secure about the entire process, CTM will not touch your tree. To verify a delta you can also use the flag and CTM will not actually touch your tree; it will merely verify the integrity of the delta and see if it would apply cleanly to your current tree. There are other options to CTM as well, see the manual pages or look in the sources for more information. I would also be very happy if somebody could help with the “user interface” portions, as I have realized that I cannot make up my mind on what options should do what, how and when... That's really all there is to it. Every time you get a new delta, just run it through CTM to keep your sources up to date. Do not remove the deltas if they are hard to download again. You just might want to keep them around in case something bad happens. Even if you only have floppy disks, consider using fdwrite to make a copy. Keeping your local changes As a developer one would like to experiment with and change files in the source tree. CTM supports local modifications in a limited way: before checking for the presence of a file foo, it first looks for foo.ctm. If this file exists, CTM will operate on it instead of foo. This behaviour gives us a simple way to maintain local changes: simply copy the files you plan to modify to the corresponding file names with a .ctm suffix. Then you can freely hack the code, while CTM keeps the .ctm file up-to-date. Other interesting <application>CTM</application> options Finding out exactly what would be touched by an update You can determine the list of changes that CTM will make on your source repository using the option to CTM. This is useful if you would like to keep logs of the changes, pre- or post- process the modified files in any manner, or just are feeling a tad paranoid :-). Making backups before updating Sometimes you may want to backup all the files that would be changed by a CTM update. Specifying the option causes CTM to backup all files that would be touched by a given CTM delta to backup-file. Restricting the files touched by an update Sometimes you would be interested in restricting the scope of a given CTM update, or may be interested in extracting just a few files from a sequence of deltas. You can control the list of files that CTM would operate on by specifying filtering regular expressions using the and options. For example, to extract an up-to-date copy of lib/libc/Makefile from your collection of saved CTM deltas, run the commands: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/to/extract/it/ &prompt.root; ctm -e '^lib/libc/Makefile' ~ctm/src-xxx.* For every file specified in a CTM delta, the and options are applied in the order given on the command line. The file is processed by CTM only if it is marked as eligible after all the and options are applied to it. Future plans for <application>CTM</application> Tons of them: Use some kind of authentication into the CTM system, so as to allow detection of spoofed CTM updates. Clean up the options to CTM, they became confusing and counter intuitive. The bad news is that I am very busy, so any help in doing this will be most welcome. And do not forget to tell me what you want also... Miscellaneous stuff All the “DES infected” (e.g. export controlled) source is not included. You will get the “international” version only. If sufficient interest appears, we will set up a sec-cur sequence too. There is a sequence of deltas for the ports collection too, but interest has not been all that high yet. Tell me if you want an email list for that too and we will consider setting it up. Thanks! &a.bde; for his pointed pen and invaluable comments. &a.sos; for patience. Stephen McKay wrote ctm_[rs]mail, much appreciated. &a.jkh; for being so stubborn that I had to make it better. All the users I hope you like it... <application>CVSup</application> Contributed by &a.jdp;. Introduction CVSup is a software package for distributing and updating source trees from a master CVS repository on a remote server host. The FreeBSD sources are maintained in a CVS repository on a central development machine in California. With CVSup, FreeBSD users can easily keep their own source trees up to date. CVSup uses the so-called pull model of updating. Under the pull model, each client asks the server for updates, if and when they are wanted. The server waits passively for update requests from its clients. Thus all updates are instigated by the client. The server never sends unsolicited updates. Users must either run the CVSup client manually to get an update, or they must set up a cron job to run it automatically on a regular basis. The term CVSup, capitalized just so, refers to the entire software package. Its main components are the client cvsup which runs on each user's machine, and the server cvsupd which runs at each of the FreeBSD mirror sites. As you read the FreeBSD documentation and mailing lists, you may see references to sup. Sup was the predecessor of CVSup, and it served a similar purpose. CVSup is in used in much the same way as sup and, in fact, uses configuration files which are backward-compatible with sup's. Sup is no longer used in the FreeBSD project, because CVSup is both faster and more flexible. Installation The easiest way to install CVSup if you are running FreeBSD 2.2 or later is to use either the port from the FreeBSD ports collection or the corresponding binary package, depending on whether you prefer to roll your own or not. If you are running FreeBSD-2.1.6 or 2.1.7, you unfortunately cannot use the binary package versions due to the fact that they require a version of the C library that does not yet exist in FreeBSD-2.1.{6,7}. You can easily use the port, however, just as with FreeBSD 2.2. Simply unpack the tar file, cd to the cvsup subdirectory and type make install. Because CVSup is written in Modula-3, both the package and the port require that the Modula-3 runtime libraries be installed. These are available as the lang/modula-3-lib port and the lang/modula-3-lib-3.6 package. If you follow the same directions as for cvsup, these libraries will be compiled and/or installed automatically when you install the CVSup port or package. The Modula-3 libraries are rather large, and fetching and compiling them is not an instantaneous process. For that reason, a third option is provided. You can get statically linked FreeBSD executables for CVSup from the USA distribution site: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client including GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup.nogui-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client without GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupd-bin-16.0.tar.gz (server). as well as from the many FreeBSD FTP mirror sites around the world. Most users will need only the client. These executables are entirely self-contained, and they will run on any version of FreeBSD from FreeBSD-2.1.0 to FreeBSD-current. In summary, your options for installing CVSup are: FreeBSD-2.2 or later: static binary, port, or package FreeBSD-2.1.6, 2.1.7: static binary or port FreeBSD-2.1.5 or earlier: static binary CVSup Configuration CVSup's operation is controlled by a configuration file called the supfile. Beginning with FreeBSD-2.2, there are some sample supfiles in the directory /usr/share/examples/cvsup. These examples are also available from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/examples/cvsup/ if you are on a pre-2.2 system. The information in a supfile answers the following questions for cvsup: Which files do you want to receive? Which versions of them do you want? Where do you want to get them from? Where do you want to put them on your own machine? Where do you want to put your status files? In the following sections, we will construct a typical supfile by answering each of these questions in turn. First, we describe the overall structure of a supfile. A supfile is a text file. Comments begin with # and extend to the end of the line. Lines that are blank and lines that contain only comments are ignored. Each remaining line describes a set of files that the user wishes to receive. The line begins with the name of a “collection”, a logical grouping of files defined by the server. The name of the collection tells the server which files you want. After the collection name come zero or more fields, separated by white space. These fields answer the questions listed above. There are two types of fields: flag fields and value fields. A flag field consists of a keyword standing alone, e.g., delete or compress. A value field also begins with a keyword, but the keyword is followed without intervening white space by = and a second word. For example, release=cvs is a value field. A supfile typically specifies more than one collection to receive. One way to structure a supfile is to specify all of the relevant fields explicitly for each collection. However, that tends to make the supfile lines quite long, and it is inconvenient because most fields are the same for all of the collections in a supfile. CVSup provides a defaulting mechanism to avoid these problems. Lines beginning with the special pseudo-collection name *default can be used to set flags and values which will be used as defaults for the subsequent collections in the supfile. A default value can be overridden for an individual collection, by specifying a different value with the collection itself. Defaults can also be changed or augmented in mid-supfile by additional *default lines. With this background, we will now proceed to construct a supfile for receiving and updating the main source tree of FreeBSD-current. Which files do you want to receive? The files available via CVSup are organized into named groups called “collections”. The collections that are available are described here. In this example, we wish to receive the entire main source tree for the FreeBSD system. There is a single large collection src-all which will give us all of that, except the export-controlled cryptography support. Let us assume for this example that we are in the USA or Canada. Then we can get the cryptography code with one additional collection, cvs-crypto. As a first step toward constructing our supfile, we simply list these collections, one per line: src-all cvs-crypto Which version(s) of them do you want? With CVSup, you can receive virtually any version of the sources that ever existed. That is possible because the cvsupd server works directly from the CVS repository, which contains all of the versions. You specify which one of them you want using the tag= and value fields. Be very careful to specify any tag= fields correctly. Some tags are valid only for certain collections of files. If you specify an incorrect or misspelled tag, CVSup will delete files which you probably do not want deleted. In particular, use only tag=. for the ports-* collections. The tag= field names a symbolic tag in the repository. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: tag=. The main line of development, also known as FreeBSD-current. The . is not punctuation; it is the name of the tag. Valid for all collections. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. tag=RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: tag=RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Be very careful to type the tag name exactly as shown. CVSup cannot distinguish between valid and invalid tags. If you misspell the tag, CVSup will behave as though you had specified a valid tag which happens to refer to no files at all. It will delete your existing sources in that case. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the value field. The &man.cvsup.1; manual page explains how to do that. For our example, we wish to receive FreeBSD-current. We add this line at the beginning of our supfile: *default tag=. There is an important special case that comes into play if you specify neither a tag= field nor a date= field. In that case, you receive the actual RCS files directly from the server's CVS repository, rather than receiving a particular version. Developers generally prefer this mode of operation. By maintaining a copy of the repository itself on their systems, they gain the ability to browse the revision histories and examine past versions of files. This gain is achieved at a large cost in terms of disk space, however. Where do you want to get them from? We use the host= field to tell cvsup where to obtain its updates. Any of the CVSup mirror sites will do, though you should try to select one that is close to you in cyberspace. In this example we will use a fictional FreeBSD distribution site, cvsup666.FreeBSD.org: *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org You will need to change the host to one that actually exists before running CVSup. On any particular run of cvsup, you can override the host setting on the command line, with . Where do you want to put them on your own machine? The prefix= field tells cvsup where to put the files it receives. In this example, we will put the source files directly into our main source tree, /usr/src. The src directory is already implicit in the collections we have chosen to receive, so this is the correct specification: *default prefix=/usr Where should cvsup maintain its status files? The cvsup client maintains certain status files in what is called the “base” directory. These files help CVSup to work more efficiently, by keeping track of which updates you have already received. We will use the standard base directory, /usr/local/etc/cvsup: *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup This setting is used by default if it is not specified in the supfile, so we actually do not need the above line. If your base directory does not already exist, now would be a good time to create it. The cvsup client will refuse to run if the base directory does not exist. Miscellaneous supfile settings: There is one more line of boiler plate that normally needs to be present in the supfile: *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress release=cvs indicates that the server should get its information out of the main FreeBSD CVS repository. This is virtually always the case, but there are other possibilities which are beyond the scope of this discussion. delete gives CVSup permission to delete files. You should always specify this, so that CVSup can keep your source tree fully up to date. CVSup is careful to delete only those files for which it is responsible. Any extra files you happen to have will be left strictly alone. use-rel-suffix is ... arcane. If you really want to know about it, see the &man.cvsup.1; manual page. Otherwise, just specify it and do not worry about it. compress enables the use of gzip-style compression on the communication channel. If your network link is T1 speed or faster, you probably should not use compression. Otherwise, it helps substantially. Putting it all together: Here is the entire supfile for our example: *default tag=. *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org *default prefix=/usr *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress src-all cvs-crypto Running <application>CVSup</application> You are now ready to try an update. The command line for doing this is quite simple: &prompt.root; cvsup supfile where supfile is of course the name of the supfile you have just created. Assuming you are running under X11, cvsup will display a GUI window with some buttons to do the usual things. Press the “go” button, and watch it run. Since you are updating your actual /usr/src tree in this example, you will need to run the program as root so that cvsup has the permissions it needs to update your files. Having just created your configuration file, and having never used this program before, that might understandably make you nervous. There is an easy way to do a trial run without touching your precious files. Just create an empty directory somewhere convenient, and name it as an extra argument on the command line: &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/dest &prompt.root; cvsup supfile /var/tmp/dest The directory you specify will be used as the destination directory for all file updates. CVSup will examine your usual files in /usr/src, but it will not modify or delete any of them. Any file updates will instead land in /var/tmp/dest/usr/src. CVSup will also leave its base directory status files untouched when run this way. The new versions of those files will be written into the specified directory. As long as you have read access to /usr/src, you do not even need to be root to perform this kind of trial run. If you are not running X11 or if you just do not like GUIs, you should add a couple of options to the command line when you run cvsup: &prompt.root; cvsup -g -L 2 supfile The tells cvsup not to use its GUI. This is automatic if you are not running X11, but otherwise you have to specify it. The tells cvsup to print out the details of all the file updates it is doing. There are three levels of verbosity, from to . The default is 0, which means total silence except for error messages. There are plenty of other options available. For a brief list of them, type cvsup -H. For more detailed descriptions, see the manual page. Once you are satisfied with the way updates are working, you can arrange for regular runs of cvsup using &man.cron.8;. Obviously, you should not let cvsup use its GUI when running it from cron. <application>CVSup</application> File Collections The file collections available via CVSup are organized hierarchically. There are a few large collections, and they are divided into smaller sub-collections. Receiving a large collection is equivalent to receiving each of its sub-collections. The hierarchical relationships among collections are reflected by the use of indentation in the list below. The most commonly used collections are src-all, cvs-crypto, and ports-all. The other collections are used only by small groups of people for specialized purposes, and some mirror sites may not carry all of them. cvs-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD CVS repository, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. distrib release=cvs Files related to the distribution and mirroring of FreeBSD. doc-all release=cvs Sources for the FreeBSD handbook and other documentation. ports-all release=cvs The FreeBSD ports collection. ports-archivers release=cvs Archiving tools. ports-astro release=cvs Astronomical ports. ports-audio release=cvs Sound support. ports-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/ports. ports-benchmarks release=cvs Benchmarks. ports-biology release=cvs Biology. ports-cad release=cvs Computer aided design tools. ports-chinese release=cvs Chinese language support. ports-comms release=cvs Communication software. ports-converters release=cvs character code converters. ports-databases release=cvs Databases. ports-deskutils release=cvs Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. ports-devel release=cvs Development utilities. ports-editors release=cvs Editors. ports-emulators release=cvs Emulators for other operating systems. ports-games release=cvs Games. ports-german release=cvs German language support. ports-graphics release=cvs Graphics utilities. ports-japanese release=cvs Japanese language support. ports-korean release=cvs Korean language support. ports-lang release=cvs Programming languages. ports-mail release=cvs Mail software. ports-math release=cvs Numerical computation software. ports-mbone release=cvs MBone applications. ports-misc release=cvs Miscellaneous utilities. ports-net release=cvs Networking software. ports-news release=cvs USENET news software. ports-palm release=cvs Software support for 3Com Palm(tm) series. ports-plan9 release=cvs Various programs from Plan9. ports-print release=cvs Printing software. ports-russian release=cvs Russian language support. ports-security release=cvs Security utilities. ports-shells release=cvs Command line shells. ports-sysutils release=cvs System utilities. ports-textproc release=cvs text processing utilities (does not include desktop publishing). ports-vietnamese release=cvs Vietnamese language support. ports-www release=cvs Software related to the World Wide Web. ports-x11 release=cvs Ports to support the X window system. ports-x11-clocks release=cvs X11 clocks. ports-x11-fm release=cvs X11 file managers. ports-x11-fonts release=cvs X11 fonts and font utilities. ports-x11-toolkits release=cvs X11 toolkits. ports-x11-wm X11 window managers. src-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD sources, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. src-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/src. src-bin release=cvs User utilities that may be needed in single-user mode (/usr/src/bin). src-contrib release=cvs Utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/contrib). src-etc release=cvs System configuration files (/usr/src/etc). src-games release=cvs Games (/usr/src/games). src-gnu release=cvs Utilities covered by the GNU Public License (/usr/src/gnu). src-include release=cvs Header files (/usr/src/include). src-kerberosIV release=cvs KerberosIV security package (/usr/src/kerberosIV). src-lib release=cvs Libraries (/usr/src/lib). src-libexec release=cvs System programs normally executed by other programs (/usr/src/libexec). src-release release=cvs Files required to produce a FreeBSD release (/usr/src/release). src-sbin release=cvs System utilities for single-user mode (/usr/src/sbin). src-share release=cvs Files that can be shared across multiple systems (/usr/src/share). src-sys release=cvs The kernel (/usr/src/sys). src-tools release=cvs Various tools for the maintenance of FreeBSD (/usr/src/tools). src-usrbin release=cvs User utilities (/usr/src/usr.bin). src-usrsbin release=cvs System utilities (/usr/src/usr.sbin). www release=cvs The sources for the World Wide Web data. cvs-crypto release=cvs The export-restricted cryptography code. src-crypto release=cvs Export-restricted utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/crypto). src-eBones release=cvs Kerberos and DES (/usr/src/eBones). src-secure release=cvs DES (/usr/src/secure). distrib release=self The CVSup server's own configuration files. Used by CVSup mirror sites. gnats release=current The GNATS bug-tracking database. mail-archive release=current FreeBSD mailing list archive. www release=current The installed World Wide Web data. Used by WWW mirror sites. For more information For the CVSup FAQ and other information about CVSup, see The CVSup Home Page. Most FreeBSD-related discussion of CVSup takes place on the &a.hackers;. New versions of the software are announced there, as well as on the &a.announce;. Questions and bug reports should be addressed to the author of the program at cvsup-bugs@polstra.com. Using <command>make world</command> to rebuild your system Contributed by &a.nik;. Once you have synchronised your local source tree against a particular version of FreeBSD (stable, current and so on) you must then use the source tree to rebuild the system. Currently, the best source of information on how to do that is a tutorial available from http://www.nothing-going-on.demon.co.uk/FreeBSD/make-world/make-world.html. A successor to this tutorial will be integrated into the handbook. diff --git a/en/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml index ce30750488..f2ee2fc5f1 100644 --- a/en/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1370 +1,1370 @@ Resources on the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. The rapid pace of FreeBSD progress makes print media impractical as a means of following the latest developments. Electronic resources are the best, if not often the only, way stay informed of the latest advances. Since FreeBSD is a volunteer effort, the user community itself also generally serves as a “technical support department” of sorts, with electronic mail and USENET news being the most effective way of reaching that community. The most important points of contact with the FreeBSD user community are outlined below. If you are aware of other resources not mentioned here, please send them to the &a.doc;so that they may also be included. Mailing lists Though many of the FreeBSD development members read USENET, we cannot always guarantee that we will get to your questions in a timely fashion (or at all) if you post them only to one of the comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.* groups. By addressing your questions to the appropriate mailing list you will reach both us and a concentrated FreeBSD audience, invariably assuring a better (or at least faster) response. The charters for the various lists are given at the bottom of this document. Please read the charter before joining or sending mail to any list. Most of our list subscribers now receive many hundreds of FreeBSD related messages every day, and by setting down charters and rules for proper use we are striving to keep the signal-to-noise ratio of the lists high. To do less would see the mailing lists ultimately fail as an effective communications medium for the project. Archives are kept for all of the mailing lists and can be searched - using the FreeBSD World + using the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. The keyword searchable archive offers an excellent way of finding answers to frequently asked questions and should be consulted before posting a question. List summary General lists: The following are general lists which anyone is free (and encouraged) to join: List Purpose freebsd-advocacy FreeBSD Evangelism freebsd-announce Important events and project milestones freebsd-bugs Bug reports freebsd-chat Non-technical items related to the FreeBSD community freebsd-current Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-current freebsd-isp Issues for Internet Service Providers using FreeBSD freebsd-jobs FreeBSD employment and consulting opportunities freebsd-newbies New FreeBSD users activities and discussions freebsd-policy FreeBSD Core team policy decisions. Low volume, and read-only freebsd-questions User questions and technical support freebsd-stable Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-stable Technical lists: The following lists are for technical discussion. You should read the charter for each list carefully before joining or sending mail to one as there are firm guidelines for their use and content. List Purpose freebsd-afs Porting AFS to FreeBSD freebsd-alpha Porting FreeBSD to the Alpha freebsd-doc Creating FreeBSD related documents freebsd-database Discussing database use and development under FreeBSD freebsd-emulation Emulation of other systems such as Linux/DOS/Windows freebsd-fs Filesystems freebsd-hackers General technical discussion freebsd-hardware General discussion of hardware for running FreeBSD freebsd-ipfw Technical discussion concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code freebsd-isdn ISDN developers freebsd-java Java developers and people porting JDKs to FreeBSD freebsd-mobile Discussions about mobile computing freebsd-mozilla Porting mozilla to FreeBSD freebsd-net Networking discussion and TCP/IP/source code freebsd-platforms Concerning ports to non-Intel architecture platforms freebsd-ports Discussion of the ports collection freebsd-scsi The SCSI subsystem freebsd-security Security issues freebsd-small Using FreeBSD in embedded applications freebsd-smp Design discussions for [A]Symmetric MultiProcessing freebsd-sparc Porting FreeBSD to Sparc systems freebsd-tokenring Support Token Ring in FreeBSD Limited lists: The following lists require - approval from core@FreeBSD.ORG to join, though anyone + approval from core@FreeBSD.org to join, though anyone is free to send messages to them which fall within the scope of their charters. It is also a good idea establish a presence in the technical lists before asking to join one of these limited lists. List Purpose freebsd-admin Administrative issues freebsd-arch Architecture and design discussions freebsd-core FreeBSD core team freebsd-hubs People running mirror sites (infrastructural support) freebsd-install Installation development freebsd-security-notifications Security notifications freebsd-user-groups User group coordination CVS lists: The following lists are for people interested in seeing the log messages for changes to various areas of the source tree. They are Read-Only lists and should not have mail sent to them. List Source area Area Description (source for) cvs-all /usr/src All changes to the tree (superset) How to subscribe All mailing lists live on FreeBSD.ORG, so to post to a given list you + role="fqdn">FreeBSD.org, so to post to a given list you simply mail to - <listname@FreeBSD.ORG>. It will then + <listname@FreeBSD.org>. It will then be redistributed to mailing list members world-wide. To subscribe to a list, send mail to &a.majordomo; and include subscribe <listname> [<optional address>] in the body of your message. For example, to subscribe yourself to freebsd-announce, you'd do: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce ^D If you want to subscribe yourself under a different name, or submit a subscription request for a local mailing list (this is more efficient if you have several interested parties at one site, and highly appreciated by us!), you would do something like: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce local-announce@somesite.com ^D Finally, it is also possible to unsubscribe yourself from a list, get a list of other list members or see the list of mailing lists again by sending other types of control messages to majordomo. For a complete list of available commands, do this: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org help ^D Again, we would like to request that you keep discussion in the technical mailing lists on a technical track. If you are only interested in the “high points” then it is suggested that you join freebsd-announce, which is intended only for infrequent traffic. List charters AllFreeBSD mailing lists have certain basic rules which must be adhered to by anyone using them. Failure to comply with these guidelines will result in two (2) written warnings from the FreeBSD Postmaster postmaster@FreeBSD.org, after which, on a third offense, the poster will removed from all FreeBSD mailing lists and filtered from further posting to them. We regret that such rules and measures are necessary at all, but today's Internet is a pretty harsh environment, it would seem, and many fail to appreciate just how fragile some of its mechanisms are. Rules of the road: The topic of any posting should adhere to the basic charter of the list it is posted to, e.g. if the list is about technical issues then your posting should contain technical discussion. Ongoing irrelevant chatter or flaming only detracts from the value of the mailing list for everyone on it and will not be tolerated. For free-form discussion on no particular topic, the freebsd-chat freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org mailing list is freely available and should be used instead. No posting should be made to more than 2 mailing lists, and only to 2 when a clear and obvious need to post to both lists exists. For most lists, there is already a great deal of subscriber overlap and except for the most esoteric mixes (say "-stable & -scsi"), there really is no reason to post to more than one list at a time. If a message is sent to you in such a way that multiple mailing lists appear on the Cc line then the cc line should also be trimmed before sending it out again. You are still responsible for your own cross-postings, no matter who the originator might have been. Personal attacks and profanity (in the context of an argument) are not allowed, and that includes users and developers alike. Gross breaches of netiquette, like excerpting or reposting private mail when permission to do so was not and would not be forthcoming, are frowned upon but not specifically enforced. However, there are also very few cases where such content would fit within the charter of a list and it would therefore probably rate a warning (or ban) on that basis alone. Advertising of non-FreeBSD related products or services is strictly prohibited and will result in an immediate ban if it is clear that the offender is advertising by spam. Individual list charters: FREEBSD-AFS Andrew File System This list is for discussion on porting and using AFS from CMU/Transarc FREEBSD-ADMIN Administrative issues This list is purely for discussion of FreeBSD.org related issues and to report problems or abuse of project resources. It is a closed list, though anyone may report a problem (with our systems!) to it. FREEBSD-ANNOUNCE Important events / milestones This is the mailing list for people interested only in occasional announcements of significant FreeBSD events. This includes announcements about snapshots and other releases. It contains announcements of new FreeBSD capabilities. It may contain calls for volunteers etc. This is a low volume, strictly moderated mailing list. FREEBSD-ARCH Architecture and design discussions This is a moderated list for discussion of FreeBSD architecture. Messages will mostly be kept technical in nature, with (rare) exceptions for other messages the moderator deems need to reach all the subscribers of the list. Examples of suitable topics; How to re-vamp the build system to have several customized builds running at the same time. What needs to be fixed with VFS to make Heidemann layers work. How do we change the device driver interface to be able to use the ame drivers cleanly on many buses and architectures? How do I write a network driver? The moderator reserves the right to do minor editing (spell-checking, grammar correction, trimming) of messages that are posted to the list. The volume of the list will be kept low, which may involve having to delay topics until an active discussion has been resolved. FREEBSD-BUGS Bug reports This is the mailing list for reporting bugs in FreeBSD Whenever possible, bugs should be submitted using the &man.send-pr.1; command or the WEB interface to it. FREEBSD-CHAT Non technical items related to the FreeBSD community This list contains the overflow from the other lists about non-technical, social information. It includes discussion about whether Jordan looks like a toon ferret or not, whether or not to type in capitals, who is drinking too much coffee, where the best beer is brewed, who is brewing beer in their basement, and so on. Occasional announcements of important events (such as upcoming parties, weddings, births, new jobs, etc) can be made to the technical lists, but the follow ups should be directed to this -chat list. FREEBSD-CORE FreeBSD core team This is an internal mailing list for use by the core members. Messages can be sent to it when a serious FreeBSD-related matter requires arbitration or high-level scrutiny. FREEBSD-CURRENT Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-current. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -current that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -current. Anyone running “current” must subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-CURRENT-DIGEST Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the digest version of the freebsd-current mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-current bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-DOC Documentation project This mailing list is for the discussion of issues and projects related to the creation of documenation for FreeBSD. The members of this mailing list are collectively referred to as “The FreeBSD Documentation Project”. It is an open list; feel free to join and contribute! FREEBSD-FS Filesystems Discussions concerning FreeBSD filesystems. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-IPFW IP Firewall This is the forum for technical discussions concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code in FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-ISDN ISDN Communications This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of ISDN support for FreeBSD. FREEBSD-JAVA Java Development This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of significant Java applications for FreeBSD and the porting and maintenance of JDKs. FREEBSD-HACKERS Technical discussions This is a forum for technical discussions related to FreeBSD. This is the primary technical mailing list. It is for individuals actively working on FreeBSD, to bring up problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals interested in following the technical discussion are also welcome. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-HACKERS-DIGEST Technical discussions This is the digest version of the freebsd-hackers mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-hackers bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-HARDWARE General discussion of FreeBSD hardware General discussion about the types of hardware that FreeBSD runs on, various problems and suggestions concerning what to buy or avoid. FREEBSD-INSTALL Installation discussion This mailing list is for discussing FreeBSD installation development for the future releases and is closed. FREEBSD-ISP Issues for Internet Service Providers This mailing list is for discussing topics relevant to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) using FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-NEWBIES Newbies activities discussion We cover any of the activities of newbies that are not already dealt with elsewhere, including: independent learning and problem solving techniques, finding and using resources and asking for help elsewhere, how to use mailing lists and which lists to use, general chat, making mistakes, boasting, sharing ideas, stories, moral (but not technical) support, and taking an active part in the FreeBSD community. We take our problems and support questions to freebsd-questions, and use freebsd-newbies to meet others who are doing the same things that we do as newbies. FREEBSD-PLATFORMS Porting to Non-Intel platforms Cross-platform FreeBSD issues, general discussion and proposals for non-Intel FreeBSD ports. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-POLICY Core team policy decisions This is a low volume, read-only mailing list for FreeBSD Core Team Policy decisions. FREEBSD-PORTS Discussion of “ports” Discussions concerning FreeBSD's “ports collection” (/usr/ports), proposed ports, modifications to ports collection infrastructure and general coordination efforts. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS User questions This is the mailing list for questions about FreeBSD. You should not send “how to” questions to the technical lists unless you consider the question to be pretty technical. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS-DIGEST User questions This is the digest version of the freebsd-questions mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-questions bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. FREEBSD-SCSI SCSI subsystem This is the mailing list for people working on the scsi subsystem for FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY Security issues FreeBSD computer security issues (DES, Kerberos, known security holes and fixes, etc). This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY-NOTIFICATIONS Security Notifications Notifications of FreeBSD security problems and fixes. This is not a discussion list. The discussion list is FreeBSD-security. FREEBSD-SMALL This list discusses topics related to unusually small and embedded FreeBSD installations. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-STABLE Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-stable This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-stable. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -stable that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -stable. Anyone running “stable” should subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-USER-GROUPS User Group Coordination List This is the mailing list for the coordinators from each of the local area Users Groups to discuss matters with each other and a designated individual from the Core Team. This mail list should be limited to meeting synopsis and coordination of projects that span User Groups. It is a closed list. Usenet newsgroups In addition to two FreeBSD specific newsgroups, there are many others in which FreeBSD is discussed or are otherwise relevant to FreeBSD users. Keyword searchable archives are available for some of these newsgroups from courtesy of Warren Toomey wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au. BSD specific newsgroups comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc Other Unix newsgroups of interest comp.unix comp.unix.questions comp.unix.admin comp.unix.programmer comp.unix.shell comp.unix.user-friendly comp.security.unix comp.sources.unix comp.unix.advocacy comp.unix.misc comp.bugs.4bsd comp.bugs.4bsd.ucb-fixes comp.unix.bsd X Window System comp.windows.x.i386unix comp.windows.x comp.windows.x.apps comp.windows.x.announce comp.windows.x.intrinsics comp.windows.x.motif comp.windows.x.pex comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine World Wide Web servers http://www.FreeBSD.ORG/ + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ — Central Server. http://www.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/1. http://www2.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/2. http://www3.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/3. http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/1. + url="http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/1. http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/2. + url="http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/2. http://www3.br.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/3. http://www.bg.FreeBSD.org/ — Bulgaria. http://www.ca.FreeBSD.org/ — Canada/1. http://FreeBSD.kawartha.com/ — Canada/2. http://www.dk.FreeBSD.org/ — Denmark. http://www.ee.FreeBSD.org/ — Estonia. http://www.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/1. http://www2.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/2. http://www.fr.FreeBSD.org/ — France. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/1. http://www1.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/2. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/3. http://www.hu.FreeBSD.org/ — Hungary. http://www.is.FreeBSD.org/ — Iceland. http://www.ie.FreeBSD.org/ — Ireland. http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Japan. + url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Japan. http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/ — Korea. http://rama.asiapac.net/freebsd/ — Malaysia. http://www.nl.FreeBSD.org/ — Netherlands. http://www.no.FreeBSD.org/ — Norway. http://www.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/1. http://www2.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/2. http://www3.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/3. http://www.ro.FreeBSD.org/ — Romania. http://www.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/1. http://www2.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/2. http://www3.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/3. http://www4.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/4. http://www.sk.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovak Republic. http://www.si.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovenia. http://www.es.FreeBSD.org/ — Spain. http://www.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/1. http://www2.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/2. http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Sweden. + url="http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Sweden. http://www.tr.FreeBSD.org/ — Turkey. http://www.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/1. http://www2.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/2. http://www.uk.FreeBSD.org/ — United Kingdom. http://freebsd.advansys.net/ — USA/Indiana. http://www6.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Oregon. http://www2.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Texas. Email Addresses The following user groups provide FreeBSD related email addresses for their members. The listed administrator reserves the right to revoke the address if it is abused in any way. Domain Facilities User Group Administrator ukug.uk.FreeBSD.org Forwarding only freebsd-users@uk.FreeBSD.org Josef L. Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Shell Accounts The following user groups provide shell accounts for people who are actively supporting the FreeBSD project. The listed administrator reserves the right to cancel the account if it is abused in any way. Host Access Facilities Administrator storm.uk.FreeBSD.org ssh only Read-only cvs, personal webspace, email &a.brian diff --git a/en/handbook/handbook.sgml b/en/handbook/handbook.sgml index 1d7be84714..3c599ca076 100644 --- a/en/handbook/handbook.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/handbook.sgml @@ -1,129 +1,129 @@ %man; %bookinfo; %chapters; %authors; %mailing-lists; %newsgroups; ]> FreeBSD Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project February 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 The FreeBSD Documentation Project &bookinfo.legalnotice; Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD Release &rel.current;. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the &a.doc;. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. + URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">FreeBSD World Wide Web server. It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc">FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. You may also want to - Search the + Search the Handbook. Getting Started &chap.introduction; &chap.install; &chap.basics; &chap.ports System Administration &chap.kernelconfig; &chap.security; &chap.printing; &chap.disks; &chap.backups; &chap.quotas; &chap.x11; &chap.hw; &chap.l10n; Network Communications &chap.serialcomms; &chap.ppp-and-slip; &chap.advanced-networking; &chap.mail; Advanced topics &chap.cutting-edge; &chap.contrib; &chap.policies; &chap.kernelopts; &chap.kerneldebug; &chap.linuxemu; &chap.internals; Appendices &chap.mirrors; &chap.bibliography; &chap.eresources; &chap.staff; &chap.pgpkeys; diff --git a/en/handbook/install/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/install/chapter.sgml index a6df6724f4..dd4f0a4930 100644 --- a/en/handbook/install/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/install/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1307 +1,1307 @@ Installing FreeBSD So, you would like to try out FreeBSD on your system? This section is a quick-start guide for what you need to do. FreeBSD can be installed from a variety of media including CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape, an MS-DOS partition and, if you have a network connection, via anonymous ftp or NFS. Regardless of the installation media you choose, you can get started by creating the installation disks as described below. Booting your computer into the FreeBSD installer, even if you are not planning on installing FreeBSD right away, will provide important information about compatibility between FreeBSD and your hardware which may, in turn, dictate which installation options are even possible. It can also provide early clues to any compatibility problems which could prevent FreeBSD running on your system at all. If you plan on installing via anonymous FTP then the installation floppies are all you need to download and create—the installation program itself will handle any further required downloading directly (using an ethernet connection, a modem and ppp dialip #, etc). For more information on obtaining the latest FreeBSD distributions, please see Obtaining FreeBSD in the Appendix. So, to get the show on the road, follow these steps: Review the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is supported by FreeBSD. It may be helpful to make a list of any special cards you have installed, such as SCSI controllers, Ethernet adapters or sound cards. This list should include relevant configuration parameters such as interrupts (IRQ) and IO port addresses. If you are installing FreeBSD from CDROM media then you have several different installation options: If the CD has been mastered with El Torrito boot support and your system supports direct booting from CDROM (and many older systems do not), simply insert the CD into the drive and boot directly from it. If you are running DOS and have the proper drivers to access your CD, run the install.bat script provided on the CD. This will attempt to boot into the FreeBSD installation straight from DOS. You must do this from actual DOS and not a Windows DOS box. If you also want to install FreeBSD from your DOS partition (perhaps because your CDROM drive is completely unsupported by FreeBSD) then run the setup program first to copy the appropriate files from the CD to your DOS partition, afterwards running install. If either of the two proceeding methods work then you can simply skip the rest of this section, otherwise your final option is to create a set of boot floppies from the floppies\kern.flp and floppies\mfsroot.flp images—proceed to step 4 for instructions on how to do this. If you do not have a CDROM distribution then simply read the installation + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE/floppies/README.TXT">installation boot image information to find out what files you need to download first. Make the installation boot disks from the image files: If you are using MS-DOS then download fdimage.exe + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/fdimage.exe">fdimage.exe or get it from tools\fdimage.exe on the CDROM and then run it like so: E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp a: The fdimage program will format the A: drive and then copy the kern.flp image onto it (assuming that you are at the top level of a FreeBSD distribution and the floppy images live in the floppies subdirectory, as is typically the case). If you are using a UNIX system to create the floppy images: &prompt.root; dd if=kern.flp of=disk_device disk_device is the /dev entry for the floppy drive. On FreeBSD systems, this is /dev/rfd0 for the A: drive and /dev/rfd1 for the B: drive. With the kern.flp in the A: drive, reboot your computer. The next request you should get is for the mfsroot.flp floppy, after which the installation will proceed normally. If you do not type anything at the boot prompt which appears during this process, FreeBSD will automatically boot with its default configuration after a delay of about five seconds. As FreeBSD boots, it probes your computer to determine what hardware is installed. The results of this probing is displayed on the screen. When the booting process is finished, The main FreeBSD installation menu will be displayed. If something goes wrong… Due to limitations of the PC architecture, it is impossible for probing to be 100 percent reliable. In the event that your hardware is incorrectly identified, or that the probing causes your computer to lock up, first check the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is indeed supported by FreeBSD. If your hardware is supported, reset the computer and when the visual kernel configuration choice is presented, take it. This puts FreeBSD into a configuration mode where you can supply hints about your hardware. The FreeBSD kernel on the installation disk is configured assuming that most hardware devices are in their factory default configuration in terms of IRQs, IO addresses and DMA channels. If your hardware has been reconfigured, you will most likely need to use the configuration editor to tell FreeBSD where things are. It is also possible that a probe for a device not present will cause a later probe for another device that is present to fail. In that case, the probes for the conflicting driver(s) should be disabled. Do not disable any device you will need during installation, such as your screen (sc0). If the installation wedges or fails mysteriously after leaving the configuration editor, you have probably removed or changed something that you should not have. Simply reboot and try again. In the configuration mode, you can: List the device drivers installed in the kernel. Disable device drivers for hardware not present in your system. Change the IRQ, DRQ, and IO port addresses used by a device driver. After adjusting the kernel to match how you have your hardware configured, type Q to continue booting with the new settings. After FreeBSD has been installed, changes made in the configuration mode will be permanent so you do not have to reconfigure every time you boot. Even so, it is likely that you will want to build a custom kernel to optimize the performance of your system. See Kernel configuration for more information on creating custom kernels. Supported Configurations FreeBSD currently runs on a wide variety of ISA, VLB, EISA and PCI bus based PC's, ranging from 386sx to Pentium class machines (though the 386sx is not recommended). Support for generic IDE or ESDI drive configurations, various SCSI controller, network and serial cards is also provided. A minimum of four megabytes of RAM is required to run FreeBSD. To run the X Window System, eight megabytes of RAM is the recommended minimum. Following is a list of all disk controllers and Ethernet cards currently known to work with FreeBSD. Other configurations may very well work, and we have simply not received any indication of this. Disk Controllers WD1003 (any generic MFM/RLL) WD1007 (any generic IDE/ESDI) IDE ATA Adaptec 1535 ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 154x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 174x series EISA SCSI controller in standard and enhanced mode. Adaptec 274X/284X/2920C/2930U2/294x/2950/3940/3950 (Narrow/Wide/Twin) series EISA/VLB/PCI SCSI controllers. Adaptec AIC7850, AIC7860, AIC7880, AIC789x, on-board SCSI controllers. AdvanSys SCSI controllers (all models). BusLogic MultiMaster controllers: BusLogic/Mylex "Flashpoint" adapters are NOT yet supported. BusLogic MultiMaster "W" Series Host Adapters: BT-948 BT-958 BT-958D BusLogic MultiMaster "C" Series Host Adapters: BT-946C BT-956C BT-956CD BT-445C BT-747C BT-757C BT-757CD BT-545C BT-540CF BusLogic MultiMaster "S" Series Host Adapters: BT-445S BT-747S BT-747D BT-757S BT-757D BT-545S BT-542D BT-742A BT-542B BusLogic MultiMaster "A" Series Host Adapters: BT-742A BT-542B AMI FastDisk controllers that are true BusLogic MultiMaster clones are also supported. DPT SmartCACHE Plus, SmartCACHE III, SmartRAID III, SmartCACHE IV and SmartRAID IV SCSI/RAID controllers are supported. The DPT SmartRAID/CACHE V is not yet supported. Compaq Intelligent Disk Array Controllers: IDA, IDA-2, IAES, SMART, SMART-2/E, Smart-2/P, SMART-2SL, Smart Array 3200, Smart Array 3100ES and Smart Array 221. SymBios (formerly NCR) 53C810, 53C810a, 53C815, 53C820, 53C825a, 53C860, 53C875, 53C875j, 53C885, 53C895 and 53C896 PCI SCSI controllers: ASUS SC-200 Data Technology DTC3130 (all variants) Diamond FirePort (all) NCR cards (all) Symbios cards (all) Tekram DC390W, 390U and 390F Tyan S1365 QLogic 1020, 1040, 1040B, 1080, 1240 and 2100 SCSI and Fibre Channel Adapters DTC 3290 EISA SCSI controller in 1542 emulation mode. With all supported SCSI controllers, full support is provided for SCSI-I & SCSI-II peripherals, including hard disks, optical disks, tape drives (including DAT and 8mm Exabyte), medium changers, processor target devices and CDROM drives. WORM devices that support CDROM commands are supported for read-only access by the CDROM driver. WORM/CD-R/CD-RW writing support is provided by cdrecord, which is in the ports tree. The following CD-ROM type systems are supported at this time: SoundBlaster SCSI and ProAudio Spectrum SCSI (cd) Mitsumi (all models) proprietary interface (mcd) Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative) CR-562/CR-563 proprietary interface (matcd) Sony proprietary interface (scd) ATAPI IDE interface (wcd) The following drivers were supported under the old SCSI subsystem, but are NOT YET supported under the new CAM SCSI subsystem: Tekram DC390 and DC390T controllers (maybe other cards based on the AMD 53c974 as well). NCR5380/NCR53400 ("ProAudio Spectrum") SCSI controller. UltraStor 14F, 24F and 34F SCSI controllers. Seagate ST01/02 SCSI controllers. Future Domain 8xx/950 series SCSI controllers. WD7000 SCSI controller. Adaptec 1510 series ISA SCSI controllers (not for bootable devices) Adaptec 152x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards, which includes the AHA-152x and SoundBlaster SCSI cards. Ethernet cards Allied-Telesis AT1700 and RE2000 cards SMC Elite 16 WD8013 Ethernet interface, and most other WD8003E, WD8003EBT, WD8003W, WD8013W, WD8003S, WD8003SBT and WD8013EBT based clones. SMC Elite Ultra and 9432TX based cards are also supported. DEC EtherWORKS III NICs (DE203, DE204, and DE205) DEC EtherWORKS II NICs (DE200, DE201, DE202, and DE422) DEC DC21040/DC21041/DC21140 based NICs: ASUS PCI-L101-TB Accton ENI1203 Cogent EM960PCI Compex CPXPCI/32C D-Link DE-530 DEC DE435 DEC DE450 Danpex EN-9400P3 JCIS Condor JC1260 Kingston KNE100TX Linksys EtherPCI Mylex LNP101 SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) SMC EtherPower (2) Zynx ZX314 Zynx ZX342 DEC FDDI (DEFPA/DEFEA) NICs Fujitsu FMV-181 and FMV-182 Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A Intel EtherExpress Intel EtherExpress Pro/100B 100Mbit. Isolan AT 4141-0 (16 bit) Isolink 4110 (8 bit) Lucent WaveLAN wireless networking interface. Novell NE1000, NE2000, and NE2100 ethernet interface. 3Com 3C501 cards 3Com 3C503 Etherlink II 3Com 3c505 Etherlink/+ 3Com 3C507 Etherlink 16/TP 3Com 3C509, 3C579, 3C589 (PCMCIA) Etherlink III 3Com 3C590, 3C595 Etherlink III 3Com 3C90x cards. HP PC Lan Plus (27247B and 27252A) Toshiba ethernet cards PCMCIA ethernet cards from IBM and National Semiconductor are also supported. FreeBSD does not currently support PnP (plug-n-play) features present on some ethernet cards. If your card has PnP and is giving you problems, try disabling its PnP features. Miscellaneous devices AST 4 port serial card using shared IRQ. ARNET 8 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA IOAT66 6 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA 2016 16 port serial card using shared IRQ. Cyclades Cyclom-y Serial Board. STB 4 port card using shared IRQ. SDL Communications Riscom/8 Serial Board. SDL Communications RISCom/N2 and N2pci sync serial cards. Digiboard Sync/570i high-speed sync serial card. Decision-Computer Intl. “Eight-Serial” 8 port serial cards using shared IRQ. Adlib, SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, ProAudioSpectrum, Gravis UltraSound, Gravis UltraSound MAX and Roland MPU-401 sound cards. Matrox Meteor video frame grabber. Creative Labs Video spigot frame grabber. Omnimedia Talisman frame grabber. Brooktree BT848 chip based frame grabbers. X-10 power controllers. PC joystick and speaker. FreeBSD does not currently support IBM's microchannel (MCA) bus. Preparing for the Installation There are a number of different methods by which FreeBSD can be installed. The following describes what preparation needs to be done for each type. Before installing from CDROM If your CDROM is of an unsupported type, then please skip to MS-DOS Preparation. There is not a lot of preparatory work that needs to be done to successfully install from one of Walnut Creek's FreeBSD CDROMs (other CDROM distributions may work as well, though we cannot say for certain as we have no hand or say in how they are created). You can either boot into the CD installation directly from DOS using Walnut Creek's supplied install.bat batch file or you can make boot floppies with the makeflp.bat command. For the easiest interface of all (from DOS), type view. This will bring up a DOS menu utility that leads you through all the available options. If you are creating the boot floppies from a UNIX machine, see the beginning of this guide for examples of how to create the boot floppies. Once you have booted from DOS or floppy, you should then be able to select CDROM as the media type in the Media menu and load the entire distribution from CDROM. No other types of installation media should be required. After your system is fully installed and you have rebooted from the hard disk, you can mount the CDROM at any time by typing: mount /cdrom Before removing the CD again, also note that it is necessary to first type: umount /cdrom. Do not just remove it from the drive! Before invoking the installation, be sure that the CDROM is in the drive so that the install probe can find it. This is also true if you wish the CDROM to be added to the default system configuration automatically during the install (whether or not you actually use it as the installation media). Finally, if you would like people to be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM in your machine, you will find it quite easy. After the machine is fully installed, you simply need to add the following line to the password file (using the vipw command): ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent Anyone with network connectivity to your machine (and permission to log into it) can now chose a Media type of FTP and type in: ftp://your machine after picking “Other” in the ftp sites menu. Before installing from Floppy If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware or simply because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the install. You will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB or 1.2MB floppies as it takes to hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you are preparing these floppies under DOS, then THESE floppies must be formatted using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you are using Windows, use the Windows File Manager format command. Do not trust Factory Preformatted floppies! Format them again yourself, just to make sure. Many problems reported by our users in the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted media, which is why I am taking such special care to mention it here! If you are creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you do not need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the disklabel and newfs commands to put a UFS filesystem on them instead, as the following sequence of commands (for a 3.5" 1.44MB floppy disk) illustrates: &prompt.root; fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440 &prompt.root; disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3 &prompt.root; newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0 Use fd0.1200 and floppy5 for 5.25" 1.2MB disks. Then you can mount and write to them like any other file system. After you have formatted the floppies, you will need to copy the files onto them. The distribution files are split into chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as will fit on each one, until you have got all the distributions you want packed up in this fashion. Each distribution should go into a subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, and so on. Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select “Floppy” and you will be prompted for the rest. Before installing from a MS-DOS partition To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition, copy the files from the distribution into a directory called c:\freebsd. The directory tree structure of the CDROM must be partially reproduced within this directory so we suggest using the DOS xcopy command. For example, to prepare for a minimal installation of FreeBSD: C:\> md c:\freebsd C:\> xcopy /s e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ C:\> xcopy /s e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ Assuming that C: is where you have free space and E: is where your CDROM is mounted. For as many DISTS you wish to install from MS-DOS (and you have free space for), install each one under c:\freebsd — the BIN dist is only the minimal requirement. Before installing from QIC/SCSI Tape Installing from tape is probably the easiest method, short of an on-line install using FTP or a CDROM install. The installation program expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto the tape, so after getting all of the files for distribution you are interested in, simply tar them onto the tape with a command like: &prompt.root; cd /freebsd/distdir &prompt.root; tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2 When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you will be allowed to choose) to accommodate the full contents of the tape you have created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape. When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive before booting from the boot floppy. The installation probe may otherwise fail to find it. Before installing over a network You can do network installations over 3 types of communications links: Serial port SLIP or PPP Parallel port PLIP (laplink cable) Ethernet A standard ethernet controller (includes some PCMCIA). SLIP support is rather primitive, and limited primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running between a laptop computer and another computer. The link should be hard-wired as the SLIP installation does not currently offer a dialing capability; that facility is provided with the PPP utility, which should be used in preference to SLIP whenever possible. If you are using a modem, then PPP is almost certainly your only choice. Make sure that you have your service provider's information handy as you will need to know it fairly soon in the installation process. You will need to know how to dial your ISP using the “AT commands” specific to your modem, as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal emulator. If you are using PAP or CHAP, you will need to type the necessary set authname and set authkey commands before typing term. Refer to the user-ppp handbook and FAQ entries for further information. If you have problems, logging can be directed to the screen using the command set log local .... If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0R or later) machine is available, you might also consider installing over a “laplink” parallel port cable. The data rate over the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. Finally, for the fastest possible network installation, an ethernet adaptor is always a good choice! FreeBSD supports most common PC ethernet cards, a table of supported cards (and their required settings) is provided in Supported Hardware. If you are using one of the supported PCMCIA ethernet cards, also be sure that it is plugged in before the laptop is powered on! FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support hot insertion of PCMCIA cards during installation. You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the netmask value for your address class, and the name of your machine. Your system administrator can tell you which values to use for your particular network setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address, you will also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you are using PPP, it is your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you do not know the answers to all or most of these questions, then you should really probably talk to your system administrator first before trying this type of installation. Once you have a network link of some sort working, the installation can continue over NFS or FTP. Preparing for NFS installation NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution files you want onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it. If this server supports only “privileged port” access (as is generally the default for Sun workstations), you will need to set this option in the Options menu before installation can proceed. If you have a poor quality ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag. In order for NFS installation to work, the server must support subdir mounts, e.g., if your FreeBSD &rel.current; distribution directory lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD Then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of /usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or /usr/archive/stuff. In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file, this is controlled by the option. Other NFS servers may have different conventions. If you are getting Permission Denied messages from the server then it is likely that you do not have this enabled properly. Preparing for FTP Installation FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD &rel.current;. A full menu of reasonable choices from almost anywhere in the world is provided by the FTP site menu. If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by selecting the “Other” choice in that menu. A URL can also be a direct IP address, so the following would work in the absence of a name server: ftp://165.113.121.81/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE There are two FTP installation modes you can use: FTP Active For all FTP transfers, use “Active” mode. This will not work through firewalls, but will often work with older ftp servers that do not support passive mode. If your connection hangs with passive mode (the default), try active! FTP Passive For all FTP transfers, use “Passive” mode. This allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow incoming connections on random port addresses. Active and passive modes are not the same as a “proxy” connection, where a proxy FTP server is listening and forwarding FTP requests! For a proxy FTP server, you should usually give name of the server you really want as a part of the username, after an @-sign. The proxy server then 'fakes' the real server. An example: Say you want to install from ftp.FreeBSD.org, using the proxy FTP server foo.bar.com, listening on port 1234. In this case, you go to the options menu, set the FTP username to ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org, and the password to your e-mail address. As your installation media, you specify FTP (or passive FTP, if the proxy support it), and the URL ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD /pub/FreeBSD from ftp.FreeBSD.org is proxied under foo.bar.com, allowing you to install from that machine (which fetch the files from ftp.FreeBSD.org as your installation requests them). Installing FreeBSD Once you have taken note of the appropriate preinstallation steps, you should be able to install FreeBSD without any further trouble. Should this not be true, then you may wish to go back and re-read the relevant preparation section above for the installation media type you are trying to use, perhaps there is a helpful hint there that you missed the first time? If you are having hardware trouble, or FreeBSD refuses to boot at all, read the Hardware Guide provided on the boot floppy for a list of possible solutions. The FreeBSD boot floppies contain all the on-line documentation you should need to be able to navigate through an installation and if it does not then we would like to know what you found most confusing. Send your comments to the &a.doc;. It is the objective of the FreeBSD installation program (sysinstall) to be self-documenting enough that painful “step-by-step” guides are no longer necessary. It may take us a little while to reach that objective, but that is the objective! Meanwhile, you may also find the following “typical installation sequence” to be helpful: Boot the kern.flp floppy and, when asked, remove it and insert the mfsroot.flp floppy and hit return. After a boot sequence which can take anywhere from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on your hardware, you should be presented with a menu of initial choices. If the kern.flp floppy does not boot at all, or the boot hangs at some stage, go read the Q&A section of the Hardware Guide for possible causes. Press F1. You should see some basic usage instructions on the menu system and general navigation. If you have not used this menu system before then please read this thoroughly! Select the Options item and set any special preferences you may have. Select a Novice, Custom or Express install, depending on whether or not you would like the installation to help you through a typical installation, give you a high degree of control over each step of the installation or simply whizz through it (using reasonable defaults when possible) as fast as possible. If you have never used FreeBSD before then the Novice installation method is most recommended. The final configuration menu choice allows you to further configure your FreeBSD installation by giving you menu-driven access to various system defaults. Some items, like networking, may be especially important if you did a CDROM/Tape/Floppy installation and have not yet configured your network interfaces (assuming you have any). Properly configuring such interfaces here will allow FreeBSD to come up on the network when you first reboot from the hard disk. MS-DOS User's Questions and Answers Many FreeBSD users wish to install FreeBSD on PCs inhabited by MS-DOS. Here are some commonly asked questions about installing FreeBSD on such systems. Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete everything first? If your machine is already running MS-DOS and has little or no free space available for FreeBSD's installation, all is not lost! You may find the FIPS utility, provided in the tools directory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful. FIPS allows you to split an existing MS-DOS partition into two pieces, preserving the original partition and allowing you to install onto the second free piece. You first defragment your MS-DOS partition, using the DOS 6.xx DEFRAG utility or the Norton Disk tools, then run FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the information it needs. Afterwards, you can reboot and install FreeBSD on the new free slice. See the Distributions menu for an estimation of how much free space you will need for the kind of installation you want. Can I use compressed MS-DOS filesystems from FreeBSD? No. If you are using a utility such as Stacker(tm) or DoubleSpace(tm), FreeBSD will only be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem you leave uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up as one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). Do not remove that file! You will probably regret it greatly! It is probably better to create another uncompressed MS-DOS primary partition and use this for communications between MS-DOS and FreeBSD. Can I mount my MS-DOS extended partitions? Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end of the other “slices” in FreeBSD, e.g. your D: drive might be /dev/da0s5, your E: drive /dev/da0s6, and so on. This example assumes, of course, that your extended partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute wd for da appropriately. You otherwise mount extended partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.: &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d diff --git a/en/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml index b23aeb0078..8c7df7d362 100644 --- a/en/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml @@ -1,567 +1,567 @@ Electronic Mail Contributed by &a.wlloyd;. Electronic Mail configuration is the subject of many System Administration books. If you plan on doing anything beyond setting up one mailhost for your network, you need industrial strength help. Some parts of E-Mail configuration are controlled in the Domain Name System (DNS). If you are going to run your own own DNS server check out /etc/namedb and man -k named for more information. Basic Information These are the major programs involved in an E-Mail exchange. A “mailhost” is a server that is responsible for delivering and receiving all email for your host, and possibly your network. User program This is a program like elm, pine, mail, or something more sophisticated like a WWW browser. This program will simply pass off all e-mail transactions to the local “mailhost” , either by calling sendmail or delivering it over TCP. Mailhost Server Daemon Usually this program is sendmail or smail running in the background. Turn it off or change the command line options in /etc/rc.conf (or, prior to FreeBSD 2.2.2, /etc/sysconfig). It is best to leave it on, unless you have a specific reason to want it off. Example: You are building a Firewall. You should be aware that sendmail is a potential weak link in a secure site. Some versions of sendmail have known security problems. sendmail does two jobs. It looks after delivering and receiving mail. If sendmail needs to deliver mail off your site it will look up in the DNS to determine the actual host that will receive mail for the destination. If it is acting as a delivery agent sendmail will take the message from the local queue and deliver it across the Internet to another sendmail on the receivers computer. DNS — Name Service The Domain Name System and its daemon named, contain the database mapping hostname to IP address, and hostname to mailhost. The IP address is specified in an A record. The MX record specifies the mailhost that will receive mail for you. If you do not have a MX record mail for your hostname, the mail will be delivered to your host directly. Unless you are running your own DNS server, you will not be able to change any information in the DNS yourself. If you are using an Internet Provider, speak to them. POP Servers This program gets the mail from your mailbox and gives it to your browser. If you want to run a POP server on your computer, you will need to do 2 things. Get pop software from the Ports collection that can be found in /usr/ports or packages collection. This handbook section has a complete reference on the Ports system. Modify /etc/inetd.conf to load the POP server. The pop program will have instructions with it. Read them. Configuration Basic As your FreeBSD system comes “out of the box”[TM], you should be able to send E-mail to external hosts as long as you have /etc/resolv.conf setup or are running a name server. If you want to have mail for your host delivered to your specific host,there are two methods: Run a name server (man -k named) and have your own domain smallminingco.com Get mail delivered to the current DNS name for your host. Ie: dorm6.ahouse.school.edu No matter what option you choose, to have mail delivered directly to your host, you must be a full Internet host. You must have a permanent IP address. IE: NO dynamic PPP. If you are behind a firewall, the firewall must be passing on smtp traffic to you. From /etc/services: smtp 25/tcp mail #Simple Mail Transfer If you want to receive mail at your host itself, you must make sure that the DNS MX entry points to your host address, or there is no MX entry for your DNS name. Try this: &prompt.root; hostname -newbsdbox.freebsd.org -&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org -newbsdbox.freebsd.org has address 204.216.27.xx +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx If that is all that comes out for your machine, mail directory to - root@newbsdbox.freebsd.org will work no + root@newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org will work no problems. If instead, you have this: - &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org + &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by freefall.FreeBSD.org All mail sent to your host directly will end up on freefall, under the same username. This information is setup in your domain name server. This should be the same host that is listed as your primary nameserver in /etc/resolv.conf The DNS record that carries mail routing information is the Mail eXchange entry. If no MX entry exists, mail will be delivered directly to the host by way of the Address record. The MX entry for freefall.FreeBSD.org at one time. freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com freefall HINFO Pentium FreeBSD freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com freefall A 204.216.27.xx freefall CNAME www.FreeBSD.org freefall has many MX entries. The lowest MX number gets the mail in the end. The others will queue mail temporarily, if freefall is busy or down. Alternate MX sites should have separate connections to the Internet, to be most useful. An Internet Provider or other friendly site can provide this service. dig, nslookup, and host are your friends. Mail for your Domain (Network). To setup up a network mailhost, you need to direct the mail from arriving at all the workstations. In other words, you want to hijack all mail for *.smallminingco.com and divert it to one machine, your “mailhost”. The network users on their workstations will most likely pick up their mail over POP or telnet. A user account with the same username should exist on both machines. Please use adduser to do this as required. If you set the shell to /nonexistent the user will not be allowed to login. The mailhost that you will be using must be designated the Mail eXchange for each workstation. This must be arranged in DNS (ie BIND, named). Please refer to a Networking book for in-depth information. You basically need to add these lines in your DNS server. pc24.smallminingco.com A xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ; Workstation ip MX 10 smtp.smallminingco.com ; Your mailhost You cannot do this yourself unless you are running a DNS server. If you do not want to run a DNS server, get somebody else like your Internet Provider to do it. This will redirect mail for the workstation to the Mail eXchange host. It does not matter what machine the A record points to, the mail will be sent to the MX host. This feature is used to implement Virtual E-Mail Hosting. Example I have a customer with domain foo.bar and I want all mail for foo.bar to be sent to my machine smtp.smalliap.com. You must make an entry in your DNS server like: foo.bar MX 10 smtp.smalliap.com ; your mailhost The A record is not needed if you only want E-Mail for the domain. IE: Don't expect ping foo.bar to work unless an Address record for foo.bar exists as well. On the mailhost that actually accepts mail for final delivery to a mailbox, sendmail must be told what hosts it will be accepting mail for. Add pc24.smallminingco.com to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)), or add a Cw myhost.smalliap.com line to /etc/sendmail.cf If you plan on doing anything serious with sendmail you should install the sendmail source. The source has plenty of documentation with it. You will find information on getting sendmail source from the UUCP information. Setting up UUCP. Stolen from the FAQ. The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install another sendmail configuration file. Tweaking /etc/sendmail.cf manually is considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new approach of generating config files via some m4 preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf. If you did not install your system with full sources, the sendmail config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you have your CD-ROM mounted, do: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src &prompt.root; tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa Do not panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The file README in the cf directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration. For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the mailertable feature. This constitutes a database that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon. First, you have to create your .mc file. The directory /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf is the home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples. Assuming you have named your file foo.mc, all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid sendmail.cf is: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf &prompt.root; make foo.cf If you don't have a /usr/obj hiearchy, then: &prompt.root; cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf Otherwise: &prompt.root; cp /usr/obj/`pwd`/foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf A typical .mc file might look like: include(`../m4/cf.m4') VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(nodns) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable) define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP The nodns and nocanonify features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The UUCP_RELAY clause is needed for bizarre reasons, do not ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there. Once you have this, you need this file called /etc/mailertable. A typical example of this gender again: # # makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus .interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus .heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbor in order to “shortcut” the delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a uucp-neighbor!recipient override of the default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the uucp-dom: keyword must be valid UUCP neighbors, as you can verify using the command uuname. As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of the mailertable. You always have to execute this command each time you change your mailertable. Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail routing would work, remember the option to sendmail. It starts sendmail in “address test mode”; simply enter 0, followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave this mode by typing Control-D. &prompt.user; sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 0 foo@interface-business.de rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de … rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo < @ interface-business . de FAQ Migration from FAQ. Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site? You will probably find that the host is actually in a different domain; for example, if you are in foo.bar.edu and you wish to reach a host called mumble in the bar.edu domain, you will have to refer to it by the fully-qualified domain name, mumble.bar.edu, instead of just mumble. Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers. However the current version of BIND that ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-fully qualified domain names other than the domain you are in. So an unqualified host mumble must either be found as mumble.foo.bar.edu, or it will be searched for in the root domain. This is different from the previous behavior, where the search continued across mumble.bar.edu, and mumble.edu. Have a look at RFC 1535 for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security hole. As a good workaround, you can place the line search foo.bar.edu bar.edu instead of the previous domain foo.bar.edu into your /etc/resolv.conf. However, make sure that the search order does not go beyond the “boundary between local and public administration”, as RFC 1535 calls it. Sendmail says <errorname>mail loops back to myself</errorname> This is answered in the sendmail FAQ as follows: * I am getting "Local configuration error" messages, such as: 553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself 554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error How can I solve this problem? You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net) by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add "Cw domain.net" to /etc/sendmail.cf. The sendmail FAQ is in /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail and is recommended reading if you want to do any “tweaking” of your mail setup. How can I do E-Mail with a dialup PPP host? You want to connect a FreeBSD box on a lan, to the Internet. The FreeBSD box will be a mail gateway for the lan. The PPP connection is non-dedicated. There are at least two way to do this. The other is to use UUCP. The key is to get a Internet site to provide secondary MX services for your domain. For example: bigco.com. MX 10 bigco.com. MX 20 smalliap.com. Only one host should be specified as the final recipient ( add Cw bigco.com in /etc/sendmail.cf on bigco.com). When the senders sendmail is trying to deliver the mail it will try to connect to you over the modem link. It will most likely time out because you are not online. sendmail will automatically deliver it to the secondary MX site, ie your Internet provider. The secondary MX site will try every (sendmail_flags = "-bd -q15m" in /etc/rc.conf ) 15 minutes to connect to your host to deliver the mail to the primary MX site. You might want to use something like this as a login script. #!/bin/sh # Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppbigco ( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) & /usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppbigco If you are going to create a separate login script for a user you could use sendmail -qRbigco.com instead in the script above. This will force all mail in your queue for bigco.com to be processed immediately. A further refinement of the situation is as follows. Message stolen from the freebsd-isp mailing list. > we provide the secondary mx for a customer. The customer connects to > our services several times a day automatically to get the mails to > his primary mx (We do not call his site when a mail for his domains > arrived). Our sendmail sends the mailqueue every 30 minutes. At the > moment he has to stay 30 minutes online to be sure that all mail is > gone to the primary mx. > > Is there a command that would initiate sendmail to send all the mails > now? The user has not root-privileges on our machine of course. In the 'privacy flags' section of sendmail.cf, there is a definition Opgoaway,restrictqrun Remove restrictqrun to allow non-root users to start the queue processing. You might also like to rearrange the MXs. We are the 1st MX for our customers like this, and we have defined: # If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating # local config error. OwTrue That way a remote site will deliver straight to you, without trying the customer connection. You then send to your customer. Only works for "hosts", so you need to get your customer to name their mail machine "customer.com" as well as "hostname.customer.com" in the DNS. Just put an A record in the DNS for "customer.com". diff --git a/en/handbook/mailing-lists.ent b/en/handbook/mailing-lists.ent index 3e9e85fe41..4a59f66dfe 100644 --- a/en/handbook/mailing-lists.ent +++ b/en/handbook/mailing-lists.ent @@ -1,104 +1,104 @@ freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-core@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-core@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-current@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-current@FreeBSD.org"> cvs-all@FreeBSD.ORG"> + cvs-all@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-database@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-database@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-java@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-java@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-net@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-net@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.org"> new-bus-arch@bostonradio.org"> freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-small@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-small@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.org"> -majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG"> +majordomo@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml index 0952b0819d..9c5cba7e52 100644 --- a/en/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1457 +1,1457 @@ Obtaining FreeBSD CD-ROM Publishers FreeBSD is available on CD-ROM from Walnut Creek CDROM:
Walnut Creek CDROM 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520 USA Phone: +1 925 674-0783 Fax: +1 925 674-0821 Email: info@cdrom.com WWW: http://www.cdrom.com/
FTP Sites The official sources for FreeBSD are available via anonymous FTP from:
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD.
The FreeBSD mirror sites database is more accurate than the mirror listing in the handbook, as it gets its information form the DNS rather than relying on static lists of hosts. Additionally, FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain FreeBSD via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, Ukraine, USA. Argentina In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ar.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ar.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Australia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@au.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Canada In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ca.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ca.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Czech Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@cz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.cz.FreeBSD.org Contact: calda@dzungle.ms.mff.cuni.cz ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/OS/FreeBSD Contact: jj@sunsite.mff.cuni.cz. Denmark In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@dk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.dk.freeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD Estonia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ee.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ee.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fi.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fi.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD France In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Germany In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@de.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hk.super.net/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftp-admin@HK.Super.NET. Ireland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ie.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ie.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Israel In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@il.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Japan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@jp.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Korea In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@kr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Netherlands In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD New Zealand In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nz.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Poland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Portugal In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pt.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Russia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ru.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Saudi Arabia In case of problems, please contact ftpadmin@isu.net.sa ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/mirrors/ftp.freebsd.org South Africa In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@za.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovak Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@sk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.sk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovenia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@si.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.si.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Spain In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@es.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.es.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Sweden In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@se.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Taiwan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@tw.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Thailand ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftpadmin@ftp.nectec.or.th. Ukraine ftp://ftp.ua.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Contact: freebsd-mnt@lucky.net. UK In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@uk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD USA In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD The latest versions of export-restricted code for FreeBSD (2.0C or later) (eBones and secure) are being made available at the following locations. If you are outside the U.S. or Canada, please get secure (DES) and eBones (Kerberos) from one of the following foreign distribution sites: South Africa Hostmaster hostmaster@internat.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil Hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt Contact: count@nic.funet.fi. CTM Sites CTM/FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain CTM via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. In case of problems, please contact &a.phk;. California, Bay Area, official source ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CTM Germany, Trier ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/unix/systems/BSD/FreeBSD/CTM South Africa, backup server for old deltas ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM Taiwan/R.O.C, Chiayi ftp://ctm.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/freebsd/CTM If you did not find a mirror near to you or the mirror is incomplete, try FTP search at http://ftpsearch.ntnu.no/ftpsearch. FTP search is a great free archie server in Trondheim, Norway. CVSup Sites CVSup servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites: Argentina cvsup.ar.FreeBSD.org (maintainer msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar) Australia cvsup.au.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dawes@physics.usyd.edu.au) Brazil cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org) Canada cvsup.ca.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dan@jaded.net) Czech Republic cvsup.cz.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz) Denmark cvsup.dk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesper@skriver.dk) Estonia cvsup.ee.FreeBSD.org (maintainer taavi@uninet.ee) Finland cvsup.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) cvsip2.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) France cvsup.fr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org) Germany cvsup.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wosch@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer petzi@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ag@leo.org) Iceland cvsup.is.FreeBSD.org (maintainer adam@veda.is) Japan cvsup.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer simokawa@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp) cvsup2.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer max@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer shige@cin.nihon-u.ac.jp) cvsup4.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup-admin@ftp.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp) cvsup5.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@imasy.or.jp) Korea cvsup.kr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer - cjh@kr.freebsd.org) + cjh@kr.FreeBSD.org) Netherlands cvsup.nl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer xaa@xaa.iae.nl) Norway cvsup.no.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Tor.Egge@idt.ntnu.no) Poland cvsup.pl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Mariusz@kam.pl) Russia cvsup.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer mishania@demos.su) cvsup2.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dv@dv.ru) Spain cvsup.es.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesusr@FreeBSD.org) Sweden cvsup.se.FreeBSD.org (maintainer pantzer@ludd.luth.se) Slovak Republic cvsup.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) cvsup2.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) South Africa cvsup.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) Taiwan cvsup.tw.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdli@freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw) Ukraine cvsup2.ua.FreeBSD.org (maintainer freebsd-mnt@lucky.net) United Kingdom cvsup.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer joe@pavilion.net) cvsup2.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer brian@FreeBSD.org) USA cvsup1.FreeBSD.org (maintainer skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu), Washington state cvsup2.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), California cvsup3.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wollman@FreeBSD.org), Massachusetts cvsup5.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ck@adsu.bellsouth.com), Georgia cvsup6.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), Florida The export-restricted code for FreeBSD (eBones and secure) is available via CVSup at the following international repository. Please use this site to get the export-restricted code, if you are outside the USA or Canada. South Africa cvsup.internat.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) The following CVSup site is especially designed for CTM users. Unlike the other CVSup mirrors, it is kept up-to-date by CTM. That means if you CVSup cvs-all with release=cvs from this site, you get a version of the repository (including the inevitable .ctm_status file) which is suitable for being updated using the CTM cvs-cur deltas. This allows users who track the entire cvs-all tree to go from CVSup to CTM without having to rebuild their repository from scratch using a fresh CTM base delta. This special feature only works for the cvs-all distribution with cvs as the release tag. CVSupping any other distribution and/or release will get you the specified distribution, but it will not be suitable for CTM updating. Because the current version of CTM does not preserve the timestamps of files, the timestamps at this mirror site are not the same as those at other mirror sites. Switching between this site and other sites is not recommended. It will work correctly, but will be somewhat inefficient. Germany ctm.FreeBSD.org (maintainer blank@fox.uni-trier.de) AFS Sites AFS servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites; Sweden The path to the files are: /afs/stacken.kth.se/ftp/pub/FreeBSD stacken.kth.se # Stacken Computer Club, KTH, Sweden 130.237.234.43 #hot.stacken.kth.se 130.237.237.230 #fishburger.stacken.kth.se 130.237.234.3 #milko.stacken.kth.se Maintainer ftp@stacken.kth.se diff --git a/en/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml index 984b27dd97..53e2f8a6d6 100644 --- a/en/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml @@ -1,624 +1,624 @@ PGP keys In case you need to verify a signature or send encrypted email to one of the officers or core team members a number of keys are provided here for your convenience. Officers FreeBSD Security Officer <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email> -FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@freebsd.org> +FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 41 08 4E BB DB 41 60 71 F9 E5 0E 98 73 AF 3F 11 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3i mQCNAzF7MY4AAAEEAK7qBgPuBejER5HQbQlsOldk3ZVWXlRj54raz3IbuAUrDrQL h3g57T9QY++f3Mot2LAf5lDJbsMfWrtwPrPwCCFRYQd6XH778a+l4ju5axyjrt/L Ciw9RrOC+WaPv3lIdLuqYge2QRC1LvKACIPNbIcgbnLeRGLovFUuHi5z0oilAAUR tDdGcmVlQlNEIFNlY3VyaXR5IE9mZmljZXIgPHNlY3VyaXR5LW9mZmljZXJAZnJl ZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQMX6yrOJgpPLZnQjrAQHyowQA1Nv2AY8vJIrdp2ttV6RU tZBYnI7gTO3sFC2bhIHsCvfVU3JphfqWQ7AnTXcD2yPjGcchUfc/EcL1tSlqW4y7 PMP4GHZp9vHog1NAsgLC9Y1P/1cOeuhZ0pDpZZ5zxTo6TQcCBjQA6KhiBFP4TJql 3olFfPBh3B/Tu3dqmEbSWpuJAJUDBRAxez3C9RVb+45ULV0BAak8A/9JIG/jRJaz QbKom6wMw852C/Z0qBLJy7KdN30099zMjQYeC9PnlkZ0USjQ4TSpC8UerYv6IfhV nNY6gyF2Hx4CbEFlopnfA1c4yxtXKti1kSN6wBy/ki3SmqtfDhPQ4Q31p63cSe5A 3aoHcjvWuqPLpW4ba2uHVKGP3g7SSt6AOYkAlQMFEDF8mz0ff6kIA1j8vQEBmZcD /REaUPDRx6qr1XRQlMs6pfgNKEwnKmcUzQLCvKBnYYGmD5ydPLxCPSFnPcPthaUb 5zVgMTjfjS2fkEiRrua4duGRgqN4xY7VRAsIQeMSITBOZeBZZf2oa9Ntidr5PumS 9uQ9bvdfWMpsemk2MaRG9BSoy5Wvy8VxROYYUwpT8Cf2iQCVAwUQMXsyqWtaZ42B sqd5AQHKjAQAvolI30Nyu3IyTfNeCb/DvOe9tlOn/o+VUDNJiE/PuBe1s2Y94a/P BfcohpKC2kza3NiW6lLTp00OWQsuu0QAPc02vYOyseZWy4y3Phnw60pWzLcFdemT 0GiYS5Xm1o9nAhPFciybn9j1q8UadIlIq0wbqWgdInBT8YI/l4f5sf6JAJUDBRAx ezKXVS4eLnPSiKUBAc5OBACIXTlKqQC3B53qt7bNMV46m81fuw1PhKaJEI033mCD ovzyEFFQeOyRXeu25Jg9Bq0Sn37ynISucHSmt2tUD5W0+p1MUGyTqnfqejMUWBzO v4Xhp6a8RtDdUMBOTtro16iulGiRrCKxzVgEl4i+9Z0ZiE6BWlg5AetoF5n3mGk1 lw== =ipyA -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.imp; Warner Losh <imp@village.org> - aka <imp@freebsd.org> + aka <imp@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = D4 31 FD B9 F7 90 17 E8 37 C5 E7 7F CF A6 C1 B9 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzDzTiAAAAEEAK8D7KWEbVFUrmlqhUEnAvphNIqHEbqqT8s+c5f5c2uHtlcH V4mV2TlUaDSVBN4+/D70oHmZc4IgiQwMPCWRrSezg9z/MaKlWhaslc8YT6Xc1q+o EP/fAdKUrq49H0QQbkQk6Ks5wKW6v9AOvdmsS6ZJEcet6d9G4dxynu/2qPVhAAUR tCBNLiBXYXJuZXIgTG9zaCA8aW1wQHZpbGxhZ2Uub3JnPokAlQMFEDM/SK1VLh4u c9KIpQEBFPsD/1n0YuuUPvD4CismZ9bx9M84y5sxLolgFEfP9Ux196ZSeaPpkA0g C9YX/IyIy5VHh3372SDWN5iVSDYPwtCmZziwIV2YxzPtZw0nUu82P/Fn8ynlCSWB 5povLZmgrWijTJdnUWI0ApVBUTQoiW5MyrNN51H3HLWXGoXMgQFZXKWYiQCVAwUQ MzmhkfUVW/uOVC1dAQG3+AP/T1HL/5EYF0ij0yQmNTzt1cLt0b1e3N3zN/wPFFWs BfrQ+nsv1zw7cEgxLtktk73wBGM9jUIdJu8phgLtl5a0m9UjBq5oxrJaNJr6UTxN a+sFkapTLT1g84UFUO/+8qRB12v+hZr2WeXMYjHAFUT18mp3xwjW9DUV+2fW1Wag YDKJAJUDBRAzOYK1s1pi61mfMj0BARBbA/930CHswOF0HIr+4YYUs1ejDnZ2J3zn icTZhl9uAfEQq++Xor1x476j67Z9fESxyHltUxCmwxsJ1uOJRwzjyEoMlyFrIN4C dE0C8g8BF+sRTt7VLURLERvlBvFrVZueXSnXvmMoWFnqpSpt3EmN6TNaLe8Cm87a k6EvQy0dpnkPKokAlQMFEDD9Lorccp7v9qj1YQEBrRUD/3N4cCMWjzsIFp2Vh9y+ RzUrblyF84tJyA7Rr1p+A7dxf7je3Zx5QMEXosWL1WGnS5vC9YH2WZwv6sCU61gU rSy9z8KHlBEHh+Z6fdRMrjd9byPf+n3cktT0NhS23oXB1ZhNZcB2KKhVPlNctMqO 3gTYx+Nlo6xqjR+J2NnBYU8p =7fQV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Core Team members &a.asami; Satoshi Asami <asami@cs.berkeley.edu> - aka <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> + aka <asami@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzPVyoQAAAEEAL7W+kipxB171Z4SVyyL9skaA7hG3eRsSOWk7lfvfUBLtPog f3OKwrApoc/jwLf4+Qpdzv5DLEt/6Hd/clskhJ+q1gMNHyZ5ABmUxrTRRNvJMTrb 3fPU3oZj7sL/MyiFaT1zF8EaMP/iS2ZtcFsbYOqGeA8E/58uk4NA0SoeCNiJAAUR tCVTYXRvc2hpIEFzYW1pIDxhc2FtaUBjcy5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHU+iQCVAwUQM/AT +EqGN2HYnOMZAQF11QP/eSXb2FuTb1yX5yoo1Im8YnIk1SEgCGbyEbOMMBznVNDy 5g2TAD0ofLxPxy5Vodjg8rf+lfMVtO5amUH6aNcORXRncE83T10JmeM6JEp0T6jw zOHKz8jRzygYLBayGsNIJ4BGxa4LeaGxJpO1ZEvRlNkPH/YEXK5oQmq9/DlrtYOJ AEUDBRAz42JT8ng6GBbVvu0BAU8nAYCsJ8PiJpRUGlrz6rxjX8hqM1v3vqFHLcG+ G52nVMBSy+RZBgzsYIPwI5EZtWAKb22JAJUDBRAz4QBWdbtuOHaj97EBAaQPA/46 +NLUp+Wubl90JoonoXocwAg88tvAUVSzsxPXj0lvypAiSI2AJKsmn+5PuQ+/IoQy lywRsxiQ5GD7C72SZ1yw2WI9DWFeAi+qa4b8n9fcLYrnHpyCY+zxEpu4pam8FJ7H JocEUZz5HRoKKOLHErzXDiuTkkm72b1glmCqAQvnB4kAlQMFEDPZ3gyDQNEqHgjY iQEBFfUEALu2C0uo+1Z7C5+xshWRYY5xNCzK20O6bANVJ+CO2fih96KhwsMof3lw fDso5HJSwgFd8WT/sR+Wwzz6BAE5UtgsQq5GcsdYQuGI1yIlCYUpDp5sgswNm+OA bX5a+r4F/ZJqrqT1J56Mer0VVsNfe5nIRsjd/rnFAFVfjcQtaQmjiQCVAwUQM9uV mcdm8Q+/vPRJAQELHgP9GqNiMpLQlZig17fDnCJ73P0e5t/hRLFehZDlmEI2TK7j Yeqbw078nZgyyuljZ7YsbstRIsWVCxobX5eH1kX+hIxuUqCAkCsWUY4abG89kHJr XGQn6X1CX7xbZ+b6b9jLK+bJKFcLSfyqR3M2eCyscSiZYkWKQ5l3FYvbUzkeb6K0 IVNhdG9zaGkgQXNhbWkgPGFzYW1pQEZyZWVCU0QuT1JHPg== =39SC -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jmb; Jonathan M. Bresler <jmb@FreeBSD.org> f16 Fingerprint16 = 31 57 41 56 06 C1 40 13 C5 1C E3 E5 DC 62 0E FB -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzG2GToAAAEEANI6+4SJAAgBpl53XcfEr1M9wZyBqC0tzpie7Zm4vhv3hO8s o5BizSbcJheQimQiZAY4OnlrCpPxijMFSaihshs/VMAz1qbisUYAMqwGEO/T4QIB nWNo0Q/qOniLMxUrxS1RpeW5vbghErHBKUX9GVhxbiVfbwc4wAHbXdKX5jjdAAUR tCVKb25hdGhhbiBNLiBCcmVzbGVyIDxqbWJARnJlZUJTRC5PUkc+iQCVAwUQNbtI gAHbXdKX5jjdAQHamQP+OQr10QRknamIPmuHmFYJZ0jU9XPIvTTMuOiUYLcXlTdn GyTUuzhbEywgtOldW2V5iA8platXThtqC68NsnN/xQfHA5xmFXVbayNKn8H5stDY 2s/4+CZ06mmJfqYmONF1RCbUk/M84rVT3Gn2tydsxFh4Pm32lf4WREZWRiLqmw+J AJUDBRA0DfF99RVb+45ULV0BAcZ0BACCydiSUG1VR0a5DBcHdtin2iZMPsJUPRqJ tWvP6VeI8OFpNWQ4LW6ETAvn35HxV2kCcQMyht1kMD+KEJz7r8Vb94TS7KtZnNvk 2D1XUx8Locj6xel5c/Lnzlnnp7Bp1XbJj2u/NzCaZQ0eYBdP/k7RLYBYHQQln5x7 BOuiRJNVU4kAlQMFEDQLcShVLh4uc9KIpQEBJv4D/3mDrD0MM9EYOVuyXik3UGVI 8quYNA9ErVcLdt10NjYc16VI2HOnYVgPRag3Wt7W8wlXShpokfC/vCNt7f5JgRf8 h2a1/MjQxtlD+4/Js8k7GLa53oLon6YQYk32IEKexoLPwIRO4L2BHWa3GzHJJSP2 aTR/Ep90/pLdAOu/oJDUiQCVAwUQMqyL0LNaYutZnzI9AQF25QP9GFXhBrz2tiWz 2+0gWbpcGNnyZbfsVjF6ojGDdmsjJMyWCGw49XR/vPKYIJY9EYo4t49GIajRkISQ NNiIz22fBAjT2uY9YlvnTJ9NJleMfHr4dybo7oEKYMWWijQzGjqf2m8wf9OaaofE KwBX6nxcRbKsxm/BVLKczGYl3XtjkcuJAJUDBRA1ol5TZWCprDT5+dUBATzXA/9h /ZUuhoRKTWViaistGJfWi26FB/Km5nDQBr/Erw3XksQCMwTLyEugg6dahQ1u9Y5E 5tKPxbB69eF+7JXVHE/z3zizR6VL3sdRx74TPacPsdhZRjChEQc0htLLYAPkJrFP VAzAlSlm7qd+MXf8fJovQs6xPtZJXukQukPNlhqZ94kAPwMFEDSH/kF4tXKgazlt bxECfk4AoO+VaFVfguUkWX10pPSSfvPyPKqiAJ4xn8RSIe1ttmnqkkDMhLh00mKj lLQuSm9uYXRoYW4gTS4gQnJlc2xlciA8Sm9uYXRoYW4uQnJlc2xlckBVU2kubmV0 PokAlQMFEDXbdSkB213Sl+Y43QEBV/4D/RLJNTrtAqJ1ATxXWv9g8Cr3/YF0GTmx 5dIrJOpBup7eSSmiM/BL9Is4YMsoVbXCI/8TqA67TMICvq35PZU4wboQB8DqBAr+ gQ8578M7Ekw1OAF6JXY6AF2P8k7hMcVBcVOACELPT/NyPNByG5QRDoNmlsokJaWU /2ls4QSBZZlb =zbCw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ache; Andrey A. Chernov <ache@FreeBSD.org> aka <ache@nagual.pp.ru> Key fingerprint = 33 03 9F 48 33 7B 4A 15 63 48 88 0A C4 97 FD 49 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAiqUMGQAAAEEAPGhcD6A2Buey5LYz0sphDLpVgOZc/bb9UHAbaGKUAGXmafs Dcb2HnsuYGgX/zrQXuCi/wIGtXcZWB97APtKOhFsZnPinDR5n/dde/mw9FnuhwqD m+rKSL1HlN0z/Msa5y7g16760wHhSR6NoBSEG5wQAHIMMq7Q0uJgpPLZnQjrAAUT tCVBbmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucHAucnU+iQCVAwUQM2Ez u+JgpPLZnQjrAQEyugP8DPnS8ixJ5OeuYgPFQf5sy6l+LrB6hyaS+lgsUPahWjNY cnaDmfda/q/BV5d4+y5rlQe/pjnYG7/yQuAR3jhlXz8XDrqlBOnW9AtYjDt5rMfJ aGFTGXAPGZ6k6zQZE0/YurT8ia3qjvuZm3Fw4NJrHRx7ETHRvVJDvxA6Ggsvmr20 JEFuZHJleSBBLiBDaGVybm92IDxhY2hlQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDR5uVbi YKTy2Z0I6wEBLgED/2mn+hw4/3peLx0Sb9LNx//NfCCkVefSf2G9Qwhx6dvwbX7h mFca97h7BQN4GubU1Z5Ffs6TeamSBrotBYGmOCwvJ6S9WigF9YHQIQ3B4LEjskAt pcjU583y42zM11kkvEuQU2Gde61daIylJyOxsgpjSWpkxq50fgY2kLMfgl/ftCZB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuaWV0enNjaGUubmV0PokAlQMFEDR5svDi YKTy2Z0I6wEBOTQD/0OTCAXIjuak363mjERvzSkVsNtIH9hA1l0w6Z95+iH0fHrW xXKT0vBZE0y0Em+S3cotLL0bMmVE3F3D3GyxhBVmgzjyx0NYNoiQjYdi+6g/PV30 Cn4vOO6hBBpSyI6vY6qGNqcsawuRtHNvK/53MpOfKwSlICEBYQimcZhkci+EtCJB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucnU+iQCVAwUQMcm5HeJgpPLZ nQjrAQHwvQP9GdmAf1gdcuayHEgNkc11macPH11cwWjYjzA2YoecFMGV7iqKK8QY rr1MjbGXf8DAG8Ubfm0QbI8Lj8iG3NgqIru0c72UuHGSn/APfGGG0AtPX5UK/k7B gI0Ca2po6NA5nrSp8tDsdEz/4gyea84RXl2prtTf5Jj07hflbRstGXK0MkFuZHJl eSBBLiBDaGVybm92LCBCbGFjayBNYWdlIDxhY2hlQGFzdHJhbC5tc2suc3U+iQCV AwUQMCsAo5/rGryoL8h3AQHq1QQAidyNFqA9hvrmMcjpY7csJVFlGvj574Wj4GPa o3pZeuQaMBmsWqaXLYnWU/Aldb6kTz6+nRcQX50zFH0THSPfApwEW7yybSTI5apJ mWT3qhKN2vmLNg2yNzhqLTzHLD1lH3i1pfQq8WevrNfjLUco5S/VuekTma/osnzC Cw7fQzCJAJUDBRAwKvwoa1pnjYGyp3kBARihBACoXr3qfG65hFCyKJISmjOvaoGr anxUIkeDS0yQdTHzhQ+dwB1OhhK15E0Nwr0MKajLMm90n6+Zdb5y/FIjpPriu8dI rlHrWZlewa88eEDM+Q/NxT1iYg+HaKDAE171jmLpSpCL0MiJtO0i36L3ekVD7Hv8 vffOZHPSHirIzJOZTYkAlQMFEDAau6zFLUdtDb+QbQEBQX8D/AxwkYeFaYxZYMFO DHIvSk23hAsjCmUA2Uil1FeWAusb+o8xRfPDc7TnosrIifJqbF5+fcHCG5VSTGlh Bhd18YWUeabf/h9O2BsQX55yWRuB2x3diJ1xI/VVdG+rxlMCmE4ZR1Tl9x+Mtun9 KqKVpB39VlkCBYQ3hlgNt/TJUY4riQCVAwUQMBHMmyJRltlmbQBRAQFQkwP/YC3a hs3ZMMoriOlt3ZxGNUUPTF7rIER3j+c7mqGG46dEnDB5sUrkzacpoLX5sj1tGR3b vz9a4vmk1Av3KFNNvrZZ3/BZFGpq3mCTiAC9zsyNYQ8L0AfGIUO5goCIjqwOTNQI AOpNsJ5S+nMAkQB4YmmNlI6GTb3D18zfhPZ6uciJAJUCBRAwD0sl4uW74fteFRkB AWsAA/9NYqBRBKbmltQDpyK4+jBAYjkXBJmARFXKJYTlnTgOHMpZqoVyW96xnaa5 MzxEiu7ZWm5oL10QDIp1krkBP2KcmvfSMMHb5aGCCQc2/P8NlfXAuHtNGzYiI0UA Iwi8ih/S1liVfvnqF9uV3d3koE7VsQ9OA4Qo0ZL2ggW+/gEaYIkAlQMFEDAOz6qx /IyHe3rl4QEBIvYD/jIr8Xqo/2I5gncghSeFR01n0vELFIvaF4cHofGzyzBpYsfA +6pgFI1IM+LUF3kbUkAY/2uSf9U5ECcaMCTWCwVgJVO+oG075SHEM4buhrzutZiM 1dTyTaepaPpTyRMUUx9ZMMYJs7sbqLId1eDwrJxUPhrBNvf/w2W2sYHSY8cdiQCV AwUQMAzqgHcdkq6JcsfBAQGTxwQAtgeLFi2rhSOdllpDXUwz+SS6bEjFTWgRsWFM y9QnOcqryw7LyuFmWein4jasjY033JsODfWQPiPVNA3UEnXVg9+n8AvNMPO8JkRv Cn1eNg0VaJy9J368uArio93agd2Yf/R5r+QEuPjIssVk8hdcy/luEhSiXWf6bLMV HEA0J+OJAJUDBRAwDUi+4mCk8tmdCOsBAatBBACHB+qtW880seRCDZLjl/bT1b14 5po60U7u6a3PEBkY0NA72tWDQuRPF/Cn/0+VdFNxQUsgkrbwaJWOoi0KQsvlOm3R rsxKbn9uvEKLxExyKH3pxp76kvz/lEWwEeKvBK+84Pb1lzpG3W7u2XDfi3VQPTi3 5SZMAHc6C0Ct/mjNlYkAlQMFEDAMrPD7wj+NsTMUOQEBJckD/ik4WsZzm2qOx9Fw erGq7Zwchc+Jq1YeN5PxpzqSf4AG7+7dFIn+oe6X2FcIzgbYY+IfmgJIHEVjDHH5 +uAXyb6l4iKc89eQawO3t88pfHLJWbTzmnvgz2cMrxt94HRvgkHfvcpGEgbyldq6 EB33OunazFcfZFRIcXk1sfyLDvYE =1ahV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jkh; Jordan K. Hubbard <jkh@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 3C F2 27 7E 4A 6C 09 0A 4B C9 47 CD 4F 4D 0B 20 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzFjX0IAAAEEAML+nm9/kDNPp43ZUZGjYkm2QLtoC1Wxr8JulZXqk7qmhYcQ jvX+fyoriJ6/7ZlnLe2oG5j9tZOnRLPvMaz0g9CpW6Dz3nkXrNPkmOFV9B8D94Mk tyFeRJFqnkCuqBj6D+H8FtBwEeeTecSh2tJ0bZZTXnAMhxeOdvUVW/uOVC1dAAUR tCNKb3JkYW4gSy4gSHViYmFyZCA8amtoQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokBFQMFEDXCTXQM j46yp4IfPQEBwO8IAIN0J09AXBf86dFUTFGcAMrEQqOF5IL+KGorAjzuYxERhKfD ZV7jA+sCQqxkWfcVcE20kVyVYqzZIkio9a5zXP6TwA247JkPt54S1PmMDYHNlRIY laXlNoji+4q3HP2DfHqXRT2859rYpm/fG/v6pWkos5voPKcZ2OFEp9W+Ap88oqw+ 5rx4VetZNJq1Epmis4INj6XqNqj85+MOOIYE+f445ohDM6B/Mxazd6cHFGGIR+az VjZ6lCDMLjzhB5+FqfrDLYuMjqkMTR5z9DL+psUvPlCkYbQ11NEWtEmiIWjUcNJN GCxGzv5bXk0XPu3ADwbPkFE2usW1cSM7AQFiwuyJAJUDBRAxe+Q9a1pnjYGyp3kB AV7XA/oCSL/Cc2USpQ2ckwkGpyvIkYBPszIcabSNJAzm2hsU9Qa6WOPxD8olDddB uJNiW/gznPC4NsQ0N8Zr4IqRX/TTDVf04WhLmd8AN9SOrVv2q0BKgU6fLuk979tJ utrewH6PR2qBOjAaR0FJNk4pcYAHeT+e7KaKy96YFvWKIyDvc4kAlQMFEDF8ldof f6kIA1j8vQEBDH4D/0Zm0oNlpXrAE1EOFrmp43HURHbij8n0Gra1w9sbfo4PV+/H U8ojTdWLy6r0+prH7NODCkgtIQNpqLuqM8PF2pPtUJj9HwTmSqfaT/LMztfPA6PQ csyT7xxdXl0+4xTDl1avGSJfYsI8XCAy85cTs+PQwuyzugE/iykJO1Bnj/paiQCV AwUQMXvlBvUVW/uOVC1dAQF2fQP/RfYC6RrpFTZHjo2qsUHSRk0vmsYfwG5NHP5y oQBMsaQJeSckN4n2JOgR4T75U4vS62aFxgPLJP3lOHkU2Vc7xhAuBvsbGr5RP8c5 LvPOeUEyz6ZArp1KUHrtcM2iK1FBOmY4dOYphWyWMkDgYExabqlrAq7FKZftpq/C BiMRuaw= =C/Jw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.phk; Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = A3 F3 88 28 2F 9B 99 A2 49 F4 E2 FA 5A 78 8B 3E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzAdpMIAAAEEALHDgrFUwhZtb7PbXg3upELoDVEUPFRwnmpJH1rRqyROUGcI ooVe7u+FQlIs5OsXK8ECs/5Wpe2UrZSzHvjwBYOND5H42YtI5UULZLRCo5bFfTVA K9Rpo5icfTsYihrzU2nmnycwFMk+jYXyT/ZDYWDP/BM9iLjj0x9/qQgDWPy9AAUR tCNQb3VsLUhlbm5pbmcgS2FtcCA8cGhrQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDQQ0aZ1 u244dqP3sQEBu4ID/jXFFeJgs2MdTDNOZM/FbfDhI4qxAbYUsqS3+Ra16yd8Wd/A jV+IHJE2NomFWl8UrUjCGinXiwzPgK1OfFJrS9Og1wQLvAl0X84BA8MTP9BQr4w7 6I/RbksgUSrVCIO8MJwlydjSPocWGBeXlVjbZxXzyuJk7H+TG+zuI5BuBcNIiQCV AwUQMwYr2rNaYutZnzI9AQHiIQP/XxtBWFXaBRgVLEhRNpS07YdU+LsZGlLOZehN 9L4UnJFHQQPNOpMey2gF7Y95aBOw5/1xS5vlQpwmRFCntWsm/gqdzK6rulfr1r5A y94LO5TAC6ucNu396Y4vo1TyD1STnRC466KlvmtQtAtFGgXlORWLL9URLzcRFd1h D0yXd9aJAJUDBRAxfo19a1pnjYGyp3kBAQqyA/4v64vP3l1F0Sadn6ias761hkz/ SMdTuLzILmofSCC4o4KWMjiWJHs2Soo41QlZi1+xMHzV32JKiwFlGtPHqL+EHyXy Q4H3vmf9/1KF+0XCaMtgI0wWUMziPSTJK8xXbRRmMDK/0F4TnVVaUhnmf+h5K7O6 XdmejDTa0X/NWcicmIkAlQMFEDF8lef1FVv7jlQtXQEBcnwD/0ro1PpUtlkLmreD tsGTkNa7MFLegrYRvDDrHOwPZH152W2jPUncY+eArQJakeHiTDmJNpFagLZglhE0 bqJyca+UwCXX+6upAclWHEBMg2byiWMMqyPVEEnpUoHM1sIkgdNWlfQAmipRBfYh 2LyCgWvR8CbtwPYIFvUmGgB3MR87iQCVAwUQMUseXB9/qQgDWPy9AQGPkwP/WEDy El2Gkvua9COtMAifot2vTwuvWWpNopIEx0Ivey4aVbRLD90gGCJw8OGDEtqFPcNV 8aIiy3fYVKXGZZjvCKd7zRfhNmQn0eLDcymq2OX3aPrMc2rRlkT4Jx425ukR1gsO qiQAgw91aWhY8dlw/EKzk8ojm52x4VgXaBACMjaJAJUDBRAxOUOg72G56RHVjtUB AbL4A/9HOn5Qa0lq9tKI/HkSdc5fGQD/66VdCBAb292RbB7CS/EM07MdbcqRRYIa 0+0gwQ3OdsWPdCVgH5RIhp/WiC+UPkR1cY8N9Mg2kTwJfZZfNqN+BgWlgRMPN27C OhYNl8Q33Nl9CpBLrZWABF44jPeT0EvvTzP/5ZQ7T75EsYKYiYkAlQMFEDDmryQA 8tkJ67sbQQEBPdsEALCj6v1OBuJLLJTlxmmrkqAZPVzt5QdeO3Eqa2tcPWcU0nqP vHYMzZcZ7oFg58NZsWrhSQQDIB5e+K65Q/h6dC7W/aDskZd64jxtEznX2kt0/MOr 8OdsDis1K2f9KQftrAx81KmVwW4Tqtzl7NWTDXt44fMOtibCwVq8v2DFkTJy =JKbP -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.rich; Rich Murphey <rich@FreeBSD.org> fingerprint = AF A0 60 C4 84 D6 0C 73 D1 EF C0 E9 9D 21 DB E4 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAy97V+MAAAEEALiNM3FCwm3qrCe81E20UOSlNclOWfZHNAyOyj1ahHeINvo1 FBF2Gd5Lbj0y8SLMno5yJ6P4F4r+x3jwHZrzAIwMs/lxDXRtB0VeVWnlj6a3Rezs wbfaTeSVyh5JohEcKdoYiMG5wjATOwK/NAwIPthB1RzRjnEeer3HI3ZYNEOpAAUR tCRSaWNoIE11cnBoZXkgPHJpY2hAbGFtcHJleS51dG1iLmVkdT6JAJUDBRAve15W vccjdlg0Q6kBAZTZBACcNd/LiVnMFURPrO4pVRn1sVQeokVX7izeWQ7siE31Iy7g Sb97WRLEYDi686osaGfsuKNA87Rm+q5F+jxeUV4w4szoqp60gGvCbD0KCB2hWraP /2s2qdVAxhfcoTin/Qp1ZWvXxFF7imGA/IjYIfB42VkaRYu6BwLEm3YAGfGcSw== =QoiM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jdp; John D. 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Guido van Rooij <guido@gvr.win.tue.nl> Fingerprint = 16 79 09 F3 C0 E4 28 A7 32 62 FA F6 60 31 C0 ED -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzGeO84AAAEEAKKAY91Na//DXwlUusr9GVESSlVwVP6DyH1wcZXhfN1fyZHq SwhMCEdHYoojQds+VqD1iiZQvv1RLByBgj622PDAPN4+Z49HjGs7YbZsUNuQqPPU wRPpP6ty69x1hPKq1sQIB5MS4radpCM+4wbZbhxv7l4rP3RWUbNaYutZnzI9AAUR tCZHdWlkbyB2YW4gUm9vaWogPGd1aWRvQGd2ci53aW4udHVlLm5sPokAlQMFEDMG Hcgff6kIA1j8vQEBbYgD/jm9xHuUuY+iXDkOzpCXBYACYEZDV913MjtyBAmaVqYo Rh5HFimkGXe+rCo78Aau0hc57fFMTsJqnuWEqVt3GRq28hSK1FOZ7ni9/XibHcmN rt2yugl3hYpClijo4nrDL1NxibbamkGW/vFGcljS0jqXz6NDVbGx5Oo7HBByxByz iQCVAwUQMhmtVjt/x7zOdmsfAQFuVQQApsVUTigT5YWjQA9Nd5Z0+a/oVtZpyw5Z OljLJP3vqJdMa6TidhfcatjHbFTve5x1dmjFgMX/MQTd8zf/+Xccy/PX4+lnKNpP eSf1Y4aK+E8KHmBGd6GzX6CIboyGYLS9e3kGnN06F2AQtaLyJFgQ71wRaGuyKmQG FwTn7jiKb1aJAJUDBRAyEOLXPt3iN6QQUSEBATwQA/9jqu0Nbk154+Pn+9mJX/YT fYR2UqK/5FKCqgL5Nt/Deg2re0zMD1f8F9Dj6vuAAxq8hnOkIHKlWolMjkRKkzJi mSPEWl3AuHJ31k948J8it4f8kq/o44usIA2KKVMlI63Q/rmNdfWCyiYQEVGcRbTm GTdZIHYCOgV5dOo4ebFqgYkAlQMFEDIE1nMEJn15jgpJ0QEBW6kEAKqN8XSgzTqf CrxFXT07MlHhfdbKUTNUoboxCGCLNW05vf1A8F5fdE5i14LiwkldWIzPxWD+Sa3L fNPCfCZTaCiyGcLyTzVfBHA18MBAOOX6JiTpdcm22jLGUWBf/aJK3yz/nfbWntd/ LRHysIdVp29lP5BF+J9/Lzbb/9LxP1taiQCVAwUQMgRXZ44CzbsJWQz9AQFf7gP/ Qa2FS5S6RYKG3rYanWADVe/ikFV2lxuM1azlWbsmljXvKVWGe6cV693nS5lGGAjx lbd2ADwXjlkNhv45HLWFm9PEveO9Jjr6tMuXVt8N2pxiX+1PLUN9CtphTIU7Yfjn s6ryZZfwGHSfIxNGi5ua2SoXhg0svaYnxHxXmOtH24iJAJUDBRAyAkpV8qaAEa3W TBkBARfQBAC+S3kbulEAN3SI7/A+A/dtl9DfZezT9C4SRBGsl2clQFMGIXmMQ/7v 7lLXrKQ7U2zVbgNfU8smw5h2vBIL6f1PyexSmc3mz9JY4er8KeZpcf6H0rSkHl+i d7TF0GvuTdNPFO8hc9En+GG6QHOqbkB4NRZ6cwtfwUMhk2FHXBnjF4kAlQMFEDH5 FFukUJAsCdPmTQEBe74EAMBsxDnbD9cuI5MfF/QeTNEG4BIVUZtAkDme4Eg7zvsP d3DeJKCGeNjiCWYrRTCGwaCWzMQk+/+MOmdkI6Oml+AIurJLoHceHS9jP1izdP7f N2jkdeJSBsixunbQWtUElSgOQQ4iF5kqwBhxtOfEP/L9QsoydRMR1yB6WPD75H7V iQCVAwUQMZ9YNGtaZ42Bsqd5AQH0PAQAhpVlAc3ZM/KOTywBSh8zWKVlSk3q/zGn k7hJmFThnlhH1723+WmXE8aAPJi+VXOWJUFQgwELJ6R8jSU2qvk2m1VWyYSqRKvc VRQMqT2wjss0GE1Ngg7tMrkRHT0il7E2xxIb8vMrIwmdkbTfYqBUhhGnsWPHZHq7 MoA1/b+rK7CJAJUDBRAxnvXh3IDyptUyfLkBAYTDA/4mEKlIP/EUX2Zmxgrd/JQB hqcQlkTrBAaDOnOqe/4oewMKR7yaMpztYhJs97i03Vu3fgoLhDspE55ooEeHj0r4 cOdiWfYDsjSFUYSPNVhW4OSruMA3c29ynMqNHD7hpr3rcCPUi7J2RncocOcCjjK2 BQb/9IAUNeK4C9gPxMEZLokAlQMFEDGeO86zWmLrWZ8yPQEBEEID/2fPEUrSX3Yk j5TJPFZ9MNX0lEo7AHYjnJgEbNI4pYm6C3PnMlsYfCSQDHuXmRQHAOWSdwOLvCkN F8eDaF3M6u0urgeVJ+KVUnTz2+LZoZs12XSZKCte0HxjbvPpWMTTrYyimGezH79C mgDVjsHaYOx3EXF0nnDmtXurGioEmW1J =mSvM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.peter; Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> aka <peter@spinner.dialix.com> aka <peter@haywire.dialix.com> aka <peter@perth.dialix.oz.au> Key fingerprint = 47 05 04 CA 4C EE F8 93 F6 DB 02 92 6D F5 58 8A -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAy9/FJwAAAEEALxs9dE9tFd0Ru1TXdq301KfEoe5uYKKuldHRBOacG2Wny6/ W3Ill57hOi2+xmq5X/mHkapywxvy4cyLdt31i4GEKDvxpDvEzAYcy2n9dIup/eg2 kEhRBX9G5k/LKM4NQsRIieaIEGGgCZRm0lINqw495aZYrPpO4EqGN2HYnOMZAAUT tCVQZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBoYXl3aXJlLmRpYWxpeC5jb20+iQCVAwUQMwWT cXW7bjh2o/exAQEFkQP+LIx5zKlYp1uR24xGApMFNrNtjh+iDIWnxxb2M2Kb6x4G 9z6OmbUCoDTGrX9SSL2Usm2RD0BZfyv9D9QRWC2TSOPkPRqQgIycc11vgbLolJJN eixqsxlFeKLGEx9eRQCCbo3dQIUjc2yaOe484QamhsK1nL5xpoNWI1P9zIOpDiGJ AJUDBRAxsRPqSoY3Ydic4xkBAbWLA/9q1Fdnnk4unpGQsG31Qbtr4AzaQD5m/JHI 4gRmSmbj6luJMgNG3fpO06Gd/Z7uxyCJB8pTst2a8C/ljOYZxWT+5uSzkQXeMi5c YcI1sZbUpkHtmqPW623hr1PB3ZLA1TIcTbQW+NzJsxQ1Pc6XG9fGkT9WXQW3Xhet AP+juVTAhLQlUGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAcGVydGguZGlhbGl4Lm96LmF1PokA lQMFEDGxFCFKhjdh2JzjGQEB6XkD/2HOwfuFrnQUtdwFPUkgtEqNeSr64jQ3Maz8 xgEtbaw/ym1PbhbCk311UWQq4+izZE2xktHTFClJfaMnxVIfboPyuiSF99KHiWnf /Gspet0S7m/+RXIwZi1qSqvAanxMiA7kKgFSCmchzas8TQcyyXHtn/gl9v0khJkb /fv3R20btB5QZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBGcmVlQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRAxsRJd SoY3Ydic4xkBAZJUA/4i/NWHz5LIH/R4IF/3V3LleFyMFr5EPFY0/4mcv2v+ju9g brOEM/xd4LlPrx1XqPeZ74JQ6K9mHR64RhKR7ZJJ9A+12yr5dVqihe911KyLKab9 4qZUHYi36WQu2VtLGnw/t8Jg44fQSzbBF5q9iTzcfNOYhRkSD3BdDrC3llywO7Ql UGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAc3Bpbm5lci5kaWFsaXguY29tPokAlQMFEDGxEi1K hjdh2JzjGQEBdA4EAKmNFlj8RF9HQsoI3UabnvYqAWN5wCwEB4u+Zf8zq6OHic23 TzoK1SPlmSdBE1dXXQGS6aiDkLT+xOdeewNs7nfUIcH/DBjSuklAOJzKliXPQW7E kuKNwy4eq5bl+j3HB27i+WBXhn6OaNNQY674LGaR41EGq44Wo5ATcIicig/z =gv+h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joerg; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/76A3F7B1 1996/04/27 Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de> Key fingerprint = DC 47 E6 E4 FF A6 E9 8F 93 21 E0 7D F9 12 D6 4E Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@interface-business.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@uriah.heep.sax.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@interface-business.de> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzGCFeAAAAEEAKmRBU2Nvc7nZy1Ouid61HunA/5hF4O91cXm71/KPaT7dskz q5sFXvPJPpawwvqHPHfEbAK42ZaywyFp59L1GaYj87Pda+PlAYRJyY2DJl5/7JPe ziq+7B8MdvbX6D526sdmcR+jPXPbHznASjkx9DPmK+7TgFujyXW7bjh2o/exAAUR tC1Kb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpvZXJnX3d1bnNjaEB1cmlhaC5oZWVwLnNheC5kZT6J AJUDBRA0FFkBs1pi61mfMj0BAfDCA/oCfkjrhvRwRCpSL8klJ1YDoUJdmw+v4nJc pw3OpYXbwKOPLClsE7K3KCQscHel7auf91nrekAwbrXv9Clp0TegYeAQNjw5vZ9f L6UZ5l3fH8E2GGA7+kqgNWs1KxAnG5GdUvJ9viyrWm8dqWRGo+loDWlZ12L2OgAD fp7jVZTI1okAlQMFEDQPrLoff6kIA1j8vQEB2XQEAK/+SsQPCT/X4RB/PBbxUr28 GpGJMn3AafAaA3plYw3nb4ONbqEw9tJtofAn4UeGraiWw8nHYR2DAzoAjR6OzuX3 TtUV+57BIzrTPHcNkb6h8fPuHU+dFzR+LNoPaGJsFeov6w+Ug6qS9wa5FGDAgaRo LHSyBxcRVoCbOEaS5S5EiQCVAwUQM5BktWVgqaw0+fnVAQGKPwP+OiWho3Zm2GKp lEjiZ5zx3y8upzb+r1Qutb08jr2Ewja04hLg0fCrt6Ad3DoVqxe4POghIpmHM4O4 tcW92THQil70CLzfCxtfUc6eDzoP3krD1/Gwpm2hGrmYA9b/ez9+r2vKBbnUhPmC glx5pf1IzHU9R2XyQz9Xu7FI2baOSZqJAJUDBRAyCIWZdbtuOHaj97EBAVMzA/41 VIph36l+yO9WGKkEB+NYbYOz2W/kyi74kXLvLdTXcRYFaCSZORSsQKPGNMrPZUoL oAKxE25AoCgl5towqr/sCcu0A0MMvJddUvlQ2T+ylSpGmWchqoXCN7FdGyxrZ5zz xzLIvtcio6kaHd76XxyJpltCASupdD53nEtxnu8sRrQxSm9lcmcgV3Vuc2NoIDxq b2VyZ193dW5zY2hAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokAlQMFEDIIhfR1u244 dqP3sQEBWoID/RhBm+qtW+hu2fqAj9d8CVgEKJugrxZIpXuCKFvO+bCgQtogt9EX +TJh4s8UUdcFkyEIu8CT2C3Rrr1grvckfxvrTgzSzvtYyv1072X3GkVY+SlUMBMA rdl1qNW23oT7Q558ajnsaL065XJ5m7HacgTTikiofYG8i1s7TrsEeq6PtCJKb2Vy ZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAdXJpYWguaGVlcC5zYXguZGU+iQCVAwUQMaS91D4gHQUlG9CZ AQGYOwQAhPpiobK3d/fz+jWrbQgjkoO+j39glYGXb22+6iuEprFRs/ufKYtjljNT NK3B4DWSkyIPawcuO4Lotijp6jke2bsjFSSashGWcsJlpnwsv7EeFItT3oWTTTQQ ItPbtNyLW6M6xB+jLGtaAvJqfOlzgO9BLfHuA2LY+WvbVW447SWJAJUDBRAxqWRs dbtuOHaj97EBAXDBA/49rzZB5akkTSbt/gNd38OJgC+H8N5da25vV9dD3KoAvXfW fw7OxIsxvQ/Ab+rJmukrrWxPdsC+1WU1+1rGa4PvJp/VJRDes2awGrn+iO7/cQoS IVziC27JpcbvjLvLVcBIiy1yT/RvJ+87a3jPRHt3VFGcpFh4KykxxSNiyGygl4kA lQMFEDGCUB31FVv7jlQtXQEB5KgD/iIJZe5lFkPr2B/Cr7BKMVBot1/JSu05NsHg JZ3uK15w4mVtNPZcFi/dKbn+qRM6LKDFe/GF0HZD/ZD1FJt8yQjzF2w340B+F2GG EOwnClqZDtEAqnIBzM/ECQQqH+6Bi8gpkFZrFgg5eON7ikqmusDnOlYStM/CBfgp SbR8kDmFtCZKb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokA lQMFEDHioSdlYKmsNPn51QEByz8D/10uMrwP7MdaXnptd1XNFhpaAPYTVAOcaKlY OGI/LLR9PiU3FbqXO+7INhaxFjBxa0Tw/p4au5Lq1+Mx81edHniJZNS8tz3I3goi jIC3+jn2gnVAWnK5UZUTUVUn/JLVk/oSaIJNIMMDaw4J9xPVVkb+Fh1A+XqtPsVa YESrNp0+iQCVAwUQMwXkzcdm8Q+/vPRJAQEA4QQAgNNX1HFgXrMetDb+w6yEGQDk JCDAY9b6mA2HNeKLQAhsoZl4HwA1+iuQaCgo3lyFC+1Sf097OUTs74z5X1vCedqV oFw9CxI3xuctt3pJCbbN68flOlnq0WdYouWWGlFwLlh5PEy//VtwX9lqgsizlhzi t+fX6BT4BgKi5baDhrWJAJUDBRAyCKveD9eCJxX4hUkBAebMA/9mRPy6K6i7TX2R jUKSl2p5oYrXPk12Zsw4ijuktslxzQhOCyMSCGK2UEC4UM9MXp1H1JZQxN/DcfnM 7VaUt+Ve0wZ6DC9gBSHJ1hKVxHe5XTj26mIr4rcXNy2XEDMK9QsnBxIAZnBVTjSO LdhqqSMp3ULLOpBlRL2RYrqi27IXr4kAlQMFEDGpbnd1u244dqP3sQEBJnQD/RVS Azgf4uorv3fpbosI0LE3LUufAYGBSJNJnskeKyudZkNkI5zGGDwVneH/cSkKT4OR ooeqcTBxKeMaMuXPVl30QahgNwWjfuTvl5OZ8orsQGGWIn5FhqYXsKkjEGxIOBOf vvlVQ0UbcR0N2+5F6Mb5GqrXZpIesn7jFJpkQKPU =97h7 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Developers &a.wosch; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/2B7181AD 1997/08/09 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = CA 16 91 D9 75 33 F1 07 1B F0 B4 9F 3E 95 B6 09 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzPs+aEAAAEEAJqqMm2I9CxWMuHDvuVO/uh0QT0az5ByOktwYLxGXQmqPG1G Q3hVuHWYs5Vfm/ARU9CRcVHFyqGQ3LepoRhDHk+JcASHan7ptdFsz7xk1iNNEoe0 vE2rns38HIbiyQ/2OZd4XsyhFOFtExNoBuyDyNoe3HbHVBQT7TmN/mkrcYGtAAUR tCVXb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hARnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnH AzmN/mkrcYGtAQF5vgP/SLOiI4AwuPHGwUFkwWPRtRzYSySXqwaPCop5mVak27wk pCxGdzoJO2UgcE812Jt92Qas91yTT0gsSvOVNATaf0TM3KnKg5ZXT1QIzYevWtuv 2ovAG4au3lwiFPDJstnNAPcgLF3OPni5RCUqBjpZFhb/8YDfWYsMcyn4IEaJKre0 JFdvbGZyYW0gU2NobmVpZGVyIDxzY2huZWlkZXJAemliLmRlPokAlQMFEDcZxu85 jf5pK3GBrQEBCRgD/jPj1Ogx4O769soiguL1XEHcxhqtrpKZkKwxmDLRa0kJFwLp bBJ3Qz3vwaB7n5gQU0JiL1B2M7IxVeHbiIV5pKp7FD248sm+HZvBg6aSnCg2JPUh sHd1tK5X4SB5cjFt3Cj0LIN9/c9EUxm3SoML9bovmze60DckErrRNOuTk1IntCJX b2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hAYXBmZWwuZGU+iQEVAwUQNmfWXAjJLLJO sC7dAQEASAgAnE4g2fwMmFkQy17ATivljEaDZN/m0GdXHctdZ8CaPrWk/9/PTNK+ U6xCewqIKVwtqxVBMU1VpXUhWXfANWCB7a07D+2GrlB9JwO5NMFJ6g0WI/GCUXjC xb3NTkNsvppL8Rdgc8wc4f23GG4CXVggdTD2oUjUH5Bl7afgOT4xLPAqePhS7hFB UnMsbA94OfxPtHe5oqyaXt6cXH/SgphRhzPPZq0yjg0Ef+zfHVamvZ6Xl2aLZmSv Cc/rb0ShYDYi39ly9OPPiBPGbSVw2Gg804qx3XAKiTFkLsbYQnRt7WuCPsOVjFkf CbQS31TaclOyzenZdCAezubGIcrJAKZjMIkAlQMFEDPs+aE5jf5pK3GBrQEBlIAD /3CRq6P0m1fi9fbPxnptuipnoFB/m3yF6IdhM8kSe4XlXcm7tS60gxQKZgBO3bDA 5QANcHdl41Vg95yBAZepPie6iQeAAoylRrONeIy6XShjx3S0WKmA4+C8kBTL+vwa UqF9YJ1qesZQtsXlkWp/Z7N12RkueVAVQ7wRPwfnz6E3tC5Xb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5l aWRlciA8d29zY2hAcGFua2UuZGUuZnJlZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnEqTmN/mkr cYGtAQFnpQP9EpRZdG6oYN7d5abvIMN82Z9x71a4QBER+R62mU47wqdRG2b6jMMh 3k07b2oiprVuPhRw/GEPPQevb6RRT6SD9CPYAGfK3MDE8ZkMj4d+7cZDRJQ35sxv gAzQwuA9l7kS0mt5jFRPcEg5/KpuyehRLckjx8jpEM7cEJDHXhBIuVg= =3V1R -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.brian; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/666A7421 1997/04/30 Brian Somers <brian@awfulhak.org> Key fingerprint = 2D 91 BD C2 94 2C 46 8F 8F 09 C4 FC AD 12 3B 21 Brian Somers <brian@uk.FreeBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzNmogUAAAEEALdsjVsV2dzO8UU4EEo7z3nYuvB2Q6YJ8sBUYjB8/vfR5oZ9 7aEQjgY5//pXvS30rHUB9ghk4kIFSljzeMudE0K2zH5n2sxpLbBKWZRDLS7xnrDC I3j9CNKwQBzMPs0fUT46gp96nf1X8wPiJXkDUEia/c0bRbXlLw7tvOdmanQhAAUR tCFCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQGF3ZnVsaGFrLm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3Fjs4H3+p CANY/L0BAZOxBACTZ1zPdaJzEdT4AfrebQbaU4ytEeodnVXZIkc8Il+LDlDOUAIe k5PgnHTRM4yiwcZuYQrCDRFgdOofcFfRo0PD7mGFzd22qPGmbvHiDBCYCyhlkPXW IDeoA1cX77JlU1NFdy0dZwuX7csaMlpjCkOPc7+856mr6pQi48zj7yZtrYkAlQMF EDcUqZ2dZ0EADG4SFQEBEm0EAL2bBNc4vpxPrg3ATdZ/PekpL6lYj3s9pBf8f7eY LXq438A/ywiWkrL74gXxcZ2Ey9AHZW+rbJPzUbrfMAgP3uWobeSvDyKRo1wtKnTY Hy+OEIbBIHDmIUuK3L7KupBf7WAI46Q7fnyz0txvtRruDjvfoyl9/TSRfIKcaw2a INh7iQCVAwUQNwyWpmdKPfFUsXG5AQEIrAQAmukv2u9ihcnO2Zaak265I+gYozu+ biAngdXNfhTGMeExFzdzQ8Qe7EJugMpIDEkJq2goY35sGitD+ogSVWECjcVbHIAP M2u9axFGlK7fDOmmkH2ZWDMtwx2I5dZps3q2g9mY2O9Az5Yokp7GW7viSpWXHTRH xOsuY6aze71U7RWJAHUDBRA3DAEvDuwDH3697LEBAWRHAv9XXkub6mir/DCxzKI2 AE3tek40lRfU6Iukjl/uzT9GXcL3uEjIewiPTwN+k4IL+qcCEdv8WZgv/tO45r59 IZQsicNaSAsKX/6Cxha6Hosg1jw4rjdyz13rgYRi/nreq5mJAJUDBRA2r0CM9p+f Pnxlu7UBAYObA/40s5SwEpXTrePO78AoUFEa5Z4bgyxkpT7BVbq6m/oQtK509Xe2 M2y0XTLkd86oXpjyKzGzWq8T6ZTKNdF9+5LhS2ylJytdPq1AjDk2BocffWX4+pXn RPiC6XcNdYGiQL8OTHvZESYQDiHeMfwA8WdMzFK1R80nJMwANYXjJJrLzYkAlQMF EDNt51zvs7EFZlNtbQEBW0UD/jZB6UDdEFdhS0hxgahv5CxaQDWQbIEpAY9JL1yg d1RWMKUFGXdRkWZmHEA4NvtwFFeam/HZm4yuGf8yldMyo84loTcVib7lKh4CumGx FT5Pxeh/F8u9EeQzclRFSMhVl0BA2/HEGyjw0kbkprI/RD3pXD7ewTAUrj2O3XhE InLgiQCVAwUQM3O9vWyr6JZzEUkFAQF9nAP9Hco0V/3Kl70N5ryPVgh41nUTd7Td 6fUjx8yPoSZLX8vVZ8XMyd8ULFmzsmA+2QG4HcKo/x/4s50O3o8c+o1qSYj0Tp+K 4Z8lneMVlgBNdrRcq4ijEgk0qGqSlsXyLElkVPEXAADBVgzf6yqvipDwXNVzl6e3 GPLE8U2TAnBFZX6JAJUDBRAzZqIFDu2852ZqdCEBATsuBACI3ofP7N3xuHSc7pWL NsnFYVEc9utBaclcagxjLLzwPKzMBcLjNGyGXIZQNB0d4//UMUJcMS7vwZ8MIton VubbnJVHuQvENloRRARtarF+LC7OLMCORrGtbt0FtYgvBaqtgXlNcKXD6hRT+ghR bi3q34akA7Xw8tiFIxdVgSusALQjQnJpYW4gU29tZXJzIDxicmlhbkB1ay5GcmVl QlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3FLWcnWdBAAxuEhUBAcYYBACos9nKETuaH+z2h0Ws+IIY mN9FEm8wpPUcQmX5GFhfBUQ+rJbflzv0jJ/f2ac9qJHgIIAlJ3pMkfMpU8UYHEuo VCe4ZTU5sr4ZdBaF9kpm2OriFgZwIv4QAi7dCMu9ZwGRtZ3+z3DQsVSagucjZTIe yTUR6K+7E3YXANQjOdqFZYkAlQMFEDcUpeQO7bznZmp0IQEB4HED/Ru3NjwWO1gl xEiLTzRpU31Rh1Izw1lhVMVJkLAGBw9ieSkjvdIkuhqV1i+W4wKBClT0UOE28Kjp WbBKPFIASRYzN4ySwpprsG5H45EFQosovYG/HPcMzXU2GMj0iwVTxnMq7I8oH588 ExHqfEN2ARD3ngmB2499ruyGl26pW/BftCBCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQE9w ZW5CU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDcUtW6dZ0EADG4SFQEBQwsD/j9B/lkltIdnQdjOqR/b dOBgJCtUf905y6kD+k4kbxeT1YAaA65KJ2o/Zj+i+69F2+BUJ/3kYB7prKwut2h0 ek1ZtncGxoAsQdFJ5JSeMkwUZ5qtGeCmVPb59+KPq3nU6p3RI8Bn77FzK//Qy+IW /WFVJbf/6NCNCbyRiRjPbGl/iQCVAwUQNxSlyA7tvOdmanQhAQFzMAP/dvtsj3yB C+seiy6fB/nS+NnKBoff3Ekv57FsZraGt4z9n4sW61eywaiRzuKlhHqrDE17STKa fBOaV1Ntl7js7og5IFPWNlVh1cK+spDmd655D8pyshziDF6fSAsqGfTn35xl23Xj O20MMK44j4I5V6rEyUDBDrmX49J56OFkfwa0IEJyaWFuIFNvbWVycyA8YnJpYW5A RnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxS1Y51nQQAMbhIVAQHPBQP+IMUlE4DtEvSZFtG4 YK9usfHSkStIafh/F/JzSsqdceLZgwcuifbemw79Rhvqhp0Cyp7kuI2kHO3a19kZ 3ZXlDl3VDg41SV/Z5LzNw9vaZKuF/vtGaktOjac5E5aznWGIA5czwsRgydEOcd8O VPMUMrdNWRI6XROtnbZaRSwmD8aJAJUDBRA3FKWuDu2852ZqdCEBAWVJA/4x3Mje QKV+KQoO6mOyoIcD4GK1DjWDvNHGujJbFGBmARjr/PCm2cq42cPzBxnfRhCfyEvN aesNB0NjLjRU/m7ziyVn92flAzHqqmU36aEdqooXUY2T3vOYzo+bM7VtInarG1iU qw1G19GgXUwUkPvy9+dNIM/aYoI/e0Iv3P9uug== =R3k0 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/en/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml index 76f8f4f2d6..83cf490b8a 100644 --- a/en/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml @@ -1,391 +1,391 @@ Source Tree Guidelines and Policies Contributed by &a.phk;. This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the “official” method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the “official” versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. “Spelling fixes” are explicitly included here under the “cosmetic” category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The Tcl embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it “works out”. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that “official” patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. -obrien@freebsd.org - 30 March 1997 +obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 Encumbered files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the “micro” revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest “minor” revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml b/en/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml index 48f3214119..e4fe0a0efd 100644 --- a/en/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml +++ b/en/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml @@ -1,4660 +1,4660 @@ Installing Applications: The Ports collection Contributed by &a.jraynard;. The FreeBSD Ports collection allows you to compile and install a very wide range of applications with a minimum of effort. For all the hype about open standards, getting a program to work on different versions of Unix in the real world can be a tedious and tricky business, as anyone who has tried it will know. You may be lucky enough to find that the program you want will compile cleanly on your system, install itself in all the right places and run flawlessly “out of the box”, but this is unfortunately rather rare. With most programs, you will find yourself doing a fair bit of head-scratching, and there are quite a few programs that will result in premature greying, or even chronic alopecia... Some software distributions have attacked this problem by providing configuration scripts. Some of these are very clever, but they have an unfortunate tendency to triumphantly announce that your system is something you have never heard of and then ask you lots of questions that sound like a final exam in system-level Unix programming (Does your system's gethitlist function return a const pointer to a fromboz or a pointer to a const fromboz? Do you have Foonix style unacceptable exception handling? And if not, why not?). Fortunately, with the Ports collection, all the hard work involved has already been done, and you can just type make install and get a working program. Why Have a Ports Collection? The base FreeBSD system comes with a very wide range of tools and system utilities, but a lot of popular programs are not in the base system, for good reasons:- Programs that some people cannot live without and other people cannot stand, such as a certain Lisp-based editor. Programs which are too specialised to put in the base system (CAD, databases). Programs which fall into the “I must have a look at that when I get a spare minute” category, rather than system-critical ones (some languages, perhaps). Programs that are far too much fun to be supplied with a serious operating system like FreeBSD ;-) However many programs you put in the base system, people will always want more, and a line has to be drawn somewhere (otherwise FreeBSD distributions would become absolutely enormous). Obviously it would be unreasonable to expect everyone to port their favourite programs by hand (not to mention a tremendous amount of duplicated work), so the FreeBSD Project came up with an ingenious way of using standard tools that would automate the process. Incidentally, this is an excellent illustration of how “the Unix way” works in practice by combining a set of simple but very flexible tools into something very powerful. How Does the Ports Collection Work? Programs are typically distributed on the Internet as a tarball consisting of a Makefile and the source code for the program and usually some instructions (which are unfortunately not always as instructive as they could be), with perhaps a configuration script. The standard scenario is that you FTP down the tarball, extract it somewhere, glance through the instructions, make any changes that seem necessary, run the configure script to set things up and use the standard make program to compile and install the program from the source. FreeBSD ports still use the tarball mechanism, but use a skeleton to hold the "knowledge" of how to get the program working on FreeBSD, rather than expecting the user to be able to work it out. They also supply their own customised Makefile, so that almost every port can be built in the same way. If you look at a port skeleton (either on your FreeBSD system or the FTP site) and expect to find all sorts of pointy-headed rocket science lurking there, you may be disappointed by the one or two rather unexciting-looking files and directories you find there. (We will discuss in a minute how to go about Getting a port). “How on earth can this do anything?” I hear you cry. “There is no source code there!” Fear not, gentle reader, all will become clear (hopefully). Let us see what happens if we try and install a port. I have chosen ElectricFence, a useful tool for developers, as the skeleton is more straightforward than most. If you are trying this at home, you will need to be root. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence &prompt.root; make install >> Checksum OK for ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz. ===> Extracting for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Patching for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Configuring for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Building for ElectricFence-2.0.5 [lots of compiler output...] ===> Installing for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Warning: your umask is "0002". If this is not desired, set it to an appropriate value and install this port again by ``make reinstall''. install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.a /usr/local/lib install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.3 /usr/local/man/man3 ===> Compressing manual pages for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Registering installation for ElectricFence-2.0.5 To avoid confusing the issue, I have completely removed the build output. If you tried this yourself, you may well have got something like this at the start:- &prompt.root; make install >> ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/. The make program has noticed that you did not have a local copy of the source code and tried to FTP it down so it could get the job done. I already had the source handy in my example, so it did not need to fetch it. Let's go through this and see what the make program was doing. Locate the source code tarball. If it is not available locally, try to grab it from an FTP site. Run a checksum test on the tarball to make sure it has not been tampered with, accidentally truncated, downloaded in ASCII mode, struck by neutrinos while in transit, etc. Extract the tarball into a temporary work directory. Apply any patches needed to get the source to compile and run under FreeBSD. Run any configuration script required by the build process and correctly answer any questions it asks. (Finally!) Compile the code. Install the program executable and other supporting files, man pages, etc. under the /usr/local hierarchy (unless this is an X11 program, then it will be under /usr/X11R6), where they will not get mixed up with system programs. This also makes sure that all the ports you install will go in the same place, instead of being flung all over your system. Register the installation in a database. This means that, if you do not like the program, you can cleanly remove all traces of it from your system. Scroll up to the make output and see if you can match these steps to it. And if you were not impressed before, you should be by now! Getting a FreeBSD Port There are two ways of getting hold of the FreeBSD port for a program. One requires a FreeBSD CDROM, the other involves using an Internet Connection. Compiling ports from CDROM Assuming that your FreeBSD CDROM is in the drive and mounted on /cdrom (and the mount point must be /cdrom), you should then be able to build ports just as you normally do and the port collection's built in search path should find the tarballs in /cdrom/ports/distfiles/ (if they exist there) rather than downloading them over the net. Another way of doing this, if you want to just use the port skeletons on the CDROM, is to set these variables in /etc/make.conf: PORTSDIR= /cdrom/ports DISTDIR= /tmp/distfiles WRKDIRPREFIX= /tmp Substitute /tmp for any place you have enough free space. Then, just cd to the appropriate subdirectory under /cdrom/ports and type make install as usual. WRKDIRPREFIX will cause the port to be build under /tmp/cdrom/ports; for instance, games/oneko will be built under /tmp/cdrom/ports/games/oneko. There are some ports for which we cannot provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you will need to look at the section on Compiling ports using an Internet connection. Compiling ports from the Internet If you do not have a CDROM, or you want to make sure you get the very latest version of the port you want, you will need to download the skeleton for the port. Now this might sound like rather a fiddly job full of pitfalls, but it is actually very easy. First, if you are running a release version of FreeBSD, make sure you get the appropriate “upgrade kit” for your release from the ports web page. These packages include files that have been updated since the release that you may need to compile new ports. The key to the skeletons is that the FreeBSD FTP server can create on-the-fly tarballs for you. Here is how it works, with the gnats program in the databases directory as an example (the bits in square brackets are comments. Do not type them in if you are trying this yourself!):- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; mkdir databases &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports/databases ftp> get gnats.tar [tars up the gnats skeleton for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf gnats.tar [extract the gnats skeleton] &prompt.root; cd gnats &prompt.root; make install [build and install gnats] What happened here? We connected to the FTP server in the usual way and went to its databases sub-directory. When we gave it the command get gnats.tar, the FTP server tarred up the gnats directory for us. We then extracted the gnats skeleton and went into the gnats directory to build the port. As we explained earlier, the make process noticed we did not have a copy of the source locally, so it fetched one before extracting, patching and building it. Let us try something more ambitious now. Instead of getting a single port skeleton, we will get a whole sub-directory, for example all the database skeletons in the ports collection. It looks almost the same:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports ftp> get databases.tar [tars up the databases directory for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf databases.tar [extract all the database skeletons] &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; make install [build and install all the database ports] With half a dozen straightforward commands, we have now got a set of database programs on our FreeBSD machine! All we did that was different from getting a single port skeleton and building it was that we got a whole directory at once, and compiled everything in it at once. Pretty impressive, no? If you expect to be installing many ports, it is probably worth downloading all the ports directories. Skeletons A team of compulsive hackers who have forgotten to eat in a frantic attempt to make a deadline? Something unpleasant lurking in the FreeBSD attic? No, a skeleton here is a minimal framework that supplies everything needed to make the ports magic work. <filename>Makefile</filename> The most important component of a skeleton is the Makefile. This contains various statements that specify how the port should be compiled and installed. Here is the Makefile for ElectricFence:- # New ports collection makefile for: Electric Fence # Version required: 2.0.5 # Date created: 13 November 1997 # Whom: jraynard # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= ElectricFence-2.0.5 CATEGORIES= devel MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= devel/lang/c -MAINTAINER= jraynard@freebsd.org +MAINTAINER= jraynard@FreeBSD.org MAN3= libefence.3 do-install: ${INSTALL_DATA} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.a ${PREFIX}/lib ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.3 ${PREFIX}/man/man3 .include <bsd.port.mk> The lines beginning with a "#" sign are comments for the benefit of human readers (as in most Unix script files). DISTNAME specifies the name of the tarball, but without the extension. CATEGORIES states what kind of program this is. In this case, a utility for developers. See the categories section of this handbook for a complete list. MASTER_SITES is the URL(s) of the master FTP site, which is used to retrieve the tarball if it is not available on the local system. This is a site which is regarded as reputable, and is normally the one from which the program is officially distributed (in so far as any software is "officially" distributed on the Internet). MAINTAINER is the email address of the person who is responsible for updating the skeleton if, for example a new version of the program comes out. Skipping over the next few lines for a minute, the line .include <bsd.port.mk> says that the other statements and commands needed for this port are in a standard file called bsd.port.mk. As these are the same for all ports, there is no point in duplicating them all over the place, so they are kept in a single standard file. This is probably not the place to go into a detailed examination of how Makefiles work; suffice it to say that the line starting with MAN3 ensures that the ElectricFence man page is compressed after installation, to help conserve your precious disk space. The original port did not provide an install target, so the three lines from do-install ensure that the files produced by this port are placed in the correct destination. The <filename>files</filename> directory The file containing the checksum for the port is called md5, after the MD5 algorithm used for ports checksums. It lives in a directory with the slightly confusing name of files. This directory can also contain other miscellaneous files that are required by the port and do not belong anywhere else. The <filename>patches</filename> directory This directory contains the patches needed to make everything work properly under FreeBSD. The <filename>pkg</filename> directory This program contains three quite useful files:- COMMENT — a one-line description of the program. DESCR — a more detailed description. PLIST — a list of all the files that will be created when the program is installed. What to do when a port does not work. Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details on how ports work can be found in Porting applications. Gripe. This is done by e-mail only! Send such e-mail to the maintainer of the port, first. Type make maintainer or read the Makefile to find the maintainer's email address. Remember to include the name/version of the port (copy the $Id: line from the Makefile), and the output leading up-to the error, inclusive. If you do not get a satisfactory response, you can try filing a bug report with send-pr. Forget it. This is the easiest for most — very few of the programs in ports can be classified as essential! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The “master” package collection is on FreeBSD's FTP server in the packages directory, though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source and a lot faster besides! Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install a package file on your system. Some Questions and Answers Q. I thought this was going to be a discussion about modems??! A. Ah. You must be thinking of the serial ports on the back of your computer. We are using “port” here to mean the result of “porting” a program from one version of Unix to another. (It is an unfortunate bad habit of computer people to use the same word to refer to several completely different things). Q. I thought you were supposed to use packages to install extra programs? A. Yes, that is usually the quickest and easiest way of doing it. Q. So why bother with ports then? A. Several reasons:- The licensing conditions on some software distributions require that they be distributed as source code, not binaries. Some people do not trust binary distributions. At least with source code you can (in theory) read through it and look for potential problems yourself. If you have some local patches, you will need the source to add them yourself. You might have opinions on how a program should be compiled that differ from the person who did the package — some people have strong views on what optimisation setting should be used, whether to build debug versions and then strip them or not, etc. etc. Some people like having code around, so they can read it if they get bored, hack around with it, borrow from it (licence terms permitting, of course!) and so on. If you ain't got the source, it ain't software! ;-) Q. What is a patch? A. A patch is a small (usually) file that specifies how to go from one version of a file to another. It contains text that says, in effect, things like “delete line 23”, “add these two lines after line 468” or “change line 197 to this”. Also known as a “diff”, since it is generated by a program of that name. Q. What is all this about tarballs? A. It is a file ending in .tar or .tar.gz (with variations like .tar.Z, or even .tgz if you are trying to squeeze the names into a DOS filesystem). Basically, it is a directory tree that has been archived into a single file (.tar) and optionally compressed (.gz). This technique was originally used for Tape ARchives (hence the name tar), but it is a widely used way of distributing program source code around the Internet. You can see what files are in them, or even extract them yourself, by using the standard Unix tar program, which comes with the base FreeBSD system, like this:- &prompt.user; tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar tvf foobar.tar &prompt.user; tar xvf foobar.tar Q. And a checksum? A. It is a number generated by adding up all the data in the file you want to check. If any of the characters change, the checksum will no longer be equal to the total, so a simple comparison will allow you to spot the difference. (In practice, it is done in a more complicated way to spot problems like position-swapping, which will not show up with a simplistic addition). Q. I did what you said for compiling ports from a CDROM and it worked great until I tried to install the kermit port:- &prompt.root; make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. Why can it not be found? Have I got a dud CDROM? A. The licensing terms for kermit do not allow us to put the tarball for it on the CDROM, so you will have to fetch it by hand — sorry! The reason why you got all those error messages was because you were not connected to the Internet at the time. Once you have downloaded it from any of the sites above, you can re-start the process (try and choose the nearest site to you, though, to save your time and the Internet's bandwidth). Q. I did that, but when I tried to put it into /usr/ports/distfiles I got some error about not having permission. A. The ports mechanism looks for the tarball in /usr/ports/distfiles, but you will not be able to copy anything there because it is sym-linked to the CDROM, which is read-only. You can tell it to look somewhere else by doing &prompt.root; make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install Q. Does the ports scheme only work if you have everything in /usr/ports? My system administrator says I must put everything under /u/people/guests/wurzburger, but it does not seem to work. A. You can use the PORTSDIR and PREFIX variables to tell the ports mechanism to use different directories. For instance, &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install will compile the port in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports and install everything under /usr/local. &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install will compile it in /usr/ports and install it in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local. And of course &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install will combine the two (it is too long to fit on the page if I write it in full, but I am sure you get the idea). If you do not fancy typing all that in every time you install a port (and to be honest, who would?), it is a good idea to put these variables into your environment. Q. I do not have a FreeBSD CDROM, but I would like to have all the tarballs handy on my system so I do not have to wait for a download every time I install a port. Is there an easy way to get them all at once? A. To get every single tarball for the ports collection, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch For all the tarballs for a single ports directory, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory &prompt.root; make fetch and for just one port — well, I think you have guessed already. Q. I know it is probably faster to fetch the tarballs from one of the FreeBSD mirror sites close by. Is there any way to tell the port to fetch them from servers other than ones listed in the MASTER_SITES? A. Yes. If you know, for example, ftp.FreeBSD.ORG is much closer than sites + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org is much closer than sites listed in MASTER_SITES, do as following example. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory -&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch +&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch Q. I want to know what files make is going to need before it tries to pull them down. A. make fetch-list will display a list of the files needed for a port. Q. Is there any way to stop the port from compiling? I want to do some hacking on the source before I install it, but it is a bit tiresome having to watch it and hit control-C every time. A. Doing make extract will stop it after it has fetched and extracted the source code. Q. I am trying to make my own port and I want to be able to stop it compiling until I have had a chance to see if my patches worked properly. Is there something like make extract, but for patches? A. Yep, make patch is what you want. You will probably find the PATCH_DEBUG option useful as well. And by the way, thank you for your efforts! Q. I have heard that some compiler options can cause bugs. Is this true? How can I make sure that I compile ports with the right settings? A. Yes, with version 2.6.3 of gcc (the version shipped with FreeBSD 2.1.0 and 2.1.5), the option could result in buggy code unless you used the option as well. (Most of the ports do not use ). You should be able to specify the compiler options used by something like &prompt.root; make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install or by editing /etc/make.conf, but unfortunately not all ports respect this. The surest way is to do make configure, then go into the source directory and inspect the Makefiles by hand, but this can get tedious if the source has lots of sub-directories, each with their own Makefiles. Q. There are so many ports it is hard to find the one I want. Is there a list anywhere of what ports are available? A. Look in the INDEX file in /usr/ports. If you would like to search the ports collection for a keyword, you can do that too. For example, you can find ports relevant to the LISP programming language using: &prompt.user; cd /usr/ports &prompt.user; make search key=lisp Q. I went to install the foo port but the system suddenly stopped compiling it and starting compiling the bar port. What is going on? A. The foo port needs something that is supplied with bar — for instance, if foo uses graphics, bar might have a library with useful graphics processing routines. Or bar might be a tool that is needed to compile the foo port. Q. I installed the grizzle program from the ports and frankly it is a complete waste of disk space. I want to delete it but I do not know where it put all the files. Any clues? A. No problem, just do &prompt.root; pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 Alternatively, you can do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle &prompt.root; make deinstall Q. Hang on a minute, you have to know the version number to use that command. You do not seriously expect me to remember that, do you?? A. Not at all, you can find it out by doing &prompt.root; pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shoot 'em up arcade game. Q. Talking of disk space, the ports directory seems to be taking up an awful lot of room. Is it safe to go in there and delete things? A. Yes, if you have installed the program and are fairly certain you will not need the source again, there is no point in keeping it hanging around. The best way to do this is &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean which will go through all the ports subdirectories and delete everything except the skeletons for each port. Q. I tried that and it still left all those tarballs or whatever you called them in the distfiles directory. Can I delete those as well? A. Yes, if you are sure you have finished with them, those can go as well. Q. I like having lots and lots of programs to play with. Is there any way of installing all the ports in one go? A. Just do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make install Q. OK, I tried that, but I thought it would take a very long time so I went to bed and left it to get on with it. When I looked at the computer this morning, it had only done three and a half ports. Did something go wrong? A. No, the problem is that some of the ports need to ask you questions that we cannot answer for you (eg “Do you want to print on A4 or US letter sized paper?”) and they need to have someone on hand to answer them. Q. I really do not want to spend all day staring at the monitor. Any better ideas? A. OK, do this before you go to bed/work/the local park:- &prompt.root cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DBATCH install This will install every port that does not require user input. Then, when you come back, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install to finish the job. Q. At work, we are using frobble, which is in your ports collection, but we have altered it quite a bit to get it to do what we need. Is there any way of making our own packages, so we can distribute it more easily around our sites? A. No problem, assuming you know how to make patches for your changes:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble &prompt.root; make extract &prompt.root; cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] &prompt.root; cd ../.. &prompt.root; make package Q. This ports stuff is really clever. I am desperate to find out how you did it. What is the secret? A. Nothing secret about it at all, just look at the bsd.ports.mk and bsd.ports.subdir.mk files in your makefiles directory. Readers with an aversion to intricate shell-scripts are advised not to follow this link...) Making a port yourself Contributed by &a.jkh;, &a.gpalmer;, &a.asami;, &a.obrien;, and &a.hoek;. 28 August 1996. So, now you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the overridable variables (VAR) are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of bsd.port.mk. This file users a non-standard tab setting. Emacs and Vim should recognise the setting on loading the file. Both vi and ex can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not enough, but we will see. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Version required: 1.1b # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= oneko-1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $Id$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are three description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, and reside in the pkg subdirectory. <filename>COMMENT</filename> This is the one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital, and end without a period. Here is an example: A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen <filename>DESCR</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>PLIST</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the “packing list” because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; man page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installtion, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file files/md5. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want it to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. PLIST does not contain anything not installed by your port PLIST contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages, After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that is works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, your may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the Do's and Dont's section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;. If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request. (Do not mark the report confidential!) One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. In the past, we asked you to upload new port submissions in our ftp site (ftp.FreeBSD.org). This is no longer recommended as read access is turned off on that incoming/ directory of that site due to the large amount of pirated software showing up there. We will look at your port, get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of “Additional FreeBSD contributors” on the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory, and you may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main ftp site at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/, where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patches are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the patches subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The “main” targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever touch extract! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. If you cannot find a ftp/http site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable ftp or http server that you control (e.g., your home page). Make sure you set MASTER_SITES to reflect your choice. If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile (if you are a FreeBSD committer, you can just put it in your public_html/ directory on freefall), we can “house” it ourselves by putting it on ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/ as the last resort. Please refer to this location as MASTER_SITE_LOCAL. Send mail to the &a.ports;if you are not sure what to do. If your port's distfile changes all the time for no good reason, consider putting the distfile in your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. This will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our ftp site. Also, if there isonly one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as “plug-and-play” as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive diff for later feeding to patch. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-xx where xx denotes the sequence in which the patches will be applied — these are done in alphabetical order, thus aa first, ab second and so on. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches should be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-aa and patch-ab both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Configuring Include any additional customization commands to your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this as Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure or install, then set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow “overnight builds” to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CD-ROMs and ftp. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. <makevar>DISTNAME</makevar> You should set DISTNAME to be the base name of your port. The default rules expect the distribution file list (DISTFILES) to be named DISTNAMEEXTRACT_SUFX which, if it is a normal tarball, is going to be something like foozolix-1.0.tar.gz for a setting of DISTNAME=foozolix-1.0. The default rules also expect the tarball(s) to extract into a subdirectory called work/DISTNAME, e.g. work/foozolix-1.0/. All this behavior can be overridden, of course; it simply represents the most common time-saving defaults. For a port requiring multiple distribution files, simply set DISTFILES explicitly. If only a subset of DISTFILES are actual extractable archives, then set them up in EXTRACT_ONLY, which will override the DISTFILES list when it comes to extraction, and the rest will be just left in DISTDIR for later use. <makevar>PKGNAME</makevar> If DISTNAME does not conform to our guidelines for a good package name, you should set the PKGNAME variable to something better. See the abovementioned guidelines for more details. <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the ftp site or the CD-ROM. Please take a look at the existing categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See the categories section for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. If you port truly belongs to something that is different from all the existing ones, you can even create a new category name. In that case, please send mail to the &a.ports; to propose a new category. There is no error checking for category names. make package will happily create a new directory if you mistype the category name, so be careful! <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the ftp/http-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems, and we are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there! If the original tarball is part of one of the following popular archives: X-contrib, GNU, Perl CPAN, TeX CTAN, or Linux Sunsite, you refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB, MASTER_SITE_GNU, MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN, MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN, and MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE. Simply set MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path with in the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by ftp or http, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WKRSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, from the pre-patch target, apply the patch either by running the patch command from there, or copying the patch file into the PATCHDIR directory and calling it patch-xx. Note the tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :) For detailed description of the responsibility of maintainers, refer to MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are five variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behaviour of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is an argument given to ldconfig -r | grep -wF. There shall be no reqular expressions in this variable. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the user's search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${PREFIX}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in your search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in a normal user's search path, you should use the full pathname. The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. “build” here means everything from extracting to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above four categories, or your port requires to have the source of the other port extracted in addition to having them installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Common dependency variables Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF=yes if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT=yes if your port uses the latest qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD has perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.) Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; is is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. To depend on another port unconditionally, it is customary to use the string nonexistent as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to the to get to the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= /nonexistent:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the JPEG port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behaviour you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to be always build (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, I recommend you write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF=yes. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET. Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. <command>ldconfig</command> If your port installs a shared library, add a post-install target to your Makefile that runs ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) to register it into the shared library cache. Also, add a matching @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair to your pkg/PLIST file so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and deinstallation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. These lines should immediately follow the line for the shared library itself, as in: lib/libtvl80.so.1 @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m %D/lib @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R Never, ever, ever add a line that says ldconfig without any arguments to your Makefile or pkg/PLIST. This will reset the shared library cache to the contents of /usr/lib only, and will royally screw up the user's machine ("Help, xinit does not run anymore after I install this port!"). Anybody who does this will be shot and cut in 65,536 pieces by a rusty knife and have is liver chopped out by a bunch of crows and will eternally rot to death in the deepest bowels of hell (not necessarily in that order…) ELF support Since FreeBSD is moving to ELF shortly after 3.0-RELEASE, we need to convert many ports that build shared libraries to support ELF. Complicating this task is that a 3.0 system can run as both ELF and a.out, and we wish to unofficially support the 2.2 as long as possible. Below are the guidelines on how to convert a.out only ports to support both a.out and ELF compilation. Some part of this list is only applicable during the conversion, but will be left here for awhile for reference in case you have come across some old port you wish to upgrade. Moving a.out libraries out of the way A.out libraries should be moved out of /usr/local/lib and similar to an aout subdirectory. (If you do not move them out of the way, ELF ports will happily overwrite a.out libraries.) The move-aout-libs target in the 3.0-CURRENT src/Makefile (called from aout-to-elf) will do this for you. It will only move a.out libs so it is safe to call it on a system with both ELF and a.out libs in the standard directories. Format The ports tree will build packages in the format the machine is in. This means a.out for 2.2 and a.out or ELF for 3.0 depending on what `objformat` returns. Also, once users move a.out libraries to a subdirectory, building a.out libraries will be unsupported. (I.e., it may still work if you know what you are doing, but you are on your own.) If a port only works for a.out, set BROKEN_ELF to a string describing the reason why. Such ports will be skipped during a build on an ELF system. <makevar>PORTOBJFORMAT</makevar> bsd.port.mk will set PORTOBJFORMAT to aout or elf and export it in the environments CONFIGURE_ENV, SCRIPTS_ENV and MAKE_ENV. (It's always going to be aout in 2.2-STABLE). It is also passed to PLIST_SUB as PORTOBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT}. (See comment on ldconfig lines below.) The variable is set using this line in bsd.port.mk: PORTOBJFORMAT!= test -x /usr/bin/objformat && /usr/bin/objformat || echo aout Ports' make processes should use this variable to decide what to do. However, if the port's configure script already automatically detects an ELF system, it is not necessary to refer to PORTOBJFORMAT. Building shared libraries The following are differences in handling shared libraries for a.out and ELF. Shared library versions An ELF shared library should be called libfoo.so.M where M is the single version number, and an a.out library should be called libfoo.so.M.N where M is the major version and N is the the minor version number. Do not mix those; never install an ELF shared library called libfoo.so.N.M or an a.out shared library (or symlink) called libfoo.so.N. Linker command lines Assuming cc -shared is used rather than ld directly, the only difference is that you need to add on the command line for ELF. You need to install a symlink from libfoo.so to libfoo.so.N to make ELF linkers happy. Since it should be listed in PLIST too, and it won't hurt in the a.out case (some ports even require the link for dynamic loading), you should just make this link regardless of the setting of PORTOBJFORMAT. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> All port Makefiles are edited to remove minor numbers from LIB_DEPENDS, and also to have the regexp support removed. (E.g., foo\\.1\\.\\(33|40\\) becomes foo.2.) They will be matched using grep -wF. <filename>PLIST</filename> PLIST should contain the short (ELF) shlib names if the a.out minor number is zero, and the long (a.out) names otherwise. bsd.port.mk will automatically add .0 to the end of short shlib lines if PORTOBJFORMAT equals aout, and will delete the minor number from long shlib names if PORTOBJFORMAT equals elf. In cases where you really need to install shlibs with two versions on an ELF system or those with one version on an a.out system (for instance, ports that install compatibility libraries for other operating systems), define the variable NO_FILTER_SHLIBS. This will turn off the editing of PLIST mentioned in the previous paragraph. <literal>ldconfig</literal> The ldconfig line in Makefiles should read: ${SETENV} OBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT} ${LDCONFIG} -m .... In PLIST it should read; @exec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -m ... @unexec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -R This is to ensure that the correct ldconfig will be called depending on the format of the package, not the default format of the system. <makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier forusers to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefiles, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAME so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PKGNAME= ja-xdvi${RESOLUTION}-17 : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile; RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include ${MASTERDIR}/Makefile (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the refulat set of subdirectories like PATCHDIR and PKGDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions First, please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9.0?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. However, if there is a port which is a different version of the same software already in the tree, the situation is much more complex. In short, the FreeBSD implementation does not allow the user to specify to the linker which version of shared library to link against (the linker will always pick the highest numbered version). This means, if there is a libfoo.so.3.2 and libfoo.so.4.0 in the system, there is no way to tell the linker to link a particular application to libfoo.so.3.2. It is essentially completely overshadowed in terms of compilation-time linkage. In this case, the only solution is to rename the base part of the shared library. For instance, change libfoo.so.4.0 to libfoo4.so.1.0 so both version 3.2 and 4.0 can be linked from other ports. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg/PLIST (this means you must not list manpages in the PLIST—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the PLIST. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some Perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may-not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>REQUIRES_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source to use this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window system, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory is new to XFree86 release 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files The new version of texinfo (included in 2.2.2-RELEASE and onwards) contains a utility called install-info to add and delete entries to the dir file. If your port installs any info documents, please follow this instructions so your port/package will correctly update the user's PREFIX/info/dir file. (Sorry for the length of this section, but is it imperative to weave all the info files together. If done correctly, it will produce a beautiful listing, so please bear with me! First, this is what you (as a porter) need to know &prompt.user; install-info --help install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]] Install INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. Options: --delete Delete existing entries in INFO-FILE; don't insert any new entries. : --entry=TEXT Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry. : --section=SEC Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory. : This program will not actually install info files; it merely inserts or deletes entries in the dir file. Here's a seven-step procedure to convert ports to use install-info. I will use editors/emacs as an example. Look at the texinfo sources and make a patch to insert @dircategory and @direntry statements to files that do not have them. This is part of my patch: --- ./man/vip.texi.org Fri Jun 16 15:31:11 1995 +++ ./man/vip.texi Tue May 20 01:28:33 1997 @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ @setfilename ../info/vip @settitle VIP +@dircategory The Emacs editor and associated tools +@direntry +* VIP: (vip). A VI-emulation for Emacs. +@end direntry @iftex @finalout : The format should be self-explanatory. Many authors leave a dir file in the source tree that contains all the entries you need, so look around before you try to write your own. Also, make sure you look into related ports and make the section names and entry indentations consistent (we recommend that all entry text start at the 4th tab stop). Note that you can put only one info entry per file because of a bug in install-info --delete that deletes only the first entry if you specify multiple entries in the @direntry section. You can give the dir entries to install-info as arguments ( and ) instead of patching the texinfo sources. I do not think this is a good idea for ports because you need to duplicate the same information in three places (Makefile and @exec/@unexec of PLIST; see below). However, if you have a Japanese (or other multibyte encoding) info files, you will have to use the extra arguments to install-info because makeinfo cannot handle those texinfo sources. (See Makefile and PLIST of japanese/skk for examples on how to do this). Go back to the port directory and do a make clean; make and verify that the info files are regenerated from the texinfo sources. Since the texinfo sources are newer than the info files, they should be rebuilt when you type make; but many Makefiles do not include correct dependencies for info files. In emacs' case, I had to patch the main Makefile.in so it will descend into the man subdirectory to rebuild the info pages. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:15:28 1997 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ # Subdirectories to make recursively. `lisp' is not included # because the compiled lisp files are part of the distribution # and you cannot remake them without installing Emacs first. -SUBDIR = lib-src src +SUBDIR = lib-src src man # The makefiles of the directories in $SUBDIR. SUBDIR_MAKEFILES = lib-src/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile oldXMenu/Makefile lwlib/Makefile --- ./man/Makefile.in.org Thu Jun 27 15:27:19 1996 +++ ./man/Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:29:52 1997 @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ${srcdir}/gnu1.texi \ ${srcdir}/glossary.texi +all: info info: $(INFO_TARGETS) dvi: $(DVI_TARGETS) The second hunk was necessary because the default target in the man subdir is called info, while the main Makefile wants to call all. I also deleted the installation of the info info file because we already have one with the same name in /usr/share/info (that patch is not shown here). If there is a place in the Makefile that is installing the dir file, delete it. Your port may not be doing it. Also, remove any commands that are otherwise mucking around with the dir file. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Mon Apr 14 23:38:07 1997 @@ -368,14 +368,8 @@ if [ `(cd ${srcdir}/info && /bin/pwd)` != `(cd ${infodir} && /bin/pwd)` ]; \ then \ (cd ${infodir}; \ - if [ -f dir ]; then \ - if [ ! -f dir.old ]; then mv -f dir dir.old; \ - else mv -f dir dir.bak; fi; \ - fi; \ cd ${srcdir}/info ; \ - (cd $${thisdir}; ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/dir ${infodir}/dir); \ - (cd $${thisdir}; chmod a+r ${infodir}/dir); \ for f in ccmode* cl* dired-x* ediff* emacs* forms* gnus* info* message* mh-e* sc* vip*; do \ (cd $${thisdir}; \ ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/$$f ${infodir}/$$f; \ chmod a+r ${infodir}/$$f); \ (This step is only necessary if you are modifying an existing port.) Take a look at pkg/PLIST and delete anything that is trying to patch up info/dir. They may be in pkg/INSTALL or some other file, so search extensively. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/04/15 06:32:12 @@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ man/man1/emacs.1.gz man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz -@unexec cp %D/info/dir %D/info/dir.bak -info/dir -@unexec cp %D/info/dir.bak %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 info/cl-2 Add a post-install target to the Makefile to create a dir file if it is not there. Also, call install-info with the installed info files. Index: Makefile =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/Makefile,v retrieving revision 1.26 diff -u -r1.26 Makefile --- Makefile 1996/11/19 13:14:40 1.26 +++ Makefile 1997/05/20 10:25:09 1.28 @@ -20,5 +20,11 @@ post-install: .for file in emacs-19.34 emacsclient etags ctags b2m strip ${PREFIX}/bin/${file} .endfor + if [ ! -f ${PREFIX}/info/dir ]; then \ + ${SED} -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > ${PREFIX}/info/dir; \ + fi +.for info in emacs vip viper forms gnus mh-e cl sc dired-x ediff ccmode + install-info ${PREFIX}/info/${info} ${PREFIX}/info/dir +.endfor .include <bsd.port.mk> Do not use anything other than /usr/share/info/dir and the above command to create a new info file. In fact, I would add the first three lines of the above patch to bsd.port.mk if you (the porter) would not have to do it in PLIST by yourself anyway. Edit PLIST and add equivalent @exec statements and also @unexec for pkg_delete. You do not need to delete info/dir with @unexec. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/05/20 10:25:12 1.17 @@ -16,7 +14,15 @@ man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 @@ -87,6 +94,18 @@ info/viper-3 info/viper-4 +@exec [ -f %D/info/dir ] || sed -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > %D/info/dir +@exec install-info %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@exec install-info %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/cvtmail libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/digest-doc The @unexec install-info --delete commands have to be listed before the info files themselves so they can read the files. Also, the @exec install-info commands have to be after the info files and the @exec command that creates the the dir file. Test and admire your work. :). Check the dir file before and after each step. The <filename>pkg/</filename> subdirectory There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg/ subdirectory that come in handy sometimes. <filename>MESSAGE</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg/MESSAGE. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a pkg_add or to display licensing information. The pkg/MESSAGE file does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>INSTALL</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with pkg_add you can do this via the pkg/INSTALL script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by pkg_add. The first time will as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile. <filename>REQ</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg/REQ “requirements” script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed. Changing <filename>PLIST</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their PLIST depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the PLIST of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 2.2.7). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%%' will be substituted with VALUE in the PLIST. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in PLIST. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the PLIST. This substitution (as well as addition of any man pages) will be done between the do-install and post-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before do-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Changing the names of files in the <filename>pkg</filename> subdirectory All the filenames in the pkg subdirectory are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg subdirectory among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly in to the pkg subdirectory. Here is a list of variable names and their default values. Variable Default value COMMENT ${PKGDIR}/DESCR DESCR ${PKGDIR}/DESCR PLIST ${PKGDIR}/PLIST PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGINSTALL PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGDEINSTALL PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/REQ PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Licensing Problems Some software packages have restrictive licenses or can be in violation to the law (PKP's patent on public key crypto, ITAR (export of crypto software) to name just two of them). What we can do with them varies a lot, depending on the exact wordings of the respective licenses. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable of violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via ftp or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. There are two variables you can set in the Makefile to handle the situations that arise frequently: If the port has a “do not sell for profit” type of license, set the variable NO_CDROM to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such ports will not go into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile and package will still be available via ftp. If the resulting package needs to be built uniquely for each site, or the resulting binary package cannot be distributed due to licensing; set the variable NO_PACKAGE to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such packages will not go on the ftp site, nor into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile will still be included on both however. If the port has legal restrictions on who can use it (e.g., crypto stuff) or has a “no commercial use” license, set the variable RESTRICTED to be the string describing the reason why. For such ports, the distfiles/packages will not be available even from our ftp sites. The GNU General Public License (GPL), both version 1 and 2, should not be a problem for ports. If you are a committer, make sure you update the ports/LEGAL file too. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, first make sure you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the ftp mirror sites. You may also use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in . The next step is to send a mail to the maintainer, if one is listed in the port's Makefile. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version). If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is not any such person to begin with, please make the upgrade and send the recursive diff (either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers appear to prefer unified diff more) of the new and old ports directories to us (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original as in our tree is superedit.bak, then send us the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. The best way to send us the diff is by including it to &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to CVS when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in as is in the PR. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! <anchor id="porting-dads">Do's and Dont's Here is a list of common do's and dont's that you encounter during the porting process.You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Strip Binaries Do strip binaries. If the original source already strips the binaries, fine; otherwise you should add a post-install rule to to it yourself. Here is an example; post-install: strip ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. They are: INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see compiling ports from CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modigy some file in PKGDIR, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WKRDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of UNIX it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to FreeBSD 1.x systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in <sys/param.h>. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeleyisms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions will bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or 3.x system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENTs 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after semctl(2) change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before mount(2) change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after mount(2) change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after semctl(2) change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-STABLE 320001 4.0-CURRENT after 3/4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning dladdr(3) 400003 4.0-CURRENT after newbus 400004 4.0-CURRENT after suser(9) API change 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct spacinfo pointer 400009 Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as “2.2.5-STABLE” after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference. In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. it usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the pre.mk/post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system, same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (aout or elf LOCALBASE The base of the “local” tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the “X11” tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk; # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PKGNAME minus the version part. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent to the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR}${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv .endif Do not forget to add them to pkg/PLIST too! (Do not worry about NOPORTDOCS here; there is currently no way for the packages to read variables from /etc/make.conf.) Also you can use the pkg/MESSAGE file to display messages upon installation. See the using pkg/MESSAGE section for details. MESSAGE does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST). <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (PKGNAME without the version part should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. Package information Do include package information, i.e. COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, in pkg. Note that these files are not used only for packaging anymore, and are mandatory now, even if NO_PACKAGE is set. RCS strings Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Recursive diff Using the recurse () option to diff to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF=yes and take the diffsof configure.in. Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. (The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local), unless USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, in which case it will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6).) Not hard-coding /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read PREFIX, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly require it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${PREFIX}/bin/less\" or -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" if this is an X port, instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole `/usr/local' tree somewhere else. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not bode well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See man &man.hier.7; for details, the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET “news”. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are deinstalled. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmals @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause pkg_delete to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg/INSTALL script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 99 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 99. majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/nonexistent wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:70:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh ircd:*:72:72:IRCd hybrid:/nonexistent:/nonexistent alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent msql:*:87:87:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg/PLIST. That will cause pkg_delete to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. Miscellanea The files pkg/DESCR, pkg/COMMENT, and pkg/PLIST should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :) A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the version required header should updated when upgrading a port.] # Version required: pl18 [things like "1.5alpha" are fine here too] [this is the date when the first version of this Makefile was created. Never change this when doing an update of the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] -# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> +# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $Id$ [ ^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - DISTNAME is always first, followed by PKGNAME (if necessary), CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. After those, one of EXTRACT_SUFX or DISTFILES can be specified too.] DISTNAME= xdvi PKGNAME= xdvi-pl18 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) who a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have - your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.ORG".] -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG + your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only PLIST missing. Create an empty PLIST. &prompt.root; touch PLIST Next, create a new set of directories which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.local.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > OLD-DIRS If your port honours PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > pkg/PLIST You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * -type d) | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm#' >> pkg/PLIST Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand. I lied when I said this was all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the ldconfig section. Package Names The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already lots and lots of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. If your DISTNAME does not look like that, set PKGNAME to something in that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. The name part should be all lowercases, except for a really large package (with lots of programs in it). Things like XFree86 (yes there really is a port of it, check it out) and ImageMagick fall into this category. Otherwise, convert the name (or at least the first letter) to lowercase. If the capital letters are important to the name (for example, with one-letter names like R or V) you may use capital letters at your discretion. There is a tradition of naming Perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The version string should be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. The only exception is the string pl (meaning `patchlevel'), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert a DISTNAME into a suitable PKGNAME: Distribution Name Package Name Reason mule-2.2.2. mule-2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.1.2 XFree86-3.1.2 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 emiclock-1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs gmod1.4 gmod-1.4 Need a hyphen before version numbers xmris.4.0.2 xmris-4.0.2 Need a hyphen before version numbers rdist-1.3alpha rdist-1.3a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 es-0.9b1 No strings like beta allowed v3.3beta021.src tiff-3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm tvtwm-pl11 Version string always required piewm piewm-1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 xvgr-2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja-gawk-2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 psutils-letter-1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts pkfonts300-1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yy.mm.dd) as the version. Categories As you already know, ports are classified in several categories. But for this to wor, it is important that porters and users understand what each category and how we deicde what to put in each category. Current list of categories First, this is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the pkg/COMMENT file in that subdirectory (e.g., archivers/pkg/COMMENT). Category Description afterstep* Ports to support AfterStep window manager archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong to anywhere else, they should not be in this category. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. games Games. german German language support. graphics Graphics utilities. irc Internet Chat Relay utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Java languge support. kde* Ports that form the K Desktop Environment (kde). korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities—basically things that does not belong to anywhere else. This is the only category that should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! net Miscellaneous networking software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the 3Com Palm(tm) series. perl5* Ports that require perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software written in python. russian Russian language support. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl75* Ports that use tcl version 7.5 to run. tcl76* Ports that use tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use tcl version 8.1 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print/. tk41* Ports that use tk version 4.1 to run. tk42* Ports that use tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use tk version 8.1 to run. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belong here too. x11 The X window system and friends. This category is only for software that directly support the window system. Do not put regular X applications here. If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in appropriate categories. Also, many of them go into other x11-* categories (see below). x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this usse. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories win over less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you do not need to list net when the port belongs to either of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your send-pr submission so we can discuss it before import it. (If you are a committer, send a note &a.ports; so we can discuss it first—too often new ports are imported to a wrong category only to be moved right away.) Changes to this document and the ports system If you maintain a lot of ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there. You can always find more detailed information on the latest changes by looking at the + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk"> the bsd.port.mk CVS log. That is It, Folks! Boy, this sure was a long tutorial, wasn't it? Thanks for following us to here, really. Well, now that you know how to do a port, let us go at it and convert everything in the world into ports! That is the easiest way to start contributing to the FreeBSD Project! :) diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/article.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/article.sgml index 555f684ace..4c3daa4b29 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/article.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/article.sgml @@ -1,5765 +1,5765 @@ Contributing to FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. So you want to contribute something to FreeBSD? That is great! We can always use the help, and FreeBSD is one of those systems that relies on the contributions of its user base in order to survive. Your contributions are not only appreciated, they are vital to FreeBSD's continued growth! Contrary to what some people might also have you believe, you do not need to be a hot-shot programmer or a close personal friend of the FreeBSD core team in order to have your contributions accepted. The FreeBSD Project's development is done by a large and growing number of international contributors whose ages and areas of technical expertise vary greatly, and there is always more work to be done than there are people available to do it. Since the FreeBSD project is responsible for an entire operating system environment (and its installation) rather than just a kernel or a few scattered utilities, our TODO list also spans a very wide range of tasks, from documentation, beta testing and presentation to highly specialized types of kernel development. No matter what your skill level, there is almost certainly something you can do to help the project! Commercial entities engaged in FreeBSD-related enterprises are also encouraged to contact us. Need a special extension to make your product work? You will find us receptive to your requests, given that they are not too outlandish. Working on a value-added product? Please let us know! We may be able to work cooperatively on some aspect of it. The free software world is challenging a lot of existing assumptions about how software is developed, sold, and maintained throughout its life cycle, and we urge you to at least give it a second look. What Is Needed The following list of tasks and sub-projects represents something of an amalgam of the various core team TODO lists and user requests we have collected over the last couple of months. Where possible, tasks have been ranked by degree of urgency. If you are interested in working on one of the tasks you see here, send mail to the coordinator listed by clicking on their names. If no coordinator has been appointed, maybe you would like to volunteer? High priority tasks The following tasks are considered to be urgent, usually because they represent something that is badly broken or sorely needed: 3-stage boot issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Do WinNT compatible drive tagging so that the 3rd stage can provide an accurate mapping of BIOS geometries for disks. Filesystem problems. Overall coordination: &a.fs; Fix the MSDOS file system. Clean up and document the nullfs filesystem code. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Fix the union file system. Coordinator: &a.dg; Implement Int13 vm86 disk driver. Coordinator: &a.hackers; New bus architecture. Coordinator: &a.newbus; Port existing ISA drivers to new architecture. Move all interrupt-management code to appropriate parts of the bus drivers. Port PCI subsystem to new architecture. Coordinator: &a.dfr; Figure out the right way to handle removable devices and then use that as a substrate on which PC-Card and CardBus support can be implemented. Resolve the probe/attach priority issue once and for all. Move any remaining buses over to the new architecture. Kernel issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Add more pro-active security infrastructure. Overall coordination: &a.security; Build something like Tripwire(TM) into the kernel, with a remote and local part. There are a number of cryptographic issues to getting this right; contact the coordinator for details. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make the entire kernel use suser() instead of comparing to 0. It is presently using about half of each. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Split securelevels into different parts, to allow an administrator to throw away those privileges he can throw away. Setting the overall securelevel needs to have the same effect as now, obviously. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make it possible to upload a list of “allowed program” to BPF, and then block BPF from accepting other programs. This would allow BPF to be used e.g. for DHCP, without allowing an attacker to start snooping the local network. Update the security checker script. We should at least grab all the checks from the other BSD derivatives, and add checks that a system with securelevel increased also have reasonable flags on the relevant parts. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Add authorization infrastructure to the kernel, to allow different authorization policies. Part of this could be done by modifying suser(). Coordinatory: &a.eivind; Add code to the NFS layer so that you cannot chdir("..") out of an NFS partition. E.g., /usr is a UFS partition with /usr/src NFS exported. Now it is possible to use the NFS filehandle for /usr/src to get access to /usr. Medium priority tasks The following tasks need to be done, but not with any particular urgency: Full KLD based driver support/Configuration Manager. Write a configuration manager (in the 3rd stage boot?) that probes your hardware in a sane manner, keeps only the KLDs required for your hardware, etc. PCMCIA/PCCARD. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; Documentation! Reliable operation of the pcic driver (needs testing). Recognizer and handler for sio.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ed.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ep.c (mostly done). User-mode recognizer and handler (partially done). Advanced Power Management. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; APM sub-driver (mostly done). IDE/ATA disk sub-driver (partially done). syscons/pcvt sub-driver. Integration with the PCMCIA/PCCARD drivers (suspend/resume). Low priority tasks The following tasks are purely cosmetic or represent such an investment of work that it is not likely that anyone will get them done anytime soon: The first N items are from Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org NetWare Server (protected mode ODI driver) loader and subservices to allow the use of ODI card drivers supplied with network cards. The same thing for NDIS drivers and NetWare SCSI drivers. An "upgrade system" option that works on Linux boxes instead of just previous rev FreeBSD boxes. Symmetric Multiprocessing with kernel preemption (requires kernel preemption). A concerted effort at support for portable computers. This is somewhat handled by changing PCMCIA bridging rules and power management event handling. But there are things like detecting internal vs. external display and picking a different screen resolution based on that fact, not spinning down the disk if the machine is in dock, and allowing dock-based cards to disappear without affecting the machines ability to boot (same issue for PCMCIA). Smaller tasks Most of the tasks listed in the previous sections require either a considerable investment of time or an in-depth knowledge of the FreeBSD kernel (or both). However, there are also many useful tasks which are suitable for "weekend hackers", or people without programming skills. If you run FreeBSD-current and have a good Internet connection, there is a machine current.FreeBSD.org which builds a full release once a day — every now and again, try and install the latest release from it and report any failures in the process. Read the freebsd-bugs mailing list. There might be a problem you can comment constructively on or with patches you can test. Or you could even try to fix one of the problems yourself. Read through the FAQ and Handbook periodically. If anything is badly explained, out of date or even just completely wrong, let us know. Even better, send us a fix (SGML is not difficult to learn, but there is no objection to ASCII submissions). Help translate FreeBSD documentation into your native language (if not already available) — just send an email to &a.doc; asking if anyone is working on it. Note that you are not committing yourself to translating every single FreeBSD document by doing this — in fact, the documentation most in need of translation is the installation instructions. Read the freebsd-questions mailing list and &ng.misc occasionally (or even regularly). It can be very satisfying to share your expertise and help people solve their problems; sometimes you may even learn something new yourself! These forums can also be a source of ideas for things to work on. If you know of any bugfixes which have been successfully applied to -current but have not been merged into -stable after a decent interval (normally a couple of weeks), send the committer a polite reminder. Move contributed software to src/contrib in the source tree. Make sure code in src/contrib is up to date. Look for year 2000 bugs (and fix any you find!) Build the source tree (or just part of it) with extra warnings enabled and clean up the warnings. Fix warnings for ports which do deprecated things like using gets() or including malloc.h. If you have contributed any ports, send your patches back to the original author (this will make your life easier when they bring out the next version) Suggest further tasks for this list! How to Contribute Contributions to the system generally fall into one or more of the following 6 categories: Bug reports and general commentary An idea or suggestion of general technical interest should be mailed to the &a.hackers;. Likewise, people with an interest in such things (and a tolerance for a high volume of mail!) may subscribe to the hackers mailing list by sending mail to &a.majordomo;. See mailing lists for more information about this and other mailing lists. If you find a bug or are submitting a specific change, please report it using the &man.send-pr.1; program or its WEB-based equivalent. Try to fill-in each field of the bug report. Unless they exceed 65KB, include any patches directly in the report. When including patches, do not use cut-and-paste because cut-and-paste turns tabs into spaces and makes them unusable. Consider compressing patches and using &man.uuencode.1; if they exceed 20KB. Upload very large submissions to ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/">ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. After filing a report, you should receive confirmation along with a tracking number. Keep this tracking number so that you can update us with details about the problem by sending mail to - bug-followup@FreeBSD.ORG. Use the number as the + bug-followup@FreeBSD.org. Use the number as the message subject, e.g. "Re: kern/3377". Additional information for any bug report should be submitted this way. If you do not receive confirmation in a timely fashion (3 days to a week, depending on your email connection) or are, for some reason, unable to use the &man.send-pr.1; command, then you may ask someone to file it for you by sending mail to the &a.bugs;. Changes to the documentation Changes to the documentation are overseen by the &a.doc;. Send submissions and changes (even small ones are welcome!) using send-pr as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Changes to existing source code An addition or change to the existing source code is a somewhat trickier affair and depends a lot on how far out of date you are with the current state of the core FreeBSD development. There is a special on-going release of FreeBSD known as “FreeBSD-current” which is made available in a variety of ways for the convenience of developers working actively on the system. See Staying current with FreeBSD for more information about getting and using FreeBSD-current. Working from older sources unfortunately means that your changes may sometimes be too obsolete or too divergent for easy re-integration into FreeBSD. Chances of this can be minimized somewhat by subscribing to the &a.announce; and the &a.current; lists, where discussions on the current state of the system take place. Assuming that you can manage to secure fairly up-to-date sources to base your changes on, the next step is to produce a set of diffs to send to the FreeBSD maintainers. This is done with the &man.diff.1; command, with the “context diff” form being preferred. For example: &prompt.user; diff -c oldfile newfile or &prompt.user; diff -c -r olddir newdir would generate such a set of context diffs for the given source file or directory hierarchy. See the man page for &man.diff.1; for more details. Once you have a set of diffs (which you may test with the &man.patch.1; command), you should submit them for inclusion with FreeBSD. Use the &man.send-pr.1; program as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Do not just send the diffs to the &a.hackers; or they will get lost! We greatly appreciate your submission (this is a volunteer project!); because we are busy, we may not be able to address it immediately, but it will remain in the pr database until we do. If you feel it appropriate (e.g. you have added, deleted, or renamed files), bundle your changes into a tar file and run the &man.uuencode.1; program on it. Shar archives are also welcome. If your change is of a potentially sensitive nature, e.g. you are unsure of copyright issues governing its further distribution or you are simply not ready to release it without a tighter review first, then you should send it to &a.core; directly rather than submitting it with &man.send-pr.1;. The core mailing list reaches a much smaller group of people who do much of the day-to-day work on FreeBSD. Note that this group is also very busy and so you should only send mail to them where it is truly necessary. Please refer to man 9 intro and man 9 style for some information on coding style. We would appreciate it if you were at least aware of this information before submitting code. New code or major value-added packages In the rare case of a significant contribution of a large body work, or the addition of an important new feature to FreeBSD, it becomes almost always necessary to either send changes as uuencode'd tar files or upload them to our ftp site ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. When working with large amounts of code, the touchy subject of copyrights also invariably comes up. Acceptable copyrights for code included in FreeBSD are: The BSD copyright. This copyright is most preferred due to its “no strings attached” nature and general attractiveness to commercial enterprises. Far from discouraging such commercial use, the FreeBSD Project actively encourages such participation by commercial interests who might eventually be inclined to invest something of their own into FreeBSD. The GNU Public License, or “GPL”. This license is not quite as popular with us due to the amount of extra effort demanded of anyone using the code for commercial purposes, but given the sheer quantity of GPL'd code we currently require (compiler, assembler, text formatter, etc) it would be silly to refuse additional contributions under this license. Code under the GPL also goes into a different part of the tree, that being /sys/gnu or /usr/src/gnu, and is therefore easily identifiable to anyone for whom the GPL presents a problem. Contributions coming under any other type of copyright must be carefully reviewed before their inclusion into FreeBSD will be considered. Contributions for which particularly restrictive commercial copyrights apply are generally rejected, though the authors are always encouraged to make such changes available through their own channels. To place a “BSD-style” copyright on your work, include the following text at the very beginning of every source code file you wish to protect, replacing the text between the %% with the appropriate information. Copyright (c) %%proper_years_here%% %%your_name_here%%, %%your_state%% %%your_zip%%. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY %%your_name_here%% ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL %%your_name_here%% BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. $Id$ For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in /usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright. Money, Hardware or Internet access We are always very happy to accept donations to further the cause of the FreeBSD Project and, in a volunteer effort like ours, a little can go a long way! Donations of hardware are also very important to expanding our list of supported peripherals since we generally lack the funds to buy such items ourselves. <anchor id="donations">Donating funds While the FreeBSD Project is not a 501(c)(3) (charitable) corporation and hence cannot offer special tax incentives for any donations made, any such donations will be gratefully accepted on behalf of the project by FreeBSD, Inc. FreeBSD, Inc. was founded in early 1995 by &a.jkh; and &a.dg; with the goal of furthering the aims of the FreeBSD Project and giving it a minimal corporate presence. Any and all funds donated (as well as any profits that may eventually be realized by FreeBSD, Inc.) will be used exclusively to further the project's goals. Please make any checks payable to FreeBSD, Inc., sent in care of the following address:
FreeBSD, Inc. c/o Jordan Hubbard 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520
(currently using the Walnut Creek CDROM address until a PO box can be opened) Wire transfers may also be sent directly to:
Bank Of America Concord Main Office P.O. Box 37176 San Francisco CA, 94137-5176 Routing #: 121-000-358 Account #: 01411-07441 (FreeBSD, Inc.)
Any correspondence related to donations should be sent to &a.jkh, either via email or to the FreeBSD, Inc. postal address given above. If you do not wish to be listed in our donors section, please specify this when making your donation. Thanks! Donating hardware Donations of hardware in any of the 3 following categories are also gladly accepted by the FreeBSD Project: General purpose hardware such as disk drives, memory or complete systems should be sent to the FreeBSD, Inc. address listed in the donating funds section. Hardware for which ongoing compliance testing is desired. We are currently trying to put together a testing lab of all components that FreeBSD supports so that proper regression testing can be done with each new release. We are still lacking many important pieces (network cards, motherboards, etc) and if you would like to make such a donation, please contact &a.dg; for information on which items are still required. Hardware currently unsupported by FreeBSD for which you would like to see such support added. Please contact the &a.core; before sending such items as we will need to find a developer willing to take on the task before we can accept delivery of new hardware. Donating Internet access We can always use new mirror sites for FTP, WWW or cvsup. If you would like to be such a mirror, please contact the FreeBSD project administrators - admin@FreeBSD.ORG for more information. + admin@FreeBSD.org for more information. Donors Gallery The FreeBSD Project is indebted to the following donors and would like to publically thank them here! Contributors to the central server project: The following individuals and businesses made it possible for the FreeBSD Project to build a new central server machine to eventually replace freefall.FreeBSD.org by donating the following items: &a.mbarkah and his employer, Hemisphere Online, donated a Pentium Pro (P6) 200Mhz CPU ASA Computers donated a Tyan 1662 motherboard. Joe McGuckin joe@via.net of ViaNet Communications donated a Kingston ethernet controller. Jack O'Neill jack@diamond.xtalwind.net donated an NCR 53C875 SCSI controller card. Ulf Zimmermann ulf@Alameda.net of Alameda Networks donated 128MB of memory, a 4 Gb disk drive and the case. Direct funding: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed direct funding to the project: Annelise Anderson ANDRSN@HOOVER.STANFORD.EDU &a.dillon Epilogue Technology Corporation &a.sef Don Scott Wilde Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@masternet.it Josef C. Grosch joeg@truenorth.org Robert T. Morris &a.chuckr Kenneth P. Stox ken@stox.sa.enteract.com of Imaginary Landscape, LLC. Dmitry S. Kohmanyuk dk@dog.farm.org Laser5 of Japan (a portion of the profits from sales of their various FreeBSD CD-ROMs. Fuki Shuppan Publishing Co. donated a portion of their profits from Hajimete no FreeBSD (FreeBSD, Getting started) to the FreeBSD and XFree86 projects. ASCII Corp. donated a portion of their profits from several FreeBSD-related books to the FreeBSD project. Yokogawa Electric Corp has generously donated significant funding to the FreeBSD project. BuffNET Pacific Solutions Siemens AG via Andre Albsmeier Chris Silva Hardware contributors: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed hardware for testing and device driver development/support: Walnut Creek CDROM for providing the Pentium P5-90 and 486/DX2-66 EISA/VL systems that are being used for our development work, to say nothing of the network access and other donations of hardware resources. TRW Financial Systems, Inc. provided 130 PCs, three 68 GB fileservers, twelve Ethernets, two routers and an ATM switch for debugging the diskless code. Dermot McDonnell donated the Toshiba XM3401B CDROM drive currently used in freefall. &a.chuck; contributed his floppy tape streamer for experimental work. Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM, and &a.wilko;, provided Wangtek and Archive QIC-02 tape drives in order to improve the wt driver. Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de contributed a 2.88 MB floppy drive to the project. This will hopefully increase the pressure for rewriting the floppy disk driver. ;-) Tekram Technologies sent one each of their DC-390, DC-390U and DC-390F FAST and ULTRA SCSI host adapter cards for regression testing of the NCR and AMD drivers with their cards. They are also to be applauded for making driver sources for free operating systems available from their FTP server ftp://ftp.tekram.com/scsi/FreeBSD. Larry M. Augustin contributed not only a Symbios Sym8751S SCSI card, but also a set of data books, including one about the forthcoming Sym53c895 chip with Ultra-2 and LVD support, and the latest programming manual with information on how to safely use the advanced features of the latest Symbios SCSI chips. Thanks a lot! Christoph Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org donated an FX120 12 speed Mitsumi CDROM drive for IDE CDROM driver development. Special contributors: Walnut Creek CDROM has donated almost more than we can say (see the history document for more details). In particular, we would like to thank them for the original hardware used for freefall.FreeBSD.ORG, our primary + role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org, our primary development machine, and for thud.FreeBSD.ORG, a testing and build + role="fqdn">thud.FreeBSD.org, a testing and build box. We are also indebted to them for funding various contributors over the years and providing us with unrestricted use of their T1 connection to the Internet. The interface business GmbH, Dresden has been patiently supporting &a.joerg; who has often preferred FreeBSD work over paywork, and used to fall back to their (quite expensive) EUnet Internet connection whenever his private connection became too slow or flakey to work with it... Berkeley Software Design, Inc. has contributed their DOS emulator code to the remaining BSD world, which is used in the doscmd command. Core Team Alumni The following people were members of the FreeBSD core team during the periods indicated. We thank them for their past efforts in the service of the FreeBSD project. In rough chronological order: &a.guido (1995 - 1999) &a.dyson (1993 - 1998) &a.nate (1992 - 1996) &a.rgrimes (1992 - 1995) Andreas Schulz (1992 - 1995) &a.csgr (1993 - 1995) &a.paul (1992 - 1995) &a.smace (1993 - 1994) Andrew Moore (1993 - 1994) Christoph Robitschko (1993 - 1994) J. T. Conklin (1992 - 1993) Derived Software Contributors This software was originally derived from William F. Jolitz's 386BSD release 0.1, though almost none of the original 386BSD specific code remains. This software has been essentially re-implemented from the 4.4BSD-Lite release provided by the Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley and associated academic contributors. There are also portions of NetBSD and OpenBSD that have been integrated into FreeBSD as well, and we would therefore like to thank all the contributors to NetBSD and OpenBSD for their work. Additional FreeBSD Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): ABURAYA Ryushirou rewsirow@ff.iij4u.or.jp AMAGAI Yoshiji amagai@nue.org Aaron Bornstein aaronb@j51.com Aaron Smith aaron@mutex.org Achim Patzner ap@noses.com Ada T Lim ada@bsd.org Adam Baran badam@mw.mil.pl Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adam McDougall mcdouga9@egr.msu.edu Adrian Colley aecolley@ois.ie Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu Adrian Steinmann ast@marabu.ch Adam Strohl troll@digitalspark.net Adrian T. Filipi-Martin atf3r@agate.cs.virginia.edu Ajit Thyagarajan unknown Akio Morita amorita@meadow.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp Akira SAWADA unknown Akira Watanabe akira@myaw.ei.meisei-u.ac.jp Akito Fujita fujita@zoo.ncl.omron.co.jp Alain Kalker A.C.P.M.Kalker@student.utwente.nl Alan Bawden alan@curry.epilogue.com Alec Wolman wolman@cs.washington.edu Aled Morris aledm@routers.co.uk Alex garbanzo@hooked.net Alex D. Chen dhchen@Canvas.dorm7.nccu.edu.tw Alex G. Bulushev bag@demos.su Alex Le Heux alexlh@funk.org Alex Perel veers@disturbed.net Alexander B. Povolotsky tarkhil@mgt.msk.ru Alexander Leidinger netchild@wurzelausix.CS.Uni-SB.DE Alexander Langer alex@cichlids.com Alexandre Snarskii snar@paranoia.ru Alfred Perlstein bright@rush.net Alistair G. Crooks agc@uts.amdahl.com Allan Saddi asaddi@philosophysw.com Allen Campbell allenc@verinet.com Amakawa Shuhei amakawa@hoh.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Amancio Hasty hasty@star-gate.com Amir Farah amir@comtrol.com Amy Baron amee@beer.org Anatoly A. Orehovsky tolik@mpeks.tomsk.su Anatoly Vorobey mellon@pobox.com Anders Nordby nickerne@nome.no Anders Thulin Anders.X.Thulin@telia.se Andras Olah olah@cs.utwente.nl Andre Albsmeier Andre.Albsmeier@mchp.siemens.de Andre Oppermann andre@pipeline.ch Andreas Haakh ah@alman.robin.de Andreas Kohout shanee@rabbit.augusta.de Andreas Lohr andreas@marvin.RoBIN.de Andreas Schulz unknown Andreas Wetzel mickey@deadline.snafu.de Andreas Wrede andreas@planix.com Andres Vega Garcia unknown Andrew Atrens atreand@statcan.ca Andrew Boothman andrew@cream.org Andrew Gillham gillham@andrews.edu Andrew Gordon andrew.gordon@net-tel.co.uk Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew J. Korty ajk@purdue.edu Andrew L. Moore alm@mclink.com Andrew McRae amcrae@cisco.com Andrew Stevenson andrew@ugh.net.au Andrew Timonin tim@pool1.convey.ru Andrew V. Stesin stesin@elvisti.kiev.ua Andrew Webster awebster@dataradio.com Andrey Zakhvatov andy@icc.surw.chel.su Andy Farkas andyf@speednet.com.au Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com Andy Whitcroft andy@sarc.city.ac.uk Angelo Turetta ATuretta@stylo.it Anthony C. Chavez magus@xmission.com Anthony Yee-Hang Chan yeehang@netcom.com Anton Berezin tobez@plab.ku.dk Antti Kaipila anttik@iki.fi Are Bryne are.bryne@communique.no Ari Suutari ari@suutari.iki.fi Arjan de Vet devet@IAEhv.nl Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Assar Westerlund assar@sics.se Atsushi Furuta furuta@sra.co.jp Atsushi Murai amurai@spec.co.jp Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Bierbauch pivrnec@vszbr.cz Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Ben Hutchinson benhutch@xfiles.org.uk Ben Jackson unknown Ben Smithurst ben@scientia.demon.co.uk Ben Walter bwalter@itachi.swcp.com Benjamin Lewis bhlewis@gte.net Bernd Rosauer br@schiele-ct.de Bill Kish kish@osf.org Bill Trost trost@cloud.rain.com Blaz Zupan blaz@amis.net Bob Van Valzah Bob@whitebarn.com Bob Willcox bob@luke.pmr.com Boris Staeblow balu@dva.in-berlin.de Boyd R. Faulkner faulkner@asgard.bga.com Brad Karp karp@eecs.harvard.edu Bradley Dunn bradley@dunn.org Brandon Fosdick bfoz@glue.umd.edu Brandon Gillespie brandon@roguetrader.com &a.wlloyd Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Boyd Faulkner faulkner@mpd.tandem.com Brent J. Nordquist bjn@visi.com Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Brett Taylor brett@peloton.physics.montana.edu Brian Campbell brianc@pobox.com Brian Clapper bmc@willscreek.com Brian Cully shmit@kublai.com Brian Handy handy@lambic.space.lockheed.com Brian Litzinger brian@MediaCity.com Brian McGovern bmcgover@cisco.com Brian Moore ziff@houdini.eecs.umich.edu Brian R. Haug haug@conterra.com Brian Tao taob@risc.org Brion Moss brion@queeg.com Bruce A. Mah bmah@ca.sandia.gov Bruce Albrecht bruce@zuhause.mn.org Bruce Gingery bgingery@gtcs.com Bruce J. Keeler loodvrij@gridpoint.com Bruce Murphy packrat@iinet.net.au Bruce Walter walter@fortean.com Carey Jones mcj@acquiesce.org Carl Fongheiser cmf@netins.net Carl Mascott cmascott@world.std.com Casper casper@acc.am Castor Fu castor@geocast.com Cejka Rudolf cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz Chain Lee chain@110.net Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Charles Henrich henrich@msu.edu Charles Mott cmott@srv.net Charles Owens owensc@enc.edu Chet Ramey chet@odin.INS.CWRU.Edu Chia-liang Kao clkao@CirX.ORG Chiharu Shibata chi@bd.mbn.or.jp Chip Norkus unknown Choi Jun Ho junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr Chris Costello chris@calldei.com Chris Csanady cc@tarsier.ca.sandia.gov Chris Dabrowski chris@vader.org Chris Dillon cdillon@wolves.k12.mo.us Chris Shenton cshenton@angst.it.hq.nasa.gov Chris Stenton jacs@gnome.co.uk Chris Timmons skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christian Gusenbauer cg@fimp01.fim.uni-linz.ac.at Christian Haury Christian.Haury@sagem.fr Christian Weisgerber naddy@bigeye.rhein-neckar.de Christoph P. Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Christoph Weber-Fahr wefa@callcenter.systemhaus.net Christopher G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Christopher T. Johnson cjohnson@neunacht.netgsi.com Chrisy Luke chrisy@flix.net Chuck Hein chein@cisco.com Clive Lin clive@CiRX.ORG Colman Reilly careilly@tcd.ie Conrad Sabatier conrads@neosoft.com Coranth Gryphon gryphon@healer.com Cornelis van der Laan nils@guru.ims.uni-stuttgart.de Cove Schneider cove@brazil.nbn.com Craig Leres leres@ee.lbl.gov Craig Loomis unknown Craig Metz cmetz@inner.net Craig Spannring cts@internetcds.com Craig Struble cstruble@vt.edu Cristian Ferretti cfs@riemann.mat.puc.cl Curt Mayer curt@toad.com Cy Schubert cschuber@uumail.gov.bc.ca DI. Christian Gusenbauer cg@scotty.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at Dai Ishijima ishijima@tri.pref.osaka.jp Damian Hamill damian@cablenet.net Dan Cross tenser@spitfire.ecsel.psu.edu Dan Lukes dan@obluda.cz Dan Nelson dnelson@emsphone.com Dan Walters hannibal@cyberstation.net Daniel M. Eischen deischen@iworks.InterWorks.org Daniel O'Connor doconnor@gsoft.com.au Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Daniel Rock rock@cs.uni-sb.de Danny Egen unknown Danny J. Zerkel dzerkel@phofarm.com Darren Reed avalon@coombs.anu.edu.au Dave Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu Dave Andersen angio@aros.net Dave Blizzard dblizzar@sprynet.com Dave Bodenstab imdave@synet.net Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Chapeskie dchapes@ddm.on.ca Dave Cornejo dave@dogwood.com Dave Edmondson davided@sco.com Dave Glowacki dglo@ssec.wisc.edu Dave Marquardt marquard@austin.ibm.com Dave Tweten tweten@FreeBSD.org David A. Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu David A. Bader dbader@umiacs.umd.edu David Borman dab@bsdi.com David Dawes dawes@XFree86.org David Filo filo@yahoo.com David Holland dholland@eecs.harvard.edu David Holloway daveh@gwythaint.tamis.com David Horwitt dhorwitt@ucsd.edu David Hovemeyer daveho@infocom.com David Jones dej@qpoint.torfree.net David Kelly dkelly@tomcat1.tbe.com David Kulp dkulp@neomorphic.com David L. Nugent davidn@blaze.net.au David Leonard d@scry.dstc.edu.au David Malone dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie David Muir Sharnoff muir@idiom.com David S. Miller davem@jenolan.rutgers.edu David Wolfskill dhw@whistle.com Dean Gaudet dgaudet@arctic.org Dean Huxley dean@fsa.ca Denis Fortin unknown Dennis Glatting dennis.glatting@software-munitions.com Denton Gentry denny1@home.com Derek Inksetter derek@saidev.com Dima Sivachenko dima@Chg.RU Dirk Keunecke dk@panda.rhein-main.de Dirk Nehrling nerle@pdv.de Dmitry Khrustalev dima@xyzzy.machaon.ru Dmitry Kohmanyuk dk@farm.org Dom Mitchell dom@myrddin.demon.co.uk Dominik Brettnacher domi@saargate.de Don Croyle croyle@gelemna.ft-wayne.in.us &a.whiteside; Don Morrison dmorrisn@u.washington.edu Don Yuniskis dgy@rtd.com Donald Maddox dmaddox@conterra.com Doug Barton studded@dal.net Douglas Ambrisko ambrisko@whistle.com Douglas Carmichael dcarmich@mcs.com Douglas Crosher dtc@scrooge.ee.swin.oz.au Drew Derbyshire ahd@kew.com Duncan Barclay dmlb@ragnet.demon.co.uk Dustin Sallings dustin@spy.net Eckart "Isegrim" Hofmann Isegrim@Wunder-Nett.org Ed Gold vegold01@starbase.spd.louisville.edu Ed Hudson elh@p5.spnet.com Edward Wang edward@edcom.com Edwin Groothus edwin@nwm.wan.philips.com Eiji-usagi-MATSUmoto usagi@clave.gr.jp ELISA Font Project Elmar Bartel bartel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Eric A. Griff eagriff@global2000.net Eric Blood eblood@cs.unr.edu Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Eric J. Schwertfeger eric@cybernut.com Eric L. Hernes erich@lodgenet.com Eric P. Scott eps@sirius.com Eric Sprinkle eric@ennovatenetworks.com Erich Stefan Boleyn erich@uruk.org Erik E. Rantapaa rantapaa@math.umn.edu Erik H. Moe ehm@cris.com Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de Espen Skoglund espensk@stud.cs.uit.no> Eugene M. Kim astralblue@usa.net Eugene Radchenko genie@qsar.chem.msu.su Evan Champion evanc@synapse.net Faried Nawaz fn@Hungry.COM Flemming Jacobsen fj@tfs.com Fong-Ching Liaw fong@juniper.net Francis M J Hsieh mjshieh@life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Bartels knarf@camelot.de Frank Chen Hsiung Chan frankch@waru.life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Durda IV uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org Frank MacLachlan fpm@n2.net Frank Nobis fn@Radio-do.de Frank Volf volf@oasis.IAEhv.nl Frank ten Wolde franky@pinewood.nl Frank van der Linden frank@fwi.uva.nl Fred Cawthorne fcawth@jjarray.umn.edu Fred Gilham gilham@csl.sri.com Fred Templin templin@erg.sri.com Frederick Earl Gray fgray@rice.edu FUJIMOTO Kensaku fujimoto@oscar.elec.waseda.ac.jp FUJISHIMA Satsuki k5@respo.or.jp FURUSAWA Kazuhisa furusawa@com.cs.osakafu-u.ac.jp Gabor Kincses gabor@acm.org Gabor Zahemszky zgabor@CoDe.hu G. Adam Stanislavadam@whizkidtech.net Garance A Drosehn gad@eclipse.its.rpi.edu Gareth McCaughan gjm11@dpmms.cam.ac.uk Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Gary J. garyj@rks32.pcs.dec.com Gary Kline kline@thought.org Gaspar Chilingarov nightmar@lemming.acc.am Gea-Suan Lin gsl@tpts4.seed.net.tw Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Georg Wagner georg.wagner@ubs.com Gerard Roudier groudier@club-internet.fr Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@giovannelli.it Gil Kloepfer Jr. gil@limbic.ssdl.com Gilad Rom rom_glsa@ein-hashofet.co.il Ginga Kawaguti ginga@amalthea.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Giles Lean giles@nemeton.com.au Glen Foster gfoster@gfoster.com Glenn Johnson gljohns@bellsouth.net Godmar Back gback@facility.cs.utah.edu Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Gord Matzigkeit gord@enci.ucalgary.ca Gordon Greeff gvg@uunet.co.za Graham Wheeler gram@cdsec.com Greg A. Woods woods@zeus.leitch.com Greg Ansley gja@ansley.com Greg Troxel gdt@ir.bbn.com Greg Ungerer gerg@stallion.oz.au Gregory Bond gnb@itga.com.au Gregory D. Moncreaff moncrg@bt340707.res.ray.com Guy Harris guy@netapp.com Guy Helmer ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu HAMADA Naoki hamada@astec.co.jp HONDA Yasuhiro honda@kashio.info.mie-u.ac.jp HOSOBUCHI Noriyuki hoso@buchi.tama.or.jp Hannu Savolainen hannu@voxware.pp.fi Hans Huebner hans@artcom.de Hans Petter Bieker zerium@webindex.no Hans Zuidam hans@brandinnovators.com Harlan Stenn Harlan.Stenn@pfcs.com Harold Barker hbarker@dsms.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Heikki Suonsivu hsu@cs.hut.fi Heiko W. Rupp unknown Helmut F. Wirth hfwirth@ping.at Henrik Vestergaard Draboel hvd@terry.ping.dk Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Hideaki Ohmon ohmon@tom.sfc.keio.ac.jp Hidekazu Kuroki hidekazu@cs.titech.ac.jp Hideki Yamamoto hyama@acm.org Hideyuki Suzuki hideyuki@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hirayama Issei iss@mail.wbs.ne.jp Hiroaki Sakai sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Hiroharu Tamaru tamaru@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hironori Ikura hikura@kaisei.org Hiroshi Nishikawa nis@pluto.dti.ne.jp Hiroya Tsubakimoto unknown Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Holm Tiffe holm@geophysik.tu-freiberg.de Horance Chou horance@freedom.ie.cycu.edu.tw Horihiro Kumagai kuma@jp.FreeBSD.org HOTARU-YA hotaru@tail.net Hr.Ladavac lada@ws2301.gud.siemens.co.at Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.ORG Hugh F. Mahon hugh@nsmdserv.cnd.hp.com Hugh Mahon h_mahon@fc.hp.com Hung-Chi Chu hcchu@r350.ee.ntu.edu.tw IMAI Takeshi take-i@ceres.dti.ne.jp IMAMURA Tomoaki tomoak-i@is.aist-nara.ac.jp Ian Dowse iedowse@maths.tcd.ie Ian Holland ianh@tortuga.com.au Ian Struble ian@broken.net Ian Vaudrey i.vaudrey@bigfoot.com Igor Khasilev igor@jabber.paco.odessa.ua Igor Roshchin str@giganda.komkon.org Igor Sviridov siac@ua.net Igor Vinokurov igor@zynaps.ru Ikuo Nakagawa ikuo@isl.intec.co.jp Ilya V. Komarov mur@lynx.ru Issei Suzuki issei@jp.FreeBSD.org Itsuro Saito saito@miv.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp J. Bryant jbryant@argus.flash.net J. David Lowe lowe@saturn5.com J. Han hjh@best.com J. Hawk jhawk@MIT.EDU J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com J.T. Jang keith@email.gcn.net.tw Jack jack@zeus.xtalwind.net Jacob Bohn Lorensen jacob@jblhome.ping.mk Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com Jake Burkholder jake@checker.org Jake Hamby jehamby@lightside.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James D. Stewart jds@c4systm.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James Raynard fhackers@jraynard.demon.co.uk James T. Liu jtliu@phlebas.rockefeller.edu James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu Jan Conard charly@fachschaften.tu-muenchen.de Jan Koum jkb@FreeBSD.org Janick Taillandier Janick.Taillandier@ratp.fr Janusz Kokot janek@gaja.ipan.lublin.pl Jarle Greipsland jarle@idt.unit.no Jason Garman init@risen.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Jason Wright jason@OpenBSD.org Jason Young doogie@forbidden-donut.anet-stl.com Javier Martin Rueda jmrueda@diatel.upm.es Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jaye Mathisen mrcpu@cdsnet.net Jeff Bartig jeffb@doit.wisc.edu Jeff Forys jeff@forys.cranbury.nj.us Jeff Kletsky Jeff@Wagsky.com Jeffrey Evans evans@scnc.k12.mi.us Jeffrey Wheat jeff@cetlink.net Jens Schweikhardt schweikh@noc.dfn.d Jeremy Allison jallison@whistle.com Jeremy Chatfield jdc@xinside.com Jeremy Lea reg@shale.csir.co.za Jeremy Prior unknown Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai asmodai@wxs.nl Jesse Rosenstock jmr@ugcs.caltech.edu Jian-Da Li jdli@csie.nctu.edu.tw Jim Babb babb@FreeBSD.org Jim Binkley jrb@cs.pdx.edu Jim Carroll jim@carroll.com Jim Flowers jflowers@ezo.net Jim Leppek jleppek@harris.com Jim Lowe james@cs.uwm.edu Jim Mattson jmattson@sonic.net Jim Mercer jim@komodo.reptiles.org Jim Mock jim@phrantic.phear.net Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jimbo Bahooli griffin@blackhole.iceworld.org Jin Guojun jin@george.lbl.gov Joachim Kuebart unknown Joao Carlos Mendes Luis jonny@jonny.eng.br Jochen Pohl jpo.drs@sni.de Joe "Marcus" Clarke marcus@miami.edu Joe Abley jabley@clear.co.nz Joe Jih-Shian Lu jslu@dns.ntu.edu.tw Joe Orthoefer j_orthoefer@tia.net Joe Traister traister@mojozone.org Joel Faedi Joel.Faedi@esial.u-nancy.fr Joel Ray Holveck joelh@gnu.org Joel Sutton sutton@aardvark.apana.org.au Johan Granlund johan@granlund.nu Johan Karlsson k@numeri.campus.luth.se Johan Larsson johan@moon.campus.luth.se Johann Tonsing jtonsing@mikom.csir.co.za Johannes Helander unknown Johannes Stille unknown John Baldwin jobaldwi@vt.edu John Beckett jbeckett@southern.edu John Beukema jbeukema@hk.super.net John Brezak unknown John Capo jc@irbs.com John F. Woods jfw@jfwhome.funhouse.com John Goerzen jgoerzen@alexanderwohl.complete.org John Hay jhay@mikom.csir.co.za John Heidemann johnh@isi.edu John Hood cgull@owl.org John Kohl unknown John Lind john@starfire.mn.org John Mackin john@physiol.su.oz.au John P johnp@lodgenet.com John Perry perry@vishnu.alias.net John Preisler john@vapornet.com John Rochester jr@cs.mun.ca John Sadler john_sadler@alum.mit.edu John Saunders john@pacer.nlc.net.au John W. DeBoskey jwd@unx.sas.com John Wehle john@feith.com John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jon Morgan morgan@terminus.trailblazer.com Jonathan H N Chin jc254@newton.cam.ac.uk Jonathan Hanna jh@pc-21490.bc.rogers.wave.ca Jorge Goncalves j@bug.fe.up.pt Jorge M. Goncalves ee96199@tom.fe.up.pt Jos Backus jbackus@plex.nl Jose M. Alcaide jose@we.lc.ehu.es Jose Marques jose@nobody.org Josef Grosch jgrosch@superior.mooseriver.com Josef Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Joseph Stein joes@wstein.com Josh Gilliam josh@quick.net Josh Tiefenbach josh@ican.net Juergen Lock nox@jelal.hb.north.de Juha Inkari inkari@cc.hut.fi Jukka A. Ukkonen jua@iki.fi Julian Assange proff@suburbia.net Julian Coleman j.d.coleman@ncl.ac.uk &a.jhs Julian Jenkins kaveman@magna.com.au Junichi Satoh junichi@jp.FreeBSD.org Junji SAKAI sakai@jp.FreeBSD.org Junya WATANABE junya-w@remus.dti.ne.jp K.Higashino a00303@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp KUNISHIMA Takeo kunishi@c.oka-pu.ac.jp Kai Vorma vode@snakemail.hut.fi Kaleb S. Keithley kaleb@ics.com Kaneda Hiloshi vanitas@ma3.seikyou.ne.jp Kapil Chowksey kchowksey@hss.hns.com Karl Denninger karl@mcs.com Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com Kato Takenori kato@eclogite.eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp Kawanobe Koh kawanobe@st.rim.or.jp Kazuhiko Kiriyama kiri@kiri.toba-cmt.ac.jp Kazuo Horikawa horikawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Kees Jan Koster kjk1@ukc.ac.uk Keith Bostic bostic@bostic.com Keith E. Walker unknown Keith Moore unknown Keith Sklower unknown Ken Hornstein unknown Ken Key key@cs.utk.edu Ken Mayer kmayer@freegate.com Kenji Saito marukun@mx2.nisiq.net Kenji Tomita tommyk@da2.so-net.or.jp Kenneth Furge kenneth.furge@us.endress.com Kenneth Monville desmo@bandwidth.org Kenneth R. Westerback krw@tcn.net Kenneth Stailey kstailey@gnu.ai.mit.edu Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kent Vander Velden graphix@iastate.edu Kentaro Inagaki JBD01226@niftyserve.ne.jp Kevin Bracey kbracey@art.acorn.co.uk Kevin Day toasty@dragondata.com Kevin Lahey kml@nas.nasa.gov Kevin Lokevlo@hello.com.tw Kevin Street street@iname.com Kevin Van Maren vanmaren@fast.cs.utah.edu Kiroh HARADA kiroh@kh.rim.or.jp Klaus Klein kleink@layla.inka.de Klaus-J. Wolf Yanestra@t-online.de Koichi Sato copan@ppp.fastnet.or.jp Kostya Lukin lukin@okbmei.msk.su Kouichi Hirabayashi kh@mogami-wire.co.jp Kurt D. Zeilenga Kurt@Boolean.NET Kurt Olsen kurto@tiny.mcs.usu.edu L. Jonas Olsson ljo@ljo-slip.DIALIN.CWRU.Edu Lars Köller Lars.Koeller@Uni-Bielefeld.DE Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM Laurence Lopez lopez@mv.mv.com Lee Cremeans lcremean@tidalwave.net Liang Tai-hwa avatar@www.mmlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw Lon Willett lon%softt.uucp@math.utah.edu Louis A. Mamakos louie@TransSys.COM Louis Mamakos loiue@TransSys.com Lucas James Lucas.James@ldjpc.apana.org.au Lyndon Nerenberg lyndon@orthanc.com M.C. Wong unknown MANTANI Nobutaka nobutaka@nobutaka.com MIHIRA Sanpei Yoshiro sanpei@sanpei.org - MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.org MITSUNAGA Noriaki mitchy@er.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp MOROHOSHI Akihiko moro@race.u-tokyo.ac.jp Magnus Enbom dot@tinto.campus.luth.se Mahesh Neelakanta mahesh@gcomm.com Makoto MATSUSHITA matusita@jp.FreeBSD.org Makoto WATANABE watanabe@zlab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp Malte Lance malte.lance@gmx.net Manu Iyengar iyengar@grunthos.pscwa.psca.com Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Marc Ramirez mrami@mramirez.sy.yale.edu Marc Slemko marcs@znep.com Marc van Kempen wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl Marc van Woerkom van.woerkom@netcologne.de Marcel Moolenaar marcel@scc.nl Mario Sergio Fujikawa Ferreira lioux@gns.com.br Mark Andrews unknown Mark Cammidge mark@gmtunx.ee.uct.ac.za Mark Diekhans markd@grizzly.com Mark Huizer xaa@stack.nl Mark J. Taylor mtaylor@cybernet.com Mark Krentel krentel@rice.edu Mark Mayo markm@vmunix.com Mark Thompson thompson@tgsoft.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu Mark Treacy unknown Mark Valentine mark@linus.demon.co.uk Martin Birgmeier Martin Ibert mib@ppe.bb-data.de Martin Kammerhofer dada@sbox.tu-graz.ac.at Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Martti Kuparinen martti.kuparinen@ericsson.com Masachika ISHIZUKA ishizuka@isis.min.ntt.jp Mas.TAKEMURA unknown Masafumi NAKANE max@wide.ad.jp Masahiro Sekiguchi seki@sysrap.cs.fujitsu.co.jp Masanobu Saitoh msaitoh@spa.is.uec.ac.jp Masanori Kanaoka kana@saijo.mke.mei.co.jp Masanori Kiriake seiken@ARGV.AC Masatoshi TAMURA tamrin@shinzan.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp Mats Lofkvist mal@algonet.se Matt Bartley mbartley@lear35.cytex.com Matt Thomas matt@3am-software.com Matt White mwhite+@CMU.EDU Matthew C. Mead mmead@Glock.COM Matthew Cashdollar mattc@rfcnet.com Matthew Flatt mflatt@cs.rice.edu Matthew Fuller fullermd@futuresouth.com Matthew Stein matt@bdd.net Matthias Pfaller leo@dachau.marco.de Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Mattias Gronlund Mattias.Gronlund@sa.erisoft.se Mattias Pantzare pantzer@ludd.luth.se Maurice Castro maurice@planet.serc.rmit.edu.au Max Euston meuston@jmrodgers.com Max Khon fjoe@husky.iclub.nsu.ru Maxim Bolotin max@rsu.ru Micha Class michael_class@hpbbse.bbn.hp.com Michael Butler imb@scgt.oz.au Michael Butschky butsch@computi.erols.com Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org - Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.ORG + Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Michael Hancock michaelh@cet.co.jp Michael Hohmuth hohmuth@inf.tu-dresden.de Michael Perlman canuck@caam.rice.edu Michael Petry petry@netwolf.NetMasters.com Michael Reifenberger root@totum.plaut.de Michael Searle searle@longacre.demon.co.uk Michal Listos mcl@Amnesiac.123.org Michio Karl Jinbo karl@marcer.nagaokaut.ac.jp Miguel Angel Sagreras msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar Mihoko Tanaka m_tonaka@pa.yokogawa.co.jp Mika Nystrom mika@cs.caltech.edu Mikael Hybsch micke@dynas.se Mikael Karpberg karpen@ocean.campus.luth.se Mike Del repenting@hotmail.com Mike Durian durian@plutotech.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Mike E. Matsnev mike@azog.cs.msu.su Mike Evans mevans@candle.com Mike Grupenhoff kashmir@umiacs.umd.edu Mike Hibler mike@marker.cs.utah.edu Mike Karels unknown Mike McGaughey mmcg@cs.monash.edu.au Mike Meyer mwm@shiva.the-park.com Mike Mitchell mitchell@ref.tfs.com Mike Murphy mrm@alpharel.com Mike Peck mike@binghamton.edu Mike Spengler mks@msc.edu Mikhail A. Sokolov mishania@demos.su Mikhail Teterin mi@aldan.ziplink.net Ming-I Hseh PA@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Mitsuru IWASAKI iwasaki@pc.jaring.my Mitsuru Yoshida mitsuru@riken.go.jp Monte Mitzelfelt monte@gonefishing.org Morgan Davis root@io.cts.com Mostyn Lewis mostyn@mrl.com Motomichi Matsuzaki mzaki@e-mail.ne.jp Motoyuki Kasahara m-kasahr@sra.co.jp Motoyuki Konno motoyuki@snipe.rim.or.jp Munechika Sumikawa sumikawa@kame.net Murray Stokely murray@cdrom.com N.G.Smith ngs@sesame.hensa.ac.uk NAGAO Tadaaki nagao@cs.titech.ac.jp NAKAJI Hiroyuki nakaji@tutrp.tut.ac.jp NAKAMURA Kazushi nkazushi@highway.or.jp NAKAMURA Motonori motonori@econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp NIIMI Satoshi sa2c@and.or.jp NOKUBI Hirotaka h-nokubi@yyy.or.jp Nadav Eiron nadav@barcode.co.il Nanbor Wang nw1@cs.wustl.edu Naofumi Honda honda@Kururu.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Narvi narvi@haldjas.folklore.ee Nathan Ahlstrom nrahlstr@winternet.com Nathan Dorfman nathan@rtfm.net Neal Fachan kneel@ishiboo.com Neil Blakey-Milner nbm@rucus.ru.ac.za Niall Smart rotel@indigo.ie Nick Barnes Nick.Barnes@pobox.com Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com Nick Hilliard nick@foobar.org &a.nsayer; Nick Williams njw@cs.city.ac.uk Nickolay N. Dudorov nnd@itfs.nsk.su Niklas Hallqvist niklas@filippa.appli.se Nisha Talagala nisha@cs.berkeley.edu No Name ZW6T-KND@j.asahi-net.or.jp No Name adrian@virginia.edu No Name alex@elvisti.kiev.ua No Name anto@netscape.net No Name bobson@egg.ics.nitch.ac.jp No Name bovynf@awe.be No Name burg@is.ge.com No Name chris@gnome.co.uk No Name colsen@usa.net No Name coredump@nervosa.com No Name dannyman@arh0300.urh.uiuc.edu No Name davids@SECNET.COM No Name derek@free.org No Name devet@adv.IAEhv.nl No Name djv@bedford.net No Name dvv@sprint.net No Name enami@ba2.so-net.or.jp No Name flash@eru.tubank.msk.su No Name flash@hway.ru No Name fn@pain.csrv.uidaho.edu No Name gclarkii@netport.neosoft.com No Name gordon@sheaky.lonestar.org No Name graaf@iae.nl No Name greg@greg.rim.or.jp No Name grossman@cygnus.com No Name gusw@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de No Name hfir@math.rochester.edu No Name hnokubi@yyy.or.jp No Name iaint@css.tuu.utas.edu.au No Name invis@visi.com No Name ishisone@sra.co.jp No Name iverson@lionheart.com No Name jpt@magic.net No Name junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr No Name k-sugyou@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp No Name kenji@reseau.toyonaka.osaka.jp No Name kfurge@worldnet.att.net No Name lh@aus.org No Name lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie No Name mrgreen@mame.mu.oz.au No Name nakagawa@jp.FreeBSD.org No Name ohki@gssm.otsuka.tsukuba.ac.jp No Name owaki@st.rim.or.jp No Name pechter@shell.monmouth.com No Name pete@pelican.pelican.com No Name pritc003@maroon.tc.umn.edu No Name risner@stdio.com No Name roman@rpd.univ.kiev.ua No Name root@ns2.redline.ru No Name root@uglabgw.ug.cs.sunysb.edu No Name stephen.ma@jtec.com.au No Name sumii@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp No Name takas-su@is.aist-nara.ac.jp No Name tamone@eig.unige.ch No Name tjevans@raleigh.ibm.com No Name tony-o@iij.ad.jp amurai@spec.co.jp No Name torii@tcd.hitachi.co.jp No Name uenami@imasy.or.jp No Name uhlar@netlab.sk No Name vode@hut.fi No Name wlloyd@mpd.ca No Name wlr@furball.wellsfargo.com No Name wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl No Name yamagata@nwgpc.kek.jp No Name ziggy@ryan.org Nobuhiro Yasutomi nobu@psrc.isac.co.jp Nobuyuki Koganemaru kogane@koganemaru.co.jp Norio Suzuki nosuzuki@e-mail.ne.jp - Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@sra.co.jp Oh Junseon hollywar@mail.holywar.net Olaf Wagner wagner@luthien.in-berlin.de Oleg Sharoiko os@rsu.ru Oliver Breuninger ob@seicom.NET Oliver Friedrichs oliver@secnet.com Oliver Fromme oliver.fromme@heim3.tu-clausthal.de Oliver Laumann net@informatik.uni-bremen.de Oliver Oberdorf oly@world.std.com Olof Johansson offe@ludd.luth.se - Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@freebsd.org.ru + Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@FreeBSD.org.ru Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paco Rosich rosich@modico.eleinf.uv.es Palle Girgensohn girgen@partitur.se Parag Patel parag@cgt.com Pascal Pederiva pascal@zuo.dec.com Pasvorn Boonmark boonmark@juniper.net Patrick Gardella patrick@cre8tivegroup.com Patrick Hausen unknown Paul Antonov apg@demos.su Paul F. Werkowski unknown Paul Fox pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us Paul Koch koch@thehub.com.au Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Paul S. LaFollette, Jr. unknown Paul Saab paul@mu.org Paul Sandys myj@nyct.net Paul T. Root proot@horton.iaces.com Paul Vixie paul@vix.com Paulo Menezes paulo@isr.uc.pt Paulo Menezes pm@dee.uc.pt Pedro A M Vazquez vazquez@IQM.Unicamp.BR Pedro Giffuni giffunip@asme.org Pete Bentley pete@demon.net Peter Childs pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au Peter Cornelius pc@inr.fzk.de Peter Haight peterh@prognet.com Peter Jeremy perer.jeremy@alcatel.com.au Peter M. Chen pmchen@eecs.umich.edu Peter Much peter@citylink.dinoex.sub.org Peter Olsson unknown Peter Philipp pjp@bsd-daemon.net Peter Stubbs PETERS@staidan.qld.edu.au Phil Maker pjm@cs.ntu.edu.au Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au Phil Taylor phil@zipmail.co.uk Philip Musumeci philip@rmit.edu.au Pierre Y. Dampure pierre.dampure@k2c.co.uk Pius Fischer pius@ienet.com Pomegranate daver@flag.blackened.net Powerdog Industries kevin.ruddy@powerdog.com R. Kym Horsell Rajesh Vaidheeswarran rv@fore.com Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Randal S. Masutani randal@comtest.com Randall Hopper rhh@ct.picker.com Randall W. Dean rwd@osf.org Randy Bush rbush@bainbridge.verio.net Reinier Bezuidenhout rbezuide@mikom.csir.co.za Remy Card Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr Ricardas Cepas rch@richard.eu.org Riccardo Veraldi veraldi@cs.unibo.it Richard Henderson richard@atheist.tamu.edu Richard Hwang rhwang@bigpanda.com Richard Kiss richard@homemail.com Richard J Kuhns rjk@watson.grauel.com Richard M. Neswold rneswold@drmemory.fnal.gov Richard Seaman, Jr. dick@tar.com Richard Stallman rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu Richard Straka straka@user1.inficad.com Richard Tobin richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk Richard Wackerbarth rkw@Dataplex.NET Richard Winkel rich@math.missouri.edu Richard Wiwatowski rjwiwat@adelaide.on.net Rick Macklem rick@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Rick Macklin unknown Rob Austein sra@epilogue.com Rob Mallory rmallory@qualcomm.com Rob Snow rsnow@txdirect.net Robert Crowe bob@speakez.com Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Robert Eckardt roberte@MEP.Ruhr-Uni-Bochum.de Robert Sanders rsanders@mindspring.com Robert Sexton robert@kudra.com Robert Shady rls@id.net Robert Swindells swindellsr@genrad.co.uk Robert Watson robert@cyrus.watson.org Robert Withrow witr@rwwa.com Robert Yoder unknown Robin Carey robin@mailgate.dtc.rankxerox.co.uk Roger Hardiman roger@cs.strath.ac.uk Roland Jesse jesse@cs.uni-magdeburg.de Ron Bickers rbickers@intercenter.net Ron Lenk rlenk@widget.xmission.com Ronald Kuehn kuehn@rz.tu-clausthal.de Rudolf Cejka unknown Ruslan Belkin rus@home2.UA.net Ruslan Ermilov ru@ucb.crimea.ua Ruslan Shevchenko rssh@cam.grad.kiev.ua Russell L. Carter rcarter@pinyon.org Russell Vincent rv@groa.uct.ac.za Ryan Younce ryany@pobox.com Ryuichiro IMURA imura@cs.titech.ac.jp SANETO Takanori sanewo@strg.sony.co.jp SAWADA Mizuki miz@qb3.so-net.ne.jp - SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org SURANYI Peter suranyip@jks.is.tsukuba.ac.jp Sakai Hiroaki sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Sakari Jalovaara sja@tekla.fi Sam Hartman hartmans@mit.edu Samuel Lam skl@ScalableNetwork.com Samuele Zannoli zannoli@cs.unibo.it Sander Vesik sander@haldjas.folklore.ee Sandro Sigala ssigala@globalnet.it Sascha Blank blank@fox.uni-trier.de Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Satoh Junichi junichi@astec.co.jp Scot Elliott scot@poptart.org Scot W. Hetzel hetzels@westbend.net Scott A. Kenney saken@rmta.ml.org Scott Blachowicz scott.blachowicz@seaslug.org Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Hazen Mueller scott@zorch.sf-bay.org Scott Michel scottm@cs.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sebastian Strollo seb@erix.ericsson.se Serge A. Babkin babkin@hq.icb.chel.su Serge V. Vakulenko vak@zebub.msk.su Sergei Chechetkin csl@whale.sunbay.crimea.ua Sergei S. Laskavy laskavy@pc759.cs.msu.su Sergey Gershtein sg@mplik.ru Sergey Potapov sp@alkor.ru Sergey Shkonda serg@bcs.zp.ua Sergey V.Dorokhov svd@kbtelecom.nalnet.ru Sergio Lenzi lenzi@bsi.com.br Shaun Courtney shaun@emma.eng.uct.ac.za Shawn M. Carey smcarey@mailbox.syr.edu Shigio Yamaguchi shigio@wafu.netgate.net Shinya Esu esu@yk.rim.or.jp Shuichi Tanaka stanaka@bb.mbn.or.jp Shunsuke Akiyama akiyama@jp.FreeBSD.org Simon simon@masi.ibp.fr Simon Burge simonb@telstra.com.au Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au Simon Marlow simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk Simon Shapiro shimon@simon-shapiro.org Sin'ichiro MIYATANI siu@phaseone.co.jp Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de Soochon Radee slr@mitre.org Soren Dayton csdayton@midway.uchicago.edu Soren Dossing sauber@netcom.com Soren S. Jorvang soren@dt.dk Stefan Bethke stb@hanse.de Stefan Eggers seggers@semyam.dinoco.de Stefan Moeding s.moeding@ndh.net Stefan Petri unknown Stefan `Sec` Zehl sec@42.org Steinar Haug sthaug@nethelp.no Stephane E. Potvin sepotvin@videotron.ca Stephane Legrand stephane@lituus.fr Stephen Clawson sclawson@marker.cs.utah.edu Stephen F. Combs combssf@salem.ge.com Stephen Farrell stephen@farrell.org Stephen Hocking sysseh@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen J. Roznowski sjr@home.net Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen Melvin melvin@zytek.com Steve Bauer sbauer@rock.sdsmt.edu Steve Coltrin spcoltri@io.com Steve Deering unknown Steve Gerakines steve2@genesis.tiac.net Steve Gericke steveg@comtrol.com Steve Piette steve@simon.chi.il.US Steve Schwarz schwarz@alpharel.com Steven G. Kargl kargl@troutmask.apl.washington.edu Steven H. Samorodin samorodi@NUXI.com Steven McCanne mccanne@cs.berkeley.edu Steven Plite splite@purdue.edu Steven Wallace unknown Stuart Henderson stuart@internationalschool.co.uk Sue Blake sue@welearn.com.au Sugimoto Sadahiro ixtl@komaba.utmc.or.jp Sugiura Shiro ssugiura@duo.co.jp Sujal Patel smpatel@wam.umd.edu Sune Stjerneby stjerneby@usa.net Suzuki Yoshiaki zensyo@ann.tama.kawasaki.jp Tadashi Kumano kumano@strl.nhk.or.jp Taguchi Takeshi taguchi@tohoku.iij.ad.jp Takahiro Yugawa yugawa@orleans.rim.or.jp Takanori Watanabe takawata@shidahara1.planet.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp Takashi Mega mega@minz.org Takashi Uozu j1594016@ed.kagu.sut.ac.jp Takayuki Ariga a00821@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp Takeru NAIKI naiki@bfd.es.hokudai.ac.jp Takeshi Amaike amaike@iri.co.jp Takeshi MUTOH mutoh@info.nara-k.ac.jp Takeshi Ohashi ohashi@mickey.ai.kyutech.ac.jp Takeshi WATANABE watanabe@crayon.earth.s.kobe-u.ac.jp Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@makino.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp Tatoku Ogaito tacha@tera.fukui-med.ac.jp Tatsumi HOSOKAWA hosokawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Ted Buswell tbuswell@mediaone.net Ted Faber faber@isi.edu Ted Lemon mellon@isc.org Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tetsuya Furukawa tetsuya@secom-sis.co.jp Theo de Raadt deraadt@OpenBSD.org Thomas thomas@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Thomas D. Dean tomdean@ix.netcom.com Thomas David Rivers rivers@dignus.com Thomas G. McWilliams tgm@netcom.com Thomas Gellekum thomas@ghpc8.ihf.rwth-aachen.de Thomas Graichen graichen@omega.physik.fu-berlin.de Thomas König Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de Thomas Ptacek unknown Thomas Stevens tas@stevens.org Thomas Stromberg tstrombe@rtci.com Thomas Valentino Crimi tcrimi+@andrew.cmu.edu Thomas Wintergerst thomas@lemur.nord.de Þórður Ívarsson totii@est.is Tim Kientzle kientzle@netcom.com Tim Singletary tsingle@sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov Tim Wilkinson tim@sarc.city.ac.uk Timo J. Rinne tri@iki.fi Todd Miller millert@openbsd.org Tom root@majestix.cmr.no Tom tom@sdf.com Tom Gray - DCA dcasba@rain.org Tom Jobbins tom@tom.tj Tom Pusateri pusateri@juniper.net Tom Rush tarush@mindspring.com Tom Samplonius tom@misery.sdf.com Tomohiko Kurahashi kura@melchior.q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Tony Kimball alk@Think.COM Tony Li tli@jnx.com Tony Lynn wing@cc.nsysu.edu.tw Tony Maher tonym@angis.org.au Torbjorn Granlund tege@matematik.su.se Toshihiko ARAI toshi@tenchi.ne.jp Toshihiko SHIMOKAWA toshi@tea.forus.or.jp Toshihiro Kanda candy@kgc.co.jp Toshiomi Moriki Toshiomi.Moriki@ma1.seikyou.ne.jp Trefor S. trefor@flevel.co.uk Trevor Blackwell tlb@viaweb.com URATA Shuichiro s-urata@nmit.tmg.nec.co.jp Udo Schweigert ust@cert.siemens.de Ugo Paternostro paterno@dsi.unifi.it Ulf Kieber kieber@sax.de Ulli Linzen ulli@perceval.camelot.de Ustimenko Semen semen@iclub.nsu.ru Uwe Arndt arndt@mailhost.uni-koblenz.de Vadim Chekan vadim@gc.lviv.ua Vadim Kolontsov vadim@tversu.ac.ru Vadim Mikhailov mvp@braz.ru Van Jacobson van@ee.lbl.gov Vasily V. Grechishnikov bazilio@ns1.ied-vorstu.ac.ru Vasim Valejev vasim@uddias.diaspro.com Vernon J. Schryver vjs@mica.denver.sgi.com Vic Abell abe@cc.purdue.edu Ville Eerola ve@sci.fi Vincent Poy vince@venus.gaianet.net Vincenzo Capuano VCAPUANO@vmprofs.esoc.esa.de Virgil Champlin champlin@pa.dec.com Vladimir A. Jakovenko vovik@ntu-kpi.kiev.ua Vladimir Kushnir kushn@mail.kar.net Vsevolod Lobko seva@alex-ua.com W. Gerald Hicks wghicks@bellsouth.net W. Richard Stevens rstevens@noao.edu Walt Howard howard@ee.utah.edu Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wayne Scott wscott@ichips.intel.com Werner Griessl werner@btp1da.phy.uni-bayreuth.de Wes Santee wsantee@wsantee.oz.net Wietse Venema wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@apple.com Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de Wilko Bulte wilko@yedi.iaf.nl Will Andrews andrews@technologist.com Willem Jan Withagen wjw@surf.IAE.nl William Jolitz withheld William Liao william@tale.net Wojtek Pilorz wpilorz@celebris.bdk.lublin.pl Wolfgang Helbig helbig@ba-stuttgart.de Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@FreeBSD.org Wu Ching-hong woju@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Yarema yds@ingress.com Yaroslav Terletsky ts@polynet.lviv.ua Yasuhito FUTATSUKI futatuki@fureai.or.jp Yasuhiro Fukama yasuf@big.or.jp Yen-Shuo Su yssu@CCCA.NCTU.edu.tw Ying-Chieh Liao ijliao@csie.NCTU.edu.tw Yixin Jin yjin@rain.cs.ucla.edu Yoshiaki Uchikawa yoshiaki@kt.rim.or.jp Yoshihiko OHTA yohta@bres.tsukuba.ac.jp Yoshihisa NAKAGAWA y-nakaga@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp Yoshikazu Goto gotoh@ae.anritsu.co.jp Yoshimasa Ohnishi ohnishi@isc.kyutech.ac.jp Yoshishige Arai ryo2@on.rim.or.jp Yuichi MATSUTAKA matutaka@osa.att.ne.jp Yujiro MIYATA miyata@bioele.nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp Yukihiro Nakai nacai@iname.com Yusuke Nawano azuki@azkey.org Yuu Yashiki s974123@cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il Yves Fonk yves@cpcoup5.tn.tudelft.nl Yves Fonk yves@dutncp8.tn.tudelft.nl Zach Heilig zach@gaffaneys.com Zahemszhky Gabor zgabor@code.hu Zhong Ming-Xun zmx@mail.CDPA.nsysu.edu.tw arci vega@sophia.inria.fr der Mouse mouse@Collatz.McRCIM.McGill.EDU frf frf@xocolatl.com Ege Rekk aagero@aage.priv.no 386BSD Patch Kit Patch Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Andrey A. Chernov ache@astral.msk.su Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew Moore alm@netcom.com Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com jtk@netcom.com Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Branko Lankester Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Chris G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Rivers rivers@ponds.uucp David Dawes dawes@physics.su.OZ.AU David Greenman dg@Root.COM Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Felix Gaehtgens felix@escape.vsse.in-berlin.de Frank Maclachlan fpm@crash.cts.com Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Guido van Rooij guido@gvr.org Guy Harris guy@auspex.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@novatel.cuc.ab.ca Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Ishii Masahiro, R. Kym Horsell J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James W. Dolter James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu et al Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jörg Lohse lohse@tech7.informatik.uni-hamburg.de Jörg Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de John Dyson John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jordan K. Hubbard jkh@whisker.hubbard.ie Julian Elischer julian@dialix.oz.au - Julian Stacey jhs@freebsd.org + Julian Stacey jhs@FreeBSD.org Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com karl@one.neosoft.com Keith Bostic bostic@toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU Ken Hughes Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kevin Lahey kml%rokkaku.UUCP@mathcs.emory.edu kml@mosquito.cis.ufl.edu Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu tinguely@hookie.cs.ndsu.NoDak.edu Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Nate Williams nate@bsd.coe.montana.edu Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com nick@madhouse.neosoft.com Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paul Kranenburg pk@cs.few.eur.nl Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Peter da Silva peter@NeoSoft.com Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au - Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.ORG + Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.org Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Rick Macklem root@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Rodney W. Grimes rgrimes@cdrom.com Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sean Eric Fagan sef@kithrup.com Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au sjg@zen.void.oz.au Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Terry Lambert terry@icarus.weber.edu Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tor Egge Tor.Egge@idi.ntnu.no Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de William Jolitz withheld Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@dentaro.GUN.de Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml index 76f8f4f2d6..83cf490b8a 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml @@ -1,391 +1,391 @@ Source Tree Guidelines and Policies Contributed by &a.phk;. This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the “official” method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the “official” versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. “Spelling fixes” are explicitly included here under the “cosmetic” category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The Tcl embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it “works out”. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that “official” patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. -obrien@freebsd.org - 30 March 1997 +obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 Encumbered files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the “micro” revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest “minor” revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml index a5ed9584f2..8f3ecfdc06 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml @@ -1,934 +1,934 @@ Advanced Networking Gateways and Routes Contributed by &a.gryphon;. 6 October 1995. For one machine to be able to find another, there must be a mechanism in place to describe how to get from one to the other. This is called Routing. A “route” is a defined pair of addresses: a “destination” and a “gateway”. The pair indicates that if you are trying to get to this destination, send along through this gateway. There are three types of destinations: individual hosts, subnets, and “default”. The “default route” is used if none of the other routes apply. We will talk a little bit more about default routes later on. There are also three types of gateways: individual hosts, interfaces (also called “links”), and ethernet hardware addresses. An example To illustrate different aspects of routing, we will use the following example which is the output of the command netstat -r: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default outside-gw UGSc 37 418 ppp0 localhost localhost UH 0 181 lo0 test0 0:e0:b5:36:cf:4f UHLW 5 63288 ed0 77 10.20.30.255 link#1 UHLW 1 2421 foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 host1 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 3 4601 lo0 host2 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 0 5 lo0 => host2.foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 224 link#1 UC 0 0 The first two lines specify the default route (which we will cover in the next section) and the localhost route. The interface (Netif column) that it specifies to use for localhost is lo0, also known as the loopback device. This says to keep all traffic for this destination internal, rather than sending it out over the LAN, since it will only end up back where it started anyway. The next thing that stands out are the 0:e0:... addresses. These are ethernet hardware addresses. FreeBSD will automatically identify any hosts (test0 in the example) on the local ethernet and add a route for that host, directly to it over the ethernet interface, ed0. There is also a timeout (Expire column) associated with this type of route, which is used if we fail to hear from the host in a specific amount of time. In this case the route will be automatically deleted. These hosts are identified using a mechanism known as RIP (Routing Information Protocol), which figures out routes to local hosts based upon a shortest path determination. FreeBSD will also add subnet routes for the local subnet (10.20.30.255 is the broadcast address for the subnet 10.20.30, and foobar.com is the domain name associated with that subnet). The designation link#1 refers to the first ethernet card in the machine. You will notice no additional interface is specified for those. Both of these groups (local network hosts and local subnets) have their routes automatically configured by a daemon called routed. If this is not run, then only routes which are statically defined (ie. entered explicitly) will exist. The host1 line refers to our host, which it knows by ethernet address. Since we are the sending host, FreeBSD knows to use the loopback interface (lo0) rather than sending it out over the ethernet interface. The two host2 lines are an example of what happens when we use an ifconfig alias (see the section of ethernet for reasons why we would do this). The => symbol after the lo0 interface says that not only are we using the loopback (since this is address also refers to the local host), but specifically it is an alias. Such routes only show up on the host that supports the alias; all other hosts on the local network will simply have a link#1 line for such. The final line (destination subnet 224) deals with MultiCasting, which will be covered in a another section. The other column that we should talk about are the Flags. Each route has different attributes that are described in the column. Below is a short table of some of these flags and their meanings: U Up: The route is active. H Host: The route destination is a single host. G Gateway: Send anything for this destination on to this remote system, which will figure out from there where to send it. S Static: This route was configured manually, not automatically generated by the system. C Clone: Generates a new route based upon this route for machines we connect to. This type of route is normally used for local networks. W WasCloned: Indicated a route that was auto-configured based upon a local area network (Clone) route. L Link: Route involves references to ethernet hardware. Default routes When the local system needs to make a connection to remote host, it checks the routing table to determine if a known path exists. If the remote host falls into a subnet that we know how to reach (Cloned routes), then the system checks to see if it can connect along that interface. If all known paths fail, the system has one last option: the “default” route. This route is a special type of gateway route (usually the only one present in the system), and is always marked with a c in the flags field. For hosts on a local area network, this gateway is set to whatever machine has a direct connection to the outside world (whether via PPP link, or your hardware device attached to a dedicated data line). If you are configuring the default route for a machine which itself is functioning as the gateway to the outside world, then the default route will be the gateway machine at your Internet Service Provider's (ISP) site. Let us look at an example of default routes. This is a common configuration: [Local2] <--ether--> [Local1] <--PPP--> [ISP-Serv] <--ether--> [T1-GW] The hosts Local1 and Local2 are at your site, with the formed being your PPP connection to your ISP's Terminal Server. Your ISP has a local network at their site, which has, among other things, the server where you connect and a hardware device (T1-GW) attached to the ISP's Internet feed. The default routes for each of your machines will be: host default gateway interface Local2 Local1 ethernet Local1 T1-GW PPP A common question is “Why (or how) would we set the T1-GW to be the default gateway for Local1, rather than the ISP server it is connected to?”. Remember, since the PPP interface is using an address on the ISP's local network for your side of the connection, routes for any other machines on the ISP's local network will be automatically generated. Hence, you will already know how to reach the T1-GW machine, so there is no need for the intermediate step of sending traffic to the ISP server. As a final note, it is common to use the address ...1 as the gateway address for your local network. So (using the same example), if your local class-C address space was 10.20.30 and your ISP was using 10.9.9 then the default routes would be: Local2 (10.20.30.2) --> Local1 (10.20.30.1) Local1 (10.20.30.1, 10.9.9.30) --> T1-GW (10.9.9.1) Dual homed hosts There is one other type of configuration that we should cover, and that is a host that sits on two different networks. Technically, any machine functioning as a gateway (in the example above, using a PPP connection) counts as a dual-homed host. But the term is really only used to refer to a machine that sits on two local-area networks. In one case, the machine as two ethernet cards, each having an address on the separate subnets. Alternately, the machine may only have one ethernet card, and be using ifconfig aliasing. The former is used if two physically separate ethernet networks are in use, the latter if there is one physical network segment, but two logically separate subnets. Either way, routing tables are set up so that each subnet knows that this machine is the defined gateway (inbound route) to the other subnet. This configuration, with the machine acting as a Bridge between the two subnets, is often used when we need to implement packet filtering or firewall security in either or both directions. Routing propagation We have already talked about how we define our routes to the outside world, but not about how the outside world finds us. We already know that routing tables can be set up so that all traffic for a particular address space (in our examples, a class-C subnet) can be sent to a particular host on that network, which will forward the packets inbound. When you get an address space assigned to your site, your service provider will set up their routing tables so that all traffic for your subnet will be sent down your PPP link to your site. But how do sites across the country know to send to your ISP? There is a system (much like the distributed DNS information) that keeps track of all assigned address-spaces, and defines their point of connection to the Internet Backbone. The “Backbone” are the main trunk lines that carry Internet traffic across the country, and around the world. Each backbone machine has a copy of a master set of tables, which direct traffic for a particular network to a specific backbone carrier, and from there down the chain of service providers until it reaches your network. It is the task of your service provider to advertise to the backbone sites that they are the point of connection (and thus the path inward) for your site. This is known as route propagation. Troubleshooting Sometimes, there is a problem with routing propagation, and some sites are unable to connect to you. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out where a routing is breaking down is the &man.traceroute.8; command. It is equally useful if you cannot seem to make a connection to a remote machine (i.e. &man.ping.8; fails). The &man.traceroute.8; command is run with the name of the remote host you are trying to connect to. It will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack of connection. For more information, see the manual page for &man.traceroute.8;. NFS Contributed by &a.jlind;. Certain Ethernet adapters for ISA PC systems have limitations which can lead to serious network problems, particularly with NFS. This difficulty is not specific to FreeBSD, but FreeBSD systems are affected by it. The problem nearly always occurs when (FreeBSD) PC systems are networked with high-performance workstations, such as those made by Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The NFS mount will work fine, and some operations may succeed, but suddenly the server will seem to become unresponsive to the client, even though requests to and from other systems continue to be processed. This happens to the client system, whether the client is the FreeBSD system or the workstation. On many systems, there is no way to shut down the client gracefully once this problem has manifested itself. The only solution is often to reset the client, because the NFS situation cannot be resolved. Though the “correct” solution is to get a higher performance and capacity Ethernet adapter for the FreeBSD system, there is a simple workaround that will allow satisfactory operation. If the FreeBSD system is the server, include the option on the mount from the client. If the FreeBSD system is the client, then mount the NFS file system with the option . These options may be specified using the fourth field of the fstab entry on the client for automatic mounts, or by using the parameter of the mount command for manual mounts. It should be noted that there is a different problem, sometimes mistaken for this one, when the NFS servers and clients are on different networks. If that is the case, make certain that your routers are routing the necessary UDP information, or you will not get anywhere, no matter what else you are doing. In the following examples, fastws is the host (interface) name of a high-performance workstation, and freebox is the host (interface) name of a FreeBSD system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter. Also, /sharedfs will be the exported NFS filesystem (see man exports), and /project will be the mount point on the client for the exported file system. In all cases, note that additional options, such as or and may be desirable in your application. Examples for the FreeBSD system (freebox) as the client: in /etc/fstab on freebox: fastws:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-r=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on freebox: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -r=1024 fastws:/sharedfs /project Examples for the FreeBSD system as the server: in /etc/fstab on fastws: freebox:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-w=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on fastws: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -w=1024 freebox:/sharedfs /project Nearly any 16-bit Ethernet adapter will allow operation without the above restrictions on the read or write size. For anyone who cares, here is what happens when the failure occurs, which also explains why it is unrecoverable. NFS typically works with a “block” size of 8k (though it may do fragments of smaller sizes). Since the maximum Ethernet packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS “block” gets split into multiple Ethernet packets, even though it is still a single unit to the upper-level code, and must be received, assembled, and acknowledged as a unit. The high-performance workstations can pump out the packets which comprise the NFS unit one right after the other, just as close together as the standard allows. On the smaller, lower capacity cards, the later packets overrun the earlier packets of the same unit before they can be transferred to the host and the unit as a whole cannot be reconstructed or acknowledged. As a result, the workstation will time out and try again, but it will try again with the entire 8K unit, and the process will be repeated, ad infinitum. By keeping the unit size below the Ethernet packet size limitation, we ensure that any complete Ethernet packet received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding the deadlock situation. Overruns may still occur when a high-performance workstations is slamming data out to a PC system, but with the better cards, such overruns are not guaranteed on NFS “units”. When an overrun occurs, the units affected will be retransmitted, and there will be a fair chance that they will be received, assembled, and acknowledged. Diskless Operation Contributed by &a.martin;. netboot.com/netboot.rom allow you to boot your FreeBSD machine over the network and run FreeBSD without having a disk on your client. Under 2.0 it is now possible to have local swap. Swapping over NFS is also still supported. Supported Ethernet cards include: Western Digital/SMC 8003, 8013, 8216 and compatibles; NE1000/NE2000 and compatibles (requires recompile) Setup Instructions Find a machine that will be your server. This machine will require enough disk space to hold the FreeBSD 2.0 binaries and have bootp, tftp and NFS services available. Tested machines: HP9000/8xx running HP-UX 9.04 or later (pre 9.04 doesn't work) Sun/Solaris 2.3. (you may need to get bootp) Set up a bootp server to provide the client with IP, gateway, netmask. diskless:\ :ht=ether:\ :ha=0000c01f848a:\ :sm=255.255.255.0:\ :hn:\ :ds=192.1.2.3:\ :ip=192.1.2.4:\ :gw=192.1.2.5:\ :vm=rfc1048: Set up a TFTP server (on same machine as bootp server) to provide booting information to client. The name of this file is cfg.X.X.X.X (or /tftpboot/cfg.X.X.X.X, it will try both) where X.X.X.X is the IP address of the client. The contents of this file can be any valid netboot commands. Under 2.0, netboot has the following commands: help print help list ip print/set client's IP address server print/set bootp/tftp server address netmask print/set netmask hostname name print/set hostname kernel print/set kernel name rootfs print/set root filesystem swapfs print/set swap filesystem swapsize set diskless swapsize in Kbytes diskboot boot from disk autoboot continue boot process trans | turn transceiver on|off flags set boot flags A typical completely diskless cfg file might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient swapfs 192.1.2.3:/swapfs swapsize 20000 hostname myclient.mydomain A cfg file for a machine with local swap might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient hostname myclient.mydomain Ensure that your NFS server has exported the root (and swap if applicable) filesystems to your client, and that the client has root access to these filesystems A typical /etc/exports file on FreeBSD might look like: /rootfs/myclient -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain /swapfs -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain And on HP-UX: /rootfs/myclient -root=myclient.mydomain /swapfs -root=myclient.mydomain If you are swapping over NFS (completely diskless configuration) create a swap file for your client using dd. If your swapfs command has the arguments /swapfs and the size 20000 as in the example above, the swapfile for myclient will be called /swapfs/swap.X.X.X.X where X.X.X.X is the client's IP addr, eg: &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 bs=1k count=20000 Also, the client's swap space might contain sensitive information once swapping starts, so make sure to restrict read and write access to this file to prevent unauthorized access: &prompt.root; chmod 0600 /swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 Unpack the root filesystem in the directory the client will use for its root filesystem (/rootfs/myclient in the example above). On HP-UX systems: The server should be running HP-UX 9.04 or later for HP9000/800 series machines. Prior versions do not allow the creation of device files over NFS. When extracting /dev in /rootfs/myclient, beware that some systems (HPUX) will not create device files that FreeBSD is happy with. You may have to go to single user mode on the first bootup (press control-c during the bootup phase), cd /dev and do a sh ./MAKEDEV all from the client to fix this. Run netboot.com on the client or make an EPROM from the netboot.rom file Using Shared <filename>/</filename> and <filename>/usr</filename> filesystems At present there isn't an officially sanctioned way of doing this, although I have been using a shared /usr filesystem and individual / filesystems for each client. If anyone has any suggestions on how to do this cleanly, please let me and/or the &a.core; know. Compiling netboot for specific setups Netboot can be compiled to support NE1000/2000 cards by changing the configuration in /sys/i386/boot/netboot/Makefile. See the comments at the top of this file. ISDN Last modified by &a.wlloyd;. A good resource for information on ISDN technology and hardware is Dan Kegel's ISDN Page. A quick simple roadmap to ISDN follows: If you live in Europe I suggest you investigate the ISDN card section. If you are planning to use ISDN primarily to connect to the Internet with an Internet Provider on a dialup non-dedicated basis, I suggest you look into Terminal Adapters. This will give you the most flexibility, with the fewest problems, if you change providers. If you are connecting two lans together, or connecting to the Internet with a dedicated ISDN connection, I suggest you consider the stand alone router/bridge option. Cost is a significant factor in determining what solution you will choose. The following options are listed from least expensive to most expensive. ISDN Cards Contributed by &a.hm;. This section is really only relevant to ISDN users in countries where the DSS1/Q.931 ISDN standard is supported. Some growing number of PC ISDN cards are supported under FreeBSD 2.2.x and up by the isdn4bsd driver package. It is still under development but the reports show that it is successfully used all over Europe. The latest isdn4bsd version is available from ftp://isdn4bsd@ftp.consol.de/pub/, the main isdn4bsd ftp site (you have to log in as user isdn4bsd , give your mail address as the password and change to the pub directory. Anonymous ftp as user ftp or anonymous will not give the desired result). Isdn4bsd allows you to connect to other ISDN routers using either IP over raw HDLC or by using synchronous PPP. A telephone answering machine application is also available. Many ISDN PC cards are supported, mostly the ones with a Siemens ISDN chipset (ISAC/HSCX), support for other chipsets (from Motorola, Cologne Chip Designs) is currently under development. For an up-to-date list of supported cards, please have a look at the README file. In case you are interested in adding support for a different ISDN protocol, a currently unsupported ISDN PC card or otherwise enhancing isdn4bsd, please get in touch with hm@kts.org. A majordomo maintained mailing list is available. To join the - list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG and + list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org and specify: subscribe freebsd-isdn in the body of your message. ISDN Terminal Adapters Terminal adapters(TA), are to ISDN what modems are to regular phone lines. Most TA's use the standard hayes modem AT command set, and can be used as a drop in replacement for a modem. A TA will operate basically the same as a modem except connection and throughput speeds will be much faster than your old modem. You will need to configure PPP exactly the same as for a modem setup. Make sure you set your serial speed as high as possible. The main advantage of using a TA to connect to an Internet Provider is that you can do Dynamic PPP. As IP address space becomes more and more scarce, most providers are not willing to provide you with a static IP anymore. Most standalone routers are not able to accommodate dynamic IP allocation. TA's completely rely on the PPP daemon that you are running for their features and stability of connection. This allows you to upgrade easily from using a modem to ISDN on a FreeBSD machine, if you already have PPP setup. However, at the same time any problems you experienced with the PPP program and are going to persist. If you want maximum stability, use the kernel PPP option, not the user-land iijPPP. The following TA's are know to work with FreeBSD. Motorola BitSurfer and Bitsurfer Pro Adtran Most other TA's will probably work as well, TA vendors try to make sure their product can accept most of the standard modem AT command set. The real problem with external TA's is like modems you need a good serial card in your computer. You should read the serial ports section in the handbook for a detailed understanding of serial devices, and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous serial ports. A TA running off a standard PC serial port (asynchronous) limits you to 115.2Kbs, even though you have a 128Kbs connection. To fully utilize the 128Kbs that ISDN is capable of, you must move the TA to a synchronous serial card. Do not be fooled into buying an internal TA and thinking you have avoided the synchronous/asynchronous issue. Internal TA's simply have a standard PC serial port chip built into them. All this will do, is save you having to buy another serial cable, and find another empty electrical socket. A synchronous card with a TA is at least as fast as a standalone router, and with a simple 386 FreeBSD box driving it, probably more flexible. The choice of sync/TA vs standalone router is largely a religious issue. There has been some discussion of this in the mailing lists. I suggest you search the archives for the complete discussion. Standalone ISDN Bridges/Routers ISDN bridges or routers are not at all specific to FreeBSD or any other operating system. For a more complete description of routing and bridging technology, please refer to a Networking reference book. In the context of this page, I will use router and bridge interchangeably. As the cost of low end ISDN routers/bridges comes down, it will likely become a more and more popular choice. An ISDN router is a small box that plugs directly into your local Ethernet network(or card), and manages its own connection to the other bridge/router. It has all the software to do PPP and other protocols built in. A router will allow you much faster throughput that a standard TA, since it will be using a full synchronous ISDN connection. The main problem with ISDN routers and bridges is that interoperability between manufacturers can still be a problem. If you are planning to connect to an Internet provider, I recommend that you discuss your needs with them. If you are planning to connect two lan segments together, ie: home lan to the office lan, this is the simplest lowest maintenance solution. Since you are buying the equipment for both sides of the connection you can be assured that the link will work. For example to connect a home computer or branch office network to a head office network the following setup could be used. Branch office or Home network Network is 10 Base T Ethernet. Connect router to network cable with AUI/10BT transceiver, if necessary. ---Sun workstation | ---FreeBSD box | ---Windows 95 (Do not admit to owning it) | Standalone router | ISDN BRI line If your home/branch office is only one computer you can use a twisted pair crossover cable to connect to the standalone router directly. Head office or other lan Network is Twisted Pair Ethernet. -------Novell Server | H | | ---Sun | | | U ---FreeBSD | | | ---Windows 95 | B | |___---Standalone router | ISDN BRI line One large advantage of most routers/bridges is that they allow you to have 2 separate independent PPP connections to 2 separate sites at the same time. This is not supported on most TA's, except for specific(expensive) models that have two serial ports. Do not confuse this with channel bonding, MPP etc. This can be very useful feature, for example if you have an dedicated internet ISDN connection at your office and would like to tap into it, but don't want to get another ISDN line at work. A router at the office location can manage a dedicated B channel connection (64Kbs) to the internet, as well as a use the other B channel for a separate data connection. The second B channel can be used for dialin, dialout or dynamically bond(MPP etc.) with the first B channel for more bandwidth. An Ethernet bridge will also allow you to transmit more than just IP traffic, you can also send IPX/SPX or whatever other protocols you use. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent index bc15cc25ad..43fd766942 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent @@ -1,387 +1,387 @@ abial@FreeBSD.org"> ache@FreeBSD.org"> adam@FreeBSD.org"> alc@FreeBSD.org"> alex@FreeBSD.org"> amurai@FreeBSD.org"> andreas@FreeBSD.org"> archie@FreeBSD.org"> asami@FreeBSD.org"> ats@FreeBSD.org"> awebster@pubnix.net"> bde@FreeBSD.org"> billf@FreeBSD.org"> brandon@FreeBSD.org"> brian@FreeBSD.org"> cawimm@FreeBSD.org"> cg@FreeBSD.org"> charnier@FreeBSD.org"> chuckr@glue.umd.edu"> chuckr@FreeBSD.org"> cpiazza@FreeBSD.org"> cracauer@FreeBSD.org"> csgr@FreeBSD.org"> cwt@FreeBSD.org"> danny@FreeBSD.org"> darrenr@FreeBSD.org"> davidn@blaze.net.au"> dbaker@FreeBSD.org"> dburr@FreeBSD.org"> dcs@FreeBSD.org"> deischen@FreeBSD.org"> des@FreeBSD.org"> dfr@FreeBSD.org"> dg@FreeBSD.org"> dick@FreeBSD.org"> dillon@FreeBSD.org"> dima@FreeBSD.org"> dirk@FreeBSD.org"> Dirk.vanGulik@jrc.it"> dt@FreeBSD.org"> dufault@FreeBSD.org"> dwhite@FreeBSD.org"> dyson@FreeBSD.org"> eivind@FreeBSD.org"> ejc@FreeBSD.org"> erich@FreeBSD.org"> faq@FreeBSD.org"> fenner@FreeBSD.org"> flathill@FreeBSD.org"> foxfair@FreeBSD.org"> fsmp@FreeBSD.org"> gallatin@FreeBSD.org"> gclarkii@FreeBSD.org"> gehenna@FreeBSD.org"> gena@NetVision.net.il"> ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu"> gibbs@FreeBSD.org"> gj@FreeBSD.org"> gpalmer@FreeBSD.org"> graichen@FreeBSD.org"> green@FreeBSD.org"> grog@FreeBSD.org"> gryphon@healer.com"> guido@FreeBSD.org"> hanai@FreeBSD.org"> handy@sxt4.physics.montana.edu"> helbig@FreeBSD.org"> hm@FreeBSD.org"> hoek@FreeBSD.org"> hosokawa@FreeBSD.org"> hsu@FreeBSD.org"> imp@FreeBSD.org"> itojun@itojun.org"> iwasaki@FreeBSD.org"> jasone@FreeBSD.org"> jb@cimlogic.com.au"> jdp@FreeBSD.org"> jehamby@lightside.com"> jfieber@FreeBSD.org"> jfitz@FreeBSD.org"> jgreco@FreeBSD.org"> jhay@FreeBSD.org"> jhs@FreeBSD.org"> jkh@FreeBSD.org"> jkoshy@FreeBSD.org"> jlemon@FreeBSD.org"> john@starfire.MN.ORG"> jlrobin@FreeBSD.org"> jmacd@FreeBSD.org"> jmb@FreeBSD.org"> jmg@FreeBSD.org"> jmz@FreeBSD.org"> joerg@FreeBSD.org"> john@FreeBSD.org"> jraynard@FreeBSD.org"> jseger@FreeBSD.org"> julian@FreeBSD.org"> jvh@FreeBSD.org"> karl@FreeBSD.org"> kato@FreeBSD.org"> kelly@plutotech.com"> ken@FreeBSD.org"> kjc@FreeBSD.org"> kris@FreeBSD.org"> kuriyama@FreeBSD.org"> lars@FreeBSD.org"> lile@FreeBSD.org"> ljo@FreeBSD.org"> luoqi@FreeBSD.org"> marcel@FreeBSD.org"> markm@FreeBSD.org"> martin@FreeBSD.org"> max@FreeBSD.org"> mark@vmunix.com"> mbarkah@FreeBSD.org"> mckay@FreeBSD.org"> mckusick@FreeBSD.org"> md@bsc.no"> winter@jurai.net"> mharo@FreeBSD.org"> mjacob@FreeBSD.org"> mks@FreeBSD.org"> motoyuki@FreeBSD.org"> mph@FreeBSD.org"> mpp@FreeBSD.org"> msmith@FreeBSD.org"> nate@FreeBSD.org"> nectar@FreeBSD.org"> newton@FreeBSD.org"> n_hibma@FreeBSD.org"> nik@FreeBSD.org"> nsayer@FreeBSD.org"> nsj@FreeBSD.org"> nyan@FreeBSD.org"> obrien@FreeBSD.org"> olah@FreeBSD.org"> opsys@open-systems.net"> paul@FreeBSD.org"> pb@fasterix.freenix.org"> pds@FreeBSD.org"> peter@FreeBSD.org"> phk@FreeBSD.org"> pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au"> proven@FreeBSD.org"> pst@FreeBSD.org"> rgrimes@FreeBSD.org"> rhuff@cybercom.net"> ricardag@ag.com.br"> rich@FreeBSD.org"> rnordier@FreeBSD.org"> roberto@FreeBSD.org"> rse@FreeBSD.org"> ru@FreeBSD.org"> sada@FreeBSD.org"> scrappy@FreeBSD.org"> se@FreeBSD.org"> sef@FreeBSD.org"> sheldonh@FreeBSD.org"> shige@FreeBSD.org"> simokawa@FreeBSD.org"> smace@FreeBSD.org"> smpatel@FreeBSD.org"> sos@FreeBSD.org"> stark@FreeBSD.org"> stb@FreeBSD.org"> steve@FreeBSD.org"> swallace@FreeBSD.org"> tanimura@FreeBSD.org"> taoka@FreeBSD.org"> tedm@FreeBSD.org"> tegge@FreeBSD.org"> tg@FreeBSD.org"> thepish@FreeBSD.org"> -tom@freebsd.org"> +tom@FreeBSD.org"> torstenb@FreeBSD.org"> truckman@FreeBSD.org"> ugen@FreeBSD.org"> uhclem@FreeBSD.org"> ulf@FreeBSD.org"> vanilla@FreeBSD.org"> wes@FreeBSD.org"> whiteside@acm.org"> wilko@yedi.iaf.nl"> wlloyd@mpd.ca"> wollman@FreeBSD.org"> wosch@FreeBSD.org"> wpaul@FreeBSD.org"> yokota@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml index b11aa28161..aeabf86faf 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml @@ -1,478 +1,478 @@ Bibliography While the manual pages provide the definitive reference for individual pieces of the FreeBSD operating system, they are notorious for not illustrating how to put the pieces together to make the whole operating system run smoothly. For this, there is no substitute for a good book on UNIX system administration and a good users' manual. Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD International books & Magazines: Using FreeBSD (in Chinese). FreeBSD for PC 98'ers (in Japanese), published by SHUWA System Co, LTD. ISBN 4-87966-468-5 C3055 P2900E. FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by CUTT. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E. Complete Introduction to FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by Shoeisha Co., Ltd. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E. Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E. FreeBSD Handbook (Japanese translation), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E. FreeBSD mit Methode (in German), published by Computer und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0. FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual (in Japanese), published by Mainichi Communications Inc.. English language books & Magazines: The Complete FreeBSD, published by Walnut Creek CDROM. Users' Guides Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-075-9 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-076-7 UNIX in a Nutshell. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1990. ISBN 093717520X Mui, Linda. What You Need To Know When You Can't Find Your UNIX System Administrator. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-104-6 Ohio State University has written a UNIX Introductory Course which is available online in HTML and postscript format. - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD User's Reference Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0088-4 P3800E. Administrators' Guides Albitz, Paul and Liu, Cricket. DNS and BIND, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-236-0 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-080-5 Costales, Brian, et al. Sendmail, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-222-0 Frisch, Æleen. Essential System Administration, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-127-5 Hunt, Craig. TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-937175-82-X Nemeth, Evi. UNIX System Administration Handbook. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0131510517 Stern, Hal Managing NFS and NIS O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-937175-75-7 - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD System Administrator's Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0109-0 P3300E. Programmers' Guides Asente, Paul. X Window System Toolkit. Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-051-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-078-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-079-1 Harbison, Samuel P. and Steele, Guy L. Jr. C: A Reference Manual. 4rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0-13-326224-3 Kernighan, Brian and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Programming Language.. PTR Prentice Hall, 1988. ISBN 0-13-110362-9 Lehey, Greg. Porting UNIX Software. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-126-7 Plauger, P. J. The Standard C Library. Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-131509-9 Stevens, W. Richard. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1992 ISBN 0-201-56317-7 Stevens, W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming. 2nd Ed, PTR Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN 0-13-490012-X Wells, Bill. “Writing Serial Drivers for UNIX”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. 19(15), December 1994. pp68-71, 97-99. Operating System Internals Andleigh, Prabhat K. UNIX System Architecture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-13-949843-5 Jolitz, William. “Porting UNIX to the 386”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. January 1991-July 1992. Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and John Quarterman The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1 Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System: Answer Book. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-54629-9 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and John Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63346-9 Schimmel, Curt. Unix Systems for Modern Architectures. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1994. ISBN 0-201-63338-8 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP and the UNIX Domain Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63495-3 Vahalia, Uresh. UNIX Internals -- The New Frontiers. Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN 0-13-101908-2 Wright, Gary R. and W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63354-X Security Reference Cheswick, William R. and Steven M. Bellovin. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63357-4 Garfinkel, Simson and Gene Spafford. Practical UNIX Security. 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1996. ISBN 1-56592-148-8 Garfinkel, Simson. PGP Pretty Good Privacy O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-098-8 Hardware Reference Anderson, Don and Tom Shanley. Pentium Processor System Architecture. 2nd Ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40992-5 Ferraro, Richard F. Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62490-7 Intel Corporation publishes documentation on their CPUs, chipsets and standards on their developer web site, usually as PDF files. Shanley, Tom. 80486 System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40994-1 Shanley, Tom. ISA System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40996-8 Shanley, Tom. PCI System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40993-3 Van Gilluwe, Frank. The Undocumented PC. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1994. ISBN 0-201-62277-7 UNIX History Lion, John Lion's Commentary on UNIX, 6th Ed. With Source Code. ITP Media Group, 1996. ISBN 1573980137 Raymond, Eric S. The New Hacker's Dictonary, 3rd edition. MIT Press, 1996. ISBN 0-262-68092-0. Also known as the Jargon File Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-201-54777-5 Simon Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann. The UNIX-HATERS Handbook. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56884-203-1 Don Libes, Sandy Ressler Life with UNIX — special edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989. ISBN 0-13-536657-7 The BSD family tree. 1997. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree or local on a FreeBSD-current machine. The BSD Release Announcements collection. 1997. http://www.de.FreeBSD.ORG/de/ftp/releases/ + URL="http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/">http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/ Networked Computer Science Technical Reports Library. http://www.ncstrl.org/ Old BSD releases from the Computer Systems Research group (CSRG). http://www.mckusick.com/csrg/: The 4CD set covers all BSD versions from 1BSD to 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite2 (but not 2.11BSD, unfortunately). As well, the last disk holds the final sources plus the SCCS files. Magazines and Journals The C/C++ Users Journal. R&D Publications Inc. ISSN 1075-2838 Sys Admin — The Journal for UNIX System Administrators Miller Freeman, Inc., ISSN 1061-2688 diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml index cfff571210..e8432b2364 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,129 +1,129 @@ %man; %bookinfo; %chapters; %authors; %mailing-lists; %newsgroups; ]> FreeBSD Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project February 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 The FreeBSD Documentation Project &bookinfo.legalnotice; Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD Release &rel.current;. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the &a.doc;. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. + URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">FreeBSD World Wide Web server. It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc">FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. You may also want to - Search the + Search the Handbook. Getting Started &chap.introduction; &chap.install; &chap.basics; &chap.ports System Administration &chap.kernelconfig; &chap.security; &chap.printing; &chap.disks; &chap.backups; &chap.quotas; &chap.x11; &chap.hw; &chap.l10n; Network Communications &chap.serialcomms; &chap.ppp-and-slip; &chap.advanced-networking; &chap.mail; Advanced topics &chap.cutting-edge; &chap.contrib; &chap.policies; &chap.kernelopts; &chap.kerneldebug; &chap.linuxemu; &chap.internals; Appendices &chap.mirrors; &chap.bibliography; &chap.eresources; &chap.staff; &chap.pgpkeys; diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml index e47079d905..71a6956f69 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml @@ -1,5765 +1,5765 @@ Contributing to FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. So you want to contribute something to FreeBSD? That is great! We can always use the help, and FreeBSD is one of those systems that relies on the contributions of its user base in order to survive. Your contributions are not only appreciated, they are vital to FreeBSD's continued growth! Contrary to what some people might also have you believe, you do not need to be a hot-shot programmer or a close personal friend of the FreeBSD core team in order to have your contributions accepted. The FreeBSD Project's development is done by a large and growing number of international contributors whose ages and areas of technical expertise vary greatly, and there is always more work to be done than there are people available to do it. Since the FreeBSD project is responsible for an entire operating system environment (and its installation) rather than just a kernel or a few scattered utilities, our TODO list also spans a very wide range of tasks, from documentation, beta testing and presentation to highly specialized types of kernel development. No matter what your skill level, there is almost certainly something you can do to help the project! Commercial entities engaged in FreeBSD-related enterprises are also encouraged to contact us. Need a special extension to make your product work? You will find us receptive to your requests, given that they are not too outlandish. Working on a value-added product? Please let us know! We may be able to work cooperatively on some aspect of it. The free software world is challenging a lot of existing assumptions about how software is developed, sold, and maintained throughout its life cycle, and we urge you to at least give it a second look. What Is Needed The following list of tasks and sub-projects represents something of an amalgam of the various core team TODO lists and user requests we have collected over the last couple of months. Where possible, tasks have been ranked by degree of urgency. If you are interested in working on one of the tasks you see here, send mail to the coordinator listed by clicking on their names. If no coordinator has been appointed, maybe you would like to volunteer? High priority tasks The following tasks are considered to be urgent, usually because they represent something that is badly broken or sorely needed: 3-stage boot issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Do WinNT compatible drive tagging so that the 3rd stage can provide an accurate mapping of BIOS geometries for disks. Filesystem problems. Overall coordination: &a.fs; Fix the MSDOS file system. Clean up and document the nullfs filesystem code. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Fix the union file system. Coordinator: &a.dg; Implement Int13 vm86 disk driver. Coordinator: &a.hackers; New bus architecture. Coordinator: &a.newbus; Port existing ISA drivers to new architecture. Move all interrupt-management code to appropriate parts of the bus drivers. Port PCI subsystem to new architecture. Coordinator: &a.dfr; Figure out the right way to handle removable devices and then use that as a substrate on which PC-Card and CardBus support can be implemented. Resolve the probe/attach priority issue once and for all. Move any remaining buses over to the new architecture. Kernel issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Add more pro-active security infrastructure. Overall coordination: &a.security; Build something like Tripwire(TM) into the kernel, with a remote and local part. There are a number of cryptographic issues to getting this right; contact the coordinator for details. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make the entire kernel use suser() instead of comparing to 0. It is presently using about half of each. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Split securelevels into different parts, to allow an administrator to throw away those privileges he can throw away. Setting the overall securelevel needs to have the same effect as now, obviously. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make it possible to upload a list of “allowed program” to BPF, and then block BPF from accepting other programs. This would allow BPF to be used e.g. for DHCP, without allowing an attacker to start snooping the local network. Update the security checker script. We should at least grab all the checks from the other BSD derivatives, and add checks that a system with securelevel increased also have reasonable flags on the relevant parts. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Add authorization infrastructure to the kernel, to allow different authorization policies. Part of this could be done by modifying suser(). Coordinatory: &a.eivind; Add code to the NFS layer so that you cannot chdir("..") out of an NFS partition. E.g., /usr is a UFS partition with /usr/src NFS exported. Now it is possible to use the NFS filehandle for /usr/src to get access to /usr. Medium priority tasks The following tasks need to be done, but not with any particular urgency: Full KLD based driver support/Configuration Manager. Write a configuration manager (in the 3rd stage boot?) that probes your hardware in a sane manner, keeps only the KLDs required for your hardware, etc. PCMCIA/PCCARD. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; Documentation! Reliable operation of the pcic driver (needs testing). Recognizer and handler for sio.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ed.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ep.c (mostly done). User-mode recognizer and handler (partially done). Advanced Power Management. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; APM sub-driver (mostly done). IDE/ATA disk sub-driver (partially done). syscons/pcvt sub-driver. Integration with the PCMCIA/PCCARD drivers (suspend/resume). Low priority tasks The following tasks are purely cosmetic or represent such an investment of work that it is not likely that anyone will get them done anytime soon: The first N items are from Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org NetWare Server (protected mode ODI driver) loader and subservices to allow the use of ODI card drivers supplied with network cards. The same thing for NDIS drivers and NetWare SCSI drivers. An "upgrade system" option that works on Linux boxes instead of just previous rev FreeBSD boxes. Symmetric Multiprocessing with kernel preemption (requires kernel preemption). A concerted effort at support for portable computers. This is somewhat handled by changing PCMCIA bridging rules and power management event handling. But there are things like detecting internal vs. external display and picking a different screen resolution based on that fact, not spinning down the disk if the machine is in dock, and allowing dock-based cards to disappear without affecting the machines ability to boot (same issue for PCMCIA). Smaller tasks Most of the tasks listed in the previous sections require either a considerable investment of time or an in-depth knowledge of the FreeBSD kernel (or both). However, there are also many useful tasks which are suitable for "weekend hackers", or people without programming skills. If you run FreeBSD-current and have a good Internet connection, there is a machine current.FreeBSD.org which builds a full release once a day — every now and again, try and install the latest release from it and report any failures in the process. Read the freebsd-bugs mailing list. There might be a problem you can comment constructively on or with patches you can test. Or you could even try to fix one of the problems yourself. Read through the FAQ and Handbook periodically. If anything is badly explained, out of date or even just completely wrong, let us know. Even better, send us a fix (SGML is not difficult to learn, but there is no objection to ASCII submissions). Help translate FreeBSD documentation into your native language (if not already available) — just send an email to &a.doc; asking if anyone is working on it. Note that you are not committing yourself to translating every single FreeBSD document by doing this — in fact, the documentation most in need of translation is the installation instructions. Read the freebsd-questions mailing list and &ng.misc occasionally (or even regularly). It can be very satisfying to share your expertise and help people solve their problems; sometimes you may even learn something new yourself! These forums can also be a source of ideas for things to work on. If you know of any bugfixes which have been successfully applied to -current but have not been merged into -stable after a decent interval (normally a couple of weeks), send the committer a polite reminder. Move contributed software to src/contrib in the source tree. Make sure code in src/contrib is up to date. Look for year 2000 bugs (and fix any you find!) Build the source tree (or just part of it) with extra warnings enabled and clean up the warnings. Fix warnings for ports which do deprecated things like using gets() or including malloc.h. If you have contributed any ports, send your patches back to the original author (this will make your life easier when they bring out the next version) Suggest further tasks for this list! How to Contribute Contributions to the system generally fall into one or more of the following 6 categories: Bug reports and general commentary An idea or suggestion of general technical interest should be mailed to the &a.hackers;. Likewise, people with an interest in such things (and a tolerance for a high volume of mail!) may subscribe to the hackers mailing list by sending mail to &a.majordomo;. See mailing lists for more information about this and other mailing lists. If you find a bug or are submitting a specific change, please report it using the &man.send-pr.1; program or its WEB-based equivalent. Try to fill-in each field of the bug report. Unless they exceed 65KB, include any patches directly in the report. When including patches, do not use cut-and-paste because cut-and-paste turns tabs into spaces and makes them unusable. Consider compressing patches and using &man.uuencode.1; if they exceed 20KB. Upload very large submissions to ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/">ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. After filing a report, you should receive confirmation along with a tracking number. Keep this tracking number so that you can update us with details about the problem by sending mail to - bug-followup@FreeBSD.ORG. Use the number as the + bug-followup@FreeBSD.org. Use the number as the message subject, e.g. "Re: kern/3377". Additional information for any bug report should be submitted this way. If you do not receive confirmation in a timely fashion (3 days to a week, depending on your email connection) or are, for some reason, unable to use the &man.send-pr.1; command, then you may ask someone to file it for you by sending mail to the &a.bugs;. Changes to the documentation Changes to the documentation are overseen by the &a.doc;. Send submissions and changes (even small ones are welcome!) using send-pr as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Changes to existing source code An addition or change to the existing source code is a somewhat trickier affair and depends a lot on how far out of date you are with the current state of the core FreeBSD development. There is a special on-going release of FreeBSD known as “FreeBSD-current” which is made available in a variety of ways for the convenience of developers working actively on the system. See Staying current with FreeBSD for more information about getting and using FreeBSD-current. Working from older sources unfortunately means that your changes may sometimes be too obsolete or too divergent for easy re-integration into FreeBSD. Chances of this can be minimized somewhat by subscribing to the &a.announce; and the &a.current; lists, where discussions on the current state of the system take place. Assuming that you can manage to secure fairly up-to-date sources to base your changes on, the next step is to produce a set of diffs to send to the FreeBSD maintainers. This is done with the &man.diff.1; command, with the “context diff” form being preferred. For example: &prompt.user; diff -c oldfile newfile or &prompt.user; diff -c -r olddir newdir would generate such a set of context diffs for the given source file or directory hierarchy. See the man page for &man.diff.1; for more details. Once you have a set of diffs (which you may test with the &man.patch.1; command), you should submit them for inclusion with FreeBSD. Use the &man.send-pr.1; program as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Do not just send the diffs to the &a.hackers; or they will get lost! We greatly appreciate your submission (this is a volunteer project!); because we are busy, we may not be able to address it immediately, but it will remain in the pr database until we do. If you feel it appropriate (e.g. you have added, deleted, or renamed files), bundle your changes into a tar file and run the &man.uuencode.1; program on it. Shar archives are also welcome. If your change is of a potentially sensitive nature, e.g. you are unsure of copyright issues governing its further distribution or you are simply not ready to release it without a tighter review first, then you should send it to &a.core; directly rather than submitting it with &man.send-pr.1;. The core mailing list reaches a much smaller group of people who do much of the day-to-day work on FreeBSD. Note that this group is also very busy and so you should only send mail to them where it is truly necessary. Please refer to man 9 intro and man 9 style for some information on coding style. We would appreciate it if you were at least aware of this information before submitting code. New code or major value-added packages In the rare case of a significant contribution of a large body work, or the addition of an important new feature to FreeBSD, it becomes almost always necessary to either send changes as uuencode'd tar files or upload them to our ftp site ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. When working with large amounts of code, the touchy subject of copyrights also invariably comes up. Acceptable copyrights for code included in FreeBSD are: The BSD copyright. This copyright is most preferred due to its “no strings attached” nature and general attractiveness to commercial enterprises. Far from discouraging such commercial use, the FreeBSD Project actively encourages such participation by commercial interests who might eventually be inclined to invest something of their own into FreeBSD. The GNU Public License, or “GPL”. This license is not quite as popular with us due to the amount of extra effort demanded of anyone using the code for commercial purposes, but given the sheer quantity of GPL'd code we currently require (compiler, assembler, text formatter, etc) it would be silly to refuse additional contributions under this license. Code under the GPL also goes into a different part of the tree, that being /sys/gnu or /usr/src/gnu, and is therefore easily identifiable to anyone for whom the GPL presents a problem. Contributions coming under any other type of copyright must be carefully reviewed before their inclusion into FreeBSD will be considered. Contributions for which particularly restrictive commercial copyrights apply are generally rejected, though the authors are always encouraged to make such changes available through their own channels. To place a “BSD-style” copyright on your work, include the following text at the very beginning of every source code file you wish to protect, replacing the text between the %% with the appropriate information. Copyright (c) %%proper_years_here%% %%your_name_here%%, %%your_state%% %%your_zip%%. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY %%your_name_here%% ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL %%your_name_here%% BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. $Id$ For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in /usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright. Money, Hardware or Internet access We are always very happy to accept donations to further the cause of the FreeBSD Project and, in a volunteer effort like ours, a little can go a long way! Donations of hardware are also very important to expanding our list of supported peripherals since we generally lack the funds to buy such items ourselves. <anchor id="donations">Donating funds While the FreeBSD Project is not a 501(c)(3) (charitable) corporation and hence cannot offer special tax incentives for any donations made, any such donations will be gratefully accepted on behalf of the project by FreeBSD, Inc. FreeBSD, Inc. was founded in early 1995 by &a.jkh; and &a.dg; with the goal of furthering the aims of the FreeBSD Project and giving it a minimal corporate presence. Any and all funds donated (as well as any profits that may eventually be realized by FreeBSD, Inc.) will be used exclusively to further the project's goals. Please make any checks payable to FreeBSD, Inc., sent in care of the following address:
FreeBSD, Inc. c/o Jordan Hubbard 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520
(currently using the Walnut Creek CDROM address until a PO box can be opened) Wire transfers may also be sent directly to:
Bank Of America Concord Main Office P.O. Box 37176 San Francisco CA, 94137-5176 Routing #: 121-000-358 Account #: 01411-07441 (FreeBSD, Inc.)
Any correspondence related to donations should be sent to &a.jkh, either via email or to the FreeBSD, Inc. postal address given above. If you do not wish to be listed in our donors section, please specify this when making your donation. Thanks! Donating hardware Donations of hardware in any of the 3 following categories are also gladly accepted by the FreeBSD Project: General purpose hardware such as disk drives, memory or complete systems should be sent to the FreeBSD, Inc. address listed in the donating funds section. Hardware for which ongoing compliance testing is desired. We are currently trying to put together a testing lab of all components that FreeBSD supports so that proper regression testing can be done with each new release. We are still lacking many important pieces (network cards, motherboards, etc) and if you would like to make such a donation, please contact &a.dg; for information on which items are still required. Hardware currently unsupported by FreeBSD for which you would like to see such support added. Please contact the &a.core; before sending such items as we will need to find a developer willing to take on the task before we can accept delivery of new hardware. Donating Internet access We can always use new mirror sites for FTP, WWW or cvsup. If you would like to be such a mirror, please contact the FreeBSD project administrators - admin@FreeBSD.ORG for more information. + admin@FreeBSD.org for more information. Donors Gallery The FreeBSD Project is indebted to the following donors and would like to publically thank them here! Contributors to the central server project: The following individuals and businesses made it possible for the FreeBSD Project to build a new central server machine to eventually replace freefall.FreeBSD.org by donating the following items: &a.mbarkah and his employer, Hemisphere Online, donated a Pentium Pro (P6) 200Mhz CPU ASA Computers donated a Tyan 1662 motherboard. Joe McGuckin joe@via.net of ViaNet Communications donated a Kingston ethernet controller. Jack O'Neill jack@diamond.xtalwind.net donated an NCR 53C875 SCSI controller card. Ulf Zimmermann ulf@Alameda.net of Alameda Networks donated 128MB of memory, a 4 Gb disk drive and the case. Direct funding: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed direct funding to the project: Annelise Anderson ANDRSN@HOOVER.STANFORD.EDU &a.dillon Epilogue Technology Corporation &a.sef Don Scott Wilde Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@masternet.it Josef C. Grosch joeg@truenorth.org Robert T. Morris &a.chuckr Kenneth P. Stox ken@stox.sa.enteract.com of Imaginary Landscape, LLC. Dmitry S. Kohmanyuk dk@dog.farm.org Laser5 of Japan (a portion of the profits from sales of their various FreeBSD CD-ROMs. Fuki Shuppan Publishing Co. donated a portion of their profits from Hajimete no FreeBSD (FreeBSD, Getting started) to the FreeBSD and XFree86 projects. ASCII Corp. donated a portion of their profits from several FreeBSD-related books to the FreeBSD project. Yokogawa Electric Corp has generously donated significant funding to the FreeBSD project. BuffNET Pacific Solutions Siemens AG via Andre Albsmeier Chris Silva Hardware contributors: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed hardware for testing and device driver development/support: Walnut Creek CDROM for providing the Pentium P5-90 and 486/DX2-66 EISA/VL systems that are being used for our development work, to say nothing of the network access and other donations of hardware resources. TRW Financial Systems, Inc. provided 130 PCs, three 68 GB fileservers, twelve Ethernets, two routers and an ATM switch for debugging the diskless code. Dermot McDonnell donated the Toshiba XM3401B CDROM drive currently used in freefall. &a.chuck; contributed his floppy tape streamer for experimental work. Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM, and &a.wilko;, provided Wangtek and Archive QIC-02 tape drives in order to improve the wt driver. Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de contributed a 2.88 MB floppy drive to the project. This will hopefully increase the pressure for rewriting the floppy disk driver. ;-) Tekram Technologies sent one each of their DC-390, DC-390U and DC-390F FAST and ULTRA SCSI host adapter cards for regression testing of the NCR and AMD drivers with their cards. They are also to be applauded for making driver sources for free operating systems available from their FTP server ftp://ftp.tekram.com/scsi/FreeBSD. Larry M. Augustin contributed not only a Symbios Sym8751S SCSI card, but also a set of data books, including one about the forthcoming Sym53c895 chip with Ultra-2 and LVD support, and the latest programming manual with information on how to safely use the advanced features of the latest Symbios SCSI chips. Thanks a lot! Christoph Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org donated an FX120 12 speed Mitsumi CDROM drive for IDE CDROM driver development. Special contributors: Walnut Creek CDROM has donated almost more than we can say (see the history document for more details). In particular, we would like to thank them for the original hardware used for freefall.FreeBSD.ORG, our primary + role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org, our primary development machine, and for thud.FreeBSD.ORG, a testing and build + role="fqdn">thud.FreeBSD.org, a testing and build box. We are also indebted to them for funding various contributors over the years and providing us with unrestricted use of their T1 connection to the Internet. The interface business GmbH, Dresden has been patiently supporting &a.joerg; who has often preferred FreeBSD work over paywork, and used to fall back to their (quite expensive) EUnet Internet connection whenever his private connection became too slow or flakey to work with it... Berkeley Software Design, Inc. has contributed their DOS emulator code to the remaining BSD world, which is used in the doscmd command. Core Team Alumni The following people were members of the FreeBSD core team during the periods indicated. We thank them for their past efforts in the service of the FreeBSD project. In rough chronological order: &a.guido (1995 - 1999) &a.dyson (1993 - 1998) &a.nate (1992 - 1996) &a.rgrimes (1992 - 1995) Andreas Schulz (1992 - 1995) &a.csgr (1993 - 1995) &a.paul (1992 - 1995) &a.smace (1993 - 1994) Andrew Moore (1993 - 1994) Christoph Robitschko (1993 - 1994) J. T. Conklin (1992 - 1993) Derived Software Contributors This software was originally derived from William F. Jolitz's 386BSD release 0.1, though almost none of the original 386BSD specific code remains. This software has been essentially re-implemented from the 4.4BSD-Lite release provided by the Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley and associated academic contributors. There are also portions of NetBSD and OpenBSD that have been integrated into FreeBSD as well, and we would therefore like to thank all the contributors to NetBSD and OpenBSD for their work. Additional FreeBSD Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): ABURAYA Ryushirou rewsirow@ff.iij4u.or.jp AMAGAI Yoshiji amagai@nue.org Aaron Bornstein aaronb@j51.com Aaron Smith aaron@mutex.org Achim Patzner ap@noses.com Ada T Lim ada@bsd.org Adam Baran badam@mw.mil.pl Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adam McDougall mcdouga9@egr.msu.edu Adrian Colley aecolley@ois.ie Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu Adrian Steinmann ast@marabu.ch Adam Strohl troll@digitalspark.net Adrian T. Filipi-Martin atf3r@agate.cs.virginia.edu Ajit Thyagarajan unknown Akio Morita amorita@meadow.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp Akira SAWADA unknown Akira Watanabe akira@myaw.ei.meisei-u.ac.jp Akito Fujita fujita@zoo.ncl.omron.co.jp Alain Kalker A.C.P.M.Kalker@student.utwente.nl Alan Bawden alan@curry.epilogue.com Alec Wolman wolman@cs.washington.edu Aled Morris aledm@routers.co.uk Alex garbanzo@hooked.net Alex D. Chen dhchen@Canvas.dorm7.nccu.edu.tw Alex G. Bulushev bag@demos.su Alex Le Heux alexlh@funk.org Alex Perel veers@disturbed.net Alexander B. Povolotsky tarkhil@mgt.msk.ru Alexander Leidinger netchild@wurzelausix.CS.Uni-SB.DE Alexander Langer alex@cichlids.com Alexandre Snarskii snar@paranoia.ru Alfred Perlstein bright@rush.net Alistair G. Crooks agc@uts.amdahl.com Allan Saddi asaddi@philosophysw.com Allen Campbell allenc@verinet.com Amakawa Shuhei amakawa@hoh.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Amancio Hasty hasty@star-gate.com Amir Farah amir@comtrol.com Amy Baron amee@beer.org Anatoly A. Orehovsky tolik@mpeks.tomsk.su Anatoly Vorobey mellon@pobox.com Anders Nordby nickerne@nome.no Anders Thulin Anders.X.Thulin@telia.se Andras Olah olah@cs.utwente.nl Andre Albsmeier Andre.Albsmeier@mchp.siemens.de Andre Oppermann andre@pipeline.ch Andreas Haakh ah@alman.robin.de Andreas Kohout shanee@rabbit.augusta.de Andreas Lohr andreas@marvin.RoBIN.de Andreas Schulz unknown Andreas Wetzel mickey@deadline.snafu.de Andreas Wrede andreas@planix.com Andres Vega Garcia unknown Andrew Atrens atreand@statcan.ca Andrew Boothman andrew@cream.org Andrew Gillham gillham@andrews.edu Andrew Gordon andrew.gordon@net-tel.co.uk Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew J. Korty ajk@purdue.edu Andrew L. Moore alm@mclink.com Andrew McRae amcrae@cisco.com Andrew Stevenson andrew@ugh.net.au Andrew Timonin tim@pool1.convey.ru Andrew V. Stesin stesin@elvisti.kiev.ua Andrew Webster awebster@dataradio.com Andrey Zakhvatov andy@icc.surw.chel.su Andy Farkas andyf@speednet.com.au Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com Andy Whitcroft andy@sarc.city.ac.uk Angelo Turetta ATuretta@stylo.it Anthony C. Chavez magus@xmission.com Anthony Yee-Hang Chan yeehang@netcom.com Anton Berezin tobez@plab.ku.dk Antti Kaipila anttik@iki.fi Are Bryne are.bryne@communique.no Ari Suutari ari@suutari.iki.fi Arjan de Vet devet@IAEhv.nl Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Assar Westerlund assar@sics.se Atsushi Furuta furuta@sra.co.jp Atsushi Murai amurai@spec.co.jp Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Bierbauch pivrnec@vszbr.cz Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Ben Hutchinson benhutch@xfiles.org.uk Ben Jackson unknown Ben Smithurst ben@scientia.demon.co.uk Ben Walter bwalter@itachi.swcp.com Benjamin Lewis bhlewis@gte.net Bernd Rosauer br@schiele-ct.de Bill Kish kish@osf.org Bill Trost trost@cloud.rain.com Blaz Zupan blaz@amis.net Bob Van Valzah Bob@whitebarn.com Bob Willcox bob@luke.pmr.com Boris Staeblow balu@dva.in-berlin.de Boyd R. Faulkner faulkner@asgard.bga.com Brad Karp karp@eecs.harvard.edu Bradley Dunn bradley@dunn.org Brandon Fosdick bfoz@glue.umd.edu Brandon Gillespie brandon@roguetrader.com &a.wlloyd Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Boyd Faulkner faulkner@mpd.tandem.com Brent J. Nordquist bjn@visi.com Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Brett Taylor brett@peloton.physics.montana.edu Brian Campbell brianc@pobox.com Brian Clapper bmc@willscreek.com Brian Cully shmit@kublai.com Brian Handy handy@lambic.space.lockheed.com Brian Litzinger brian@MediaCity.com Brian McGovern bmcgover@cisco.com Brian Moore ziff@houdini.eecs.umich.edu Brian R. Haug haug@conterra.com Brian Tao taob@risc.org Brion Moss brion@queeg.com Bruce A. Mah bmah@ca.sandia.gov Bruce Albrecht bruce@zuhause.mn.org Bruce Gingery bgingery@gtcs.com Bruce J. Keeler loodvrij@gridpoint.com Bruce Murphy packrat@iinet.net.au Bruce Walter walter@fortean.com Carey Jones mcj@acquiesce.org Carl Fongheiser cmf@netins.net Carl Mascott cmascott@world.std.com Casper casper@acc.am Castor Fu castor@geocast.com Cejka Rudolf cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz Chain Lee chain@110.net Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Charles Henrich henrich@msu.edu Charles Mott cmott@srv.net Charles Owens owensc@enc.edu Chet Ramey chet@odin.INS.CWRU.Edu Chia-liang Kao clkao@CirX.ORG Chiharu Shibata chi@bd.mbn.or.jp Chip Norkus unknown Choi Jun Ho junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr Chris Costello chris@calldei.com Chris Csanady cc@tarsier.ca.sandia.gov Chris Dabrowski chris@vader.org Chris Dillon cdillon@wolves.k12.mo.us Chris Shenton cshenton@angst.it.hq.nasa.gov Chris Stenton jacs@gnome.co.uk Chris Timmons skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christian Gusenbauer cg@fimp01.fim.uni-linz.ac.at Christian Haury Christian.Haury@sagem.fr Christian Weisgerber naddy@bigeye.rhein-neckar.de Christoph P. Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Christoph Weber-Fahr wefa@callcenter.systemhaus.net Christopher G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Christopher T. Johnson cjohnson@neunacht.netgsi.com Chrisy Luke chrisy@flix.net Chuck Hein chein@cisco.com Clive Lin clive@CiRX.ORG Colman Reilly careilly@tcd.ie Conrad Sabatier conrads@neosoft.com Coranth Gryphon gryphon@healer.com Cornelis van der Laan nils@guru.ims.uni-stuttgart.de Cove Schneider cove@brazil.nbn.com Craig Leres leres@ee.lbl.gov Craig Loomis unknown Craig Metz cmetz@inner.net Craig Spannring cts@internetcds.com Craig Struble cstruble@vt.edu Cristian Ferretti cfs@riemann.mat.puc.cl Curt Mayer curt@toad.com Cy Schubert cschuber@uumail.gov.bc.ca DI. Christian Gusenbauer cg@scotty.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at Dai Ishijima ishijima@tri.pref.osaka.jp Damian Hamill damian@cablenet.net Dan Cross tenser@spitfire.ecsel.psu.edu Dan Lukes dan@obluda.cz Dan Nelson dnelson@emsphone.com Dan Walters hannibal@cyberstation.net Daniel M. Eischen deischen@iworks.InterWorks.org Daniel O'Connor doconnor@gsoft.com.au Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Daniel Rock rock@cs.uni-sb.de Danny Egen unknown Danny J. Zerkel dzerkel@phofarm.com Darren Reed avalon@coombs.anu.edu.au Dave Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu Dave Andersen angio@aros.net Dave Blizzard dblizzar@sprynet.com Dave Bodenstab imdave@synet.net Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Chapeskie dchapes@ddm.on.ca Dave Cornejo dave@dogwood.com Dave Edmondson davided@sco.com Dave Glowacki dglo@ssec.wisc.edu Dave Marquardt marquard@austin.ibm.com Dave Tweten tweten@FreeBSD.org David A. Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu David A. Bader dbader@umiacs.umd.edu David Borman dab@bsdi.com David Dawes dawes@XFree86.org David Filo filo@yahoo.com David Holland dholland@eecs.harvard.edu David Holloway daveh@gwythaint.tamis.com David Horwitt dhorwitt@ucsd.edu David Hovemeyer daveho@infocom.com David Jones dej@qpoint.torfree.net David Kelly dkelly@tomcat1.tbe.com David Kulp dkulp@neomorphic.com David L. Nugent davidn@blaze.net.au David Leonard d@scry.dstc.edu.au David Malone dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie David Muir Sharnoff muir@idiom.com David S. Miller davem@jenolan.rutgers.edu David Wolfskill dhw@whistle.com Dean Gaudet dgaudet@arctic.org Dean Huxley dean@fsa.ca Denis Fortin unknown Dennis Glatting dennis.glatting@software-munitions.com Denton Gentry denny1@home.com Derek Inksetter derek@saidev.com Dima Sivachenko dima@Chg.RU Dirk Keunecke dk@panda.rhein-main.de Dirk Nehrling nerle@pdv.de Dmitry Khrustalev dima@xyzzy.machaon.ru Dmitry Kohmanyuk dk@farm.org Dom Mitchell dom@myrddin.demon.co.uk Dominik Brettnacher domi@saargate.de Don Croyle croyle@gelemna.ft-wayne.in.us &a.whiteside; Don Morrison dmorrisn@u.washington.edu Don Yuniskis dgy@rtd.com Donald Maddox dmaddox@conterra.com Doug Barton studded@dal.net Douglas Ambrisko ambrisko@whistle.com Douglas Carmichael dcarmich@mcs.com Douglas Crosher dtc@scrooge.ee.swin.oz.au Drew Derbyshire ahd@kew.com Duncan Barclay dmlb@ragnet.demon.co.uk Dustin Sallings dustin@spy.net Eckart "Isegrim" Hofmann Isegrim@Wunder-Nett.org Ed Gold vegold01@starbase.spd.louisville.edu Ed Hudson elh@p5.spnet.com Edward Wang edward@edcom.com Edwin Groothus edwin@nwm.wan.philips.com Eiji-usagi-MATSUmoto usagi@clave.gr.jp ELISA Font Project Elmar Bartel bartel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Eric A. Griff eagriff@global2000.net Eric Blood eblood@cs.unr.edu Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Eric J. Schwertfeger eric@cybernut.com Eric L. Hernes erich@lodgenet.com Eric P. Scott eps@sirius.com Eric Sprinkle eric@ennovatenetworks.com Erich Stefan Boleyn erich@uruk.org Erik E. Rantapaa rantapaa@math.umn.edu Erik H. Moe ehm@cris.com Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de Espen Skoglund espensk@stud.cs.uit.no> Eugene M. Kim astralblue@usa.net Eugene Radchenko genie@qsar.chem.msu.su Evan Champion evanc@synapse.net Faried Nawaz fn@Hungry.COM Flemming Jacobsen fj@tfs.com Fong-Ching Liaw fong@juniper.net Francis M J Hsieh mjshieh@life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Bartels knarf@camelot.de Frank Chen Hsiung Chan frankch@waru.life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Durda IV uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org Frank MacLachlan fpm@n2.net Frank Nobis fn@Radio-do.de Frank Volf volf@oasis.IAEhv.nl Frank ten Wolde franky@pinewood.nl Frank van der Linden frank@fwi.uva.nl Fred Cawthorne fcawth@jjarray.umn.edu Fred Gilham gilham@csl.sri.com Fred Templin templin@erg.sri.com Frederick Earl Gray fgray@rice.edu FUJIMOTO Kensaku fujimoto@oscar.elec.waseda.ac.jp FUJISHIMA Satsuki k5@respo.or.jp FURUSAWA Kazuhisa furusawa@com.cs.osakafu-u.ac.jp Gabor Kincses gabor@acm.org Gabor Zahemszky zgabor@CoDe.hu G. Adam Stanislavadam@whizkidtech.net Garance A Drosehn gad@eclipse.its.rpi.edu Gareth McCaughan gjm11@dpmms.cam.ac.uk Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Gary J. garyj@rks32.pcs.dec.com Gary Kline kline@thought.org Gaspar Chilingarov nightmar@lemming.acc.am Gea-Suan Lin gsl@tpts4.seed.net.tw Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Georg Wagner georg.wagner@ubs.com Gerard Roudier groudier@club-internet.fr Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@giovannelli.it Gil Kloepfer Jr. gil@limbic.ssdl.com Gilad Rom rom_glsa@ein-hashofet.co.il Ginga Kawaguti ginga@amalthea.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Giles Lean giles@nemeton.com.au Glen Foster gfoster@gfoster.com Glenn Johnson gljohns@bellsouth.net Godmar Back gback@facility.cs.utah.edu Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Gord Matzigkeit gord@enci.ucalgary.ca Gordon Greeff gvg@uunet.co.za Graham Wheeler gram@cdsec.com Greg A. Woods woods@zeus.leitch.com Greg Ansley gja@ansley.com Greg Troxel gdt@ir.bbn.com Greg Ungerer gerg@stallion.oz.au Gregory Bond gnb@itga.com.au Gregory D. Moncreaff moncrg@bt340707.res.ray.com Guy Harris guy@netapp.com Guy Helmer ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu HAMADA Naoki hamada@astec.co.jp HONDA Yasuhiro honda@kashio.info.mie-u.ac.jp HOSOBUCHI Noriyuki hoso@buchi.tama.or.jp Hannu Savolainen hannu@voxware.pp.fi Hans Huebner hans@artcom.de Hans Petter Bieker zerium@webindex.no Hans Zuidam hans@brandinnovators.com Harlan Stenn Harlan.Stenn@pfcs.com Harold Barker hbarker@dsms.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Heikki Suonsivu hsu@cs.hut.fi Heiko W. Rupp unknown Helmut F. Wirth hfwirth@ping.at Henrik Vestergaard Draboel hvd@terry.ping.dk Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Hideaki Ohmon ohmon@tom.sfc.keio.ac.jp Hidekazu Kuroki hidekazu@cs.titech.ac.jp Hideki Yamamoto hyama@acm.org Hideyuki Suzuki hideyuki@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hirayama Issei iss@mail.wbs.ne.jp Hiroaki Sakai sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Hiroharu Tamaru tamaru@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hironori Ikura hikura@kaisei.org Hiroshi Nishikawa nis@pluto.dti.ne.jp Hiroya Tsubakimoto unknown Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Holm Tiffe holm@geophysik.tu-freiberg.de Horance Chou horance@freedom.ie.cycu.edu.tw Horihiro Kumagai kuma@jp.FreeBSD.org HOTARU-YA hotaru@tail.net Hr.Ladavac lada@ws2301.gud.siemens.co.at Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.ORG Hugh F. Mahon hugh@nsmdserv.cnd.hp.com Hugh Mahon h_mahon@fc.hp.com Hung-Chi Chu hcchu@r350.ee.ntu.edu.tw IMAI Takeshi take-i@ceres.dti.ne.jp IMAMURA Tomoaki tomoak-i@is.aist-nara.ac.jp Ian Dowse iedowse@maths.tcd.ie Ian Holland ianh@tortuga.com.au Ian Struble ian@broken.net Ian Vaudrey i.vaudrey@bigfoot.com Igor Khasilev igor@jabber.paco.odessa.ua Igor Roshchin str@giganda.komkon.org Igor Sviridov siac@ua.net Igor Vinokurov igor@zynaps.ru Ikuo Nakagawa ikuo@isl.intec.co.jp Ilya V. Komarov mur@lynx.ru Issei Suzuki issei@jp.FreeBSD.org Itsuro Saito saito@miv.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp J. Bryant jbryant@argus.flash.net J. David Lowe lowe@saturn5.com J. Han hjh@best.com J. Hawk jhawk@MIT.EDU J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com J.T. Jang keith@email.gcn.net.tw Jack jack@zeus.xtalwind.net Jacob Bohn Lorensen jacob@jblhome.ping.mk Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com Jake Burkholder jake@checker.org Jake Hamby jehamby@lightside.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James D. Stewart jds@c4systm.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James Raynard fhackers@jraynard.demon.co.uk James T. Liu jtliu@phlebas.rockefeller.edu James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu Jan Conard charly@fachschaften.tu-muenchen.de Jan Koum jkb@FreeBSD.org Janick Taillandier Janick.Taillandier@ratp.fr Janusz Kokot janek@gaja.ipan.lublin.pl Jarle Greipsland jarle@idt.unit.no Jason Garman init@risen.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Jason Wright jason@OpenBSD.org Jason Young doogie@forbidden-donut.anet-stl.com Javier Martin Rueda jmrueda@diatel.upm.es Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jaye Mathisen mrcpu@cdsnet.net Jeff Bartig jeffb@doit.wisc.edu Jeff Forys jeff@forys.cranbury.nj.us Jeff Kletsky Jeff@Wagsky.com Jeffrey Evans evans@scnc.k12.mi.us Jeffrey Wheat jeff@cetlink.net Jens Schweikhardt schweikh@noc.dfn.d Jeremy Allison jallison@whistle.com Jeremy Chatfield jdc@xinside.com Jeremy Lea reg@shale.csir.co.za Jeremy Prior unknown Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai asmodai@wxs.nl Jesse Rosenstock jmr@ugcs.caltech.edu Jian-Da Li jdli@csie.nctu.edu.tw Jim Babb babb@FreeBSD.org Jim Binkley jrb@cs.pdx.edu Jim Carroll jim@carroll.com Jim Flowers jflowers@ezo.net Jim Leppek jleppek@harris.com Jim Lowe james@cs.uwm.edu Jim Mattson jmattson@sonic.net Jim Mercer jim@komodo.reptiles.org Jim Mock jim@phrantic.phear.net Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jimbo Bahooli griffin@blackhole.iceworld.org Jin Guojun jin@george.lbl.gov Joachim Kuebart unknown Joao Carlos Mendes Luis jonny@jonny.eng.br Jochen Pohl jpo.drs@sni.de Joe "Marcus" Clarke marcus@miami.edu Joe Abley jabley@clear.co.nz Joe Jih-Shian Lu jslu@dns.ntu.edu.tw Joe Orthoefer j_orthoefer@tia.net Joe Traister traister@mojozone.org Joel Faedi Joel.Faedi@esial.u-nancy.fr Joel Ray Holveck joelh@gnu.org Joel Sutton sutton@aardvark.apana.org.au Johan Granlund johan@granlund.nu Johan Karlsson k@numeri.campus.luth.se Johan Larsson johan@moon.campus.luth.se Johann Tonsing jtonsing@mikom.csir.co.za Johannes Helander unknown Johannes Stille unknown John Baldwin jobaldwi@vt.edu John Beckett jbeckett@southern.edu John Beukema jbeukema@hk.super.net John Brezak unknown John Capo jc@irbs.com John F. Woods jfw@jfwhome.funhouse.com John Goerzen jgoerzen@alexanderwohl.complete.org John Hay jhay@mikom.csir.co.za John Heidemann johnh@isi.edu John Hood cgull@owl.org John Kohl unknown John Lind john@starfire.mn.org John Mackin john@physiol.su.oz.au John P johnp@lodgenet.com John Perry perry@vishnu.alias.net John Preisler john@vapornet.com John Rochester jr@cs.mun.ca John Sadler john_sadler@alum.mit.edu John Saunders john@pacer.nlc.net.au John W. DeBoskey jwd@unx.sas.com John Wehle john@feith.com John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jon Morgan morgan@terminus.trailblazer.com Jonathan H N Chin jc254@newton.cam.ac.uk Jonathan Hanna jh@pc-21490.bc.rogers.wave.ca Jorge Goncalves j@bug.fe.up.pt Jorge M. Goncalves ee96199@tom.fe.up.pt Jos Backus jbackus@plex.nl Jose M. Alcaide jose@we.lc.ehu.es Jose Marques jose@nobody.org Josef Grosch jgrosch@superior.mooseriver.com Josef Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Joseph Stein joes@wstein.com Josh Gilliam josh@quick.net Josh Tiefenbach josh@ican.net Juergen Lock nox@jelal.hb.north.de Juha Inkari inkari@cc.hut.fi Jukka A. Ukkonen jua@iki.fi Julian Assange proff@suburbia.net Julian Coleman j.d.coleman@ncl.ac.uk &a.jhs Julian Jenkins kaveman@magna.com.au Junichi Satoh junichi@jp.FreeBSD.org Junji SAKAI sakai@jp.FreeBSD.org Junya WATANABE junya-w@remus.dti.ne.jp K.Higashino a00303@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp KUNISHIMA Takeo kunishi@c.oka-pu.ac.jp Kai Vorma vode@snakemail.hut.fi Kaleb S. Keithley kaleb@ics.com Kaneda Hiloshi vanitas@ma3.seikyou.ne.jp Kapil Chowksey kchowksey@hss.hns.com Karl Denninger karl@mcs.com Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com Kato Takenori kato@eclogite.eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp Kawanobe Koh kawanobe@st.rim.or.jp Kazuhiko Kiriyama kiri@kiri.toba-cmt.ac.jp Kazuo Horikawa horikawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Kees Jan Koster kjk1@ukc.ac.uk Keith Bostic bostic@bostic.com Keith E. Walker unknown Keith Moore unknown Keith Sklower unknown Ken Hornstein unknown Ken Key key@cs.utk.edu Ken Mayer kmayer@freegate.com Kenji Saito marukun@mx2.nisiq.net Kenji Tomita tommyk@da2.so-net.or.jp Kenneth Furge kenneth.furge@us.endress.com Kenneth Monville desmo@bandwidth.org Kenneth R. Westerback krw@tcn.net Kenneth Stailey kstailey@gnu.ai.mit.edu Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kent Vander Velden graphix@iastate.edu Kentaro Inagaki JBD01226@niftyserve.ne.jp Kevin Bracey kbracey@art.acorn.co.uk Kevin Day toasty@dragondata.com Kevin Lahey kml@nas.nasa.gov Kevin Lokevlo@hello.com.tw Kevin Street street@iname.com Kevin Van Maren vanmaren@fast.cs.utah.edu Kiroh HARADA kiroh@kh.rim.or.jp Klaus Klein kleink@layla.inka.de Klaus-J. Wolf Yanestra@t-online.de Koichi Sato copan@ppp.fastnet.or.jp Kostya Lukin lukin@okbmei.msk.su Kouichi Hirabayashi kh@mogami-wire.co.jp Kurt D. Zeilenga Kurt@Boolean.NET Kurt Olsen kurto@tiny.mcs.usu.edu L. Jonas Olsson ljo@ljo-slip.DIALIN.CWRU.Edu Lars Köller Lars.Koeller@Uni-Bielefeld.DE Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM Laurence Lopez lopez@mv.mv.com Lee Cremeans lcremean@tidalwave.net Liang Tai-hwa avatar@www.mmlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw Lon Willett lon%softt.uucp@math.utah.edu Louis A. Mamakos louie@TransSys.COM Louis Mamakos loiue@TransSys.com Lucas James Lucas.James@ldjpc.apana.org.au Lyndon Nerenberg lyndon@orthanc.com M.C. Wong unknown MANTANI Nobutaka nobutaka@nobutaka.com MIHIRA Sanpei Yoshiro sanpei@sanpei.org - MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.org MITSUNAGA Noriaki mitchy@er.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp MOROHOSHI Akihiko moro@race.u-tokyo.ac.jp Magnus Enbom dot@tinto.campus.luth.se Mahesh Neelakanta mahesh@gcomm.com Makoto MATSUSHITA matusita@jp.FreeBSD.org Makoto WATANABE watanabe@zlab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp Malte Lance malte.lance@gmx.net Manu Iyengar iyengar@grunthos.pscwa.psca.com Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Marc Ramirez mrami@mramirez.sy.yale.edu Marc Slemko marcs@znep.com Marc van Kempen wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl Marc van Woerkom van.woerkom@netcologne.de Marcel Moolenaar marcel@scc.nl Mario Sergio Fujikawa Ferreira lioux@gns.com.br Mark Andrews unknown Mark Cammidge mark@gmtunx.ee.uct.ac.za Mark Diekhans markd@grizzly.com Mark Huizer xaa@stack.nl Mark J. Taylor mtaylor@cybernet.com Mark Krentel krentel@rice.edu Mark Mayo markm@vmunix.com Mark Thompson thompson@tgsoft.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu Mark Treacy unknown Mark Valentine mark@linus.demon.co.uk Martin Birgmeier Martin Ibert mib@ppe.bb-data.de Martin Kammerhofer dada@sbox.tu-graz.ac.at Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Martti Kuparinen martti.kuparinen@ericsson.com Masachika ISHIZUKA ishizuka@isis.min.ntt.jp Mas.TAKEMURA unknown Masafumi NAKANE max@wide.ad.jp Masahiro Sekiguchi seki@sysrap.cs.fujitsu.co.jp Masanobu Saitoh msaitoh@spa.is.uec.ac.jp Masanori Kanaoka kana@saijo.mke.mei.co.jp Masanori Kiriake seiken@ARGV.AC Masatoshi TAMURA tamrin@shinzan.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp Mats Lofkvist mal@algonet.se Matt Bartley mbartley@lear35.cytex.com Matt Thomas matt@3am-software.com Matt White mwhite+@CMU.EDU Matthew C. Mead mmead@Glock.COM Matthew Cashdollar mattc@rfcnet.com Matthew Flatt mflatt@cs.rice.edu Matthew Fuller fullermd@futuresouth.com Matthew Stein matt@bdd.net Matthias Pfaller leo@dachau.marco.de Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Mattias Gronlund Mattias.Gronlund@sa.erisoft.se Mattias Pantzare pantzer@ludd.luth.se Maurice Castro maurice@planet.serc.rmit.edu.au Max Euston meuston@jmrodgers.com Max Khon fjoe@husky.iclub.nsu.ru Maxim Bolotin max@rsu.ru Micha Class michael_class@hpbbse.bbn.hp.com Michael Butler imb@scgt.oz.au Michael Butschky butsch@computi.erols.com Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org - Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.ORG + Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Michael Hancock michaelh@cet.co.jp Michael Hohmuth hohmuth@inf.tu-dresden.de Michael Perlman canuck@caam.rice.edu Michael Petry petry@netwolf.NetMasters.com Michael Reifenberger root@totum.plaut.de Michael Searle searle@longacre.demon.co.uk Michal Listos mcl@Amnesiac.123.org Michio Karl Jinbo karl@marcer.nagaokaut.ac.jp Miguel Angel Sagreras msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar Mihoko Tanaka m_tonaka@pa.yokogawa.co.jp Mika Nystrom mika@cs.caltech.edu Mikael Hybsch micke@dynas.se Mikael Karpberg karpen@ocean.campus.luth.se Mike Del repenting@hotmail.com Mike Durian durian@plutotech.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Mike E. Matsnev mike@azog.cs.msu.su Mike Evans mevans@candle.com Mike Grupenhoff kashmir@umiacs.umd.edu Mike Hibler mike@marker.cs.utah.edu Mike Karels unknown Mike McGaughey mmcg@cs.monash.edu.au Mike Meyer mwm@shiva.the-park.com Mike Mitchell mitchell@ref.tfs.com Mike Murphy mrm@alpharel.com Mike Peck mike@binghamton.edu Mike Spengler mks@msc.edu Mikhail A. Sokolov mishania@demos.su Mikhail Teterin mi@aldan.ziplink.net Ming-I Hseh PA@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Mitsuru IWASAKI iwasaki@pc.jaring.my Mitsuru Yoshida mitsuru@riken.go.jp Monte Mitzelfelt monte@gonefishing.org Morgan Davis root@io.cts.com Mostyn Lewis mostyn@mrl.com Motomichi Matsuzaki mzaki@e-mail.ne.jp Motoyuki Kasahara m-kasahr@sra.co.jp Motoyuki Konno motoyuki@snipe.rim.or.jp Munechika Sumikawa sumikawa@kame.net Murray Stokely murray@cdrom.com N.G.Smith ngs@sesame.hensa.ac.uk NAGAO Tadaaki nagao@cs.titech.ac.jp NAKAJI Hiroyuki nakaji@tutrp.tut.ac.jp NAKAMURA Kazushi nkazushi@highway.or.jp NAKAMURA Motonori motonori@econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp NIIMI Satoshi sa2c@and.or.jp NOKUBI Hirotaka h-nokubi@yyy.or.jp Nadav Eiron nadav@barcode.co.il Nanbor Wang nw1@cs.wustl.edu Naofumi Honda honda@Kururu.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Narvi narvi@haldjas.folklore.ee Nathan Ahlstrom nrahlstr@winternet.com Nathan Dorfman nathan@rtfm.net Neal Fachan kneel@ishiboo.com Neil Blakey-Milner nbm@rucus.ru.ac.za Niall Smart rotel@indigo.ie Nick Barnes Nick.Barnes@pobox.com Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com Nick Hilliard nick@foobar.org &a.nsayer; Nick Williams njw@cs.city.ac.uk Nickolay N. Dudorov nnd@itfs.nsk.su Niklas Hallqvist niklas@filippa.appli.se Nisha Talagala nisha@cs.berkeley.edu No Name ZW6T-KND@j.asahi-net.or.jp No Name adrian@virginia.edu No Name alex@elvisti.kiev.ua No Name anto@netscape.net No Name bobson@egg.ics.nitch.ac.jp No Name bovynf@awe.be No Name burg@is.ge.com No Name chris@gnome.co.uk No Name colsen@usa.net No Name coredump@nervosa.com No Name dannyman@arh0300.urh.uiuc.edu No Name davids@SECNET.COM No Name derek@free.org No Name devet@adv.IAEhv.nl No Name djv@bedford.net No Name dvv@sprint.net No Name enami@ba2.so-net.or.jp No Name flash@eru.tubank.msk.su No Name flash@hway.ru No Name fn@pain.csrv.uidaho.edu No Name gclarkii@netport.neosoft.com No Name gordon@sheaky.lonestar.org No Name graaf@iae.nl No Name greg@greg.rim.or.jp No Name grossman@cygnus.com No Name gusw@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de No Name hfir@math.rochester.edu No Name hnokubi@yyy.or.jp No Name iaint@css.tuu.utas.edu.au No Name invis@visi.com No Name ishisone@sra.co.jp No Name iverson@lionheart.com No Name jpt@magic.net No Name junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr No Name k-sugyou@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp No Name kenji@reseau.toyonaka.osaka.jp No Name kfurge@worldnet.att.net No Name lh@aus.org No Name lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie No Name mrgreen@mame.mu.oz.au No Name nakagawa@jp.FreeBSD.org No Name ohki@gssm.otsuka.tsukuba.ac.jp No Name owaki@st.rim.or.jp No Name pechter@shell.monmouth.com No Name pete@pelican.pelican.com No Name pritc003@maroon.tc.umn.edu No Name risner@stdio.com No Name roman@rpd.univ.kiev.ua No Name root@ns2.redline.ru No Name root@uglabgw.ug.cs.sunysb.edu No Name stephen.ma@jtec.com.au No Name sumii@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp No Name takas-su@is.aist-nara.ac.jp No Name tamone@eig.unige.ch No Name tjevans@raleigh.ibm.com No Name tony-o@iij.ad.jp amurai@spec.co.jp No Name torii@tcd.hitachi.co.jp No Name uenami@imasy.or.jp No Name uhlar@netlab.sk No Name vode@hut.fi No Name wlloyd@mpd.ca No Name wlr@furball.wellsfargo.com No Name wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl No Name yamagata@nwgpc.kek.jp No Name ziggy@ryan.org Nobuhiro Yasutomi nobu@psrc.isac.co.jp Nobuyuki Koganemaru kogane@koganemaru.co.jp Norio Suzuki nosuzuki@e-mail.ne.jp - Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@sra.co.jp Oh Junseon hollywar@mail.holywar.net Olaf Wagner wagner@luthien.in-berlin.de Oleg Sharoiko os@rsu.ru Oliver Breuninger ob@seicom.NET Oliver Friedrichs oliver@secnet.com Oliver Fromme oliver.fromme@heim3.tu-clausthal.de Oliver Laumann net@informatik.uni-bremen.de Oliver Oberdorf oly@world.std.com Olof Johansson offe@ludd.luth.se - Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@freebsd.org.ru + Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@FreeBSD.org.ru Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paco Rosich rosich@modico.eleinf.uv.es Palle Girgensohn girgen@partitur.se Parag Patel parag@cgt.com Pascal Pederiva pascal@zuo.dec.com Pasvorn Boonmark boonmark@juniper.net Patrick Gardella patrick@cre8tivegroup.com Patrick Hausen unknown Paul Antonov apg@demos.su Paul F. Werkowski unknown Paul Fox pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us Paul Koch koch@thehub.com.au Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Paul S. LaFollette, Jr. unknown Paul Saab paul@mu.org Paul Sandys myj@nyct.net Paul T. Root proot@horton.iaces.com Paul Vixie paul@vix.com Paulo Menezes paulo@isr.uc.pt Paulo Menezes pm@dee.uc.pt Pedro A M Vazquez vazquez@IQM.Unicamp.BR Pedro Giffuni giffunip@asme.org Pete Bentley pete@demon.net Peter Childs pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au Peter Cornelius pc@inr.fzk.de Peter Haight peterh@prognet.com Peter Jeremy perer.jeremy@alcatel.com.au Peter M. Chen pmchen@eecs.umich.edu Peter Much peter@citylink.dinoex.sub.org Peter Olsson unknown Peter Philipp pjp@bsd-daemon.net Peter Stubbs PETERS@staidan.qld.edu.au Phil Maker pjm@cs.ntu.edu.au Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au Phil Taylor phil@zipmail.co.uk Philip Musumeci philip@rmit.edu.au Pierre Y. Dampure pierre.dampure@k2c.co.uk Pius Fischer pius@ienet.com Pomegranate daver@flag.blackened.net Powerdog Industries kevin.ruddy@powerdog.com R. Kym Horsell Rajesh Vaidheeswarran rv@fore.com Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Randal S. Masutani randal@comtest.com Randall Hopper rhh@ct.picker.com Randall W. Dean rwd@osf.org Randy Bush rbush@bainbridge.verio.net Reinier Bezuidenhout rbezuide@mikom.csir.co.za Remy Card Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr Ricardas Cepas rch@richard.eu.org Riccardo Veraldi veraldi@cs.unibo.it Richard Henderson richard@atheist.tamu.edu Richard Hwang rhwang@bigpanda.com Richard Kiss richard@homemail.com Richard J Kuhns rjk@watson.grauel.com Richard M. Neswold rneswold@drmemory.fnal.gov Richard Seaman, Jr. dick@tar.com Richard Stallman rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu Richard Straka straka@user1.inficad.com Richard Tobin richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk Richard Wackerbarth rkw@Dataplex.NET Richard Winkel rich@math.missouri.edu Richard Wiwatowski rjwiwat@adelaide.on.net Rick Macklem rick@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Rick Macklin unknown Rob Austein sra@epilogue.com Rob Mallory rmallory@qualcomm.com Rob Snow rsnow@txdirect.net Robert Crowe bob@speakez.com Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Robert Eckardt roberte@MEP.Ruhr-Uni-Bochum.de Robert Sanders rsanders@mindspring.com Robert Sexton robert@kudra.com Robert Shady rls@id.net Robert Swindells swindellsr@genrad.co.uk Robert Watson robert@cyrus.watson.org Robert Withrow witr@rwwa.com Robert Yoder unknown Robin Carey robin@mailgate.dtc.rankxerox.co.uk Roger Hardiman roger@cs.strath.ac.uk Roland Jesse jesse@cs.uni-magdeburg.de Ron Bickers rbickers@intercenter.net Ron Lenk rlenk@widget.xmission.com Ronald Kuehn kuehn@rz.tu-clausthal.de Rudolf Cejka unknown Ruslan Belkin rus@home2.UA.net Ruslan Ermilov ru@ucb.crimea.ua Ruslan Shevchenko rssh@cam.grad.kiev.ua Russell L. Carter rcarter@pinyon.org Russell Vincent rv@groa.uct.ac.za Ryan Younce ryany@pobox.com Ryuichiro IMURA imura@cs.titech.ac.jp SANETO Takanori sanewo@strg.sony.co.jp SAWADA Mizuki miz@qb3.so-net.ne.jp - SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org SURANYI Peter suranyip@jks.is.tsukuba.ac.jp Sakai Hiroaki sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Sakari Jalovaara sja@tekla.fi Sam Hartman hartmans@mit.edu Samuel Lam skl@ScalableNetwork.com Samuele Zannoli zannoli@cs.unibo.it Sander Vesik sander@haldjas.folklore.ee Sandro Sigala ssigala@globalnet.it Sascha Blank blank@fox.uni-trier.de Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Satoh Junichi junichi@astec.co.jp Scot Elliott scot@poptart.org Scot W. Hetzel hetzels@westbend.net Scott A. Kenney saken@rmta.ml.org Scott Blachowicz scott.blachowicz@seaslug.org Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Hazen Mueller scott@zorch.sf-bay.org Scott Michel scottm@cs.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sebastian Strollo seb@erix.ericsson.se Serge A. Babkin babkin@hq.icb.chel.su Serge V. Vakulenko vak@zebub.msk.su Sergei Chechetkin csl@whale.sunbay.crimea.ua Sergei S. Laskavy laskavy@pc759.cs.msu.su Sergey Gershtein sg@mplik.ru Sergey Potapov sp@alkor.ru Sergey Shkonda serg@bcs.zp.ua Sergey V.Dorokhov svd@kbtelecom.nalnet.ru Sergio Lenzi lenzi@bsi.com.br Shaun Courtney shaun@emma.eng.uct.ac.za Shawn M. Carey smcarey@mailbox.syr.edu Shigio Yamaguchi shigio@wafu.netgate.net Shinya Esu esu@yk.rim.or.jp Shuichi Tanaka stanaka@bb.mbn.or.jp Shunsuke Akiyama akiyama@jp.FreeBSD.org Simon simon@masi.ibp.fr Simon Burge simonb@telstra.com.au Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au Simon Marlow simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk Simon Shapiro shimon@simon-shapiro.org Sin'ichiro MIYATANI siu@phaseone.co.jp Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de Soochon Radee slr@mitre.org Soren Dayton csdayton@midway.uchicago.edu Soren Dossing sauber@netcom.com Soren S. Jorvang soren@dt.dk Stefan Bethke stb@hanse.de Stefan Eggers seggers@semyam.dinoco.de Stefan Moeding s.moeding@ndh.net Stefan Petri unknown Stefan `Sec` Zehl sec@42.org Steinar Haug sthaug@nethelp.no Stephane E. Potvin sepotvin@videotron.ca Stephane Legrand stephane@lituus.fr Stephen Clawson sclawson@marker.cs.utah.edu Stephen F. Combs combssf@salem.ge.com Stephen Farrell stephen@farrell.org Stephen Hocking sysseh@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen J. Roznowski sjr@home.net Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen Melvin melvin@zytek.com Steve Bauer sbauer@rock.sdsmt.edu Steve Coltrin spcoltri@io.com Steve Deering unknown Steve Gerakines steve2@genesis.tiac.net Steve Gericke steveg@comtrol.com Steve Piette steve@simon.chi.il.US Steve Schwarz schwarz@alpharel.com Steven G. Kargl kargl@troutmask.apl.washington.edu Steven H. Samorodin samorodi@NUXI.com Steven McCanne mccanne@cs.berkeley.edu Steven Plite splite@purdue.edu Steven Wallace unknown Stuart Henderson stuart@internationalschool.co.uk Sue Blake sue@welearn.com.au Sugimoto Sadahiro ixtl@komaba.utmc.or.jp Sugiura Shiro ssugiura@duo.co.jp Sujal Patel smpatel@wam.umd.edu Sune Stjerneby stjerneby@usa.net Suzuki Yoshiaki zensyo@ann.tama.kawasaki.jp Tadashi Kumano kumano@strl.nhk.or.jp Taguchi Takeshi taguchi@tohoku.iij.ad.jp Takahiro Yugawa yugawa@orleans.rim.or.jp Takanori Watanabe takawata@shidahara1.planet.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp Takashi Mega mega@minz.org Takashi Uozu j1594016@ed.kagu.sut.ac.jp Takayuki Ariga a00821@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp Takeru NAIKI naiki@bfd.es.hokudai.ac.jp Takeshi Amaike amaike@iri.co.jp Takeshi MUTOH mutoh@info.nara-k.ac.jp Takeshi Ohashi ohashi@mickey.ai.kyutech.ac.jp Takeshi WATANABE watanabe@crayon.earth.s.kobe-u.ac.jp Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@makino.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp Tatoku Ogaito tacha@tera.fukui-med.ac.jp Tatsumi HOSOKAWA hosokawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Ted Buswell tbuswell@mediaone.net Ted Faber faber@isi.edu Ted Lemon mellon@isc.org Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tetsuya Furukawa tetsuya@secom-sis.co.jp Theo de Raadt deraadt@OpenBSD.org Thomas thomas@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Thomas D. Dean tomdean@ix.netcom.com Thomas David Rivers rivers@dignus.com Thomas G. McWilliams tgm@netcom.com Thomas Gellekum thomas@ghpc8.ihf.rwth-aachen.de Thomas Graichen graichen@omega.physik.fu-berlin.de Thomas König Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de Thomas Ptacek unknown Thomas Stevens tas@stevens.org Thomas Stromberg tstrombe@rtci.com Thomas Valentino Crimi tcrimi+@andrew.cmu.edu Thomas Wintergerst thomas@lemur.nord.de Þórður Ívarsson totii@est.is Tim Kientzle kientzle@netcom.com Tim Singletary tsingle@sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov Tim Wilkinson tim@sarc.city.ac.uk Timo J. Rinne tri@iki.fi Todd Miller millert@openbsd.org Tom root@majestix.cmr.no Tom tom@sdf.com Tom Gray - DCA dcasba@rain.org Tom Jobbins tom@tom.tj Tom Pusateri pusateri@juniper.net Tom Rush tarush@mindspring.com Tom Samplonius tom@misery.sdf.com Tomohiko Kurahashi kura@melchior.q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Tony Kimball alk@Think.COM Tony Li tli@jnx.com Tony Lynn wing@cc.nsysu.edu.tw Tony Maher tonym@angis.org.au Torbjorn Granlund tege@matematik.su.se Toshihiko ARAI toshi@tenchi.ne.jp Toshihiko SHIMOKAWA toshi@tea.forus.or.jp Toshihiro Kanda candy@kgc.co.jp Toshiomi Moriki Toshiomi.Moriki@ma1.seikyou.ne.jp Trefor S. trefor@flevel.co.uk Trevor Blackwell tlb@viaweb.com URATA Shuichiro s-urata@nmit.tmg.nec.co.jp Udo Schweigert ust@cert.siemens.de Ugo Paternostro paterno@dsi.unifi.it Ulf Kieber kieber@sax.de Ulli Linzen ulli@perceval.camelot.de Ustimenko Semen semen@iclub.nsu.ru Uwe Arndt arndt@mailhost.uni-koblenz.de Vadim Chekan vadim@gc.lviv.ua Vadim Kolontsov vadim@tversu.ac.ru Vadim Mikhailov mvp@braz.ru Van Jacobson van@ee.lbl.gov Vasily V. Grechishnikov bazilio@ns1.ied-vorstu.ac.ru Vasim Valejev vasim@uddias.diaspro.com Vernon J. Schryver vjs@mica.denver.sgi.com Vic Abell abe@cc.purdue.edu Ville Eerola ve@sci.fi Vincent Poy vince@venus.gaianet.net Vincenzo Capuano VCAPUANO@vmprofs.esoc.esa.de Virgil Champlin champlin@pa.dec.com Vladimir A. Jakovenko vovik@ntu-kpi.kiev.ua Vladimir Kushnir kushn@mail.kar.net Vsevolod Lobko seva@alex-ua.com W. Gerald Hicks wghicks@bellsouth.net W. Richard Stevens rstevens@noao.edu Walt Howard howard@ee.utah.edu Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wayne Scott wscott@ichips.intel.com Werner Griessl werner@btp1da.phy.uni-bayreuth.de Wes Santee wsantee@wsantee.oz.net Wietse Venema wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@apple.com Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de Wilko Bulte wilko@yedi.iaf.nl Will Andrews andrews@technologist.com Willem Jan Withagen wjw@surf.IAE.nl William Jolitz withheld William Liao william@tale.net Wojtek Pilorz wpilorz@celebris.bdk.lublin.pl Wolfgang Helbig helbig@ba-stuttgart.de Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@FreeBSD.org Wu Ching-hong woju@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Yarema yds@ingress.com Yaroslav Terletsky ts@polynet.lviv.ua Yasuhito FUTATSUKI futatuki@fureai.or.jp Yasuhiro Fukama yasuf@big.or.jp Yen-Shuo Su yssu@CCCA.NCTU.edu.tw Ying-Chieh Liao ijliao@csie.NCTU.edu.tw Yixin Jin yjin@rain.cs.ucla.edu Yoshiaki Uchikawa yoshiaki@kt.rim.or.jp Yoshihiko OHTA yohta@bres.tsukuba.ac.jp Yoshihisa NAKAGAWA y-nakaga@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp Yoshikazu Goto gotoh@ae.anritsu.co.jp Yoshimasa Ohnishi ohnishi@isc.kyutech.ac.jp Yoshishige Arai ryo2@on.rim.or.jp Yuichi MATSUTAKA matutaka@osa.att.ne.jp Yujiro MIYATA miyata@bioele.nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp Yukihiro Nakai nacai@iname.com Yusuke Nawano azuki@azkey.org Yuu Yashiki s974123@cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il Yves Fonk yves@cpcoup5.tn.tudelft.nl Yves Fonk yves@dutncp8.tn.tudelft.nl Zach Heilig zach@gaffaneys.com Zahemszhky Gabor zgabor@code.hu Zhong Ming-Xun zmx@mail.CDPA.nsysu.edu.tw arci vega@sophia.inria.fr der Mouse mouse@Collatz.McRCIM.McGill.EDU frf frf@xocolatl.com Ege Rekk aagero@aage.priv.no 386BSD Patch Kit Patch Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Andrey A. Chernov ache@astral.msk.su Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew Moore alm@netcom.com Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com jtk@netcom.com Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Branko Lankester Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Chris G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Rivers rivers@ponds.uucp David Dawes dawes@physics.su.OZ.AU David Greenman dg@Root.COM Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Felix Gaehtgens felix@escape.vsse.in-berlin.de Frank Maclachlan fpm@crash.cts.com Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Guido van Rooij guido@gvr.org Guy Harris guy@auspex.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@novatel.cuc.ab.ca Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Ishii Masahiro, R. Kym Horsell J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James W. Dolter James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu et al Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jörg Lohse lohse@tech7.informatik.uni-hamburg.de Jörg Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de John Dyson John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jordan K. Hubbard jkh@whisker.hubbard.ie Julian Elischer julian@dialix.oz.au - Julian Stacey jhs@freebsd.org + Julian Stacey jhs@FreeBSD.org Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com karl@one.neosoft.com Keith Bostic bostic@toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU Ken Hughes Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kevin Lahey kml%rokkaku.UUCP@mathcs.emory.edu kml@mosquito.cis.ufl.edu Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu tinguely@hookie.cs.ndsu.NoDak.edu Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Nate Williams nate@bsd.coe.montana.edu Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com nick@madhouse.neosoft.com Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paul Kranenburg pk@cs.few.eur.nl Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Peter da Silva peter@NeoSoft.com Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au - Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.ORG + Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.org Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Rick Macklem root@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Rodney W. Grimes rgrimes@cdrom.com Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sean Eric Fagan sef@kithrup.com Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au sjg@zen.void.oz.au Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Terry Lambert terry@icarus.weber.edu Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tor Egge Tor.Egge@idi.ntnu.no Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de William Jolitz withheld Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@dentaro.GUN.de Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml index 484daea3c9..a79fc015cf 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml @@ -1,2473 +1,2473 @@ The Cutting Edge: FreeBSD-current and FreeBSD-stable FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. For people who want to be on the cutting edge, there are several easy mechanisms for keeping your system in sync with the latest developments. Be warned: the cutting edge is not for everyone! This chapter will help you decide if you want to track the development system, or stick with one of the released versions. Staying Current with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is, quite literally, nothing more than a daily snapshot of the working sources for FreeBSD. These include work in progress, experimental changes and transitional mechanisms that may or may not be present in the next official release of the software. While many of us compile almost daily from FreeBSD-current sources, there are periods of time when the sources are literally un-compilable. These problems are generally resolved as expeditiously as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-current sources bring disaster or greatly desired functionality can literally be a matter of which part of any given 24 hour period you grabbed them in! Who needs FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is made generally available for 3 primary interest groups: Members of the FreeBSD group who are actively working on some part of the source tree and for whom keeping “current” is an absolute requirement. Members of the FreeBSD group who are active testers, willing to spend time working through problems in order to ensure that FreeBSD-current remains as sane as possible. These are also people who wish to make topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD. Peripheral members of the FreeBSD (or some other) group who merely wish to keep an eye on things and use the current sources for reference purposes (e.g. for reading, not running). These people also make the occasional comment or contribute code. What is FreeBSD-current <emphasis>not</emphasis>? A fast-track to getting pre-release bits because you heard there is some cool new feature in there and you want to be the first on your block to have it. A quick way of getting bug fixes. In any way “officially supported” by us. We do our best to help people genuinely in one of the 3 “legitimate” FreeBSD-current categories, but we simply do not have the time to provide tech support for it. This is not because we are mean and nasty people who do not like helping people out (we would not even be doing FreeBSD if we were), it is literally because we cannot answer 400 messages a day and actually work on FreeBSD! I am sure that, if given the choice between having us answer lots of questions or continuing to improve FreeBSD, most of you would vote for us improving it. Using FreeBSD-current Join the &a.current; and the &a.cvsall; . This is not just a good idea, it is essential. If you are not on the FreeBSD-current mailing list, you will not see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and thus will probably end up stumbling over a lot of problems that others have already found and solved. Even more importantly, you will miss out on important bulletins which may be critical to your system's continued health. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-current subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. Grab the sources from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. You can do this in three + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. You can do this in three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron and keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-current is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. If you are grabbing the sources to run, and not just look at, then grab all of current, not just selected portions. The reason for this is that various parts of the source depend on updates elsewhere, and trying to compile just a subset is almost guaranteed to get you into trouble. Before compiling current, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.current; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Be active! If you are running FreeBSD-current, we want to know what you have to say about it, especially if you have suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are received most enthusiastically! Staying Stable with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-stable? FreeBSD-stable is our development branch for a more low-key and conservative set of changes intended for our next mainstream release. Changes of an experimental or untested nature do not go into this branch (see FreeBSD-current). Who needs FreeBSD-stable? If you are a commercial user or someone who puts maximum stability of their FreeBSD system before all other concerns, you should consider tracking stable. This is especially true if you have installed the most recent release (&rel.current;-RELEASE at the time of this writing) since the stable branch is effectively a bug-fix stream relative to the previous release. The stable tree endeavors, above all, to be fully compilable and stable at all times, but we do occasionally make mistakes (these are still active sources with quickly-transmitted updates, after all). We also do our best to thoroughly test fixes in current before bringing them into stable, but sometimes our tests fail to catch every case. If something breaks for you in stable, please let us know immediately! (see next section). Using FreeBSD-stable Join the &a.stable;. This will keep you informed of build-dependencies that may appear in stable or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-stable subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. If you are installing a new system and want it to be as stable as possible, you can simply grab the latest dated branch snapshot from ftp://releng3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ and install it like any other release. If you are already running a previous release of 2.2 and wish to upgrade via sources then you can easily do so from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. This can be done in one + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. This can be done in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron to keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type;
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-stable is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. Before compiling stable, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.stable; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Synchronizing Source Trees over the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. There are various ways of using an Internet (or email) connection to stay up-to-date with any given area of the FreeBSD project sources, or all areas, depending on what interests you. The primary services we offer are Anonymous CVS, CVSup, and CTM. Anonymous CVS and CVSup use the pull model of updating sources. In the case of CVSup the user (or a cron script) invokes the cvsup program, and it interacts with a cvsupd server somewhere to bring your files up to date. The updates you receive are up-to-the-minute and you get them when, and only when, you want them. You can easily restrict your updates to the specific files or directories that are of interest to you. Updates are generated on the fly by the server, according to what you have and what you want to have. Anonymous CVS is quite a bit more simplistic than CVSup in that it's just an extension to CVS which allows it to pull changes directly from a remote CVS repository. CVSup can do this far more efficiently, but Anonymous CVS is easier to use. CTM, on the other hand, does not interactively compare the sources you have with those on the master archive or otherwise pull them across.. Instead, a script which identifies changes in files since its previous run is executed several times a day on the master CTM machine, any detected changes being compressed, stamped with a sequence-number and encoded for transmission over email (in printable ASCII only). Once received, these “CTM deltas” can then be handed to the &man.ctm.rmail.1; utility which will automatically decode, verify and apply the changes to the user's copy of the sources. This process is far more efficient than CVSup, and places less strain on our server resources since it is a push rather than a pull model. There are other trade-offs, of course. If you inadvertently wipe out portions of your archive, CVSup will detect and rebuild the damaged portions for you. CTM won't do this, and if you wipe some portion of your source tree out (and don't have it backed up) then you will have to start from scratch (from the most recent CVS “base delta”) and rebuild it all with CTM or, with anoncvs, simply delete the bad bits and resync. For more information on Anonymous CVS, CTM, and CVSup, please see one of the following sections: Anonymous CVS Contributed by &a.jkh; <anchor id="anoncvs-intro">Introduction Anonymous CVS (or, as it is otherwise known, anoncvs) is a feature provided by the CVS utilities bundled with FreeBSD for synchronizing with a remote CVS repository. Among other things, it allows users of FreeBSD to perform, with no special privileges, read-only CVS operations against one of the FreeBSD project's official anoncvs servers. To use it, one simply sets the CVSROOT environment variable to point at the appropriate anoncvs server and then uses the &man.cvs.1; command to access it like any local repository. While it can also be said that the CVSup and anoncvs services both perform essentially the same function, there are various trade-offs which can influence the user's choice of synchronization methods. In a nutshell, CVSup is much more efficient in its usage of network resources and is by far the most technically sophisticated of the two, but at a price. To use CVSup, a special client must first be installed and configured before any bits can be grabbed, and then only in the fairly large chunks which CVSup calls collections. Anoncvs, by contrast, can be used to examine anything from an individual file to a specific program (like ls or grep) by referencing the CVS module name. Of course, anoncvs is also only good for read-only operations on the CVS repository, so if it's your intention to support local development in one repository shared with the FreeBSD project bits then CVSup is really your only option. <anchor id="anoncvs-usage">Using Anonymous CVS Configuring &man.cvs.1; to use an Anonymous CVS repository is a simple matter of setting the CVSROOT environment variable to point to one of the FreeBSD project's anoncvs servers. At the time of this writing, the following servers are available: USA: anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs Since CVS allows one to “check out” virtually any version of the FreeBSD sources that ever existed (or, in some cases, will exist :), you need to be familiar with the revision () flag to &man.cvs.1; and what some of the permissible values for it in the FreeBSD Project repository are. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: HEAD Symbolic name for the main line, or FreeBSD-current. Also the default when no revision is specified. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. This branch is mostly obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports collection. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the flag. See the &man.cvs.1; man page for more details. Examples While it really is recommended that you read the manual page for &man.cvs.1; thoroughly before doing anything, here are some quick examples which essentially show how to use Anonymous CVS: Checking out something from -current (&man.ls.1;) and deleting it again: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Checking out the version of ls(1) in the 2.2-stable branch: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co -rRELENG_2_2 ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Creating a list of changes (as unidiffs) to &man.ls.1; &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs rdiff -u -rRELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE -rRELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE ls Finding out what other module names can be used: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co modules &prompt.user; more modules/modules &prompt.user; cvs release -d modules Other Resources The following additional resources may be helpful in learning CVS: CVS Tutorial from Cal Poly. Cyclic Software, commercial maintainers of CVS. CVSWeb is the FreeBSD Project web interface for CVS. <application>CTM</application> Contributed by &a.phk;. Updated 19-October-1997. CTM is a method for keeping a remote directory tree in sync with a central one. It has been developed for usage with FreeBSD's source trees, though other people may find it useful for other purposes as time goes by. Little, if any, documentation currently exists at this time on the process of creating deltas, so talk to &a.phk; for more information should you wish to use CTM for other things. Why should I use <application>CTM</application>? CTM will give you a local copy of the FreeBSD source trees. There are a number of “flavors” of the tree available. Whether you wish to track the entire cvs tree or just one of the branches, CTM can provide you the information. If you are an active developer on FreeBSD, but have lousy or non-existent TCP/IP connectivity, or simply wish to have the changes automatically sent to you, CTM was made for you. You will need to obtain up to three deltas per day for the most active branches. However, you should consider having them sent by automatic email. The sizes of the updates are always kept as small as possible. This is typically less than 5K, with an occasional (one in ten) being 10-50K and every now and then a biggie of 100K+ or more coming around. You will also need to make yourself aware of the various caveats related to working directly from the development sources rather than a pre-packaged release. This is particularly true if you choose the “current” sources. It is recommended that you read Staying current with FreeBSD. What do I need to use <application>CTM</application>? You will need two things: The CTM program and the initial deltas to feed it (to get up to “current” levels). The CTM program has been part of FreeBSD ever since version 2.0 was released, and lives in /usr/src/usr.sbin/CTM if you have a copy of the source online. If you are running a pre-2.0 version of FreeBSD, you can fetch the current CTM sources directly from: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm The “deltas” you feed CTM can be had two ways, FTP or e-mail. If you have general FTP access to the Internet then the following FTP sites support access to CTM: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/CTM + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM or see section mirrors. FTP the relevant directory and fetch the README file, starting from there. If you may wish to get your deltas via email: Send email to &a.majordomo; to subscribe to one of the CTM distribution lists. “ctm-cvs-cur” supports the entire cvs tree. “ctm-src-cur” supports the head of the development branch. “ctm-src-2_2” supports the 2.2 release branch, etc. (If you do not know how to subscribe yourself using majordomo, send a message first containing the word help — it will send you back usage instructions.) When you begin receiving your CTM updates in the mail, you may use the ctm_rmail program to unpack and apply them. You can actually use the ctm_rmail program directly from a entry in /etc/aliases if you want to have the process run in a fully automated fashion. Check the ctm_rmail man page for more details. No matter what method you use to get the CTM deltas, you should subscribe to the - ctm-announce@FreeBSD.ORG mailing list. In the + ctm-announce@FreeBSD.org mailing list. In the future, this will be the only place where announcements concerning the operations of the CTM system will be posted. Send an email to &a.majordomo; with a single line of subscribe ctm-announce to get added to the list. Starting off with <application>CTM</application> for the first time Before you can start using CTM deltas, you will need to get to a starting point for the deltas produced subsequently to it. First you should determine what you already have. Everyone can start from an “empty” directory. You must use an initial “Empty&rdquo delta to start off your CTM supported tree. At some point it is intended that one of these “started” deltas be distributed on the CD for your convenience. This does not currently happen however. However, since the trees are many tens of megabytes, you should prefer to start from something already at hand. If you have a RELEASE CD, you can copy or extract an initial source from it. This will save a significant transfer of data. You can recognize these “starter” deltas by the X appended to the number (src-cur.3210XEmpty.gz for instance). The designation following the X corresponds to the origin of your initial “seed”. Empty is an empty directory. As a rule a base transition from Empty is produced every 100 deltas. By the way, they are large! 25 to 30 Megabytes of gzip'ed data is common for the XEmpty deltas. Once you've picked a base delta to start from, you will also need all deltas with higher numbers following it. Using <application>CTM</application> in your daily life To apply the deltas, simply say: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/the/stuff &prompt.root; ctm -v -v /where/you/store/your/deltas/src-xxx.* CTM understands deltas which have been put through gzip, so you do not need to gunzip them first, this saves disk space. Unless it feels very secure about the entire process, CTM will not touch your tree. To verify a delta you can also use the flag and CTM will not actually touch your tree; it will merely verify the integrity of the delta and see if it would apply cleanly to your current tree. There are other options to CTM as well, see the manual pages or look in the sources for more information. I would also be very happy if somebody could help with the “user interface” portions, as I have realized that I cannot make up my mind on what options should do what, how and when... That's really all there is to it. Every time you get a new delta, just run it through CTM to keep your sources up to date. Do not remove the deltas if they are hard to download again. You just might want to keep them around in case something bad happens. Even if you only have floppy disks, consider using fdwrite to make a copy. Keeping your local changes As a developer one would like to experiment with and change files in the source tree. CTM supports local modifications in a limited way: before checking for the presence of a file foo, it first looks for foo.ctm. If this file exists, CTM will operate on it instead of foo. This behaviour gives us a simple way to maintain local changes: simply copy the files you plan to modify to the corresponding file names with a .ctm suffix. Then you can freely hack the code, while CTM keeps the .ctm file up-to-date. Other interesting <application>CTM</application> options Finding out exactly what would be touched by an update You can determine the list of changes that CTM will make on your source repository using the option to CTM. This is useful if you would like to keep logs of the changes, pre- or post- process the modified files in any manner, or just are feeling a tad paranoid :-). Making backups before updating Sometimes you may want to backup all the files that would be changed by a CTM update. Specifying the option causes CTM to backup all files that would be touched by a given CTM delta to backup-file. Restricting the files touched by an update Sometimes you would be interested in restricting the scope of a given CTM update, or may be interested in extracting just a few files from a sequence of deltas. You can control the list of files that CTM would operate on by specifying filtering regular expressions using the and options. For example, to extract an up-to-date copy of lib/libc/Makefile from your collection of saved CTM deltas, run the commands: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/to/extract/it/ &prompt.root; ctm -e '^lib/libc/Makefile' ~ctm/src-xxx.* For every file specified in a CTM delta, the and options are applied in the order given on the command line. The file is processed by CTM only if it is marked as eligible after all the and options are applied to it. Future plans for <application>CTM</application> Tons of them: Use some kind of authentication into the CTM system, so as to allow detection of spoofed CTM updates. Clean up the options to CTM, they became confusing and counter intuitive. The bad news is that I am very busy, so any help in doing this will be most welcome. And do not forget to tell me what you want also... Miscellaneous stuff All the “DES infected” (e.g. export controlled) source is not included. You will get the “international” version only. If sufficient interest appears, we will set up a sec-cur sequence too. There is a sequence of deltas for the ports collection too, but interest has not been all that high yet. Tell me if you want an email list for that too and we will consider setting it up. Thanks! &a.bde; for his pointed pen and invaluable comments. &a.sos; for patience. Stephen McKay wrote ctm_[rs]mail, much appreciated. &a.jkh; for being so stubborn that I had to make it better. All the users I hope you like it... <application>CVSup</application> Contributed by &a.jdp;. Introduction CVSup is a software package for distributing and updating source trees from a master CVS repository on a remote server host. The FreeBSD sources are maintained in a CVS repository on a central development machine in California. With CVSup, FreeBSD users can easily keep their own source trees up to date. CVSup uses the so-called pull model of updating. Under the pull model, each client asks the server for updates, if and when they are wanted. The server waits passively for update requests from its clients. Thus all updates are instigated by the client. The server never sends unsolicited updates. Users must either run the CVSup client manually to get an update, or they must set up a cron job to run it automatically on a regular basis. The term CVSup, capitalized just so, refers to the entire software package. Its main components are the client cvsup which runs on each user's machine, and the server cvsupd which runs at each of the FreeBSD mirror sites. As you read the FreeBSD documentation and mailing lists, you may see references to sup. Sup was the predecessor of CVSup, and it served a similar purpose. CVSup is in used in much the same way as sup and, in fact, uses configuration files which are backward-compatible with sup's. Sup is no longer used in the FreeBSD project, because CVSup is both faster and more flexible. Installation The easiest way to install CVSup if you are running FreeBSD 2.2 or later is to use either the port from the FreeBSD ports collection or the corresponding binary package, depending on whether you prefer to roll your own or not. If you are running FreeBSD-2.1.6 or 2.1.7, you unfortunately cannot use the binary package versions due to the fact that they require a version of the C library that does not yet exist in FreeBSD-2.1.{6,7}. You can easily use the port, however, just as with FreeBSD 2.2. Simply unpack the tar file, cd to the cvsup subdirectory and type make install. Because CVSup is written in Modula-3, both the package and the port require that the Modula-3 runtime libraries be installed. These are available as the lang/modula-3-lib port and the lang/modula-3-lib-3.6 package. If you follow the same directions as for cvsup, these libraries will be compiled and/or installed automatically when you install the CVSup port or package. The Modula-3 libraries are rather large, and fetching and compiling them is not an instantaneous process. For that reason, a third option is provided. You can get statically linked FreeBSD executables for CVSup from the USA distribution site: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client including GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup.nogui-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client without GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupd-bin-16.0.tar.gz (server). as well as from the many FreeBSD FTP mirror sites around the world. Most users will need only the client. These executables are entirely self-contained, and they will run on any version of FreeBSD from FreeBSD-2.1.0 to FreeBSD-current. In summary, your options for installing CVSup are: FreeBSD-2.2 or later: static binary, port, or package FreeBSD-2.1.6, 2.1.7: static binary or port FreeBSD-2.1.5 or earlier: static binary CVSup Configuration CVSup's operation is controlled by a configuration file called the supfile. Beginning with FreeBSD-2.2, there are some sample supfiles in the directory /usr/share/examples/cvsup. These examples are also available from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/examples/cvsup/ if you are on a pre-2.2 system. The information in a supfile answers the following questions for cvsup: Which files do you want to receive? Which versions of them do you want? Where do you want to get them from? Where do you want to put them on your own machine? Where do you want to put your status files? In the following sections, we will construct a typical supfile by answering each of these questions in turn. First, we describe the overall structure of a supfile. A supfile is a text file. Comments begin with # and extend to the end of the line. Lines that are blank and lines that contain only comments are ignored. Each remaining line describes a set of files that the user wishes to receive. The line begins with the name of a “collection”, a logical grouping of files defined by the server. The name of the collection tells the server which files you want. After the collection name come zero or more fields, separated by white space. These fields answer the questions listed above. There are two types of fields: flag fields and value fields. A flag field consists of a keyword standing alone, e.g., delete or compress. A value field also begins with a keyword, but the keyword is followed without intervening white space by = and a second word. For example, release=cvs is a value field. A supfile typically specifies more than one collection to receive. One way to structure a supfile is to specify all of the relevant fields explicitly for each collection. However, that tends to make the supfile lines quite long, and it is inconvenient because most fields are the same for all of the collections in a supfile. CVSup provides a defaulting mechanism to avoid these problems. Lines beginning with the special pseudo-collection name *default can be used to set flags and values which will be used as defaults for the subsequent collections in the supfile. A default value can be overridden for an individual collection, by specifying a different value with the collection itself. Defaults can also be changed or augmented in mid-supfile by additional *default lines. With this background, we will now proceed to construct a supfile for receiving and updating the main source tree of FreeBSD-current. Which files do you want to receive? The files available via CVSup are organized into named groups called “collections”. The collections that are available are described here. In this example, we wish to receive the entire main source tree for the FreeBSD system. There is a single large collection src-all which will give us all of that, except the export-controlled cryptography support. Let us assume for this example that we are in the USA or Canada. Then we can get the cryptography code with one additional collection, cvs-crypto. As a first step toward constructing our supfile, we simply list these collections, one per line: src-all cvs-crypto Which version(s) of them do you want? With CVSup, you can receive virtually any version of the sources that ever existed. That is possible because the cvsupd server works directly from the CVS repository, which contains all of the versions. You specify which one of them you want using the tag= and value fields. Be very careful to specify any tag= fields correctly. Some tags are valid only for certain collections of files. If you specify an incorrect or misspelled tag, CVSup will delete files which you probably do not want deleted. In particular, use only tag=. for the ports-* collections. The tag= field names a symbolic tag in the repository. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: tag=. The main line of development, also known as FreeBSD-current. The . is not punctuation; it is the name of the tag. Valid for all collections. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. tag=RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: tag=RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Be very careful to type the tag name exactly as shown. CVSup cannot distinguish between valid and invalid tags. If you misspell the tag, CVSup will behave as though you had specified a valid tag which happens to refer to no files at all. It will delete your existing sources in that case. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the value field. The &man.cvsup.1; manual page explains how to do that. For our example, we wish to receive FreeBSD-current. We add this line at the beginning of our supfile: *default tag=. There is an important special case that comes into play if you specify neither a tag= field nor a date= field. In that case, you receive the actual RCS files directly from the server's CVS repository, rather than receiving a particular version. Developers generally prefer this mode of operation. By maintaining a copy of the repository itself on their systems, they gain the ability to browse the revision histories and examine past versions of files. This gain is achieved at a large cost in terms of disk space, however. Where do you want to get them from? We use the host= field to tell cvsup where to obtain its updates. Any of the CVSup mirror sites will do, though you should try to select one that is close to you in cyberspace. In this example we will use a fictional FreeBSD distribution site, cvsup666.FreeBSD.org: *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org You will need to change the host to one that actually exists before running CVSup. On any particular run of cvsup, you can override the host setting on the command line, with . Where do you want to put them on your own machine? The prefix= field tells cvsup where to put the files it receives. In this example, we will put the source files directly into our main source tree, /usr/src. The src directory is already implicit in the collections we have chosen to receive, so this is the correct specification: *default prefix=/usr Where should cvsup maintain its status files? The cvsup client maintains certain status files in what is called the “base” directory. These files help CVSup to work more efficiently, by keeping track of which updates you have already received. We will use the standard base directory, /usr/local/etc/cvsup: *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup This setting is used by default if it is not specified in the supfile, so we actually do not need the above line. If your base directory does not already exist, now would be a good time to create it. The cvsup client will refuse to run if the base directory does not exist. Miscellaneous supfile settings: There is one more line of boiler plate that normally needs to be present in the supfile: *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress release=cvs indicates that the server should get its information out of the main FreeBSD CVS repository. This is virtually always the case, but there are other possibilities which are beyond the scope of this discussion. delete gives CVSup permission to delete files. You should always specify this, so that CVSup can keep your source tree fully up to date. CVSup is careful to delete only those files for which it is responsible. Any extra files you happen to have will be left strictly alone. use-rel-suffix is ... arcane. If you really want to know about it, see the &man.cvsup.1; manual page. Otherwise, just specify it and do not worry about it. compress enables the use of gzip-style compression on the communication channel. If your network link is T1 speed or faster, you probably should not use compression. Otherwise, it helps substantially. Putting it all together: Here is the entire supfile for our example: *default tag=. *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org *default prefix=/usr *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress src-all cvs-crypto Running <application>CVSup</application> You are now ready to try an update. The command line for doing this is quite simple: &prompt.root; cvsup supfile where supfile is of course the name of the supfile you have just created. Assuming you are running under X11, cvsup will display a GUI window with some buttons to do the usual things. Press the “go” button, and watch it run. Since you are updating your actual /usr/src tree in this example, you will need to run the program as root so that cvsup has the permissions it needs to update your files. Having just created your configuration file, and having never used this program before, that might understandably make you nervous. There is an easy way to do a trial run without touching your precious files. Just create an empty directory somewhere convenient, and name it as an extra argument on the command line: &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/dest &prompt.root; cvsup supfile /var/tmp/dest The directory you specify will be used as the destination directory for all file updates. CVSup will examine your usual files in /usr/src, but it will not modify or delete any of them. Any file updates will instead land in /var/tmp/dest/usr/src. CVSup will also leave its base directory status files untouched when run this way. The new versions of those files will be written into the specified directory. As long as you have read access to /usr/src, you do not even need to be root to perform this kind of trial run. If you are not running X11 or if you just do not like GUIs, you should add a couple of options to the command line when you run cvsup: &prompt.root; cvsup -g -L 2 supfile The tells cvsup not to use its GUI. This is automatic if you are not running X11, but otherwise you have to specify it. The tells cvsup to print out the details of all the file updates it is doing. There are three levels of verbosity, from to . The default is 0, which means total silence except for error messages. There are plenty of other options available. For a brief list of them, type cvsup -H. For more detailed descriptions, see the manual page. Once you are satisfied with the way updates are working, you can arrange for regular runs of cvsup using &man.cron.8;. Obviously, you should not let cvsup use its GUI when running it from cron. <application>CVSup</application> File Collections The file collections available via CVSup are organized hierarchically. There are a few large collections, and they are divided into smaller sub-collections. Receiving a large collection is equivalent to receiving each of its sub-collections. The hierarchical relationships among collections are reflected by the use of indentation in the list below. The most commonly used collections are src-all, cvs-crypto, and ports-all. The other collections are used only by small groups of people for specialized purposes, and some mirror sites may not carry all of them. cvs-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD CVS repository, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. distrib release=cvs Files related to the distribution and mirroring of FreeBSD. doc-all release=cvs Sources for the FreeBSD handbook and other documentation. ports-all release=cvs The FreeBSD ports collection. ports-archivers release=cvs Archiving tools. ports-astro release=cvs Astronomical ports. ports-audio release=cvs Sound support. ports-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/ports. ports-benchmarks release=cvs Benchmarks. ports-biology release=cvs Biology. ports-cad release=cvs Computer aided design tools. ports-chinese release=cvs Chinese language support. ports-comms release=cvs Communication software. ports-converters release=cvs character code converters. ports-databases release=cvs Databases. ports-deskutils release=cvs Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. ports-devel release=cvs Development utilities. ports-editors release=cvs Editors. ports-emulators release=cvs Emulators for other operating systems. ports-games release=cvs Games. ports-german release=cvs German language support. ports-graphics release=cvs Graphics utilities. ports-japanese release=cvs Japanese language support. ports-korean release=cvs Korean language support. ports-lang release=cvs Programming languages. ports-mail release=cvs Mail software. ports-math release=cvs Numerical computation software. ports-mbone release=cvs MBone applications. ports-misc release=cvs Miscellaneous utilities. ports-net release=cvs Networking software. ports-news release=cvs USENET news software. ports-palm release=cvs Software support for 3Com Palm(tm) series. ports-plan9 release=cvs Various programs from Plan9. ports-print release=cvs Printing software. ports-russian release=cvs Russian language support. ports-security release=cvs Security utilities. ports-shells release=cvs Command line shells. ports-sysutils release=cvs System utilities. ports-textproc release=cvs text processing utilities (does not include desktop publishing). ports-vietnamese release=cvs Vietnamese language support. ports-www release=cvs Software related to the World Wide Web. ports-x11 release=cvs Ports to support the X window system. ports-x11-clocks release=cvs X11 clocks. ports-x11-fm release=cvs X11 file managers. ports-x11-fonts release=cvs X11 fonts and font utilities. ports-x11-toolkits release=cvs X11 toolkits. ports-x11-wm X11 window managers. src-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD sources, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. src-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/src. src-bin release=cvs User utilities that may be needed in single-user mode (/usr/src/bin). src-contrib release=cvs Utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/contrib). src-etc release=cvs System configuration files (/usr/src/etc). src-games release=cvs Games (/usr/src/games). src-gnu release=cvs Utilities covered by the GNU Public License (/usr/src/gnu). src-include release=cvs Header files (/usr/src/include). src-kerberosIV release=cvs KerberosIV security package (/usr/src/kerberosIV). src-lib release=cvs Libraries (/usr/src/lib). src-libexec release=cvs System programs normally executed by other programs (/usr/src/libexec). src-release release=cvs Files required to produce a FreeBSD release (/usr/src/release). src-sbin release=cvs System utilities for single-user mode (/usr/src/sbin). src-share release=cvs Files that can be shared across multiple systems (/usr/src/share). src-sys release=cvs The kernel (/usr/src/sys). src-tools release=cvs Various tools for the maintenance of FreeBSD (/usr/src/tools). src-usrbin release=cvs User utilities (/usr/src/usr.bin). src-usrsbin release=cvs System utilities (/usr/src/usr.sbin). www release=cvs The sources for the World Wide Web data. cvs-crypto release=cvs The export-restricted cryptography code. src-crypto release=cvs Export-restricted utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/crypto). src-eBones release=cvs Kerberos and DES (/usr/src/eBones). src-secure release=cvs DES (/usr/src/secure). distrib release=self The CVSup server's own configuration files. Used by CVSup mirror sites. gnats release=current The GNATS bug-tracking database. mail-archive release=current FreeBSD mailing list archive. www release=current The installed World Wide Web data. Used by WWW mirror sites. For more information For the CVSup FAQ and other information about CVSup, see The CVSup Home Page. Most FreeBSD-related discussion of CVSup takes place on the &a.hackers;. New versions of the software are announced there, as well as on the &a.announce;. Questions and bug reports should be addressed to the author of the program at cvsup-bugs@polstra.com. Using <command>make world</command> to rebuild your system Contributed by &a.nik;. Once you have synchronised your local source tree against a particular version of FreeBSD (stable, current and so on) you must then use the source tree to rebuild the system. Currently, the best source of information on how to do that is a tutorial available from http://www.nothing-going-on.demon.co.uk/FreeBSD/make-world/make-world.html. A successor to this tutorial will be integrated into the handbook. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml index ce30750488..f2ee2fc5f1 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1370 +1,1370 @@ Resources on the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. The rapid pace of FreeBSD progress makes print media impractical as a means of following the latest developments. Electronic resources are the best, if not often the only, way stay informed of the latest advances. Since FreeBSD is a volunteer effort, the user community itself also generally serves as a “technical support department” of sorts, with electronic mail and USENET news being the most effective way of reaching that community. The most important points of contact with the FreeBSD user community are outlined below. If you are aware of other resources not mentioned here, please send them to the &a.doc;so that they may also be included. Mailing lists Though many of the FreeBSD development members read USENET, we cannot always guarantee that we will get to your questions in a timely fashion (or at all) if you post them only to one of the comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.* groups. By addressing your questions to the appropriate mailing list you will reach both us and a concentrated FreeBSD audience, invariably assuring a better (or at least faster) response. The charters for the various lists are given at the bottom of this document. Please read the charter before joining or sending mail to any list. Most of our list subscribers now receive many hundreds of FreeBSD related messages every day, and by setting down charters and rules for proper use we are striving to keep the signal-to-noise ratio of the lists high. To do less would see the mailing lists ultimately fail as an effective communications medium for the project. Archives are kept for all of the mailing lists and can be searched - using the FreeBSD World + using the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. The keyword searchable archive offers an excellent way of finding answers to frequently asked questions and should be consulted before posting a question. List summary General lists: The following are general lists which anyone is free (and encouraged) to join: List Purpose freebsd-advocacy FreeBSD Evangelism freebsd-announce Important events and project milestones freebsd-bugs Bug reports freebsd-chat Non-technical items related to the FreeBSD community freebsd-current Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-current freebsd-isp Issues for Internet Service Providers using FreeBSD freebsd-jobs FreeBSD employment and consulting opportunities freebsd-newbies New FreeBSD users activities and discussions freebsd-policy FreeBSD Core team policy decisions. Low volume, and read-only freebsd-questions User questions and technical support freebsd-stable Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-stable Technical lists: The following lists are for technical discussion. You should read the charter for each list carefully before joining or sending mail to one as there are firm guidelines for their use and content. List Purpose freebsd-afs Porting AFS to FreeBSD freebsd-alpha Porting FreeBSD to the Alpha freebsd-doc Creating FreeBSD related documents freebsd-database Discussing database use and development under FreeBSD freebsd-emulation Emulation of other systems such as Linux/DOS/Windows freebsd-fs Filesystems freebsd-hackers General technical discussion freebsd-hardware General discussion of hardware for running FreeBSD freebsd-ipfw Technical discussion concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code freebsd-isdn ISDN developers freebsd-java Java developers and people porting JDKs to FreeBSD freebsd-mobile Discussions about mobile computing freebsd-mozilla Porting mozilla to FreeBSD freebsd-net Networking discussion and TCP/IP/source code freebsd-platforms Concerning ports to non-Intel architecture platforms freebsd-ports Discussion of the ports collection freebsd-scsi The SCSI subsystem freebsd-security Security issues freebsd-small Using FreeBSD in embedded applications freebsd-smp Design discussions for [A]Symmetric MultiProcessing freebsd-sparc Porting FreeBSD to Sparc systems freebsd-tokenring Support Token Ring in FreeBSD Limited lists: The following lists require - approval from core@FreeBSD.ORG to join, though anyone + approval from core@FreeBSD.org to join, though anyone is free to send messages to them which fall within the scope of their charters. It is also a good idea establish a presence in the technical lists before asking to join one of these limited lists. List Purpose freebsd-admin Administrative issues freebsd-arch Architecture and design discussions freebsd-core FreeBSD core team freebsd-hubs People running mirror sites (infrastructural support) freebsd-install Installation development freebsd-security-notifications Security notifications freebsd-user-groups User group coordination CVS lists: The following lists are for people interested in seeing the log messages for changes to various areas of the source tree. They are Read-Only lists and should not have mail sent to them. List Source area Area Description (source for) cvs-all /usr/src All changes to the tree (superset) How to subscribe All mailing lists live on FreeBSD.ORG, so to post to a given list you + role="fqdn">FreeBSD.org, so to post to a given list you simply mail to - <listname@FreeBSD.ORG>. It will then + <listname@FreeBSD.org>. It will then be redistributed to mailing list members world-wide. To subscribe to a list, send mail to &a.majordomo; and include subscribe <listname> [<optional address>] in the body of your message. For example, to subscribe yourself to freebsd-announce, you'd do: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce ^D If you want to subscribe yourself under a different name, or submit a subscription request for a local mailing list (this is more efficient if you have several interested parties at one site, and highly appreciated by us!), you would do something like: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce local-announce@somesite.com ^D Finally, it is also possible to unsubscribe yourself from a list, get a list of other list members or see the list of mailing lists again by sending other types of control messages to majordomo. For a complete list of available commands, do this: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org help ^D Again, we would like to request that you keep discussion in the technical mailing lists on a technical track. If you are only interested in the “high points” then it is suggested that you join freebsd-announce, which is intended only for infrequent traffic. List charters AllFreeBSD mailing lists have certain basic rules which must be adhered to by anyone using them. Failure to comply with these guidelines will result in two (2) written warnings from the FreeBSD Postmaster postmaster@FreeBSD.org, after which, on a third offense, the poster will removed from all FreeBSD mailing lists and filtered from further posting to them. We regret that such rules and measures are necessary at all, but today's Internet is a pretty harsh environment, it would seem, and many fail to appreciate just how fragile some of its mechanisms are. Rules of the road: The topic of any posting should adhere to the basic charter of the list it is posted to, e.g. if the list is about technical issues then your posting should contain technical discussion. Ongoing irrelevant chatter or flaming only detracts from the value of the mailing list for everyone on it and will not be tolerated. For free-form discussion on no particular topic, the freebsd-chat freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org mailing list is freely available and should be used instead. No posting should be made to more than 2 mailing lists, and only to 2 when a clear and obvious need to post to both lists exists. For most lists, there is already a great deal of subscriber overlap and except for the most esoteric mixes (say "-stable & -scsi"), there really is no reason to post to more than one list at a time. If a message is sent to you in such a way that multiple mailing lists appear on the Cc line then the cc line should also be trimmed before sending it out again. You are still responsible for your own cross-postings, no matter who the originator might have been. Personal attacks and profanity (in the context of an argument) are not allowed, and that includes users and developers alike. Gross breaches of netiquette, like excerpting or reposting private mail when permission to do so was not and would not be forthcoming, are frowned upon but not specifically enforced. However, there are also very few cases where such content would fit within the charter of a list and it would therefore probably rate a warning (or ban) on that basis alone. Advertising of non-FreeBSD related products or services is strictly prohibited and will result in an immediate ban if it is clear that the offender is advertising by spam. Individual list charters: FREEBSD-AFS Andrew File System This list is for discussion on porting and using AFS from CMU/Transarc FREEBSD-ADMIN Administrative issues This list is purely for discussion of FreeBSD.org related issues and to report problems or abuse of project resources. It is a closed list, though anyone may report a problem (with our systems!) to it. FREEBSD-ANNOUNCE Important events / milestones This is the mailing list for people interested only in occasional announcements of significant FreeBSD events. This includes announcements about snapshots and other releases. It contains announcements of new FreeBSD capabilities. It may contain calls for volunteers etc. This is a low volume, strictly moderated mailing list. FREEBSD-ARCH Architecture and design discussions This is a moderated list for discussion of FreeBSD architecture. Messages will mostly be kept technical in nature, with (rare) exceptions for other messages the moderator deems need to reach all the subscribers of the list. Examples of suitable topics; How to re-vamp the build system to have several customized builds running at the same time. What needs to be fixed with VFS to make Heidemann layers work. How do we change the device driver interface to be able to use the ame drivers cleanly on many buses and architectures? How do I write a network driver? The moderator reserves the right to do minor editing (spell-checking, grammar correction, trimming) of messages that are posted to the list. The volume of the list will be kept low, which may involve having to delay topics until an active discussion has been resolved. FREEBSD-BUGS Bug reports This is the mailing list for reporting bugs in FreeBSD Whenever possible, bugs should be submitted using the &man.send-pr.1; command or the WEB interface to it. FREEBSD-CHAT Non technical items related to the FreeBSD community This list contains the overflow from the other lists about non-technical, social information. It includes discussion about whether Jordan looks like a toon ferret or not, whether or not to type in capitals, who is drinking too much coffee, where the best beer is brewed, who is brewing beer in their basement, and so on. Occasional announcements of important events (such as upcoming parties, weddings, births, new jobs, etc) can be made to the technical lists, but the follow ups should be directed to this -chat list. FREEBSD-CORE FreeBSD core team This is an internal mailing list for use by the core members. Messages can be sent to it when a serious FreeBSD-related matter requires arbitration or high-level scrutiny. FREEBSD-CURRENT Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-current. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -current that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -current. Anyone running “current” must subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-CURRENT-DIGEST Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the digest version of the freebsd-current mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-current bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-DOC Documentation project This mailing list is for the discussion of issues and projects related to the creation of documenation for FreeBSD. The members of this mailing list are collectively referred to as “The FreeBSD Documentation Project”. It is an open list; feel free to join and contribute! FREEBSD-FS Filesystems Discussions concerning FreeBSD filesystems. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-IPFW IP Firewall This is the forum for technical discussions concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code in FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-ISDN ISDN Communications This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of ISDN support for FreeBSD. FREEBSD-JAVA Java Development This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of significant Java applications for FreeBSD and the porting and maintenance of JDKs. FREEBSD-HACKERS Technical discussions This is a forum for technical discussions related to FreeBSD. This is the primary technical mailing list. It is for individuals actively working on FreeBSD, to bring up problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals interested in following the technical discussion are also welcome. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-HACKERS-DIGEST Technical discussions This is the digest version of the freebsd-hackers mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-hackers bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-HARDWARE General discussion of FreeBSD hardware General discussion about the types of hardware that FreeBSD runs on, various problems and suggestions concerning what to buy or avoid. FREEBSD-INSTALL Installation discussion This mailing list is for discussing FreeBSD installation development for the future releases and is closed. FREEBSD-ISP Issues for Internet Service Providers This mailing list is for discussing topics relevant to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) using FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-NEWBIES Newbies activities discussion We cover any of the activities of newbies that are not already dealt with elsewhere, including: independent learning and problem solving techniques, finding and using resources and asking for help elsewhere, how to use mailing lists and which lists to use, general chat, making mistakes, boasting, sharing ideas, stories, moral (but not technical) support, and taking an active part in the FreeBSD community. We take our problems and support questions to freebsd-questions, and use freebsd-newbies to meet others who are doing the same things that we do as newbies. FREEBSD-PLATFORMS Porting to Non-Intel platforms Cross-platform FreeBSD issues, general discussion and proposals for non-Intel FreeBSD ports. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-POLICY Core team policy decisions This is a low volume, read-only mailing list for FreeBSD Core Team Policy decisions. FREEBSD-PORTS Discussion of “ports” Discussions concerning FreeBSD's “ports collection” (/usr/ports), proposed ports, modifications to ports collection infrastructure and general coordination efforts. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS User questions This is the mailing list for questions about FreeBSD. You should not send “how to” questions to the technical lists unless you consider the question to be pretty technical. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS-DIGEST User questions This is the digest version of the freebsd-questions mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-questions bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. FREEBSD-SCSI SCSI subsystem This is the mailing list for people working on the scsi subsystem for FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY Security issues FreeBSD computer security issues (DES, Kerberos, known security holes and fixes, etc). This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY-NOTIFICATIONS Security Notifications Notifications of FreeBSD security problems and fixes. This is not a discussion list. The discussion list is FreeBSD-security. FREEBSD-SMALL This list discusses topics related to unusually small and embedded FreeBSD installations. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-STABLE Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-stable This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-stable. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -stable that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -stable. Anyone running “stable” should subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-USER-GROUPS User Group Coordination List This is the mailing list for the coordinators from each of the local area Users Groups to discuss matters with each other and a designated individual from the Core Team. This mail list should be limited to meeting synopsis and coordination of projects that span User Groups. It is a closed list. Usenet newsgroups In addition to two FreeBSD specific newsgroups, there are many others in which FreeBSD is discussed or are otherwise relevant to FreeBSD users. Keyword searchable archives are available for some of these newsgroups from courtesy of Warren Toomey wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au. BSD specific newsgroups comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc Other Unix newsgroups of interest comp.unix comp.unix.questions comp.unix.admin comp.unix.programmer comp.unix.shell comp.unix.user-friendly comp.security.unix comp.sources.unix comp.unix.advocacy comp.unix.misc comp.bugs.4bsd comp.bugs.4bsd.ucb-fixes comp.unix.bsd X Window System comp.windows.x.i386unix comp.windows.x comp.windows.x.apps comp.windows.x.announce comp.windows.x.intrinsics comp.windows.x.motif comp.windows.x.pex comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine World Wide Web servers http://www.FreeBSD.ORG/ + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ — Central Server. http://www.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/1. http://www2.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/2. http://www3.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/3. http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/1. + url="http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/1. http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/2. + url="http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/2. http://www3.br.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/3. http://www.bg.FreeBSD.org/ — Bulgaria. http://www.ca.FreeBSD.org/ — Canada/1. http://FreeBSD.kawartha.com/ — Canada/2. http://www.dk.FreeBSD.org/ — Denmark. http://www.ee.FreeBSD.org/ — Estonia. http://www.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/1. http://www2.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/2. http://www.fr.FreeBSD.org/ — France. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/1. http://www1.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/2. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/3. http://www.hu.FreeBSD.org/ — Hungary. http://www.is.FreeBSD.org/ — Iceland. http://www.ie.FreeBSD.org/ — Ireland. http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Japan. + url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Japan. http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/ — Korea. http://rama.asiapac.net/freebsd/ — Malaysia. http://www.nl.FreeBSD.org/ — Netherlands. http://www.no.FreeBSD.org/ — Norway. http://www.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/1. http://www2.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/2. http://www3.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/3. http://www.ro.FreeBSD.org/ — Romania. http://www.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/1. http://www2.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/2. http://www3.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/3. http://www4.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/4. http://www.sk.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovak Republic. http://www.si.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovenia. http://www.es.FreeBSD.org/ — Spain. http://www.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/1. http://www2.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/2. http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Sweden. + url="http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Sweden. http://www.tr.FreeBSD.org/ — Turkey. http://www.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/1. http://www2.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/2. http://www.uk.FreeBSD.org/ — United Kingdom. http://freebsd.advansys.net/ — USA/Indiana. http://www6.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Oregon. http://www2.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Texas. Email Addresses The following user groups provide FreeBSD related email addresses for their members. The listed administrator reserves the right to revoke the address if it is abused in any way. Domain Facilities User Group Administrator ukug.uk.FreeBSD.org Forwarding only freebsd-users@uk.FreeBSD.org Josef L. Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Shell Accounts The following user groups provide shell accounts for people who are actively supporting the FreeBSD project. The listed administrator reserves the right to cancel the account if it is abused in any way. Host Access Facilities Administrator storm.uk.FreeBSD.org ssh only Read-only cvs, personal webspace, email &a.brian diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml index a6df6724f4..dd4f0a4930 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1307 +1,1307 @@ Installing FreeBSD So, you would like to try out FreeBSD on your system? This section is a quick-start guide for what you need to do. FreeBSD can be installed from a variety of media including CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape, an MS-DOS partition and, if you have a network connection, via anonymous ftp or NFS. Regardless of the installation media you choose, you can get started by creating the installation disks as described below. Booting your computer into the FreeBSD installer, even if you are not planning on installing FreeBSD right away, will provide important information about compatibility between FreeBSD and your hardware which may, in turn, dictate which installation options are even possible. It can also provide early clues to any compatibility problems which could prevent FreeBSD running on your system at all. If you plan on installing via anonymous FTP then the installation floppies are all you need to download and create—the installation program itself will handle any further required downloading directly (using an ethernet connection, a modem and ppp dialip #, etc). For more information on obtaining the latest FreeBSD distributions, please see Obtaining FreeBSD in the Appendix. So, to get the show on the road, follow these steps: Review the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is supported by FreeBSD. It may be helpful to make a list of any special cards you have installed, such as SCSI controllers, Ethernet adapters or sound cards. This list should include relevant configuration parameters such as interrupts (IRQ) and IO port addresses. If you are installing FreeBSD from CDROM media then you have several different installation options: If the CD has been mastered with El Torrito boot support and your system supports direct booting from CDROM (and many older systems do not), simply insert the CD into the drive and boot directly from it. If you are running DOS and have the proper drivers to access your CD, run the install.bat script provided on the CD. This will attempt to boot into the FreeBSD installation straight from DOS. You must do this from actual DOS and not a Windows DOS box. If you also want to install FreeBSD from your DOS partition (perhaps because your CDROM drive is completely unsupported by FreeBSD) then run the setup program first to copy the appropriate files from the CD to your DOS partition, afterwards running install. If either of the two proceeding methods work then you can simply skip the rest of this section, otherwise your final option is to create a set of boot floppies from the floppies\kern.flp and floppies\mfsroot.flp images—proceed to step 4 for instructions on how to do this. If you do not have a CDROM distribution then simply read the installation + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE/floppies/README.TXT">installation boot image information to find out what files you need to download first. Make the installation boot disks from the image files: If you are using MS-DOS then download fdimage.exe + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/fdimage.exe">fdimage.exe or get it from tools\fdimage.exe on the CDROM and then run it like so: E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp a: The fdimage program will format the A: drive and then copy the kern.flp image onto it (assuming that you are at the top level of a FreeBSD distribution and the floppy images live in the floppies subdirectory, as is typically the case). If you are using a UNIX system to create the floppy images: &prompt.root; dd if=kern.flp of=disk_device disk_device is the /dev entry for the floppy drive. On FreeBSD systems, this is /dev/rfd0 for the A: drive and /dev/rfd1 for the B: drive. With the kern.flp in the A: drive, reboot your computer. The next request you should get is for the mfsroot.flp floppy, after which the installation will proceed normally. If you do not type anything at the boot prompt which appears during this process, FreeBSD will automatically boot with its default configuration after a delay of about five seconds. As FreeBSD boots, it probes your computer to determine what hardware is installed. The results of this probing is displayed on the screen. When the booting process is finished, The main FreeBSD installation menu will be displayed. If something goes wrong… Due to limitations of the PC architecture, it is impossible for probing to be 100 percent reliable. In the event that your hardware is incorrectly identified, or that the probing causes your computer to lock up, first check the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is indeed supported by FreeBSD. If your hardware is supported, reset the computer and when the visual kernel configuration choice is presented, take it. This puts FreeBSD into a configuration mode where you can supply hints about your hardware. The FreeBSD kernel on the installation disk is configured assuming that most hardware devices are in their factory default configuration in terms of IRQs, IO addresses and DMA channels. If your hardware has been reconfigured, you will most likely need to use the configuration editor to tell FreeBSD where things are. It is also possible that a probe for a device not present will cause a later probe for another device that is present to fail. In that case, the probes for the conflicting driver(s) should be disabled. Do not disable any device you will need during installation, such as your screen (sc0). If the installation wedges or fails mysteriously after leaving the configuration editor, you have probably removed or changed something that you should not have. Simply reboot and try again. In the configuration mode, you can: List the device drivers installed in the kernel. Disable device drivers for hardware not present in your system. Change the IRQ, DRQ, and IO port addresses used by a device driver. After adjusting the kernel to match how you have your hardware configured, type Q to continue booting with the new settings. After FreeBSD has been installed, changes made in the configuration mode will be permanent so you do not have to reconfigure every time you boot. Even so, it is likely that you will want to build a custom kernel to optimize the performance of your system. See Kernel configuration for more information on creating custom kernels. Supported Configurations FreeBSD currently runs on a wide variety of ISA, VLB, EISA and PCI bus based PC's, ranging from 386sx to Pentium class machines (though the 386sx is not recommended). Support for generic IDE or ESDI drive configurations, various SCSI controller, network and serial cards is also provided. A minimum of four megabytes of RAM is required to run FreeBSD. To run the X Window System, eight megabytes of RAM is the recommended minimum. Following is a list of all disk controllers and Ethernet cards currently known to work with FreeBSD. Other configurations may very well work, and we have simply not received any indication of this. Disk Controllers WD1003 (any generic MFM/RLL) WD1007 (any generic IDE/ESDI) IDE ATA Adaptec 1535 ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 154x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 174x series EISA SCSI controller in standard and enhanced mode. Adaptec 274X/284X/2920C/2930U2/294x/2950/3940/3950 (Narrow/Wide/Twin) series EISA/VLB/PCI SCSI controllers. Adaptec AIC7850, AIC7860, AIC7880, AIC789x, on-board SCSI controllers. AdvanSys SCSI controllers (all models). BusLogic MultiMaster controllers: BusLogic/Mylex "Flashpoint" adapters are NOT yet supported. BusLogic MultiMaster "W" Series Host Adapters: BT-948 BT-958 BT-958D BusLogic MultiMaster "C" Series Host Adapters: BT-946C BT-956C BT-956CD BT-445C BT-747C BT-757C BT-757CD BT-545C BT-540CF BusLogic MultiMaster "S" Series Host Adapters: BT-445S BT-747S BT-747D BT-757S BT-757D BT-545S BT-542D BT-742A BT-542B BusLogic MultiMaster "A" Series Host Adapters: BT-742A BT-542B AMI FastDisk controllers that are true BusLogic MultiMaster clones are also supported. DPT SmartCACHE Plus, SmartCACHE III, SmartRAID III, SmartCACHE IV and SmartRAID IV SCSI/RAID controllers are supported. The DPT SmartRAID/CACHE V is not yet supported. Compaq Intelligent Disk Array Controllers: IDA, IDA-2, IAES, SMART, SMART-2/E, Smart-2/P, SMART-2SL, Smart Array 3200, Smart Array 3100ES and Smart Array 221. SymBios (formerly NCR) 53C810, 53C810a, 53C815, 53C820, 53C825a, 53C860, 53C875, 53C875j, 53C885, 53C895 and 53C896 PCI SCSI controllers: ASUS SC-200 Data Technology DTC3130 (all variants) Diamond FirePort (all) NCR cards (all) Symbios cards (all) Tekram DC390W, 390U and 390F Tyan S1365 QLogic 1020, 1040, 1040B, 1080, 1240 and 2100 SCSI and Fibre Channel Adapters DTC 3290 EISA SCSI controller in 1542 emulation mode. With all supported SCSI controllers, full support is provided for SCSI-I & SCSI-II peripherals, including hard disks, optical disks, tape drives (including DAT and 8mm Exabyte), medium changers, processor target devices and CDROM drives. WORM devices that support CDROM commands are supported for read-only access by the CDROM driver. WORM/CD-R/CD-RW writing support is provided by cdrecord, which is in the ports tree. The following CD-ROM type systems are supported at this time: SoundBlaster SCSI and ProAudio Spectrum SCSI (cd) Mitsumi (all models) proprietary interface (mcd) Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative) CR-562/CR-563 proprietary interface (matcd) Sony proprietary interface (scd) ATAPI IDE interface (wcd) The following drivers were supported under the old SCSI subsystem, but are NOT YET supported under the new CAM SCSI subsystem: Tekram DC390 and DC390T controllers (maybe other cards based on the AMD 53c974 as well). NCR5380/NCR53400 ("ProAudio Spectrum") SCSI controller. UltraStor 14F, 24F and 34F SCSI controllers. Seagate ST01/02 SCSI controllers. Future Domain 8xx/950 series SCSI controllers. WD7000 SCSI controller. Adaptec 1510 series ISA SCSI controllers (not for bootable devices) Adaptec 152x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards, which includes the AHA-152x and SoundBlaster SCSI cards. Ethernet cards Allied-Telesis AT1700 and RE2000 cards SMC Elite 16 WD8013 Ethernet interface, and most other WD8003E, WD8003EBT, WD8003W, WD8013W, WD8003S, WD8003SBT and WD8013EBT based clones. SMC Elite Ultra and 9432TX based cards are also supported. DEC EtherWORKS III NICs (DE203, DE204, and DE205) DEC EtherWORKS II NICs (DE200, DE201, DE202, and DE422) DEC DC21040/DC21041/DC21140 based NICs: ASUS PCI-L101-TB Accton ENI1203 Cogent EM960PCI Compex CPXPCI/32C D-Link DE-530 DEC DE435 DEC DE450 Danpex EN-9400P3 JCIS Condor JC1260 Kingston KNE100TX Linksys EtherPCI Mylex LNP101 SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) SMC EtherPower (2) Zynx ZX314 Zynx ZX342 DEC FDDI (DEFPA/DEFEA) NICs Fujitsu FMV-181 and FMV-182 Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A Intel EtherExpress Intel EtherExpress Pro/100B 100Mbit. Isolan AT 4141-0 (16 bit) Isolink 4110 (8 bit) Lucent WaveLAN wireless networking interface. Novell NE1000, NE2000, and NE2100 ethernet interface. 3Com 3C501 cards 3Com 3C503 Etherlink II 3Com 3c505 Etherlink/+ 3Com 3C507 Etherlink 16/TP 3Com 3C509, 3C579, 3C589 (PCMCIA) Etherlink III 3Com 3C590, 3C595 Etherlink III 3Com 3C90x cards. HP PC Lan Plus (27247B and 27252A) Toshiba ethernet cards PCMCIA ethernet cards from IBM and National Semiconductor are also supported. FreeBSD does not currently support PnP (plug-n-play) features present on some ethernet cards. If your card has PnP and is giving you problems, try disabling its PnP features. Miscellaneous devices AST 4 port serial card using shared IRQ. ARNET 8 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA IOAT66 6 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA 2016 16 port serial card using shared IRQ. Cyclades Cyclom-y Serial Board. STB 4 port card using shared IRQ. SDL Communications Riscom/8 Serial Board. SDL Communications RISCom/N2 and N2pci sync serial cards. Digiboard Sync/570i high-speed sync serial card. Decision-Computer Intl. “Eight-Serial” 8 port serial cards using shared IRQ. Adlib, SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, ProAudioSpectrum, Gravis UltraSound, Gravis UltraSound MAX and Roland MPU-401 sound cards. Matrox Meteor video frame grabber. Creative Labs Video spigot frame grabber. Omnimedia Talisman frame grabber. Brooktree BT848 chip based frame grabbers. X-10 power controllers. PC joystick and speaker. FreeBSD does not currently support IBM's microchannel (MCA) bus. Preparing for the Installation There are a number of different methods by which FreeBSD can be installed. The following describes what preparation needs to be done for each type. Before installing from CDROM If your CDROM is of an unsupported type, then please skip to MS-DOS Preparation. There is not a lot of preparatory work that needs to be done to successfully install from one of Walnut Creek's FreeBSD CDROMs (other CDROM distributions may work as well, though we cannot say for certain as we have no hand or say in how they are created). You can either boot into the CD installation directly from DOS using Walnut Creek's supplied install.bat batch file or you can make boot floppies with the makeflp.bat command. For the easiest interface of all (from DOS), type view. This will bring up a DOS menu utility that leads you through all the available options. If you are creating the boot floppies from a UNIX machine, see the beginning of this guide for examples of how to create the boot floppies. Once you have booted from DOS or floppy, you should then be able to select CDROM as the media type in the Media menu and load the entire distribution from CDROM. No other types of installation media should be required. After your system is fully installed and you have rebooted from the hard disk, you can mount the CDROM at any time by typing: mount /cdrom Before removing the CD again, also note that it is necessary to first type: umount /cdrom. Do not just remove it from the drive! Before invoking the installation, be sure that the CDROM is in the drive so that the install probe can find it. This is also true if you wish the CDROM to be added to the default system configuration automatically during the install (whether or not you actually use it as the installation media). Finally, if you would like people to be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM in your machine, you will find it quite easy. After the machine is fully installed, you simply need to add the following line to the password file (using the vipw command): ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent Anyone with network connectivity to your machine (and permission to log into it) can now chose a Media type of FTP and type in: ftp://your machine after picking “Other” in the ftp sites menu. Before installing from Floppy If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware or simply because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the install. You will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB or 1.2MB floppies as it takes to hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you are preparing these floppies under DOS, then THESE floppies must be formatted using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you are using Windows, use the Windows File Manager format command. Do not trust Factory Preformatted floppies! Format them again yourself, just to make sure. Many problems reported by our users in the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted media, which is why I am taking such special care to mention it here! If you are creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you do not need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the disklabel and newfs commands to put a UFS filesystem on them instead, as the following sequence of commands (for a 3.5" 1.44MB floppy disk) illustrates: &prompt.root; fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440 &prompt.root; disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3 &prompt.root; newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0 Use fd0.1200 and floppy5 for 5.25" 1.2MB disks. Then you can mount and write to them like any other file system. After you have formatted the floppies, you will need to copy the files onto them. The distribution files are split into chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as will fit on each one, until you have got all the distributions you want packed up in this fashion. Each distribution should go into a subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, and so on. Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select “Floppy” and you will be prompted for the rest. Before installing from a MS-DOS partition To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition, copy the files from the distribution into a directory called c:\freebsd. The directory tree structure of the CDROM must be partially reproduced within this directory so we suggest using the DOS xcopy command. For example, to prepare for a minimal installation of FreeBSD: C:\> md c:\freebsd C:\> xcopy /s e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ C:\> xcopy /s e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ Assuming that C: is where you have free space and E: is where your CDROM is mounted. For as many DISTS you wish to install from MS-DOS (and you have free space for), install each one under c:\freebsd — the BIN dist is only the minimal requirement. Before installing from QIC/SCSI Tape Installing from tape is probably the easiest method, short of an on-line install using FTP or a CDROM install. The installation program expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto the tape, so after getting all of the files for distribution you are interested in, simply tar them onto the tape with a command like: &prompt.root; cd /freebsd/distdir &prompt.root; tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2 When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you will be allowed to choose) to accommodate the full contents of the tape you have created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape. When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive before booting from the boot floppy. The installation probe may otherwise fail to find it. Before installing over a network You can do network installations over 3 types of communications links: Serial port SLIP or PPP Parallel port PLIP (laplink cable) Ethernet A standard ethernet controller (includes some PCMCIA). SLIP support is rather primitive, and limited primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running between a laptop computer and another computer. The link should be hard-wired as the SLIP installation does not currently offer a dialing capability; that facility is provided with the PPP utility, which should be used in preference to SLIP whenever possible. If you are using a modem, then PPP is almost certainly your only choice. Make sure that you have your service provider's information handy as you will need to know it fairly soon in the installation process. You will need to know how to dial your ISP using the “AT commands” specific to your modem, as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal emulator. If you are using PAP or CHAP, you will need to type the necessary set authname and set authkey commands before typing term. Refer to the user-ppp handbook and FAQ entries for further information. If you have problems, logging can be directed to the screen using the command set log local .... If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0R or later) machine is available, you might also consider installing over a “laplink” parallel port cable. The data rate over the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. Finally, for the fastest possible network installation, an ethernet adaptor is always a good choice! FreeBSD supports most common PC ethernet cards, a table of supported cards (and their required settings) is provided in Supported Hardware. If you are using one of the supported PCMCIA ethernet cards, also be sure that it is plugged in before the laptop is powered on! FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support hot insertion of PCMCIA cards during installation. You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the netmask value for your address class, and the name of your machine. Your system administrator can tell you which values to use for your particular network setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address, you will also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you are using PPP, it is your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you do not know the answers to all or most of these questions, then you should really probably talk to your system administrator first before trying this type of installation. Once you have a network link of some sort working, the installation can continue over NFS or FTP. Preparing for NFS installation NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution files you want onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it. If this server supports only “privileged port” access (as is generally the default for Sun workstations), you will need to set this option in the Options menu before installation can proceed. If you have a poor quality ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag. In order for NFS installation to work, the server must support subdir mounts, e.g., if your FreeBSD &rel.current; distribution directory lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD Then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of /usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or /usr/archive/stuff. In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file, this is controlled by the option. Other NFS servers may have different conventions. If you are getting Permission Denied messages from the server then it is likely that you do not have this enabled properly. Preparing for FTP Installation FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD &rel.current;. A full menu of reasonable choices from almost anywhere in the world is provided by the FTP site menu. If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by selecting the “Other” choice in that menu. A URL can also be a direct IP address, so the following would work in the absence of a name server: ftp://165.113.121.81/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE There are two FTP installation modes you can use: FTP Active For all FTP transfers, use “Active” mode. This will not work through firewalls, but will often work with older ftp servers that do not support passive mode. If your connection hangs with passive mode (the default), try active! FTP Passive For all FTP transfers, use “Passive” mode. This allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow incoming connections on random port addresses. Active and passive modes are not the same as a “proxy” connection, where a proxy FTP server is listening and forwarding FTP requests! For a proxy FTP server, you should usually give name of the server you really want as a part of the username, after an @-sign. The proxy server then 'fakes' the real server. An example: Say you want to install from ftp.FreeBSD.org, using the proxy FTP server foo.bar.com, listening on port 1234. In this case, you go to the options menu, set the FTP username to ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org, and the password to your e-mail address. As your installation media, you specify FTP (or passive FTP, if the proxy support it), and the URL ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD /pub/FreeBSD from ftp.FreeBSD.org is proxied under foo.bar.com, allowing you to install from that machine (which fetch the files from ftp.FreeBSD.org as your installation requests them). Installing FreeBSD Once you have taken note of the appropriate preinstallation steps, you should be able to install FreeBSD without any further trouble. Should this not be true, then you may wish to go back and re-read the relevant preparation section above for the installation media type you are trying to use, perhaps there is a helpful hint there that you missed the first time? If you are having hardware trouble, or FreeBSD refuses to boot at all, read the Hardware Guide provided on the boot floppy for a list of possible solutions. The FreeBSD boot floppies contain all the on-line documentation you should need to be able to navigate through an installation and if it does not then we would like to know what you found most confusing. Send your comments to the &a.doc;. It is the objective of the FreeBSD installation program (sysinstall) to be self-documenting enough that painful “step-by-step” guides are no longer necessary. It may take us a little while to reach that objective, but that is the objective! Meanwhile, you may also find the following “typical installation sequence” to be helpful: Boot the kern.flp floppy and, when asked, remove it and insert the mfsroot.flp floppy and hit return. After a boot sequence which can take anywhere from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on your hardware, you should be presented with a menu of initial choices. If the kern.flp floppy does not boot at all, or the boot hangs at some stage, go read the Q&A section of the Hardware Guide for possible causes. Press F1. You should see some basic usage instructions on the menu system and general navigation. If you have not used this menu system before then please read this thoroughly! Select the Options item and set any special preferences you may have. Select a Novice, Custom or Express install, depending on whether or not you would like the installation to help you through a typical installation, give you a high degree of control over each step of the installation or simply whizz through it (using reasonable defaults when possible) as fast as possible. If you have never used FreeBSD before then the Novice installation method is most recommended. The final configuration menu choice allows you to further configure your FreeBSD installation by giving you menu-driven access to various system defaults. Some items, like networking, may be especially important if you did a CDROM/Tape/Floppy installation and have not yet configured your network interfaces (assuming you have any). Properly configuring such interfaces here will allow FreeBSD to come up on the network when you first reboot from the hard disk. MS-DOS User's Questions and Answers Many FreeBSD users wish to install FreeBSD on PCs inhabited by MS-DOS. Here are some commonly asked questions about installing FreeBSD on such systems. Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete everything first? If your machine is already running MS-DOS and has little or no free space available for FreeBSD's installation, all is not lost! You may find the FIPS utility, provided in the tools directory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful. FIPS allows you to split an existing MS-DOS partition into two pieces, preserving the original partition and allowing you to install onto the second free piece. You first defragment your MS-DOS partition, using the DOS 6.xx DEFRAG utility or the Norton Disk tools, then run FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the information it needs. Afterwards, you can reboot and install FreeBSD on the new free slice. See the Distributions menu for an estimation of how much free space you will need for the kind of installation you want. Can I use compressed MS-DOS filesystems from FreeBSD? No. If you are using a utility such as Stacker(tm) or DoubleSpace(tm), FreeBSD will only be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem you leave uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up as one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). Do not remove that file! You will probably regret it greatly! It is probably better to create another uncompressed MS-DOS primary partition and use this for communications between MS-DOS and FreeBSD. Can I mount my MS-DOS extended partitions? Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end of the other “slices” in FreeBSD, e.g. your D: drive might be /dev/da0s5, your E: drive /dev/da0s6, and so on. This example assumes, of course, that your extended partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute wd for da appropriately. You otherwise mount extended partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.: &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml index b23aeb0078..8c7df7d362 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml @@ -1,567 +1,567 @@ Electronic Mail Contributed by &a.wlloyd;. Electronic Mail configuration is the subject of many System Administration books. If you plan on doing anything beyond setting up one mailhost for your network, you need industrial strength help. Some parts of E-Mail configuration are controlled in the Domain Name System (DNS). If you are going to run your own own DNS server check out /etc/namedb and man -k named for more information. Basic Information These are the major programs involved in an E-Mail exchange. A “mailhost” is a server that is responsible for delivering and receiving all email for your host, and possibly your network. User program This is a program like elm, pine, mail, or something more sophisticated like a WWW browser. This program will simply pass off all e-mail transactions to the local “mailhost” , either by calling sendmail or delivering it over TCP. Mailhost Server Daemon Usually this program is sendmail or smail running in the background. Turn it off or change the command line options in /etc/rc.conf (or, prior to FreeBSD 2.2.2, /etc/sysconfig). It is best to leave it on, unless you have a specific reason to want it off. Example: You are building a Firewall. You should be aware that sendmail is a potential weak link in a secure site. Some versions of sendmail have known security problems. sendmail does two jobs. It looks after delivering and receiving mail. If sendmail needs to deliver mail off your site it will look up in the DNS to determine the actual host that will receive mail for the destination. If it is acting as a delivery agent sendmail will take the message from the local queue and deliver it across the Internet to another sendmail on the receivers computer. DNS — Name Service The Domain Name System and its daemon named, contain the database mapping hostname to IP address, and hostname to mailhost. The IP address is specified in an A record. The MX record specifies the mailhost that will receive mail for you. If you do not have a MX record mail for your hostname, the mail will be delivered to your host directly. Unless you are running your own DNS server, you will not be able to change any information in the DNS yourself. If you are using an Internet Provider, speak to them. POP Servers This program gets the mail from your mailbox and gives it to your browser. If you want to run a POP server on your computer, you will need to do 2 things. Get pop software from the Ports collection that can be found in /usr/ports or packages collection. This handbook section has a complete reference on the Ports system. Modify /etc/inetd.conf to load the POP server. The pop program will have instructions with it. Read them. Configuration Basic As your FreeBSD system comes “out of the box”[TM], you should be able to send E-mail to external hosts as long as you have /etc/resolv.conf setup or are running a name server. If you want to have mail for your host delivered to your specific host,there are two methods: Run a name server (man -k named) and have your own domain smallminingco.com Get mail delivered to the current DNS name for your host. Ie: dorm6.ahouse.school.edu No matter what option you choose, to have mail delivered directly to your host, you must be a full Internet host. You must have a permanent IP address. IE: NO dynamic PPP. If you are behind a firewall, the firewall must be passing on smtp traffic to you. From /etc/services: smtp 25/tcp mail #Simple Mail Transfer If you want to receive mail at your host itself, you must make sure that the DNS MX entry points to your host address, or there is no MX entry for your DNS name. Try this: &prompt.root; hostname -newbsdbox.freebsd.org -&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org -newbsdbox.freebsd.org has address 204.216.27.xx +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx If that is all that comes out for your machine, mail directory to - root@newbsdbox.freebsd.org will work no + root@newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org will work no problems. If instead, you have this: - &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org + &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by freefall.FreeBSD.org All mail sent to your host directly will end up on freefall, under the same username. This information is setup in your domain name server. This should be the same host that is listed as your primary nameserver in /etc/resolv.conf The DNS record that carries mail routing information is the Mail eXchange entry. If no MX entry exists, mail will be delivered directly to the host by way of the Address record. The MX entry for freefall.FreeBSD.org at one time. freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com freefall HINFO Pentium FreeBSD freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com freefall A 204.216.27.xx freefall CNAME www.FreeBSD.org freefall has many MX entries. The lowest MX number gets the mail in the end. The others will queue mail temporarily, if freefall is busy or down. Alternate MX sites should have separate connections to the Internet, to be most useful. An Internet Provider or other friendly site can provide this service. dig, nslookup, and host are your friends. Mail for your Domain (Network). To setup up a network mailhost, you need to direct the mail from arriving at all the workstations. In other words, you want to hijack all mail for *.smallminingco.com and divert it to one machine, your “mailhost”. The network users on their workstations will most likely pick up their mail over POP or telnet. A user account with the same username should exist on both machines. Please use adduser to do this as required. If you set the shell to /nonexistent the user will not be allowed to login. The mailhost that you will be using must be designated the Mail eXchange for each workstation. This must be arranged in DNS (ie BIND, named). Please refer to a Networking book for in-depth information. You basically need to add these lines in your DNS server. pc24.smallminingco.com A xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ; Workstation ip MX 10 smtp.smallminingco.com ; Your mailhost You cannot do this yourself unless you are running a DNS server. If you do not want to run a DNS server, get somebody else like your Internet Provider to do it. This will redirect mail for the workstation to the Mail eXchange host. It does not matter what machine the A record points to, the mail will be sent to the MX host. This feature is used to implement Virtual E-Mail Hosting. Example I have a customer with domain foo.bar and I want all mail for foo.bar to be sent to my machine smtp.smalliap.com. You must make an entry in your DNS server like: foo.bar MX 10 smtp.smalliap.com ; your mailhost The A record is not needed if you only want E-Mail for the domain. IE: Don't expect ping foo.bar to work unless an Address record for foo.bar exists as well. On the mailhost that actually accepts mail for final delivery to a mailbox, sendmail must be told what hosts it will be accepting mail for. Add pc24.smallminingco.com to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)), or add a Cw myhost.smalliap.com line to /etc/sendmail.cf If you plan on doing anything serious with sendmail you should install the sendmail source. The source has plenty of documentation with it. You will find information on getting sendmail source from the UUCP information. Setting up UUCP. Stolen from the FAQ. The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install another sendmail configuration file. Tweaking /etc/sendmail.cf manually is considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new approach of generating config files via some m4 preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf. If you did not install your system with full sources, the sendmail config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you have your CD-ROM mounted, do: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src &prompt.root; tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa Do not panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The file README in the cf directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration. For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the mailertable feature. This constitutes a database that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon. First, you have to create your .mc file. The directory /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf is the home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples. Assuming you have named your file foo.mc, all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid sendmail.cf is: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf &prompt.root; make foo.cf If you don't have a /usr/obj hiearchy, then: &prompt.root; cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf Otherwise: &prompt.root; cp /usr/obj/`pwd`/foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf A typical .mc file might look like: include(`../m4/cf.m4') VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(nodns) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable) define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP The nodns and nocanonify features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The UUCP_RELAY clause is needed for bizarre reasons, do not ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there. Once you have this, you need this file called /etc/mailertable. A typical example of this gender again: # # makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus .interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus .heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbor in order to “shortcut” the delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a uucp-neighbor!recipient override of the default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the uucp-dom: keyword must be valid UUCP neighbors, as you can verify using the command uuname. As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of the mailertable. You always have to execute this command each time you change your mailertable. Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail routing would work, remember the option to sendmail. It starts sendmail in “address test mode”; simply enter 0, followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave this mode by typing Control-D. &prompt.user; sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 0 foo@interface-business.de rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de … rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo < @ interface-business . de FAQ Migration from FAQ. Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site? You will probably find that the host is actually in a different domain; for example, if you are in foo.bar.edu and you wish to reach a host called mumble in the bar.edu domain, you will have to refer to it by the fully-qualified domain name, mumble.bar.edu, instead of just mumble. Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers. However the current version of BIND that ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-fully qualified domain names other than the domain you are in. So an unqualified host mumble must either be found as mumble.foo.bar.edu, or it will be searched for in the root domain. This is different from the previous behavior, where the search continued across mumble.bar.edu, and mumble.edu. Have a look at RFC 1535 for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security hole. As a good workaround, you can place the line search foo.bar.edu bar.edu instead of the previous domain foo.bar.edu into your /etc/resolv.conf. However, make sure that the search order does not go beyond the “boundary between local and public administration”, as RFC 1535 calls it. Sendmail says <errorname>mail loops back to myself</errorname> This is answered in the sendmail FAQ as follows: * I am getting "Local configuration error" messages, such as: 553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself 554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error How can I solve this problem? You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net) by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add "Cw domain.net" to /etc/sendmail.cf. The sendmail FAQ is in /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail and is recommended reading if you want to do any “tweaking” of your mail setup. How can I do E-Mail with a dialup PPP host? You want to connect a FreeBSD box on a lan, to the Internet. The FreeBSD box will be a mail gateway for the lan. The PPP connection is non-dedicated. There are at least two way to do this. The other is to use UUCP. The key is to get a Internet site to provide secondary MX services for your domain. For example: bigco.com. MX 10 bigco.com. MX 20 smalliap.com. Only one host should be specified as the final recipient ( add Cw bigco.com in /etc/sendmail.cf on bigco.com). When the senders sendmail is trying to deliver the mail it will try to connect to you over the modem link. It will most likely time out because you are not online. sendmail will automatically deliver it to the secondary MX site, ie your Internet provider. The secondary MX site will try every (sendmail_flags = "-bd -q15m" in /etc/rc.conf ) 15 minutes to connect to your host to deliver the mail to the primary MX site. You might want to use something like this as a login script. #!/bin/sh # Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppbigco ( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) & /usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppbigco If you are going to create a separate login script for a user you could use sendmail -qRbigco.com instead in the script above. This will force all mail in your queue for bigco.com to be processed immediately. A further refinement of the situation is as follows. Message stolen from the freebsd-isp mailing list. > we provide the secondary mx for a customer. The customer connects to > our services several times a day automatically to get the mails to > his primary mx (We do not call his site when a mail for his domains > arrived). Our sendmail sends the mailqueue every 30 minutes. At the > moment he has to stay 30 minutes online to be sure that all mail is > gone to the primary mx. > > Is there a command that would initiate sendmail to send all the mails > now? The user has not root-privileges on our machine of course. In the 'privacy flags' section of sendmail.cf, there is a definition Opgoaway,restrictqrun Remove restrictqrun to allow non-root users to start the queue processing. You might also like to rearrange the MXs. We are the 1st MX for our customers like this, and we have defined: # If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating # local config error. OwTrue That way a remote site will deliver straight to you, without trying the customer connection. You then send to your customer. Only works for "hosts", so you need to get your customer to name their mail machine "customer.com" as well as "hostname.customer.com" in the DNS. Just put an A record in the DNS for "customer.com". diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent index 3e9e85fe41..4a59f66dfe 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent @@ -1,104 +1,104 @@ freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-core@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-core@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-current@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-current@FreeBSD.org"> cvs-all@FreeBSD.ORG"> + cvs-all@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-database@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-database@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-java@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-java@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-net@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-net@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.org"> new-bus-arch@bostonradio.org"> freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-small@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-small@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.org"> -majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG"> +majordomo@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml index 0952b0819d..9c5cba7e52 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1457 +1,1457 @@ Obtaining FreeBSD CD-ROM Publishers FreeBSD is available on CD-ROM from Walnut Creek CDROM:
Walnut Creek CDROM 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520 USA Phone: +1 925 674-0783 Fax: +1 925 674-0821 Email: info@cdrom.com WWW: http://www.cdrom.com/
FTP Sites The official sources for FreeBSD are available via anonymous FTP from:
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD.
The FreeBSD mirror sites database is more accurate than the mirror listing in the handbook, as it gets its information form the DNS rather than relying on static lists of hosts. Additionally, FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain FreeBSD via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, Ukraine, USA. Argentina In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ar.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ar.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Australia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@au.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Canada In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ca.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ca.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Czech Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@cz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.cz.FreeBSD.org Contact: calda@dzungle.ms.mff.cuni.cz ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/OS/FreeBSD Contact: jj@sunsite.mff.cuni.cz. Denmark In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@dk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.dk.freeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD Estonia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ee.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ee.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fi.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fi.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD France In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Germany In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@de.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hk.super.net/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftp-admin@HK.Super.NET. Ireland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ie.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ie.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Israel In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@il.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Japan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@jp.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Korea In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@kr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Netherlands In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD New Zealand In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nz.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Poland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Portugal In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pt.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Russia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ru.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Saudi Arabia In case of problems, please contact ftpadmin@isu.net.sa ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/mirrors/ftp.freebsd.org South Africa In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@za.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovak Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@sk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.sk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovenia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@si.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.si.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Spain In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@es.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.es.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Sweden In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@se.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Taiwan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@tw.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Thailand ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftpadmin@ftp.nectec.or.th. Ukraine ftp://ftp.ua.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Contact: freebsd-mnt@lucky.net. UK In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@uk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD USA In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD The latest versions of export-restricted code for FreeBSD (2.0C or later) (eBones and secure) are being made available at the following locations. If you are outside the U.S. or Canada, please get secure (DES) and eBones (Kerberos) from one of the following foreign distribution sites: South Africa Hostmaster hostmaster@internat.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil Hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt Contact: count@nic.funet.fi. CTM Sites CTM/FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain CTM via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. In case of problems, please contact &a.phk;. California, Bay Area, official source ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CTM Germany, Trier ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/unix/systems/BSD/FreeBSD/CTM South Africa, backup server for old deltas ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM Taiwan/R.O.C, Chiayi ftp://ctm.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/freebsd/CTM If you did not find a mirror near to you or the mirror is incomplete, try FTP search at http://ftpsearch.ntnu.no/ftpsearch. FTP search is a great free archie server in Trondheim, Norway. CVSup Sites CVSup servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites: Argentina cvsup.ar.FreeBSD.org (maintainer msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar) Australia cvsup.au.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dawes@physics.usyd.edu.au) Brazil cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org) Canada cvsup.ca.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dan@jaded.net) Czech Republic cvsup.cz.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz) Denmark cvsup.dk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesper@skriver.dk) Estonia cvsup.ee.FreeBSD.org (maintainer taavi@uninet.ee) Finland cvsup.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) cvsip2.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) France cvsup.fr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org) Germany cvsup.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wosch@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer petzi@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ag@leo.org) Iceland cvsup.is.FreeBSD.org (maintainer adam@veda.is) Japan cvsup.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer simokawa@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp) cvsup2.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer max@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer shige@cin.nihon-u.ac.jp) cvsup4.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup-admin@ftp.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp) cvsup5.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@imasy.or.jp) Korea cvsup.kr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer - cjh@kr.freebsd.org) + cjh@kr.FreeBSD.org) Netherlands cvsup.nl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer xaa@xaa.iae.nl) Norway cvsup.no.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Tor.Egge@idt.ntnu.no) Poland cvsup.pl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Mariusz@kam.pl) Russia cvsup.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer mishania@demos.su) cvsup2.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dv@dv.ru) Spain cvsup.es.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesusr@FreeBSD.org) Sweden cvsup.se.FreeBSD.org (maintainer pantzer@ludd.luth.se) Slovak Republic cvsup.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) cvsup2.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) South Africa cvsup.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) Taiwan cvsup.tw.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdli@freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw) Ukraine cvsup2.ua.FreeBSD.org (maintainer freebsd-mnt@lucky.net) United Kingdom cvsup.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer joe@pavilion.net) cvsup2.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer brian@FreeBSD.org) USA cvsup1.FreeBSD.org (maintainer skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu), Washington state cvsup2.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), California cvsup3.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wollman@FreeBSD.org), Massachusetts cvsup5.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ck@adsu.bellsouth.com), Georgia cvsup6.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), Florida The export-restricted code for FreeBSD (eBones and secure) is available via CVSup at the following international repository. Please use this site to get the export-restricted code, if you are outside the USA or Canada. South Africa cvsup.internat.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) The following CVSup site is especially designed for CTM users. Unlike the other CVSup mirrors, it is kept up-to-date by CTM. That means if you CVSup cvs-all with release=cvs from this site, you get a version of the repository (including the inevitable .ctm_status file) which is suitable for being updated using the CTM cvs-cur deltas. This allows users who track the entire cvs-all tree to go from CVSup to CTM without having to rebuild their repository from scratch using a fresh CTM base delta. This special feature only works for the cvs-all distribution with cvs as the release tag. CVSupping any other distribution and/or release will get you the specified distribution, but it will not be suitable for CTM updating. Because the current version of CTM does not preserve the timestamps of files, the timestamps at this mirror site are not the same as those at other mirror sites. Switching between this site and other sites is not recommended. It will work correctly, but will be somewhat inefficient. Germany ctm.FreeBSD.org (maintainer blank@fox.uni-trier.de) AFS Sites AFS servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites; Sweden The path to the files are: /afs/stacken.kth.se/ftp/pub/FreeBSD stacken.kth.se # Stacken Computer Club, KTH, Sweden 130.237.234.43 #hot.stacken.kth.se 130.237.237.230 #fishburger.stacken.kth.se 130.237.234.3 #milko.stacken.kth.se Maintainer ftp@stacken.kth.se diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml index 984b27dd97..53e2f8a6d6 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml @@ -1,624 +1,624 @@ PGP keys In case you need to verify a signature or send encrypted email to one of the officers or core team members a number of keys are provided here for your convenience. Officers FreeBSD Security Officer <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email> -FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@freebsd.org> +FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 41 08 4E BB DB 41 60 71 F9 E5 0E 98 73 AF 3F 11 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3i mQCNAzF7MY4AAAEEAK7qBgPuBejER5HQbQlsOldk3ZVWXlRj54raz3IbuAUrDrQL h3g57T9QY++f3Mot2LAf5lDJbsMfWrtwPrPwCCFRYQd6XH778a+l4ju5axyjrt/L Ciw9RrOC+WaPv3lIdLuqYge2QRC1LvKACIPNbIcgbnLeRGLovFUuHi5z0oilAAUR tDdGcmVlQlNEIFNlY3VyaXR5IE9mZmljZXIgPHNlY3VyaXR5LW9mZmljZXJAZnJl ZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQMX6yrOJgpPLZnQjrAQHyowQA1Nv2AY8vJIrdp2ttV6RU tZBYnI7gTO3sFC2bhIHsCvfVU3JphfqWQ7AnTXcD2yPjGcchUfc/EcL1tSlqW4y7 PMP4GHZp9vHog1NAsgLC9Y1P/1cOeuhZ0pDpZZ5zxTo6TQcCBjQA6KhiBFP4TJql 3olFfPBh3B/Tu3dqmEbSWpuJAJUDBRAxez3C9RVb+45ULV0BAak8A/9JIG/jRJaz QbKom6wMw852C/Z0qBLJy7KdN30099zMjQYeC9PnlkZ0USjQ4TSpC8UerYv6IfhV nNY6gyF2Hx4CbEFlopnfA1c4yxtXKti1kSN6wBy/ki3SmqtfDhPQ4Q31p63cSe5A 3aoHcjvWuqPLpW4ba2uHVKGP3g7SSt6AOYkAlQMFEDF8mz0ff6kIA1j8vQEBmZcD /REaUPDRx6qr1XRQlMs6pfgNKEwnKmcUzQLCvKBnYYGmD5ydPLxCPSFnPcPthaUb 5zVgMTjfjS2fkEiRrua4duGRgqN4xY7VRAsIQeMSITBOZeBZZf2oa9Ntidr5PumS 9uQ9bvdfWMpsemk2MaRG9BSoy5Wvy8VxROYYUwpT8Cf2iQCVAwUQMXsyqWtaZ42B sqd5AQHKjAQAvolI30Nyu3IyTfNeCb/DvOe9tlOn/o+VUDNJiE/PuBe1s2Y94a/P BfcohpKC2kza3NiW6lLTp00OWQsuu0QAPc02vYOyseZWy4y3Phnw60pWzLcFdemT 0GiYS5Xm1o9nAhPFciybn9j1q8UadIlIq0wbqWgdInBT8YI/l4f5sf6JAJUDBRAx ezKXVS4eLnPSiKUBAc5OBACIXTlKqQC3B53qt7bNMV46m81fuw1PhKaJEI033mCD ovzyEFFQeOyRXeu25Jg9Bq0Sn37ynISucHSmt2tUD5W0+p1MUGyTqnfqejMUWBzO v4Xhp6a8RtDdUMBOTtro16iulGiRrCKxzVgEl4i+9Z0ZiE6BWlg5AetoF5n3mGk1 lw== =ipyA -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.imp; Warner Losh <imp@village.org> - aka <imp@freebsd.org> + aka <imp@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = D4 31 FD B9 F7 90 17 E8 37 C5 E7 7F CF A6 C1 B9 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzDzTiAAAAEEAK8D7KWEbVFUrmlqhUEnAvphNIqHEbqqT8s+c5f5c2uHtlcH V4mV2TlUaDSVBN4+/D70oHmZc4IgiQwMPCWRrSezg9z/MaKlWhaslc8YT6Xc1q+o EP/fAdKUrq49H0QQbkQk6Ks5wKW6v9AOvdmsS6ZJEcet6d9G4dxynu/2qPVhAAUR tCBNLiBXYXJuZXIgTG9zaCA8aW1wQHZpbGxhZ2Uub3JnPokAlQMFEDM/SK1VLh4u c9KIpQEBFPsD/1n0YuuUPvD4CismZ9bx9M84y5sxLolgFEfP9Ux196ZSeaPpkA0g C9YX/IyIy5VHh3372SDWN5iVSDYPwtCmZziwIV2YxzPtZw0nUu82P/Fn8ynlCSWB 5povLZmgrWijTJdnUWI0ApVBUTQoiW5MyrNN51H3HLWXGoXMgQFZXKWYiQCVAwUQ MzmhkfUVW/uOVC1dAQG3+AP/T1HL/5EYF0ij0yQmNTzt1cLt0b1e3N3zN/wPFFWs BfrQ+nsv1zw7cEgxLtktk73wBGM9jUIdJu8phgLtl5a0m9UjBq5oxrJaNJr6UTxN a+sFkapTLT1g84UFUO/+8qRB12v+hZr2WeXMYjHAFUT18mp3xwjW9DUV+2fW1Wag YDKJAJUDBRAzOYK1s1pi61mfMj0BARBbA/930CHswOF0HIr+4YYUs1ejDnZ2J3zn icTZhl9uAfEQq++Xor1x476j67Z9fESxyHltUxCmwxsJ1uOJRwzjyEoMlyFrIN4C dE0C8g8BF+sRTt7VLURLERvlBvFrVZueXSnXvmMoWFnqpSpt3EmN6TNaLe8Cm87a k6EvQy0dpnkPKokAlQMFEDD9Lorccp7v9qj1YQEBrRUD/3N4cCMWjzsIFp2Vh9y+ RzUrblyF84tJyA7Rr1p+A7dxf7je3Zx5QMEXosWL1WGnS5vC9YH2WZwv6sCU61gU rSy9z8KHlBEHh+Z6fdRMrjd9byPf+n3cktT0NhS23oXB1ZhNZcB2KKhVPlNctMqO 3gTYx+Nlo6xqjR+J2NnBYU8p =7fQV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Core Team members &a.asami; Satoshi Asami <asami@cs.berkeley.edu> - aka <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> + aka <asami@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzPVyoQAAAEEAL7W+kipxB171Z4SVyyL9skaA7hG3eRsSOWk7lfvfUBLtPog f3OKwrApoc/jwLf4+Qpdzv5DLEt/6Hd/clskhJ+q1gMNHyZ5ABmUxrTRRNvJMTrb 3fPU3oZj7sL/MyiFaT1zF8EaMP/iS2ZtcFsbYOqGeA8E/58uk4NA0SoeCNiJAAUR tCVTYXRvc2hpIEFzYW1pIDxhc2FtaUBjcy5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHU+iQCVAwUQM/AT +EqGN2HYnOMZAQF11QP/eSXb2FuTb1yX5yoo1Im8YnIk1SEgCGbyEbOMMBznVNDy 5g2TAD0ofLxPxy5Vodjg8rf+lfMVtO5amUH6aNcORXRncE83T10JmeM6JEp0T6jw zOHKz8jRzygYLBayGsNIJ4BGxa4LeaGxJpO1ZEvRlNkPH/YEXK5oQmq9/DlrtYOJ AEUDBRAz42JT8ng6GBbVvu0BAU8nAYCsJ8PiJpRUGlrz6rxjX8hqM1v3vqFHLcG+ G52nVMBSy+RZBgzsYIPwI5EZtWAKb22JAJUDBRAz4QBWdbtuOHaj97EBAaQPA/46 +NLUp+Wubl90JoonoXocwAg88tvAUVSzsxPXj0lvypAiSI2AJKsmn+5PuQ+/IoQy lywRsxiQ5GD7C72SZ1yw2WI9DWFeAi+qa4b8n9fcLYrnHpyCY+zxEpu4pam8FJ7H JocEUZz5HRoKKOLHErzXDiuTkkm72b1glmCqAQvnB4kAlQMFEDPZ3gyDQNEqHgjY iQEBFfUEALu2C0uo+1Z7C5+xshWRYY5xNCzK20O6bANVJ+CO2fih96KhwsMof3lw fDso5HJSwgFd8WT/sR+Wwzz6BAE5UtgsQq5GcsdYQuGI1yIlCYUpDp5sgswNm+OA bX5a+r4F/ZJqrqT1J56Mer0VVsNfe5nIRsjd/rnFAFVfjcQtaQmjiQCVAwUQM9uV mcdm8Q+/vPRJAQELHgP9GqNiMpLQlZig17fDnCJ73P0e5t/hRLFehZDlmEI2TK7j Yeqbw078nZgyyuljZ7YsbstRIsWVCxobX5eH1kX+hIxuUqCAkCsWUY4abG89kHJr XGQn6X1CX7xbZ+b6b9jLK+bJKFcLSfyqR3M2eCyscSiZYkWKQ5l3FYvbUzkeb6K0 IVNhdG9zaGkgQXNhbWkgPGFzYW1pQEZyZWVCU0QuT1JHPg== =39SC -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jmb; Jonathan M. Bresler <jmb@FreeBSD.org> f16 Fingerprint16 = 31 57 41 56 06 C1 40 13 C5 1C E3 E5 DC 62 0E FB -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzG2GToAAAEEANI6+4SJAAgBpl53XcfEr1M9wZyBqC0tzpie7Zm4vhv3hO8s o5BizSbcJheQimQiZAY4OnlrCpPxijMFSaihshs/VMAz1qbisUYAMqwGEO/T4QIB nWNo0Q/qOniLMxUrxS1RpeW5vbghErHBKUX9GVhxbiVfbwc4wAHbXdKX5jjdAAUR tCVKb25hdGhhbiBNLiBCcmVzbGVyIDxqbWJARnJlZUJTRC5PUkc+iQCVAwUQNbtI gAHbXdKX5jjdAQHamQP+OQr10QRknamIPmuHmFYJZ0jU9XPIvTTMuOiUYLcXlTdn GyTUuzhbEywgtOldW2V5iA8platXThtqC68NsnN/xQfHA5xmFXVbayNKn8H5stDY 2s/4+CZ06mmJfqYmONF1RCbUk/M84rVT3Gn2tydsxFh4Pm32lf4WREZWRiLqmw+J AJUDBRA0DfF99RVb+45ULV0BAcZ0BACCydiSUG1VR0a5DBcHdtin2iZMPsJUPRqJ tWvP6VeI8OFpNWQ4LW6ETAvn35HxV2kCcQMyht1kMD+KEJz7r8Vb94TS7KtZnNvk 2D1XUx8Locj6xel5c/Lnzlnnp7Bp1XbJj2u/NzCaZQ0eYBdP/k7RLYBYHQQln5x7 BOuiRJNVU4kAlQMFEDQLcShVLh4uc9KIpQEBJv4D/3mDrD0MM9EYOVuyXik3UGVI 8quYNA9ErVcLdt10NjYc16VI2HOnYVgPRag3Wt7W8wlXShpokfC/vCNt7f5JgRf8 h2a1/MjQxtlD+4/Js8k7GLa53oLon6YQYk32IEKexoLPwIRO4L2BHWa3GzHJJSP2 aTR/Ep90/pLdAOu/oJDUiQCVAwUQMqyL0LNaYutZnzI9AQF25QP9GFXhBrz2tiWz 2+0gWbpcGNnyZbfsVjF6ojGDdmsjJMyWCGw49XR/vPKYIJY9EYo4t49GIajRkISQ NNiIz22fBAjT2uY9YlvnTJ9NJleMfHr4dybo7oEKYMWWijQzGjqf2m8wf9OaaofE KwBX6nxcRbKsxm/BVLKczGYl3XtjkcuJAJUDBRA1ol5TZWCprDT5+dUBATzXA/9h /ZUuhoRKTWViaistGJfWi26FB/Km5nDQBr/Erw3XksQCMwTLyEugg6dahQ1u9Y5E 5tKPxbB69eF+7JXVHE/z3zizR6VL3sdRx74TPacPsdhZRjChEQc0htLLYAPkJrFP VAzAlSlm7qd+MXf8fJovQs6xPtZJXukQukPNlhqZ94kAPwMFEDSH/kF4tXKgazlt bxECfk4AoO+VaFVfguUkWX10pPSSfvPyPKqiAJ4xn8RSIe1ttmnqkkDMhLh00mKj lLQuSm9uYXRoYW4gTS4gQnJlc2xlciA8Sm9uYXRoYW4uQnJlc2xlckBVU2kubmV0 PokAlQMFEDXbdSkB213Sl+Y43QEBV/4D/RLJNTrtAqJ1ATxXWv9g8Cr3/YF0GTmx 5dIrJOpBup7eSSmiM/BL9Is4YMsoVbXCI/8TqA67TMICvq35PZU4wboQB8DqBAr+ gQ8578M7Ekw1OAF6JXY6AF2P8k7hMcVBcVOACELPT/NyPNByG5QRDoNmlsokJaWU /2ls4QSBZZlb =zbCw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ache; Andrey A. Chernov <ache@FreeBSD.org> aka <ache@nagual.pp.ru> Key fingerprint = 33 03 9F 48 33 7B 4A 15 63 48 88 0A C4 97 FD 49 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAiqUMGQAAAEEAPGhcD6A2Buey5LYz0sphDLpVgOZc/bb9UHAbaGKUAGXmafs Dcb2HnsuYGgX/zrQXuCi/wIGtXcZWB97APtKOhFsZnPinDR5n/dde/mw9FnuhwqD m+rKSL1HlN0z/Msa5y7g16760wHhSR6NoBSEG5wQAHIMMq7Q0uJgpPLZnQjrAAUT tCVBbmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucHAucnU+iQCVAwUQM2Ez u+JgpPLZnQjrAQEyugP8DPnS8ixJ5OeuYgPFQf5sy6l+LrB6hyaS+lgsUPahWjNY cnaDmfda/q/BV5d4+y5rlQe/pjnYG7/yQuAR3jhlXz8XDrqlBOnW9AtYjDt5rMfJ aGFTGXAPGZ6k6zQZE0/YurT8ia3qjvuZm3Fw4NJrHRx7ETHRvVJDvxA6Ggsvmr20 JEFuZHJleSBBLiBDaGVybm92IDxhY2hlQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDR5uVbi YKTy2Z0I6wEBLgED/2mn+hw4/3peLx0Sb9LNx//NfCCkVefSf2G9Qwhx6dvwbX7h mFca97h7BQN4GubU1Z5Ffs6TeamSBrotBYGmOCwvJ6S9WigF9YHQIQ3B4LEjskAt pcjU583y42zM11kkvEuQU2Gde61daIylJyOxsgpjSWpkxq50fgY2kLMfgl/ftCZB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuaWV0enNjaGUubmV0PokAlQMFEDR5svDi YKTy2Z0I6wEBOTQD/0OTCAXIjuak363mjERvzSkVsNtIH9hA1l0w6Z95+iH0fHrW xXKT0vBZE0y0Em+S3cotLL0bMmVE3F3D3GyxhBVmgzjyx0NYNoiQjYdi+6g/PV30 Cn4vOO6hBBpSyI6vY6qGNqcsawuRtHNvK/53MpOfKwSlICEBYQimcZhkci+EtCJB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucnU+iQCVAwUQMcm5HeJgpPLZ nQjrAQHwvQP9GdmAf1gdcuayHEgNkc11macPH11cwWjYjzA2YoecFMGV7iqKK8QY rr1MjbGXf8DAG8Ubfm0QbI8Lj8iG3NgqIru0c72UuHGSn/APfGGG0AtPX5UK/k7B gI0Ca2po6NA5nrSp8tDsdEz/4gyea84RXl2prtTf5Jj07hflbRstGXK0MkFuZHJl eSBBLiBDaGVybm92LCBCbGFjayBNYWdlIDxhY2hlQGFzdHJhbC5tc2suc3U+iQCV AwUQMCsAo5/rGryoL8h3AQHq1QQAidyNFqA9hvrmMcjpY7csJVFlGvj574Wj4GPa o3pZeuQaMBmsWqaXLYnWU/Aldb6kTz6+nRcQX50zFH0THSPfApwEW7yybSTI5apJ mWT3qhKN2vmLNg2yNzhqLTzHLD1lH3i1pfQq8WevrNfjLUco5S/VuekTma/osnzC Cw7fQzCJAJUDBRAwKvwoa1pnjYGyp3kBARihBACoXr3qfG65hFCyKJISmjOvaoGr anxUIkeDS0yQdTHzhQ+dwB1OhhK15E0Nwr0MKajLMm90n6+Zdb5y/FIjpPriu8dI rlHrWZlewa88eEDM+Q/NxT1iYg+HaKDAE171jmLpSpCL0MiJtO0i36L3ekVD7Hv8 vffOZHPSHirIzJOZTYkAlQMFEDAau6zFLUdtDb+QbQEBQX8D/AxwkYeFaYxZYMFO DHIvSk23hAsjCmUA2Uil1FeWAusb+o8xRfPDc7TnosrIifJqbF5+fcHCG5VSTGlh Bhd18YWUeabf/h9O2BsQX55yWRuB2x3diJ1xI/VVdG+rxlMCmE4ZR1Tl9x+Mtun9 KqKVpB39VlkCBYQ3hlgNt/TJUY4riQCVAwUQMBHMmyJRltlmbQBRAQFQkwP/YC3a hs3ZMMoriOlt3ZxGNUUPTF7rIER3j+c7mqGG46dEnDB5sUrkzacpoLX5sj1tGR3b vz9a4vmk1Av3KFNNvrZZ3/BZFGpq3mCTiAC9zsyNYQ8L0AfGIUO5goCIjqwOTNQI AOpNsJ5S+nMAkQB4YmmNlI6GTb3D18zfhPZ6uciJAJUCBRAwD0sl4uW74fteFRkB AWsAA/9NYqBRBKbmltQDpyK4+jBAYjkXBJmARFXKJYTlnTgOHMpZqoVyW96xnaa5 MzxEiu7ZWm5oL10QDIp1krkBP2KcmvfSMMHb5aGCCQc2/P8NlfXAuHtNGzYiI0UA Iwi8ih/S1liVfvnqF9uV3d3koE7VsQ9OA4Qo0ZL2ggW+/gEaYIkAlQMFEDAOz6qx /IyHe3rl4QEBIvYD/jIr8Xqo/2I5gncghSeFR01n0vELFIvaF4cHofGzyzBpYsfA +6pgFI1IM+LUF3kbUkAY/2uSf9U5ECcaMCTWCwVgJVO+oG075SHEM4buhrzutZiM 1dTyTaepaPpTyRMUUx9ZMMYJs7sbqLId1eDwrJxUPhrBNvf/w2W2sYHSY8cdiQCV AwUQMAzqgHcdkq6JcsfBAQGTxwQAtgeLFi2rhSOdllpDXUwz+SS6bEjFTWgRsWFM y9QnOcqryw7LyuFmWein4jasjY033JsODfWQPiPVNA3UEnXVg9+n8AvNMPO8JkRv Cn1eNg0VaJy9J368uArio93agd2Yf/R5r+QEuPjIssVk8hdcy/luEhSiXWf6bLMV HEA0J+OJAJUDBRAwDUi+4mCk8tmdCOsBAatBBACHB+qtW880seRCDZLjl/bT1b14 5po60U7u6a3PEBkY0NA72tWDQuRPF/Cn/0+VdFNxQUsgkrbwaJWOoi0KQsvlOm3R rsxKbn9uvEKLxExyKH3pxp76kvz/lEWwEeKvBK+84Pb1lzpG3W7u2XDfi3VQPTi3 5SZMAHc6C0Ct/mjNlYkAlQMFEDAMrPD7wj+NsTMUOQEBJckD/ik4WsZzm2qOx9Fw erGq7Zwchc+Jq1YeN5PxpzqSf4AG7+7dFIn+oe6X2FcIzgbYY+IfmgJIHEVjDHH5 +uAXyb6l4iKc89eQawO3t88pfHLJWbTzmnvgz2cMrxt94HRvgkHfvcpGEgbyldq6 EB33OunazFcfZFRIcXk1sfyLDvYE =1ahV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jkh; Jordan K. Hubbard <jkh@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 3C F2 27 7E 4A 6C 09 0A 4B C9 47 CD 4F 4D 0B 20 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzFjX0IAAAEEAML+nm9/kDNPp43ZUZGjYkm2QLtoC1Wxr8JulZXqk7qmhYcQ jvX+fyoriJ6/7ZlnLe2oG5j9tZOnRLPvMaz0g9CpW6Dz3nkXrNPkmOFV9B8D94Mk tyFeRJFqnkCuqBj6D+H8FtBwEeeTecSh2tJ0bZZTXnAMhxeOdvUVW/uOVC1dAAUR tCNKb3JkYW4gSy4gSHViYmFyZCA8amtoQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokBFQMFEDXCTXQM j46yp4IfPQEBwO8IAIN0J09AXBf86dFUTFGcAMrEQqOF5IL+KGorAjzuYxERhKfD ZV7jA+sCQqxkWfcVcE20kVyVYqzZIkio9a5zXP6TwA247JkPt54S1PmMDYHNlRIY laXlNoji+4q3HP2DfHqXRT2859rYpm/fG/v6pWkos5voPKcZ2OFEp9W+Ap88oqw+ 5rx4VetZNJq1Epmis4INj6XqNqj85+MOOIYE+f445ohDM6B/Mxazd6cHFGGIR+az VjZ6lCDMLjzhB5+FqfrDLYuMjqkMTR5z9DL+psUvPlCkYbQ11NEWtEmiIWjUcNJN GCxGzv5bXk0XPu3ADwbPkFE2usW1cSM7AQFiwuyJAJUDBRAxe+Q9a1pnjYGyp3kB AV7XA/oCSL/Cc2USpQ2ckwkGpyvIkYBPszIcabSNJAzm2hsU9Qa6WOPxD8olDddB uJNiW/gznPC4NsQ0N8Zr4IqRX/TTDVf04WhLmd8AN9SOrVv2q0BKgU6fLuk979tJ utrewH6PR2qBOjAaR0FJNk4pcYAHeT+e7KaKy96YFvWKIyDvc4kAlQMFEDF8ldof f6kIA1j8vQEBDH4D/0Zm0oNlpXrAE1EOFrmp43HURHbij8n0Gra1w9sbfo4PV+/H U8ojTdWLy6r0+prH7NODCkgtIQNpqLuqM8PF2pPtUJj9HwTmSqfaT/LMztfPA6PQ csyT7xxdXl0+4xTDl1avGSJfYsI8XCAy85cTs+PQwuyzugE/iykJO1Bnj/paiQCV AwUQMXvlBvUVW/uOVC1dAQF2fQP/RfYC6RrpFTZHjo2qsUHSRk0vmsYfwG5NHP5y oQBMsaQJeSckN4n2JOgR4T75U4vS62aFxgPLJP3lOHkU2Vc7xhAuBvsbGr5RP8c5 LvPOeUEyz6ZArp1KUHrtcM2iK1FBOmY4dOYphWyWMkDgYExabqlrAq7FKZftpq/C BiMRuaw= =C/Jw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.phk; Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = A3 F3 88 28 2F 9B 99 A2 49 F4 E2 FA 5A 78 8B 3E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzAdpMIAAAEEALHDgrFUwhZtb7PbXg3upELoDVEUPFRwnmpJH1rRqyROUGcI ooVe7u+FQlIs5OsXK8ECs/5Wpe2UrZSzHvjwBYOND5H42YtI5UULZLRCo5bFfTVA K9Rpo5icfTsYihrzU2nmnycwFMk+jYXyT/ZDYWDP/BM9iLjj0x9/qQgDWPy9AAUR tCNQb3VsLUhlbm5pbmcgS2FtcCA8cGhrQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDQQ0aZ1 u244dqP3sQEBu4ID/jXFFeJgs2MdTDNOZM/FbfDhI4qxAbYUsqS3+Ra16yd8Wd/A jV+IHJE2NomFWl8UrUjCGinXiwzPgK1OfFJrS9Og1wQLvAl0X84BA8MTP9BQr4w7 6I/RbksgUSrVCIO8MJwlydjSPocWGBeXlVjbZxXzyuJk7H+TG+zuI5BuBcNIiQCV AwUQMwYr2rNaYutZnzI9AQHiIQP/XxtBWFXaBRgVLEhRNpS07YdU+LsZGlLOZehN 9L4UnJFHQQPNOpMey2gF7Y95aBOw5/1xS5vlQpwmRFCntWsm/gqdzK6rulfr1r5A y94LO5TAC6ucNu396Y4vo1TyD1STnRC466KlvmtQtAtFGgXlORWLL9URLzcRFd1h D0yXd9aJAJUDBRAxfo19a1pnjYGyp3kBAQqyA/4v64vP3l1F0Sadn6ias761hkz/ SMdTuLzILmofSCC4o4KWMjiWJHs2Soo41QlZi1+xMHzV32JKiwFlGtPHqL+EHyXy Q4H3vmf9/1KF+0XCaMtgI0wWUMziPSTJK8xXbRRmMDK/0F4TnVVaUhnmf+h5K7O6 XdmejDTa0X/NWcicmIkAlQMFEDF8lef1FVv7jlQtXQEBcnwD/0ro1PpUtlkLmreD tsGTkNa7MFLegrYRvDDrHOwPZH152W2jPUncY+eArQJakeHiTDmJNpFagLZglhE0 bqJyca+UwCXX+6upAclWHEBMg2byiWMMqyPVEEnpUoHM1sIkgdNWlfQAmipRBfYh 2LyCgWvR8CbtwPYIFvUmGgB3MR87iQCVAwUQMUseXB9/qQgDWPy9AQGPkwP/WEDy El2Gkvua9COtMAifot2vTwuvWWpNopIEx0Ivey4aVbRLD90gGCJw8OGDEtqFPcNV 8aIiy3fYVKXGZZjvCKd7zRfhNmQn0eLDcymq2OX3aPrMc2rRlkT4Jx425ukR1gsO qiQAgw91aWhY8dlw/EKzk8ojm52x4VgXaBACMjaJAJUDBRAxOUOg72G56RHVjtUB AbL4A/9HOn5Qa0lq9tKI/HkSdc5fGQD/66VdCBAb292RbB7CS/EM07MdbcqRRYIa 0+0gwQ3OdsWPdCVgH5RIhp/WiC+UPkR1cY8N9Mg2kTwJfZZfNqN+BgWlgRMPN27C OhYNl8Q33Nl9CpBLrZWABF44jPeT0EvvTzP/5ZQ7T75EsYKYiYkAlQMFEDDmryQA 8tkJ67sbQQEBPdsEALCj6v1OBuJLLJTlxmmrkqAZPVzt5QdeO3Eqa2tcPWcU0nqP vHYMzZcZ7oFg58NZsWrhSQQDIB5e+K65Q/h6dC7W/aDskZd64jxtEznX2kt0/MOr 8OdsDis1K2f9KQftrAx81KmVwW4Tqtzl7NWTDXt44fMOtibCwVq8v2DFkTJy =JKbP -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.rich; Rich Murphey <rich@FreeBSD.org> fingerprint = AF A0 60 C4 84 D6 0C 73 D1 EF C0 E9 9D 21 DB E4 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAy97V+MAAAEEALiNM3FCwm3qrCe81E20UOSlNclOWfZHNAyOyj1ahHeINvo1 FBF2Gd5Lbj0y8SLMno5yJ6P4F4r+x3jwHZrzAIwMs/lxDXRtB0VeVWnlj6a3Rezs wbfaTeSVyh5JohEcKdoYiMG5wjATOwK/NAwIPthB1RzRjnEeer3HI3ZYNEOpAAUR tCRSaWNoIE11cnBoZXkgPHJpY2hAbGFtcHJleS51dG1iLmVkdT6JAJUDBRAve15W vccjdlg0Q6kBAZTZBACcNd/LiVnMFURPrO4pVRn1sVQeokVX7izeWQ7siE31Iy7g Sb97WRLEYDi686osaGfsuKNA87Rm+q5F+jxeUV4w4szoqp60gGvCbD0KCB2hWraP /2s2qdVAxhfcoTin/Qp1ZWvXxFF7imGA/IjYIfB42VkaRYu6BwLEm3YAGfGcSw== =QoiM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jdp; John D. 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Guido van Rooij <guido@gvr.win.tue.nl> Fingerprint = 16 79 09 F3 C0 E4 28 A7 32 62 FA F6 60 31 C0 ED -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzGeO84AAAEEAKKAY91Na//DXwlUusr9GVESSlVwVP6DyH1wcZXhfN1fyZHq SwhMCEdHYoojQds+VqD1iiZQvv1RLByBgj622PDAPN4+Z49HjGs7YbZsUNuQqPPU wRPpP6ty69x1hPKq1sQIB5MS4radpCM+4wbZbhxv7l4rP3RWUbNaYutZnzI9AAUR tCZHdWlkbyB2YW4gUm9vaWogPGd1aWRvQGd2ci53aW4udHVlLm5sPokAlQMFEDMG Hcgff6kIA1j8vQEBbYgD/jm9xHuUuY+iXDkOzpCXBYACYEZDV913MjtyBAmaVqYo Rh5HFimkGXe+rCo78Aau0hc57fFMTsJqnuWEqVt3GRq28hSK1FOZ7ni9/XibHcmN rt2yugl3hYpClijo4nrDL1NxibbamkGW/vFGcljS0jqXz6NDVbGx5Oo7HBByxByz iQCVAwUQMhmtVjt/x7zOdmsfAQFuVQQApsVUTigT5YWjQA9Nd5Z0+a/oVtZpyw5Z OljLJP3vqJdMa6TidhfcatjHbFTve5x1dmjFgMX/MQTd8zf/+Xccy/PX4+lnKNpP eSf1Y4aK+E8KHmBGd6GzX6CIboyGYLS9e3kGnN06F2AQtaLyJFgQ71wRaGuyKmQG FwTn7jiKb1aJAJUDBRAyEOLXPt3iN6QQUSEBATwQA/9jqu0Nbk154+Pn+9mJX/YT fYR2UqK/5FKCqgL5Nt/Deg2re0zMD1f8F9Dj6vuAAxq8hnOkIHKlWolMjkRKkzJi mSPEWl3AuHJ31k948J8it4f8kq/o44usIA2KKVMlI63Q/rmNdfWCyiYQEVGcRbTm GTdZIHYCOgV5dOo4ebFqgYkAlQMFEDIE1nMEJn15jgpJ0QEBW6kEAKqN8XSgzTqf CrxFXT07MlHhfdbKUTNUoboxCGCLNW05vf1A8F5fdE5i14LiwkldWIzPxWD+Sa3L fNPCfCZTaCiyGcLyTzVfBHA18MBAOOX6JiTpdcm22jLGUWBf/aJK3yz/nfbWntd/ LRHysIdVp29lP5BF+J9/Lzbb/9LxP1taiQCVAwUQMgRXZ44CzbsJWQz9AQFf7gP/ Qa2FS5S6RYKG3rYanWADVe/ikFV2lxuM1azlWbsmljXvKVWGe6cV693nS5lGGAjx lbd2ADwXjlkNhv45HLWFm9PEveO9Jjr6tMuXVt8N2pxiX+1PLUN9CtphTIU7Yfjn s6ryZZfwGHSfIxNGi5ua2SoXhg0svaYnxHxXmOtH24iJAJUDBRAyAkpV8qaAEa3W TBkBARfQBAC+S3kbulEAN3SI7/A+A/dtl9DfZezT9C4SRBGsl2clQFMGIXmMQ/7v 7lLXrKQ7U2zVbgNfU8smw5h2vBIL6f1PyexSmc3mz9JY4er8KeZpcf6H0rSkHl+i d7TF0GvuTdNPFO8hc9En+GG6QHOqbkB4NRZ6cwtfwUMhk2FHXBnjF4kAlQMFEDH5 FFukUJAsCdPmTQEBe74EAMBsxDnbD9cuI5MfF/QeTNEG4BIVUZtAkDme4Eg7zvsP d3DeJKCGeNjiCWYrRTCGwaCWzMQk+/+MOmdkI6Oml+AIurJLoHceHS9jP1izdP7f N2jkdeJSBsixunbQWtUElSgOQQ4iF5kqwBhxtOfEP/L9QsoydRMR1yB6WPD75H7V iQCVAwUQMZ9YNGtaZ42Bsqd5AQH0PAQAhpVlAc3ZM/KOTywBSh8zWKVlSk3q/zGn k7hJmFThnlhH1723+WmXE8aAPJi+VXOWJUFQgwELJ6R8jSU2qvk2m1VWyYSqRKvc VRQMqT2wjss0GE1Ngg7tMrkRHT0il7E2xxIb8vMrIwmdkbTfYqBUhhGnsWPHZHq7 MoA1/b+rK7CJAJUDBRAxnvXh3IDyptUyfLkBAYTDA/4mEKlIP/EUX2Zmxgrd/JQB hqcQlkTrBAaDOnOqe/4oewMKR7yaMpztYhJs97i03Vu3fgoLhDspE55ooEeHj0r4 cOdiWfYDsjSFUYSPNVhW4OSruMA3c29ynMqNHD7hpr3rcCPUi7J2RncocOcCjjK2 BQb/9IAUNeK4C9gPxMEZLokAlQMFEDGeO86zWmLrWZ8yPQEBEEID/2fPEUrSX3Yk j5TJPFZ9MNX0lEo7AHYjnJgEbNI4pYm6C3PnMlsYfCSQDHuXmRQHAOWSdwOLvCkN F8eDaF3M6u0urgeVJ+KVUnTz2+LZoZs12XSZKCte0HxjbvPpWMTTrYyimGezH79C mgDVjsHaYOx3EXF0nnDmtXurGioEmW1J =mSvM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.peter; Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> aka <peter@spinner.dialix.com> aka <peter@haywire.dialix.com> aka <peter@perth.dialix.oz.au> Key fingerprint = 47 05 04 CA 4C EE F8 93 F6 DB 02 92 6D F5 58 8A -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAy9/FJwAAAEEALxs9dE9tFd0Ru1TXdq301KfEoe5uYKKuldHRBOacG2Wny6/ W3Ill57hOi2+xmq5X/mHkapywxvy4cyLdt31i4GEKDvxpDvEzAYcy2n9dIup/eg2 kEhRBX9G5k/LKM4NQsRIieaIEGGgCZRm0lINqw495aZYrPpO4EqGN2HYnOMZAAUT tCVQZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBoYXl3aXJlLmRpYWxpeC5jb20+iQCVAwUQMwWT cXW7bjh2o/exAQEFkQP+LIx5zKlYp1uR24xGApMFNrNtjh+iDIWnxxb2M2Kb6x4G 9z6OmbUCoDTGrX9SSL2Usm2RD0BZfyv9D9QRWC2TSOPkPRqQgIycc11vgbLolJJN eixqsxlFeKLGEx9eRQCCbo3dQIUjc2yaOe484QamhsK1nL5xpoNWI1P9zIOpDiGJ AJUDBRAxsRPqSoY3Ydic4xkBAbWLA/9q1Fdnnk4unpGQsG31Qbtr4AzaQD5m/JHI 4gRmSmbj6luJMgNG3fpO06Gd/Z7uxyCJB8pTst2a8C/ljOYZxWT+5uSzkQXeMi5c YcI1sZbUpkHtmqPW623hr1PB3ZLA1TIcTbQW+NzJsxQ1Pc6XG9fGkT9WXQW3Xhet AP+juVTAhLQlUGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAcGVydGguZGlhbGl4Lm96LmF1PokA lQMFEDGxFCFKhjdh2JzjGQEB6XkD/2HOwfuFrnQUtdwFPUkgtEqNeSr64jQ3Maz8 xgEtbaw/ym1PbhbCk311UWQq4+izZE2xktHTFClJfaMnxVIfboPyuiSF99KHiWnf /Gspet0S7m/+RXIwZi1qSqvAanxMiA7kKgFSCmchzas8TQcyyXHtn/gl9v0khJkb /fv3R20btB5QZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBGcmVlQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRAxsRJd SoY3Ydic4xkBAZJUA/4i/NWHz5LIH/R4IF/3V3LleFyMFr5EPFY0/4mcv2v+ju9g brOEM/xd4LlPrx1XqPeZ74JQ6K9mHR64RhKR7ZJJ9A+12yr5dVqihe911KyLKab9 4qZUHYi36WQu2VtLGnw/t8Jg44fQSzbBF5q9iTzcfNOYhRkSD3BdDrC3llywO7Ql UGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAc3Bpbm5lci5kaWFsaXguY29tPokAlQMFEDGxEi1K hjdh2JzjGQEBdA4EAKmNFlj8RF9HQsoI3UabnvYqAWN5wCwEB4u+Zf8zq6OHic23 TzoK1SPlmSdBE1dXXQGS6aiDkLT+xOdeewNs7nfUIcH/DBjSuklAOJzKliXPQW7E kuKNwy4eq5bl+j3HB27i+WBXhn6OaNNQY674LGaR41EGq44Wo5ATcIicig/z =gv+h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joerg; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/76A3F7B1 1996/04/27 Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de> Key fingerprint = DC 47 E6 E4 FF A6 E9 8F 93 21 E0 7D F9 12 D6 4E Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@interface-business.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@uriah.heep.sax.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@interface-business.de> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzGCFeAAAAEEAKmRBU2Nvc7nZy1Ouid61HunA/5hF4O91cXm71/KPaT7dskz q5sFXvPJPpawwvqHPHfEbAK42ZaywyFp59L1GaYj87Pda+PlAYRJyY2DJl5/7JPe ziq+7B8MdvbX6D526sdmcR+jPXPbHznASjkx9DPmK+7TgFujyXW7bjh2o/exAAUR tC1Kb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpvZXJnX3d1bnNjaEB1cmlhaC5oZWVwLnNheC5kZT6J AJUDBRA0FFkBs1pi61mfMj0BAfDCA/oCfkjrhvRwRCpSL8klJ1YDoUJdmw+v4nJc pw3OpYXbwKOPLClsE7K3KCQscHel7auf91nrekAwbrXv9Clp0TegYeAQNjw5vZ9f L6UZ5l3fH8E2GGA7+kqgNWs1KxAnG5GdUvJ9viyrWm8dqWRGo+loDWlZ12L2OgAD fp7jVZTI1okAlQMFEDQPrLoff6kIA1j8vQEB2XQEAK/+SsQPCT/X4RB/PBbxUr28 GpGJMn3AafAaA3plYw3nb4ONbqEw9tJtofAn4UeGraiWw8nHYR2DAzoAjR6OzuX3 TtUV+57BIzrTPHcNkb6h8fPuHU+dFzR+LNoPaGJsFeov6w+Ug6qS9wa5FGDAgaRo LHSyBxcRVoCbOEaS5S5EiQCVAwUQM5BktWVgqaw0+fnVAQGKPwP+OiWho3Zm2GKp lEjiZ5zx3y8upzb+r1Qutb08jr2Ewja04hLg0fCrt6Ad3DoVqxe4POghIpmHM4O4 tcW92THQil70CLzfCxtfUc6eDzoP3krD1/Gwpm2hGrmYA9b/ez9+r2vKBbnUhPmC glx5pf1IzHU9R2XyQz9Xu7FI2baOSZqJAJUDBRAyCIWZdbtuOHaj97EBAVMzA/41 VIph36l+yO9WGKkEB+NYbYOz2W/kyi74kXLvLdTXcRYFaCSZORSsQKPGNMrPZUoL oAKxE25AoCgl5towqr/sCcu0A0MMvJddUvlQ2T+ylSpGmWchqoXCN7FdGyxrZ5zz xzLIvtcio6kaHd76XxyJpltCASupdD53nEtxnu8sRrQxSm9lcmcgV3Vuc2NoIDxq b2VyZ193dW5zY2hAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokAlQMFEDIIhfR1u244 dqP3sQEBWoID/RhBm+qtW+hu2fqAj9d8CVgEKJugrxZIpXuCKFvO+bCgQtogt9EX +TJh4s8UUdcFkyEIu8CT2C3Rrr1grvckfxvrTgzSzvtYyv1072X3GkVY+SlUMBMA rdl1qNW23oT7Q558ajnsaL065XJ5m7HacgTTikiofYG8i1s7TrsEeq6PtCJKb2Vy ZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAdXJpYWguaGVlcC5zYXguZGU+iQCVAwUQMaS91D4gHQUlG9CZ AQGYOwQAhPpiobK3d/fz+jWrbQgjkoO+j39glYGXb22+6iuEprFRs/ufKYtjljNT NK3B4DWSkyIPawcuO4Lotijp6jke2bsjFSSashGWcsJlpnwsv7EeFItT3oWTTTQQ ItPbtNyLW6M6xB+jLGtaAvJqfOlzgO9BLfHuA2LY+WvbVW447SWJAJUDBRAxqWRs dbtuOHaj97EBAXDBA/49rzZB5akkTSbt/gNd38OJgC+H8N5da25vV9dD3KoAvXfW fw7OxIsxvQ/Ab+rJmukrrWxPdsC+1WU1+1rGa4PvJp/VJRDes2awGrn+iO7/cQoS IVziC27JpcbvjLvLVcBIiy1yT/RvJ+87a3jPRHt3VFGcpFh4KykxxSNiyGygl4kA lQMFEDGCUB31FVv7jlQtXQEB5KgD/iIJZe5lFkPr2B/Cr7BKMVBot1/JSu05NsHg JZ3uK15w4mVtNPZcFi/dKbn+qRM6LKDFe/GF0HZD/ZD1FJt8yQjzF2w340B+F2GG EOwnClqZDtEAqnIBzM/ECQQqH+6Bi8gpkFZrFgg5eON7ikqmusDnOlYStM/CBfgp SbR8kDmFtCZKb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokA lQMFEDHioSdlYKmsNPn51QEByz8D/10uMrwP7MdaXnptd1XNFhpaAPYTVAOcaKlY OGI/LLR9PiU3FbqXO+7INhaxFjBxa0Tw/p4au5Lq1+Mx81edHniJZNS8tz3I3goi jIC3+jn2gnVAWnK5UZUTUVUn/JLVk/oSaIJNIMMDaw4J9xPVVkb+Fh1A+XqtPsVa YESrNp0+iQCVAwUQMwXkzcdm8Q+/vPRJAQEA4QQAgNNX1HFgXrMetDb+w6yEGQDk JCDAY9b6mA2HNeKLQAhsoZl4HwA1+iuQaCgo3lyFC+1Sf097OUTs74z5X1vCedqV oFw9CxI3xuctt3pJCbbN68flOlnq0WdYouWWGlFwLlh5PEy//VtwX9lqgsizlhzi t+fX6BT4BgKi5baDhrWJAJUDBRAyCKveD9eCJxX4hUkBAebMA/9mRPy6K6i7TX2R jUKSl2p5oYrXPk12Zsw4ijuktslxzQhOCyMSCGK2UEC4UM9MXp1H1JZQxN/DcfnM 7VaUt+Ve0wZ6DC9gBSHJ1hKVxHe5XTj26mIr4rcXNy2XEDMK9QsnBxIAZnBVTjSO LdhqqSMp3ULLOpBlRL2RYrqi27IXr4kAlQMFEDGpbnd1u244dqP3sQEBJnQD/RVS Azgf4uorv3fpbosI0LE3LUufAYGBSJNJnskeKyudZkNkI5zGGDwVneH/cSkKT4OR ooeqcTBxKeMaMuXPVl30QahgNwWjfuTvl5OZ8orsQGGWIn5FhqYXsKkjEGxIOBOf vvlVQ0UbcR0N2+5F6Mb5GqrXZpIesn7jFJpkQKPU =97h7 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Developers &a.wosch; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/2B7181AD 1997/08/09 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = CA 16 91 D9 75 33 F1 07 1B F0 B4 9F 3E 95 B6 09 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzPs+aEAAAEEAJqqMm2I9CxWMuHDvuVO/uh0QT0az5ByOktwYLxGXQmqPG1G Q3hVuHWYs5Vfm/ARU9CRcVHFyqGQ3LepoRhDHk+JcASHan7ptdFsz7xk1iNNEoe0 vE2rns38HIbiyQ/2OZd4XsyhFOFtExNoBuyDyNoe3HbHVBQT7TmN/mkrcYGtAAUR tCVXb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hARnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnH AzmN/mkrcYGtAQF5vgP/SLOiI4AwuPHGwUFkwWPRtRzYSySXqwaPCop5mVak27wk pCxGdzoJO2UgcE812Jt92Qas91yTT0gsSvOVNATaf0TM3KnKg5ZXT1QIzYevWtuv 2ovAG4au3lwiFPDJstnNAPcgLF3OPni5RCUqBjpZFhb/8YDfWYsMcyn4IEaJKre0 JFdvbGZyYW0gU2NobmVpZGVyIDxzY2huZWlkZXJAemliLmRlPokAlQMFEDcZxu85 jf5pK3GBrQEBCRgD/jPj1Ogx4O769soiguL1XEHcxhqtrpKZkKwxmDLRa0kJFwLp bBJ3Qz3vwaB7n5gQU0JiL1B2M7IxVeHbiIV5pKp7FD248sm+HZvBg6aSnCg2JPUh sHd1tK5X4SB5cjFt3Cj0LIN9/c9EUxm3SoML9bovmze60DckErrRNOuTk1IntCJX b2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hAYXBmZWwuZGU+iQEVAwUQNmfWXAjJLLJO sC7dAQEASAgAnE4g2fwMmFkQy17ATivljEaDZN/m0GdXHctdZ8CaPrWk/9/PTNK+ U6xCewqIKVwtqxVBMU1VpXUhWXfANWCB7a07D+2GrlB9JwO5NMFJ6g0WI/GCUXjC xb3NTkNsvppL8Rdgc8wc4f23GG4CXVggdTD2oUjUH5Bl7afgOT4xLPAqePhS7hFB UnMsbA94OfxPtHe5oqyaXt6cXH/SgphRhzPPZq0yjg0Ef+zfHVamvZ6Xl2aLZmSv Cc/rb0ShYDYi39ly9OPPiBPGbSVw2Gg804qx3XAKiTFkLsbYQnRt7WuCPsOVjFkf CbQS31TaclOyzenZdCAezubGIcrJAKZjMIkAlQMFEDPs+aE5jf5pK3GBrQEBlIAD /3CRq6P0m1fi9fbPxnptuipnoFB/m3yF6IdhM8kSe4XlXcm7tS60gxQKZgBO3bDA 5QANcHdl41Vg95yBAZepPie6iQeAAoylRrONeIy6XShjx3S0WKmA4+C8kBTL+vwa UqF9YJ1qesZQtsXlkWp/Z7N12RkueVAVQ7wRPwfnz6E3tC5Xb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5l aWRlciA8d29zY2hAcGFua2UuZGUuZnJlZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnEqTmN/mkr cYGtAQFnpQP9EpRZdG6oYN7d5abvIMN82Z9x71a4QBER+R62mU47wqdRG2b6jMMh 3k07b2oiprVuPhRw/GEPPQevb6RRT6SD9CPYAGfK3MDE8ZkMj4d+7cZDRJQ35sxv gAzQwuA9l7kS0mt5jFRPcEg5/KpuyehRLckjx8jpEM7cEJDHXhBIuVg= =3V1R -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.brian; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/666A7421 1997/04/30 Brian Somers <brian@awfulhak.org> Key fingerprint = 2D 91 BD C2 94 2C 46 8F 8F 09 C4 FC AD 12 3B 21 Brian Somers <brian@uk.FreeBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzNmogUAAAEEALdsjVsV2dzO8UU4EEo7z3nYuvB2Q6YJ8sBUYjB8/vfR5oZ9 7aEQjgY5//pXvS30rHUB9ghk4kIFSljzeMudE0K2zH5n2sxpLbBKWZRDLS7xnrDC I3j9CNKwQBzMPs0fUT46gp96nf1X8wPiJXkDUEia/c0bRbXlLw7tvOdmanQhAAUR tCFCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQGF3ZnVsaGFrLm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3Fjs4H3+p CANY/L0BAZOxBACTZ1zPdaJzEdT4AfrebQbaU4ytEeodnVXZIkc8Il+LDlDOUAIe k5PgnHTRM4yiwcZuYQrCDRFgdOofcFfRo0PD7mGFzd22qPGmbvHiDBCYCyhlkPXW IDeoA1cX77JlU1NFdy0dZwuX7csaMlpjCkOPc7+856mr6pQi48zj7yZtrYkAlQMF EDcUqZ2dZ0EADG4SFQEBEm0EAL2bBNc4vpxPrg3ATdZ/PekpL6lYj3s9pBf8f7eY LXq438A/ywiWkrL74gXxcZ2Ey9AHZW+rbJPzUbrfMAgP3uWobeSvDyKRo1wtKnTY Hy+OEIbBIHDmIUuK3L7KupBf7WAI46Q7fnyz0txvtRruDjvfoyl9/TSRfIKcaw2a INh7iQCVAwUQNwyWpmdKPfFUsXG5AQEIrAQAmukv2u9ihcnO2Zaak265I+gYozu+ biAngdXNfhTGMeExFzdzQ8Qe7EJugMpIDEkJq2goY35sGitD+ogSVWECjcVbHIAP M2u9axFGlK7fDOmmkH2ZWDMtwx2I5dZps3q2g9mY2O9Az5Yokp7GW7viSpWXHTRH xOsuY6aze71U7RWJAHUDBRA3DAEvDuwDH3697LEBAWRHAv9XXkub6mir/DCxzKI2 AE3tek40lRfU6Iukjl/uzT9GXcL3uEjIewiPTwN+k4IL+qcCEdv8WZgv/tO45r59 IZQsicNaSAsKX/6Cxha6Hosg1jw4rjdyz13rgYRi/nreq5mJAJUDBRA2r0CM9p+f Pnxlu7UBAYObA/40s5SwEpXTrePO78AoUFEa5Z4bgyxkpT7BVbq6m/oQtK509Xe2 M2y0XTLkd86oXpjyKzGzWq8T6ZTKNdF9+5LhS2ylJytdPq1AjDk2BocffWX4+pXn RPiC6XcNdYGiQL8OTHvZESYQDiHeMfwA8WdMzFK1R80nJMwANYXjJJrLzYkAlQMF EDNt51zvs7EFZlNtbQEBW0UD/jZB6UDdEFdhS0hxgahv5CxaQDWQbIEpAY9JL1yg d1RWMKUFGXdRkWZmHEA4NvtwFFeam/HZm4yuGf8yldMyo84loTcVib7lKh4CumGx FT5Pxeh/F8u9EeQzclRFSMhVl0BA2/HEGyjw0kbkprI/RD3pXD7ewTAUrj2O3XhE InLgiQCVAwUQM3O9vWyr6JZzEUkFAQF9nAP9Hco0V/3Kl70N5ryPVgh41nUTd7Td 6fUjx8yPoSZLX8vVZ8XMyd8ULFmzsmA+2QG4HcKo/x/4s50O3o8c+o1qSYj0Tp+K 4Z8lneMVlgBNdrRcq4ijEgk0qGqSlsXyLElkVPEXAADBVgzf6yqvipDwXNVzl6e3 GPLE8U2TAnBFZX6JAJUDBRAzZqIFDu2852ZqdCEBATsuBACI3ofP7N3xuHSc7pWL NsnFYVEc9utBaclcagxjLLzwPKzMBcLjNGyGXIZQNB0d4//UMUJcMS7vwZ8MIton VubbnJVHuQvENloRRARtarF+LC7OLMCORrGtbt0FtYgvBaqtgXlNcKXD6hRT+ghR bi3q34akA7Xw8tiFIxdVgSusALQjQnJpYW4gU29tZXJzIDxicmlhbkB1ay5GcmVl QlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3FLWcnWdBAAxuEhUBAcYYBACos9nKETuaH+z2h0Ws+IIY mN9FEm8wpPUcQmX5GFhfBUQ+rJbflzv0jJ/f2ac9qJHgIIAlJ3pMkfMpU8UYHEuo VCe4ZTU5sr4ZdBaF9kpm2OriFgZwIv4QAi7dCMu9ZwGRtZ3+z3DQsVSagucjZTIe yTUR6K+7E3YXANQjOdqFZYkAlQMFEDcUpeQO7bznZmp0IQEB4HED/Ru3NjwWO1gl xEiLTzRpU31Rh1Izw1lhVMVJkLAGBw9ieSkjvdIkuhqV1i+W4wKBClT0UOE28Kjp WbBKPFIASRYzN4ySwpprsG5H45EFQosovYG/HPcMzXU2GMj0iwVTxnMq7I8oH588 ExHqfEN2ARD3ngmB2499ruyGl26pW/BftCBCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQE9w ZW5CU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDcUtW6dZ0EADG4SFQEBQwsD/j9B/lkltIdnQdjOqR/b dOBgJCtUf905y6kD+k4kbxeT1YAaA65KJ2o/Zj+i+69F2+BUJ/3kYB7prKwut2h0 ek1ZtncGxoAsQdFJ5JSeMkwUZ5qtGeCmVPb59+KPq3nU6p3RI8Bn77FzK//Qy+IW /WFVJbf/6NCNCbyRiRjPbGl/iQCVAwUQNxSlyA7tvOdmanQhAQFzMAP/dvtsj3yB C+seiy6fB/nS+NnKBoff3Ekv57FsZraGt4z9n4sW61eywaiRzuKlhHqrDE17STKa fBOaV1Ntl7js7og5IFPWNlVh1cK+spDmd655D8pyshziDF6fSAsqGfTn35xl23Xj O20MMK44j4I5V6rEyUDBDrmX49J56OFkfwa0IEJyaWFuIFNvbWVycyA8YnJpYW5A RnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxS1Y51nQQAMbhIVAQHPBQP+IMUlE4DtEvSZFtG4 YK9usfHSkStIafh/F/JzSsqdceLZgwcuifbemw79Rhvqhp0Cyp7kuI2kHO3a19kZ 3ZXlDl3VDg41SV/Z5LzNw9vaZKuF/vtGaktOjac5E5aznWGIA5czwsRgydEOcd8O VPMUMrdNWRI6XROtnbZaRSwmD8aJAJUDBRA3FKWuDu2852ZqdCEBAWVJA/4x3Mje QKV+KQoO6mOyoIcD4GK1DjWDvNHGujJbFGBmARjr/PCm2cq42cPzBxnfRhCfyEvN aesNB0NjLjRU/m7ziyVn92flAzHqqmU36aEdqooXUY2T3vOYzo+bM7VtInarG1iU qw1G19GgXUwUkPvy9+dNIM/aYoI/e0Iv3P9uug== =R3k0 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml index 76f8f4f2d6..83cf490b8a 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml @@ -1,391 +1,391 @@ Source Tree Guidelines and Policies Contributed by &a.phk;. This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the “official” method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the “official” versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. “Spelling fixes” are explicitly included here under the “cosmetic” category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The Tcl embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it “works out”. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that “official” patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. -obrien@freebsd.org - 30 March 1997 +obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 Encumbered files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the “micro” revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest “minor” revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml index 48f3214119..e4fe0a0efd 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml @@ -1,4660 +1,4660 @@ Installing Applications: The Ports collection Contributed by &a.jraynard;. The FreeBSD Ports collection allows you to compile and install a very wide range of applications with a minimum of effort. For all the hype about open standards, getting a program to work on different versions of Unix in the real world can be a tedious and tricky business, as anyone who has tried it will know. You may be lucky enough to find that the program you want will compile cleanly on your system, install itself in all the right places and run flawlessly “out of the box”, but this is unfortunately rather rare. With most programs, you will find yourself doing a fair bit of head-scratching, and there are quite a few programs that will result in premature greying, or even chronic alopecia... Some software distributions have attacked this problem by providing configuration scripts. Some of these are very clever, but they have an unfortunate tendency to triumphantly announce that your system is something you have never heard of and then ask you lots of questions that sound like a final exam in system-level Unix programming (Does your system's gethitlist function return a const pointer to a fromboz or a pointer to a const fromboz? Do you have Foonix style unacceptable exception handling? And if not, why not?). Fortunately, with the Ports collection, all the hard work involved has already been done, and you can just type make install and get a working program. Why Have a Ports Collection? The base FreeBSD system comes with a very wide range of tools and system utilities, but a lot of popular programs are not in the base system, for good reasons:- Programs that some people cannot live without and other people cannot stand, such as a certain Lisp-based editor. Programs which are too specialised to put in the base system (CAD, databases). Programs which fall into the “I must have a look at that when I get a spare minute” category, rather than system-critical ones (some languages, perhaps). Programs that are far too much fun to be supplied with a serious operating system like FreeBSD ;-) However many programs you put in the base system, people will always want more, and a line has to be drawn somewhere (otherwise FreeBSD distributions would become absolutely enormous). Obviously it would be unreasonable to expect everyone to port their favourite programs by hand (not to mention a tremendous amount of duplicated work), so the FreeBSD Project came up with an ingenious way of using standard tools that would automate the process. Incidentally, this is an excellent illustration of how “the Unix way” works in practice by combining a set of simple but very flexible tools into something very powerful. How Does the Ports Collection Work? Programs are typically distributed on the Internet as a tarball consisting of a Makefile and the source code for the program and usually some instructions (which are unfortunately not always as instructive as they could be), with perhaps a configuration script. The standard scenario is that you FTP down the tarball, extract it somewhere, glance through the instructions, make any changes that seem necessary, run the configure script to set things up and use the standard make program to compile and install the program from the source. FreeBSD ports still use the tarball mechanism, but use a skeleton to hold the "knowledge" of how to get the program working on FreeBSD, rather than expecting the user to be able to work it out. They also supply their own customised Makefile, so that almost every port can be built in the same way. If you look at a port skeleton (either on your FreeBSD system or the FTP site) and expect to find all sorts of pointy-headed rocket science lurking there, you may be disappointed by the one or two rather unexciting-looking files and directories you find there. (We will discuss in a minute how to go about Getting a port). “How on earth can this do anything?” I hear you cry. “There is no source code there!” Fear not, gentle reader, all will become clear (hopefully). Let us see what happens if we try and install a port. I have chosen ElectricFence, a useful tool for developers, as the skeleton is more straightforward than most. If you are trying this at home, you will need to be root. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence &prompt.root; make install >> Checksum OK for ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz. ===> Extracting for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Patching for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Configuring for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Building for ElectricFence-2.0.5 [lots of compiler output...] ===> Installing for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Warning: your umask is "0002". If this is not desired, set it to an appropriate value and install this port again by ``make reinstall''. install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.a /usr/local/lib install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.3 /usr/local/man/man3 ===> Compressing manual pages for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Registering installation for ElectricFence-2.0.5 To avoid confusing the issue, I have completely removed the build output. If you tried this yourself, you may well have got something like this at the start:- &prompt.root; make install >> ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/. The make program has noticed that you did not have a local copy of the source code and tried to FTP it down so it could get the job done. I already had the source handy in my example, so it did not need to fetch it. Let's go through this and see what the make program was doing. Locate the source code tarball. If it is not available locally, try to grab it from an FTP site. Run a checksum test on the tarball to make sure it has not been tampered with, accidentally truncated, downloaded in ASCII mode, struck by neutrinos while in transit, etc. Extract the tarball into a temporary work directory. Apply any patches needed to get the source to compile and run under FreeBSD. Run any configuration script required by the build process and correctly answer any questions it asks. (Finally!) Compile the code. Install the program executable and other supporting files, man pages, etc. under the /usr/local hierarchy (unless this is an X11 program, then it will be under /usr/X11R6), where they will not get mixed up with system programs. This also makes sure that all the ports you install will go in the same place, instead of being flung all over your system. Register the installation in a database. This means that, if you do not like the program, you can cleanly remove all traces of it from your system. Scroll up to the make output and see if you can match these steps to it. And if you were not impressed before, you should be by now! Getting a FreeBSD Port There are two ways of getting hold of the FreeBSD port for a program. One requires a FreeBSD CDROM, the other involves using an Internet Connection. Compiling ports from CDROM Assuming that your FreeBSD CDROM is in the drive and mounted on /cdrom (and the mount point must be /cdrom), you should then be able to build ports just as you normally do and the port collection's built in search path should find the tarballs in /cdrom/ports/distfiles/ (if they exist there) rather than downloading them over the net. Another way of doing this, if you want to just use the port skeletons on the CDROM, is to set these variables in /etc/make.conf: PORTSDIR= /cdrom/ports DISTDIR= /tmp/distfiles WRKDIRPREFIX= /tmp Substitute /tmp for any place you have enough free space. Then, just cd to the appropriate subdirectory under /cdrom/ports and type make install as usual. WRKDIRPREFIX will cause the port to be build under /tmp/cdrom/ports; for instance, games/oneko will be built under /tmp/cdrom/ports/games/oneko. There are some ports for which we cannot provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you will need to look at the section on Compiling ports using an Internet connection. Compiling ports from the Internet If you do not have a CDROM, or you want to make sure you get the very latest version of the port you want, you will need to download the skeleton for the port. Now this might sound like rather a fiddly job full of pitfalls, but it is actually very easy. First, if you are running a release version of FreeBSD, make sure you get the appropriate “upgrade kit” for your release from the ports web page. These packages include files that have been updated since the release that you may need to compile new ports. The key to the skeletons is that the FreeBSD FTP server can create on-the-fly tarballs for you. Here is how it works, with the gnats program in the databases directory as an example (the bits in square brackets are comments. Do not type them in if you are trying this yourself!):- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; mkdir databases &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports/databases ftp> get gnats.tar [tars up the gnats skeleton for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf gnats.tar [extract the gnats skeleton] &prompt.root; cd gnats &prompt.root; make install [build and install gnats] What happened here? We connected to the FTP server in the usual way and went to its databases sub-directory. When we gave it the command get gnats.tar, the FTP server tarred up the gnats directory for us. We then extracted the gnats skeleton and went into the gnats directory to build the port. As we explained earlier, the make process noticed we did not have a copy of the source locally, so it fetched one before extracting, patching and building it. Let us try something more ambitious now. Instead of getting a single port skeleton, we will get a whole sub-directory, for example all the database skeletons in the ports collection. It looks almost the same:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports ftp> get databases.tar [tars up the databases directory for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf databases.tar [extract all the database skeletons] &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; make install [build and install all the database ports] With half a dozen straightforward commands, we have now got a set of database programs on our FreeBSD machine! All we did that was different from getting a single port skeleton and building it was that we got a whole directory at once, and compiled everything in it at once. Pretty impressive, no? If you expect to be installing many ports, it is probably worth downloading all the ports directories. Skeletons A team of compulsive hackers who have forgotten to eat in a frantic attempt to make a deadline? Something unpleasant lurking in the FreeBSD attic? No, a skeleton here is a minimal framework that supplies everything needed to make the ports magic work. <filename>Makefile</filename> The most important component of a skeleton is the Makefile. This contains various statements that specify how the port should be compiled and installed. Here is the Makefile for ElectricFence:- # New ports collection makefile for: Electric Fence # Version required: 2.0.5 # Date created: 13 November 1997 # Whom: jraynard # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= ElectricFence-2.0.5 CATEGORIES= devel MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= devel/lang/c -MAINTAINER= jraynard@freebsd.org +MAINTAINER= jraynard@FreeBSD.org MAN3= libefence.3 do-install: ${INSTALL_DATA} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.a ${PREFIX}/lib ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.3 ${PREFIX}/man/man3 .include <bsd.port.mk> The lines beginning with a "#" sign are comments for the benefit of human readers (as in most Unix script files). DISTNAME specifies the name of the tarball, but without the extension. CATEGORIES states what kind of program this is. In this case, a utility for developers. See the categories section of this handbook for a complete list. MASTER_SITES is the URL(s) of the master FTP site, which is used to retrieve the tarball if it is not available on the local system. This is a site which is regarded as reputable, and is normally the one from which the program is officially distributed (in so far as any software is "officially" distributed on the Internet). MAINTAINER is the email address of the person who is responsible for updating the skeleton if, for example a new version of the program comes out. Skipping over the next few lines for a minute, the line .include <bsd.port.mk> says that the other statements and commands needed for this port are in a standard file called bsd.port.mk. As these are the same for all ports, there is no point in duplicating them all over the place, so they are kept in a single standard file. This is probably not the place to go into a detailed examination of how Makefiles work; suffice it to say that the line starting with MAN3 ensures that the ElectricFence man page is compressed after installation, to help conserve your precious disk space. The original port did not provide an install target, so the three lines from do-install ensure that the files produced by this port are placed in the correct destination. The <filename>files</filename> directory The file containing the checksum for the port is called md5, after the MD5 algorithm used for ports checksums. It lives in a directory with the slightly confusing name of files. This directory can also contain other miscellaneous files that are required by the port and do not belong anywhere else. The <filename>patches</filename> directory This directory contains the patches needed to make everything work properly under FreeBSD. The <filename>pkg</filename> directory This program contains three quite useful files:- COMMENT — a one-line description of the program. DESCR — a more detailed description. PLIST — a list of all the files that will be created when the program is installed. What to do when a port does not work. Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details on how ports work can be found in Porting applications. Gripe. This is done by e-mail only! Send such e-mail to the maintainer of the port, first. Type make maintainer or read the Makefile to find the maintainer's email address. Remember to include the name/version of the port (copy the $Id: line from the Makefile), and the output leading up-to the error, inclusive. If you do not get a satisfactory response, you can try filing a bug report with send-pr. Forget it. This is the easiest for most — very few of the programs in ports can be classified as essential! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The “master” package collection is on FreeBSD's FTP server in the packages directory, though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source and a lot faster besides! Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install a package file on your system. Some Questions and Answers Q. I thought this was going to be a discussion about modems??! A. Ah. You must be thinking of the serial ports on the back of your computer. We are using “port” here to mean the result of “porting” a program from one version of Unix to another. (It is an unfortunate bad habit of computer people to use the same word to refer to several completely different things). Q. I thought you were supposed to use packages to install extra programs? A. Yes, that is usually the quickest and easiest way of doing it. Q. So why bother with ports then? A. Several reasons:- The licensing conditions on some software distributions require that they be distributed as source code, not binaries. Some people do not trust binary distributions. At least with source code you can (in theory) read through it and look for potential problems yourself. If you have some local patches, you will need the source to add them yourself. You might have opinions on how a program should be compiled that differ from the person who did the package — some people have strong views on what optimisation setting should be used, whether to build debug versions and then strip them or not, etc. etc. Some people like having code around, so they can read it if they get bored, hack around with it, borrow from it (licence terms permitting, of course!) and so on. If you ain't got the source, it ain't software! ;-) Q. What is a patch? A. A patch is a small (usually) file that specifies how to go from one version of a file to another. It contains text that says, in effect, things like “delete line 23”, “add these two lines after line 468” or “change line 197 to this”. Also known as a “diff”, since it is generated by a program of that name. Q. What is all this about tarballs? A. It is a file ending in .tar or .tar.gz (with variations like .tar.Z, or even .tgz if you are trying to squeeze the names into a DOS filesystem). Basically, it is a directory tree that has been archived into a single file (.tar) and optionally compressed (.gz). This technique was originally used for Tape ARchives (hence the name tar), but it is a widely used way of distributing program source code around the Internet. You can see what files are in them, or even extract them yourself, by using the standard Unix tar program, which comes with the base FreeBSD system, like this:- &prompt.user; tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar tvf foobar.tar &prompt.user; tar xvf foobar.tar Q. And a checksum? A. It is a number generated by adding up all the data in the file you want to check. If any of the characters change, the checksum will no longer be equal to the total, so a simple comparison will allow you to spot the difference. (In practice, it is done in a more complicated way to spot problems like position-swapping, which will not show up with a simplistic addition). Q. I did what you said for compiling ports from a CDROM and it worked great until I tried to install the kermit port:- &prompt.root; make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. Why can it not be found? Have I got a dud CDROM? A. The licensing terms for kermit do not allow us to put the tarball for it on the CDROM, so you will have to fetch it by hand — sorry! The reason why you got all those error messages was because you were not connected to the Internet at the time. Once you have downloaded it from any of the sites above, you can re-start the process (try and choose the nearest site to you, though, to save your time and the Internet's bandwidth). Q. I did that, but when I tried to put it into /usr/ports/distfiles I got some error about not having permission. A. The ports mechanism looks for the tarball in /usr/ports/distfiles, but you will not be able to copy anything there because it is sym-linked to the CDROM, which is read-only. You can tell it to look somewhere else by doing &prompt.root; make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install Q. Does the ports scheme only work if you have everything in /usr/ports? My system administrator says I must put everything under /u/people/guests/wurzburger, but it does not seem to work. A. You can use the PORTSDIR and PREFIX variables to tell the ports mechanism to use different directories. For instance, &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install will compile the port in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports and install everything under /usr/local. &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install will compile it in /usr/ports and install it in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local. And of course &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install will combine the two (it is too long to fit on the page if I write it in full, but I am sure you get the idea). If you do not fancy typing all that in every time you install a port (and to be honest, who would?), it is a good idea to put these variables into your environment. Q. I do not have a FreeBSD CDROM, but I would like to have all the tarballs handy on my system so I do not have to wait for a download every time I install a port. Is there an easy way to get them all at once? A. To get every single tarball for the ports collection, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch For all the tarballs for a single ports directory, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory &prompt.root; make fetch and for just one port — well, I think you have guessed already. Q. I know it is probably faster to fetch the tarballs from one of the FreeBSD mirror sites close by. Is there any way to tell the port to fetch them from servers other than ones listed in the MASTER_SITES? A. Yes. If you know, for example, ftp.FreeBSD.ORG is much closer than sites + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org is much closer than sites listed in MASTER_SITES, do as following example. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory -&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch +&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch Q. I want to know what files make is going to need before it tries to pull them down. A. make fetch-list will display a list of the files needed for a port. Q. Is there any way to stop the port from compiling? I want to do some hacking on the source before I install it, but it is a bit tiresome having to watch it and hit control-C every time. A. Doing make extract will stop it after it has fetched and extracted the source code. Q. I am trying to make my own port and I want to be able to stop it compiling until I have had a chance to see if my patches worked properly. Is there something like make extract, but for patches? A. Yep, make patch is what you want. You will probably find the PATCH_DEBUG option useful as well. And by the way, thank you for your efforts! Q. I have heard that some compiler options can cause bugs. Is this true? How can I make sure that I compile ports with the right settings? A. Yes, with version 2.6.3 of gcc (the version shipped with FreeBSD 2.1.0 and 2.1.5), the option could result in buggy code unless you used the option as well. (Most of the ports do not use ). You should be able to specify the compiler options used by something like &prompt.root; make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install or by editing /etc/make.conf, but unfortunately not all ports respect this. The surest way is to do make configure, then go into the source directory and inspect the Makefiles by hand, but this can get tedious if the source has lots of sub-directories, each with their own Makefiles. Q. There are so many ports it is hard to find the one I want. Is there a list anywhere of what ports are available? A. Look in the INDEX file in /usr/ports. If you would like to search the ports collection for a keyword, you can do that too. For example, you can find ports relevant to the LISP programming language using: &prompt.user; cd /usr/ports &prompt.user; make search key=lisp Q. I went to install the foo port but the system suddenly stopped compiling it and starting compiling the bar port. What is going on? A. The foo port needs something that is supplied with bar — for instance, if foo uses graphics, bar might have a library with useful graphics processing routines. Or bar might be a tool that is needed to compile the foo port. Q. I installed the grizzle program from the ports and frankly it is a complete waste of disk space. I want to delete it but I do not know where it put all the files. Any clues? A. No problem, just do &prompt.root; pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 Alternatively, you can do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle &prompt.root; make deinstall Q. Hang on a minute, you have to know the version number to use that command. You do not seriously expect me to remember that, do you?? A. Not at all, you can find it out by doing &prompt.root; pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shoot 'em up arcade game. Q. Talking of disk space, the ports directory seems to be taking up an awful lot of room. Is it safe to go in there and delete things? A. Yes, if you have installed the program and are fairly certain you will not need the source again, there is no point in keeping it hanging around. The best way to do this is &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean which will go through all the ports subdirectories and delete everything except the skeletons for each port. Q. I tried that and it still left all those tarballs or whatever you called them in the distfiles directory. Can I delete those as well? A. Yes, if you are sure you have finished with them, those can go as well. Q. I like having lots and lots of programs to play with. Is there any way of installing all the ports in one go? A. Just do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make install Q. OK, I tried that, but I thought it would take a very long time so I went to bed and left it to get on with it. When I looked at the computer this morning, it had only done three and a half ports. Did something go wrong? A. No, the problem is that some of the ports need to ask you questions that we cannot answer for you (eg “Do you want to print on A4 or US letter sized paper?”) and they need to have someone on hand to answer them. Q. I really do not want to spend all day staring at the monitor. Any better ideas? A. OK, do this before you go to bed/work/the local park:- &prompt.root cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DBATCH install This will install every port that does not require user input. Then, when you come back, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install to finish the job. Q. At work, we are using frobble, which is in your ports collection, but we have altered it quite a bit to get it to do what we need. Is there any way of making our own packages, so we can distribute it more easily around our sites? A. No problem, assuming you know how to make patches for your changes:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble &prompt.root; make extract &prompt.root; cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] &prompt.root; cd ../.. &prompt.root; make package Q. This ports stuff is really clever. I am desperate to find out how you did it. What is the secret? A. Nothing secret about it at all, just look at the bsd.ports.mk and bsd.ports.subdir.mk files in your makefiles directory. Readers with an aversion to intricate shell-scripts are advised not to follow this link...) Making a port yourself Contributed by &a.jkh;, &a.gpalmer;, &a.asami;, &a.obrien;, and &a.hoek;. 28 August 1996. So, now you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the overridable variables (VAR) are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of bsd.port.mk. This file users a non-standard tab setting. Emacs and Vim should recognise the setting on loading the file. Both vi and ex can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not enough, but we will see. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Version required: 1.1b # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= oneko-1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $Id$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are three description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, and reside in the pkg subdirectory. <filename>COMMENT</filename> This is the one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital, and end without a period. Here is an example: A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen <filename>DESCR</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>PLIST</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the “packing list” because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; man page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installtion, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file files/md5. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want it to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. PLIST does not contain anything not installed by your port PLIST contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages, After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that is works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, your may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the Do's and Dont's section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;. If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request. (Do not mark the report confidential!) One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. In the past, we asked you to upload new port submissions in our ftp site (ftp.FreeBSD.org). This is no longer recommended as read access is turned off on that incoming/ directory of that site due to the large amount of pirated software showing up there. We will look at your port, get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of “Additional FreeBSD contributors” on the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory, and you may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main ftp site at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/, where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patches are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the patches subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The “main” targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever touch extract! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. If you cannot find a ftp/http site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable ftp or http server that you control (e.g., your home page). Make sure you set MASTER_SITES to reflect your choice. If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile (if you are a FreeBSD committer, you can just put it in your public_html/ directory on freefall), we can “house” it ourselves by putting it on ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/ as the last resort. Please refer to this location as MASTER_SITE_LOCAL. Send mail to the &a.ports;if you are not sure what to do. If your port's distfile changes all the time for no good reason, consider putting the distfile in your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. This will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our ftp site. Also, if there isonly one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as “plug-and-play” as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive diff for later feeding to patch. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-xx where xx denotes the sequence in which the patches will be applied — these are done in alphabetical order, thus aa first, ab second and so on. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches should be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-aa and patch-ab both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Configuring Include any additional customization commands to your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this as Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure or install, then set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow “overnight builds” to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CD-ROMs and ftp. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. <makevar>DISTNAME</makevar> You should set DISTNAME to be the base name of your port. The default rules expect the distribution file list (DISTFILES) to be named DISTNAMEEXTRACT_SUFX which, if it is a normal tarball, is going to be something like foozolix-1.0.tar.gz for a setting of DISTNAME=foozolix-1.0. The default rules also expect the tarball(s) to extract into a subdirectory called work/DISTNAME, e.g. work/foozolix-1.0/. All this behavior can be overridden, of course; it simply represents the most common time-saving defaults. For a port requiring multiple distribution files, simply set DISTFILES explicitly. If only a subset of DISTFILES are actual extractable archives, then set them up in EXTRACT_ONLY, which will override the DISTFILES list when it comes to extraction, and the rest will be just left in DISTDIR for later use. <makevar>PKGNAME</makevar> If DISTNAME does not conform to our guidelines for a good package name, you should set the PKGNAME variable to something better. See the abovementioned guidelines for more details. <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the ftp site or the CD-ROM. Please take a look at the existing categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See the categories section for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. If you port truly belongs to something that is different from all the existing ones, you can even create a new category name. In that case, please send mail to the &a.ports; to propose a new category. There is no error checking for category names. make package will happily create a new directory if you mistype the category name, so be careful! <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the ftp/http-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems, and we are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there! If the original tarball is part of one of the following popular archives: X-contrib, GNU, Perl CPAN, TeX CTAN, or Linux Sunsite, you refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB, MASTER_SITE_GNU, MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN, MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN, and MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE. Simply set MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path with in the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by ftp or http, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WKRSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, from the pre-patch target, apply the patch either by running the patch command from there, or copying the patch file into the PATCHDIR directory and calling it patch-xx. Note the tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :) For detailed description of the responsibility of maintainers, refer to MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are five variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behaviour of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is an argument given to ldconfig -r | grep -wF. There shall be no reqular expressions in this variable. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the user's search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${PREFIX}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in your search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in a normal user's search path, you should use the full pathname. The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. “build” here means everything from extracting to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above four categories, or your port requires to have the source of the other port extracted in addition to having them installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Common dependency variables Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF=yes if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT=yes if your port uses the latest qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD has perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.) Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; is is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. To depend on another port unconditionally, it is customary to use the string nonexistent as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to the to get to the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= /nonexistent:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the JPEG port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behaviour you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to be always build (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, I recommend you write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF=yes. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET. Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. <command>ldconfig</command> If your port installs a shared library, add a post-install target to your Makefile that runs ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) to register it into the shared library cache. Also, add a matching @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair to your pkg/PLIST file so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and deinstallation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. These lines should immediately follow the line for the shared library itself, as in: lib/libtvl80.so.1 @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m %D/lib @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R Never, ever, ever add a line that says ldconfig without any arguments to your Makefile or pkg/PLIST. This will reset the shared library cache to the contents of /usr/lib only, and will royally screw up the user's machine ("Help, xinit does not run anymore after I install this port!"). Anybody who does this will be shot and cut in 65,536 pieces by a rusty knife and have is liver chopped out by a bunch of crows and will eternally rot to death in the deepest bowels of hell (not necessarily in that order…) ELF support Since FreeBSD is moving to ELF shortly after 3.0-RELEASE, we need to convert many ports that build shared libraries to support ELF. Complicating this task is that a 3.0 system can run as both ELF and a.out, and we wish to unofficially support the 2.2 as long as possible. Below are the guidelines on how to convert a.out only ports to support both a.out and ELF compilation. Some part of this list is only applicable during the conversion, but will be left here for awhile for reference in case you have come across some old port you wish to upgrade. Moving a.out libraries out of the way A.out libraries should be moved out of /usr/local/lib and similar to an aout subdirectory. (If you do not move them out of the way, ELF ports will happily overwrite a.out libraries.) The move-aout-libs target in the 3.0-CURRENT src/Makefile (called from aout-to-elf) will do this for you. It will only move a.out libs so it is safe to call it on a system with both ELF and a.out libs in the standard directories. Format The ports tree will build packages in the format the machine is in. This means a.out for 2.2 and a.out or ELF for 3.0 depending on what `objformat` returns. Also, once users move a.out libraries to a subdirectory, building a.out libraries will be unsupported. (I.e., it may still work if you know what you are doing, but you are on your own.) If a port only works for a.out, set BROKEN_ELF to a string describing the reason why. Such ports will be skipped during a build on an ELF system. <makevar>PORTOBJFORMAT</makevar> bsd.port.mk will set PORTOBJFORMAT to aout or elf and export it in the environments CONFIGURE_ENV, SCRIPTS_ENV and MAKE_ENV. (It's always going to be aout in 2.2-STABLE). It is also passed to PLIST_SUB as PORTOBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT}. (See comment on ldconfig lines below.) The variable is set using this line in bsd.port.mk: PORTOBJFORMAT!= test -x /usr/bin/objformat && /usr/bin/objformat || echo aout Ports' make processes should use this variable to decide what to do. However, if the port's configure script already automatically detects an ELF system, it is not necessary to refer to PORTOBJFORMAT. Building shared libraries The following are differences in handling shared libraries for a.out and ELF. Shared library versions An ELF shared library should be called libfoo.so.M where M is the single version number, and an a.out library should be called libfoo.so.M.N where M is the major version and N is the the minor version number. Do not mix those; never install an ELF shared library called libfoo.so.N.M or an a.out shared library (or symlink) called libfoo.so.N. Linker command lines Assuming cc -shared is used rather than ld directly, the only difference is that you need to add on the command line for ELF. You need to install a symlink from libfoo.so to libfoo.so.N to make ELF linkers happy. Since it should be listed in PLIST too, and it won't hurt in the a.out case (some ports even require the link for dynamic loading), you should just make this link regardless of the setting of PORTOBJFORMAT. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> All port Makefiles are edited to remove minor numbers from LIB_DEPENDS, and also to have the regexp support removed. (E.g., foo\\.1\\.\\(33|40\\) becomes foo.2.) They will be matched using grep -wF. <filename>PLIST</filename> PLIST should contain the short (ELF) shlib names if the a.out minor number is zero, and the long (a.out) names otherwise. bsd.port.mk will automatically add .0 to the end of short shlib lines if PORTOBJFORMAT equals aout, and will delete the minor number from long shlib names if PORTOBJFORMAT equals elf. In cases where you really need to install shlibs with two versions on an ELF system or those with one version on an a.out system (for instance, ports that install compatibility libraries for other operating systems), define the variable NO_FILTER_SHLIBS. This will turn off the editing of PLIST mentioned in the previous paragraph. <literal>ldconfig</literal> The ldconfig line in Makefiles should read: ${SETENV} OBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT} ${LDCONFIG} -m .... In PLIST it should read; @exec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -m ... @unexec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -R This is to ensure that the correct ldconfig will be called depending on the format of the package, not the default format of the system. <makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier forusers to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefiles, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAME so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PKGNAME= ja-xdvi${RESOLUTION}-17 : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile; RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include ${MASTERDIR}/Makefile (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the refulat set of subdirectories like PATCHDIR and PKGDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions First, please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9.0?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. However, if there is a port which is a different version of the same software already in the tree, the situation is much more complex. In short, the FreeBSD implementation does not allow the user to specify to the linker which version of shared library to link against (the linker will always pick the highest numbered version). This means, if there is a libfoo.so.3.2 and libfoo.so.4.0 in the system, there is no way to tell the linker to link a particular application to libfoo.so.3.2. It is essentially completely overshadowed in terms of compilation-time linkage. In this case, the only solution is to rename the base part of the shared library. For instance, change libfoo.so.4.0 to libfoo4.so.1.0 so both version 3.2 and 4.0 can be linked from other ports. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg/PLIST (this means you must not list manpages in the PLIST—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the PLIST. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some Perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may-not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>REQUIRES_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source to use this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window system, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory is new to XFree86 release 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files The new version of texinfo (included in 2.2.2-RELEASE and onwards) contains a utility called install-info to add and delete entries to the dir file. If your port installs any info documents, please follow this instructions so your port/package will correctly update the user's PREFIX/info/dir file. (Sorry for the length of this section, but is it imperative to weave all the info files together. If done correctly, it will produce a beautiful listing, so please bear with me! First, this is what you (as a porter) need to know &prompt.user; install-info --help install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]] Install INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. Options: --delete Delete existing entries in INFO-FILE; don't insert any new entries. : --entry=TEXT Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry. : --section=SEC Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory. : This program will not actually install info files; it merely inserts or deletes entries in the dir file. Here's a seven-step procedure to convert ports to use install-info. I will use editors/emacs as an example. Look at the texinfo sources and make a patch to insert @dircategory and @direntry statements to files that do not have them. This is part of my patch: --- ./man/vip.texi.org Fri Jun 16 15:31:11 1995 +++ ./man/vip.texi Tue May 20 01:28:33 1997 @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ @setfilename ../info/vip @settitle VIP +@dircategory The Emacs editor and associated tools +@direntry +* VIP: (vip). A VI-emulation for Emacs. +@end direntry @iftex @finalout : The format should be self-explanatory. Many authors leave a dir file in the source tree that contains all the entries you need, so look around before you try to write your own. Also, make sure you look into related ports and make the section names and entry indentations consistent (we recommend that all entry text start at the 4th tab stop). Note that you can put only one info entry per file because of a bug in install-info --delete that deletes only the first entry if you specify multiple entries in the @direntry section. You can give the dir entries to install-info as arguments ( and ) instead of patching the texinfo sources. I do not think this is a good idea for ports because you need to duplicate the same information in three places (Makefile and @exec/@unexec of PLIST; see below). However, if you have a Japanese (or other multibyte encoding) info files, you will have to use the extra arguments to install-info because makeinfo cannot handle those texinfo sources. (See Makefile and PLIST of japanese/skk for examples on how to do this). Go back to the port directory and do a make clean; make and verify that the info files are regenerated from the texinfo sources. Since the texinfo sources are newer than the info files, they should be rebuilt when you type make; but many Makefiles do not include correct dependencies for info files. In emacs' case, I had to patch the main Makefile.in so it will descend into the man subdirectory to rebuild the info pages. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:15:28 1997 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ # Subdirectories to make recursively. `lisp' is not included # because the compiled lisp files are part of the distribution # and you cannot remake them without installing Emacs first. -SUBDIR = lib-src src +SUBDIR = lib-src src man # The makefiles of the directories in $SUBDIR. SUBDIR_MAKEFILES = lib-src/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile oldXMenu/Makefile lwlib/Makefile --- ./man/Makefile.in.org Thu Jun 27 15:27:19 1996 +++ ./man/Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:29:52 1997 @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ${srcdir}/gnu1.texi \ ${srcdir}/glossary.texi +all: info info: $(INFO_TARGETS) dvi: $(DVI_TARGETS) The second hunk was necessary because the default target in the man subdir is called info, while the main Makefile wants to call all. I also deleted the installation of the info info file because we already have one with the same name in /usr/share/info (that patch is not shown here). If there is a place in the Makefile that is installing the dir file, delete it. Your port may not be doing it. Also, remove any commands that are otherwise mucking around with the dir file. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Mon Apr 14 23:38:07 1997 @@ -368,14 +368,8 @@ if [ `(cd ${srcdir}/info && /bin/pwd)` != `(cd ${infodir} && /bin/pwd)` ]; \ then \ (cd ${infodir}; \ - if [ -f dir ]; then \ - if [ ! -f dir.old ]; then mv -f dir dir.old; \ - else mv -f dir dir.bak; fi; \ - fi; \ cd ${srcdir}/info ; \ - (cd $${thisdir}; ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/dir ${infodir}/dir); \ - (cd $${thisdir}; chmod a+r ${infodir}/dir); \ for f in ccmode* cl* dired-x* ediff* emacs* forms* gnus* info* message* mh-e* sc* vip*; do \ (cd $${thisdir}; \ ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/$$f ${infodir}/$$f; \ chmod a+r ${infodir}/$$f); \ (This step is only necessary if you are modifying an existing port.) Take a look at pkg/PLIST and delete anything that is trying to patch up info/dir. They may be in pkg/INSTALL or some other file, so search extensively. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/04/15 06:32:12 @@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ man/man1/emacs.1.gz man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz -@unexec cp %D/info/dir %D/info/dir.bak -info/dir -@unexec cp %D/info/dir.bak %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 info/cl-2 Add a post-install target to the Makefile to create a dir file if it is not there. Also, call install-info with the installed info files. Index: Makefile =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/Makefile,v retrieving revision 1.26 diff -u -r1.26 Makefile --- Makefile 1996/11/19 13:14:40 1.26 +++ Makefile 1997/05/20 10:25:09 1.28 @@ -20,5 +20,11 @@ post-install: .for file in emacs-19.34 emacsclient etags ctags b2m strip ${PREFIX}/bin/${file} .endfor + if [ ! -f ${PREFIX}/info/dir ]; then \ + ${SED} -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > ${PREFIX}/info/dir; \ + fi +.for info in emacs vip viper forms gnus mh-e cl sc dired-x ediff ccmode + install-info ${PREFIX}/info/${info} ${PREFIX}/info/dir +.endfor .include <bsd.port.mk> Do not use anything other than /usr/share/info/dir and the above command to create a new info file. In fact, I would add the first three lines of the above patch to bsd.port.mk if you (the porter) would not have to do it in PLIST by yourself anyway. Edit PLIST and add equivalent @exec statements and also @unexec for pkg_delete. You do not need to delete info/dir with @unexec. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/05/20 10:25:12 1.17 @@ -16,7 +14,15 @@ man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 @@ -87,6 +94,18 @@ info/viper-3 info/viper-4 +@exec [ -f %D/info/dir ] || sed -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > %D/info/dir +@exec install-info %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@exec install-info %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/cvtmail libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/digest-doc The @unexec install-info --delete commands have to be listed before the info files themselves so they can read the files. Also, the @exec install-info commands have to be after the info files and the @exec command that creates the the dir file. Test and admire your work. :). Check the dir file before and after each step. The <filename>pkg/</filename> subdirectory There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg/ subdirectory that come in handy sometimes. <filename>MESSAGE</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg/MESSAGE. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a pkg_add or to display licensing information. The pkg/MESSAGE file does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>INSTALL</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with pkg_add you can do this via the pkg/INSTALL script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by pkg_add. The first time will as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile. <filename>REQ</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg/REQ “requirements” script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed. Changing <filename>PLIST</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their PLIST depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the PLIST of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 2.2.7). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%%' will be substituted with VALUE in the PLIST. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in PLIST. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the PLIST. This substitution (as well as addition of any man pages) will be done between the do-install and post-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before do-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Changing the names of files in the <filename>pkg</filename> subdirectory All the filenames in the pkg subdirectory are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg subdirectory among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly in to the pkg subdirectory. Here is a list of variable names and their default values. Variable Default value COMMENT ${PKGDIR}/DESCR DESCR ${PKGDIR}/DESCR PLIST ${PKGDIR}/PLIST PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGINSTALL PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGDEINSTALL PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/REQ PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Licensing Problems Some software packages have restrictive licenses or can be in violation to the law (PKP's patent on public key crypto, ITAR (export of crypto software) to name just two of them). What we can do with them varies a lot, depending on the exact wordings of the respective licenses. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable of violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via ftp or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. There are two variables you can set in the Makefile to handle the situations that arise frequently: If the port has a “do not sell for profit” type of license, set the variable NO_CDROM to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such ports will not go into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile and package will still be available via ftp. If the resulting package needs to be built uniquely for each site, or the resulting binary package cannot be distributed due to licensing; set the variable NO_PACKAGE to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such packages will not go on the ftp site, nor into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile will still be included on both however. If the port has legal restrictions on who can use it (e.g., crypto stuff) or has a “no commercial use” license, set the variable RESTRICTED to be the string describing the reason why. For such ports, the distfiles/packages will not be available even from our ftp sites. The GNU General Public License (GPL), both version 1 and 2, should not be a problem for ports. If you are a committer, make sure you update the ports/LEGAL file too. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, first make sure you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the ftp mirror sites. You may also use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in . The next step is to send a mail to the maintainer, if one is listed in the port's Makefile. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version). If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is not any such person to begin with, please make the upgrade and send the recursive diff (either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers appear to prefer unified diff more) of the new and old ports directories to us (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original as in our tree is superedit.bak, then send us the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. The best way to send us the diff is by including it to &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to CVS when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in as is in the PR. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! <anchor id="porting-dads">Do's and Dont's Here is a list of common do's and dont's that you encounter during the porting process.You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Strip Binaries Do strip binaries. If the original source already strips the binaries, fine; otherwise you should add a post-install rule to to it yourself. Here is an example; post-install: strip ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. They are: INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see compiling ports from CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modigy some file in PKGDIR, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WKRDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of UNIX it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to FreeBSD 1.x systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in <sys/param.h>. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeleyisms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions will bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or 3.x system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENTs 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after semctl(2) change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before mount(2) change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after mount(2) change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after semctl(2) change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-STABLE 320001 4.0-CURRENT after 3/4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning dladdr(3) 400003 4.0-CURRENT after newbus 400004 4.0-CURRENT after suser(9) API change 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct spacinfo pointer 400009 Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as “2.2.5-STABLE” after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference. In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. it usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the pre.mk/post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system, same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (aout or elf LOCALBASE The base of the “local” tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the “X11” tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk; # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PKGNAME minus the version part. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent to the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR}${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv .endif Do not forget to add them to pkg/PLIST too! (Do not worry about NOPORTDOCS here; there is currently no way for the packages to read variables from /etc/make.conf.) Also you can use the pkg/MESSAGE file to display messages upon installation. See the using pkg/MESSAGE section for details. MESSAGE does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST). <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (PKGNAME without the version part should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. Package information Do include package information, i.e. COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, in pkg. Note that these files are not used only for packaging anymore, and are mandatory now, even if NO_PACKAGE is set. RCS strings Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Recursive diff Using the recurse () option to diff to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF=yes and take the diffsof configure.in. Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. (The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local), unless USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, in which case it will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6).) Not hard-coding /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read PREFIX, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly require it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${PREFIX}/bin/less\" or -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" if this is an X port, instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole `/usr/local' tree somewhere else. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not bode well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See man &man.hier.7; for details, the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET “news”. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are deinstalled. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmals @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause pkg_delete to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg/INSTALL script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 99 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 99. majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/nonexistent wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:70:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh ircd:*:72:72:IRCd hybrid:/nonexistent:/nonexistent alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent msql:*:87:87:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg/PLIST. That will cause pkg_delete to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. Miscellanea The files pkg/DESCR, pkg/COMMENT, and pkg/PLIST should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :) A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the version required header should updated when upgrading a port.] # Version required: pl18 [things like "1.5alpha" are fine here too] [this is the date when the first version of this Makefile was created. Never change this when doing an update of the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] -# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> +# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $Id$ [ ^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - DISTNAME is always first, followed by PKGNAME (if necessary), CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. After those, one of EXTRACT_SUFX or DISTFILES can be specified too.] DISTNAME= xdvi PKGNAME= xdvi-pl18 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) who a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have - your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.ORG".] -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG + your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only PLIST missing. Create an empty PLIST. &prompt.root; touch PLIST Next, create a new set of directories which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.local.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > OLD-DIRS If your port honours PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > pkg/PLIST You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * -type d) | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm#' >> pkg/PLIST Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand. I lied when I said this was all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the ldconfig section. Package Names The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already lots and lots of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. If your DISTNAME does not look like that, set PKGNAME to something in that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. The name part should be all lowercases, except for a really large package (with lots of programs in it). Things like XFree86 (yes there really is a port of it, check it out) and ImageMagick fall into this category. Otherwise, convert the name (or at least the first letter) to lowercase. If the capital letters are important to the name (for example, with one-letter names like R or V) you may use capital letters at your discretion. There is a tradition of naming Perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The version string should be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. The only exception is the string pl (meaning `patchlevel'), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert a DISTNAME into a suitable PKGNAME: Distribution Name Package Name Reason mule-2.2.2. mule-2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.1.2 XFree86-3.1.2 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 emiclock-1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs gmod1.4 gmod-1.4 Need a hyphen before version numbers xmris.4.0.2 xmris-4.0.2 Need a hyphen before version numbers rdist-1.3alpha rdist-1.3a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 es-0.9b1 No strings like beta allowed v3.3beta021.src tiff-3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm tvtwm-pl11 Version string always required piewm piewm-1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 xvgr-2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja-gawk-2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 psutils-letter-1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts pkfonts300-1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yy.mm.dd) as the version. Categories As you already know, ports are classified in several categories. But for this to wor, it is important that porters and users understand what each category and how we deicde what to put in each category. Current list of categories First, this is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the pkg/COMMENT file in that subdirectory (e.g., archivers/pkg/COMMENT). Category Description afterstep* Ports to support AfterStep window manager archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong to anywhere else, they should not be in this category. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. games Games. german German language support. graphics Graphics utilities. irc Internet Chat Relay utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Java languge support. kde* Ports that form the K Desktop Environment (kde). korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities—basically things that does not belong to anywhere else. This is the only category that should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! net Miscellaneous networking software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the 3Com Palm(tm) series. perl5* Ports that require perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software written in python. russian Russian language support. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl75* Ports that use tcl version 7.5 to run. tcl76* Ports that use tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use tcl version 8.1 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print/. tk41* Ports that use tk version 4.1 to run. tk42* Ports that use tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use tk version 8.1 to run. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belong here too. x11 The X window system and friends. This category is only for software that directly support the window system. Do not put regular X applications here. If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in appropriate categories. Also, many of them go into other x11-* categories (see below). x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this usse. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories win over less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you do not need to list net when the port belongs to either of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your send-pr submission so we can discuss it before import it. (If you are a committer, send a note &a.ports; so we can discuss it first—too often new ports are imported to a wrong category only to be moved right away.) Changes to this document and the ports system If you maintain a lot of ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there. You can always find more detailed information on the latest changes by looking at the + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk"> the bsd.port.mk CVS log. That is It, Folks! Boy, this sure was a long tutorial, wasn't it? Thanks for following us to here, really. Well, now that you know how to do a port, let us go at it and convert everything in the world into ports! That is the easiest way to start contributing to the FreeBSD Project! :) diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml index 6761767edb..98d9b59fc7 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,4660 +1,4660 @@ Installing Applications: The Ports collection Contributed by &a.jraynard;. The FreeBSD Ports collection allows you to compile and install a very wide range of applications with a minimum of effort. For all the hype about open standards, getting a program to work on different versions of Unix in the real world can be a tedious and tricky business, as anyone who has tried it will know. You may be lucky enough to find that the program you want will compile cleanly on your system, install itself in all the right places and run flawlessly “out of the box”, but this is unfortunately rather rare. With most programs, you will find yourself doing a fair bit of head-scratching, and there are quite a few programs that will result in premature greying, or even chronic alopecia... Some software distributions have attacked this problem by providing configuration scripts. Some of these are very clever, but they have an unfortunate tendency to triumphantly announce that your system is something you have never heard of and then ask you lots of questions that sound like a final exam in system-level Unix programming (Does your system's gethitlist function return a const pointer to a fromboz or a pointer to a const fromboz? Do you have Foonix style unacceptable exception handling? And if not, why not?). Fortunately, with the Ports collection, all the hard work involved has already been done, and you can just type make install and get a working program. Why Have a Ports Collection? The base FreeBSD system comes with a very wide range of tools and system utilities, but a lot of popular programs are not in the base system, for good reasons:- Programs that some people cannot live without and other people cannot stand, such as a certain Lisp-based editor. Programs which are too specialised to put in the base system (CAD, databases). Programs which fall into the “I must have a look at that when I get a spare minute” category, rather than system-critical ones (some languages, perhaps). Programs that are far too much fun to be supplied with a serious operating system like FreeBSD ;-) However many programs you put in the base system, people will always want more, and a line has to be drawn somewhere (otherwise FreeBSD distributions would become absolutely enormous). Obviously it would be unreasonable to expect everyone to port their favourite programs by hand (not to mention a tremendous amount of duplicated work), so the FreeBSD Project came up with an ingenious way of using standard tools that would automate the process. Incidentally, this is an excellent illustration of how “the Unix way” works in practice by combining a set of simple but very flexible tools into something very powerful. How Does the Ports Collection Work? Programs are typically distributed on the Internet as a tarball consisting of a Makefile and the source code for the program and usually some instructions (which are unfortunately not always as instructive as they could be), with perhaps a configuration script. The standard scenario is that you FTP down the tarball, extract it somewhere, glance through the instructions, make any changes that seem necessary, run the configure script to set things up and use the standard make program to compile and install the program from the source. FreeBSD ports still use the tarball mechanism, but use a skeleton to hold the "knowledge" of how to get the program working on FreeBSD, rather than expecting the user to be able to work it out. They also supply their own customised Makefile, so that almost every port can be built in the same way. If you look at a port skeleton (either on your FreeBSD system or the FTP site) and expect to find all sorts of pointy-headed rocket science lurking there, you may be disappointed by the one or two rather unexciting-looking files and directories you find there. (We will discuss in a minute how to go about Getting a port). “How on earth can this do anything?” I hear you cry. “There is no source code there!” Fear not, gentle reader, all will become clear (hopefully). Let us see what happens if we try and install a port. I have chosen ElectricFence, a useful tool for developers, as the skeleton is more straightforward than most. If you are trying this at home, you will need to be root. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence &prompt.root; make install >> Checksum OK for ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz. ===> Extracting for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Patching for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Configuring for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Building for ElectricFence-2.0.5 [lots of compiler output...] ===> Installing for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Warning: your umask is "0002". If this is not desired, set it to an appropriate value and install this port again by ``make reinstall''. install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.a /usr/local/lib install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.3 /usr/local/man/man3 ===> Compressing manual pages for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Registering installation for ElectricFence-2.0.5 To avoid confusing the issue, I have completely removed the build output. If you tried this yourself, you may well have got something like this at the start:- &prompt.root; make install >> ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/. The make program has noticed that you did not have a local copy of the source code and tried to FTP it down so it could get the job done. I already had the source handy in my example, so it did not need to fetch it. Let's go through this and see what the make program was doing. Locate the source code tarball. If it is not available locally, try to grab it from an FTP site. Run a checksum test on the tarball to make sure it has not been tampered with, accidentally truncated, downloaded in ASCII mode, struck by neutrinos while in transit, etc. Extract the tarball into a temporary work directory. Apply any patches needed to get the source to compile and run under FreeBSD. Run any configuration script required by the build process and correctly answer any questions it asks. (Finally!) Compile the code. Install the program executable and other supporting files, man pages, etc. under the /usr/local hierarchy (unless this is an X11 program, then it will be under /usr/X11R6), where they will not get mixed up with system programs. This also makes sure that all the ports you install will go in the same place, instead of being flung all over your system. Register the installation in a database. This means that, if you do not like the program, you can cleanly remove all traces of it from your system. Scroll up to the make output and see if you can match these steps to it. And if you were not impressed before, you should be by now! Getting a FreeBSD Port There are two ways of getting hold of the FreeBSD port for a program. One requires a FreeBSD CDROM, the other involves using an Internet Connection. Compiling ports from CDROM Assuming that your FreeBSD CDROM is in the drive and mounted on /cdrom (and the mount point must be /cdrom), you should then be able to build ports just as you normally do and the port collection's built in search path should find the tarballs in /cdrom/ports/distfiles/ (if they exist there) rather than downloading them over the net. Another way of doing this, if you want to just use the port skeletons on the CDROM, is to set these variables in /etc/make.conf: PORTSDIR= /cdrom/ports DISTDIR= /tmp/distfiles WRKDIRPREFIX= /tmp Substitute /tmp for any place you have enough free space. Then, just cd to the appropriate subdirectory under /cdrom/ports and type make install as usual. WRKDIRPREFIX will cause the port to be build under /tmp/cdrom/ports; for instance, games/oneko will be built under /tmp/cdrom/ports/games/oneko. There are some ports for which we cannot provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you will need to look at the section on Compiling ports using an Internet connection. Compiling ports from the Internet If you do not have a CDROM, or you want to make sure you get the very latest version of the port you want, you will need to download the skeleton for the port. Now this might sound like rather a fiddly job full of pitfalls, but it is actually very easy. First, if you are running a release version of FreeBSD, make sure you get the appropriate “upgrade kit” for your release from the ports web page. These packages include files that have been updated since the release that you may need to compile new ports. The key to the skeletons is that the FreeBSD FTP server can create on-the-fly tarballs for you. Here is how it works, with the gnats program in the databases directory as an example (the bits in square brackets are comments. Do not type them in if you are trying this yourself!):- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; mkdir databases &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports/databases ftp> get gnats.tar [tars up the gnats skeleton for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf gnats.tar [extract the gnats skeleton] &prompt.root; cd gnats &prompt.root; make install [build and install gnats] What happened here? We connected to the FTP server in the usual way and went to its databases sub-directory. When we gave it the command get gnats.tar, the FTP server tarred up the gnats directory for us. We then extracted the gnats skeleton and went into the gnats directory to build the port. As we explained earlier, the make process noticed we did not have a copy of the source locally, so it fetched one before extracting, patching and building it. Let us try something more ambitious now. Instead of getting a single port skeleton, we will get a whole sub-directory, for example all the database skeletons in the ports collection. It looks almost the same:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports ftp> get databases.tar [tars up the databases directory for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf databases.tar [extract all the database skeletons] &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; make install [build and install all the database ports] With half a dozen straightforward commands, we have now got a set of database programs on our FreeBSD machine! All we did that was different from getting a single port skeleton and building it was that we got a whole directory at once, and compiled everything in it at once. Pretty impressive, no? If you expect to be installing many ports, it is probably worth downloading all the ports directories. Skeletons A team of compulsive hackers who have forgotten to eat in a frantic attempt to make a deadline? Something unpleasant lurking in the FreeBSD attic? No, a skeleton here is a minimal framework that supplies everything needed to make the ports magic work. <filename>Makefile</filename> The most important component of a skeleton is the Makefile. This contains various statements that specify how the port should be compiled and installed. Here is the Makefile for ElectricFence:- # New ports collection makefile for: Electric Fence # Version required: 2.0.5 # Date created: 13 November 1997 # Whom: jraynard # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= ElectricFence-2.0.5 CATEGORIES= devel MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= devel/lang/c -MAINTAINER= jraynard@freebsd.org +MAINTAINER= jraynard@FreeBSD.org MAN3= libefence.3 do-install: ${INSTALL_DATA} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.a ${PREFIX}/lib ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.3 ${PREFIX}/man/man3 .include <bsd.port.mk> The lines beginning with a "#" sign are comments for the benefit of human readers (as in most Unix script files). DISTNAME specifies the name of the tarball, but without the extension. CATEGORIES states what kind of program this is. In this case, a utility for developers. See the categories section of this handbook for a complete list. MASTER_SITES is the URL(s) of the master FTP site, which is used to retrieve the tarball if it is not available on the local system. This is a site which is regarded as reputable, and is normally the one from which the program is officially distributed (in so far as any software is "officially" distributed on the Internet). MAINTAINER is the email address of the person who is responsible for updating the skeleton if, for example a new version of the program comes out. Skipping over the next few lines for a minute, the line .include <bsd.port.mk> says that the other statements and commands needed for this port are in a standard file called bsd.port.mk. As these are the same for all ports, there is no point in duplicating them all over the place, so they are kept in a single standard file. This is probably not the place to go into a detailed examination of how Makefiles work; suffice it to say that the line starting with MAN3 ensures that the ElectricFence man page is compressed after installation, to help conserve your precious disk space. The original port did not provide an install target, so the three lines from do-install ensure that the files produced by this port are placed in the correct destination. The <filename>files</filename> directory The file containing the checksum for the port is called md5, after the MD5 algorithm used for ports checksums. It lives in a directory with the slightly confusing name of files. This directory can also contain other miscellaneous files that are required by the port and do not belong anywhere else. The <filename>patches</filename> directory This directory contains the patches needed to make everything work properly under FreeBSD. The <filename>pkg</filename> directory This program contains three quite useful files:- COMMENT — a one-line description of the program. DESCR — a more detailed description. PLIST — a list of all the files that will be created when the program is installed. What to do when a port does not work. Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details on how ports work can be found in Porting applications. Gripe. This is done by e-mail only! Send such e-mail to the maintainer of the port, first. Type make maintainer or read the Makefile to find the maintainer's email address. Remember to include the name/version of the port (copy the $Id: line from the Makefile), and the output leading up-to the error, inclusive. If you do not get a satisfactory response, you can try filing a bug report with send-pr. Forget it. This is the easiest for most — very few of the programs in ports can be classified as essential! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The “master” package collection is on FreeBSD's FTP server in the packages directory, though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source and a lot faster besides! Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install a package file on your system. Some Questions and Answers Q. I thought this was going to be a discussion about modems??! A. Ah. You must be thinking of the serial ports on the back of your computer. We are using “port” here to mean the result of “porting” a program from one version of Unix to another. (It is an unfortunate bad habit of computer people to use the same word to refer to several completely different things). Q. I thought you were supposed to use packages to install extra programs? A. Yes, that is usually the quickest and easiest way of doing it. Q. So why bother with ports then? A. Several reasons:- The licensing conditions on some software distributions require that they be distributed as source code, not binaries. Some people do not trust binary distributions. At least with source code you can (in theory) read through it and look for potential problems yourself. If you have some local patches, you will need the source to add them yourself. You might have opinions on how a program should be compiled that differ from the person who did the package — some people have strong views on what optimisation setting should be used, whether to build debug versions and then strip them or not, etc. etc. Some people like having code around, so they can read it if they get bored, hack around with it, borrow from it (licence terms permitting, of course!) and so on. If you ain't got the source, it ain't software! ;-) Q. What is a patch? A. A patch is a small (usually) file that specifies how to go from one version of a file to another. It contains text that says, in effect, things like “delete line 23”, “add these two lines after line 468” or “change line 197 to this”. Also known as a “diff”, since it is generated by a program of that name. Q. What is all this about tarballs? A. It is a file ending in .tar or .tar.gz (with variations like .tar.Z, or even .tgz if you are trying to squeeze the names into a DOS filesystem). Basically, it is a directory tree that has been archived into a single file (.tar) and optionally compressed (.gz). This technique was originally used for Tape ARchives (hence the name tar), but it is a widely used way of distributing program source code around the Internet. You can see what files are in them, or even extract them yourself, by using the standard Unix tar program, which comes with the base FreeBSD system, like this:- &prompt.user; tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar tvf foobar.tar &prompt.user; tar xvf foobar.tar Q. And a checksum? A. It is a number generated by adding up all the data in the file you want to check. If any of the characters change, the checksum will no longer be equal to the total, so a simple comparison will allow you to spot the difference. (In practice, it is done in a more complicated way to spot problems like position-swapping, which will not show up with a simplistic addition). Q. I did what you said for compiling ports from a CDROM and it worked great until I tried to install the kermit port:- &prompt.root; make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. Why can it not be found? Have I got a dud CDROM? A. The licensing terms for kermit do not allow us to put the tarball for it on the CDROM, so you will have to fetch it by hand — sorry! The reason why you got all those error messages was because you were not connected to the Internet at the time. Once you have downloaded it from any of the sites above, you can re-start the process (try and choose the nearest site to you, though, to save your time and the Internet's bandwidth). Q. I did that, but when I tried to put it into /usr/ports/distfiles I got some error about not having permission. A. The ports mechanism looks for the tarball in /usr/ports/distfiles, but you will not be able to copy anything there because it is sym-linked to the CDROM, which is read-only. You can tell it to look somewhere else by doing &prompt.root; make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install Q. Does the ports scheme only work if you have everything in /usr/ports? My system administrator says I must put everything under /u/people/guests/wurzburger, but it does not seem to work. A. You can use the PORTSDIR and PREFIX variables to tell the ports mechanism to use different directories. For instance, &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install will compile the port in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports and install everything under /usr/local. &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install will compile it in /usr/ports and install it in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local. And of course &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install will combine the two (it is too long to fit on the page if I write it in full, but I am sure you get the idea). If you do not fancy typing all that in every time you install a port (and to be honest, who would?), it is a good idea to put these variables into your environment. Q. I do not have a FreeBSD CDROM, but I would like to have all the tarballs handy on my system so I do not have to wait for a download every time I install a port. Is there an easy way to get them all at once? A. To get every single tarball for the ports collection, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch For all the tarballs for a single ports directory, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory &prompt.root; make fetch and for just one port — well, I think you have guessed already. Q. I know it is probably faster to fetch the tarballs from one of the FreeBSD mirror sites close by. Is there any way to tell the port to fetch them from servers other than ones listed in the MASTER_SITES? A. Yes. If you know, for example, ftp.FreeBSD.ORG is much closer than sites + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org is much closer than sites listed in MASTER_SITES, do as following example. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory -&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch +&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch Q. I want to know what files make is going to need before it tries to pull them down. A. make fetch-list will display a list of the files needed for a port. Q. Is there any way to stop the port from compiling? I want to do some hacking on the source before I install it, but it is a bit tiresome having to watch it and hit control-C every time. A. Doing make extract will stop it after it has fetched and extracted the source code. Q. I am trying to make my own port and I want to be able to stop it compiling until I have had a chance to see if my patches worked properly. Is there something like make extract, but for patches? A. Yep, make patch is what you want. You will probably find the PATCH_DEBUG option useful as well. And by the way, thank you for your efforts! Q. I have heard that some compiler options can cause bugs. Is this true? How can I make sure that I compile ports with the right settings? A. Yes, with version 2.6.3 of gcc (the version shipped with FreeBSD 2.1.0 and 2.1.5), the option could result in buggy code unless you used the option as well. (Most of the ports do not use ). You should be able to specify the compiler options used by something like &prompt.root; make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install or by editing /etc/make.conf, but unfortunately not all ports respect this. The surest way is to do make configure, then go into the source directory and inspect the Makefiles by hand, but this can get tedious if the source has lots of sub-directories, each with their own Makefiles. Q. There are so many ports it is hard to find the one I want. Is there a list anywhere of what ports are available? A. Look in the INDEX file in /usr/ports. If you would like to search the ports collection for a keyword, you can do that too. For example, you can find ports relevant to the LISP programming language using: &prompt.user; cd /usr/ports &prompt.user; make search key=lisp Q. I went to install the foo port but the system suddenly stopped compiling it and starting compiling the bar port. What is going on? A. The foo port needs something that is supplied with bar — for instance, if foo uses graphics, bar might have a library with useful graphics processing routines. Or bar might be a tool that is needed to compile the foo port. Q. I installed the grizzle program from the ports and frankly it is a complete waste of disk space. I want to delete it but I do not know where it put all the files. Any clues? A. No problem, just do &prompt.root; pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 Alternatively, you can do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle &prompt.root; make deinstall Q. Hang on a minute, you have to know the version number to use that command. You do not seriously expect me to remember that, do you?? A. Not at all, you can find it out by doing &prompt.root; pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shoot 'em up arcade game. Q. Talking of disk space, the ports directory seems to be taking up an awful lot of room. Is it safe to go in there and delete things? A. Yes, if you have installed the program and are fairly certain you will not need the source again, there is no point in keeping it hanging around. The best way to do this is &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean which will go through all the ports subdirectories and delete everything except the skeletons for each port. Q. I tried that and it still left all those tarballs or whatever you called them in the distfiles directory. Can I delete those as well? A. Yes, if you are sure you have finished with them, those can go as well. Q. I like having lots and lots of programs to play with. Is there any way of installing all the ports in one go? A. Just do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make install Q. OK, I tried that, but I thought it would take a very long time so I went to bed and left it to get on with it. When I looked at the computer this morning, it had only done three and a half ports. Did something go wrong? A. No, the problem is that some of the ports need to ask you questions that we cannot answer for you (eg “Do you want to print on A4 or US letter sized paper?”) and they need to have someone on hand to answer them. Q. I really do not want to spend all day staring at the monitor. Any better ideas? A. OK, do this before you go to bed/work/the local park:- &prompt.root cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DBATCH install This will install every port that does not require user input. Then, when you come back, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install to finish the job. Q. At work, we are using frobble, which is in your ports collection, but we have altered it quite a bit to get it to do what we need. Is there any way of making our own packages, so we can distribute it more easily around our sites? A. No problem, assuming you know how to make patches for your changes:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble &prompt.root; make extract &prompt.root; cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] &prompt.root; cd ../.. &prompt.root; make package Q. This ports stuff is really clever. I am desperate to find out how you did it. What is the secret? A. Nothing secret about it at all, just look at the bsd.ports.mk and bsd.ports.subdir.mk files in your makefiles directory. Readers with an aversion to intricate shell-scripts are advised not to follow this link...) Making a port yourself Contributed by &a.jkh;, &a.gpalmer;, &a.asami;, &a.obrien;, and &a.hoek;. 28 August 1996. So, now you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the overridable variables (VAR) are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of bsd.port.mk. This file users a non-standard tab setting. Emacs and Vim should recognise the setting on loading the file. Both vi and ex can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not enough, but we will see. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Version required: 1.1b # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= oneko-1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $Id$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are three description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, and reside in the pkg subdirectory. <filename>COMMENT</filename> This is the one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital, and end without a period. Here is an example: A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen <filename>DESCR</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>PLIST</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the “packing list” because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; man page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installtion, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file files/md5. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want it to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. PLIST does not contain anything not installed by your port PLIST contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages, After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that is works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, your may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the Do's and Dont's section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;. If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request. (Do not mark the report confidential!) One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. In the past, we asked you to upload new port submissions in our ftp site (ftp.FreeBSD.org). This is no longer recommended as read access is turned off on that incoming/ directory of that site due to the large amount of pirated software showing up there. We will look at your port, get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of “Additional FreeBSD contributors” on the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory, and you may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main ftp site at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/, where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patches are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the patches subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The “main” targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever touch extract! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. If you cannot find a ftp/http site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable ftp or http server that you control (e.g., your home page). Make sure you set MASTER_SITES to reflect your choice. If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile (if you are a FreeBSD committer, you can just put it in your public_html/ directory on freefall), we can “house” it ourselves by putting it on ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/ as the last resort. Please refer to this location as MASTER_SITE_LOCAL. Send mail to the &a.ports;if you are not sure what to do. If your port's distfile changes all the time for no good reason, consider putting the distfile in your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. This will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our ftp site. Also, if there isonly one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as “plug-and-play” as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive diff for later feeding to patch. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-xx where xx denotes the sequence in which the patches will be applied — these are done in alphabetical order, thus aa first, ab second and so on. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches should be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-aa and patch-ab both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Configuring Include any additional customization commands to your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this as Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure or install, then set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow “overnight builds” to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CD-ROMs and ftp. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. <makevar>DISTNAME</makevar> You should set DISTNAME to be the base name of your port. The default rules expect the distribution file list (DISTFILES) to be named DISTNAMEEXTRACT_SUFX which, if it is a normal tarball, is going to be something like foozolix-1.0.tar.gz for a setting of DISTNAME=foozolix-1.0. The default rules also expect the tarball(s) to extract into a subdirectory called work/DISTNAME, e.g. work/foozolix-1.0/. All this behavior can be overridden, of course; it simply represents the most common time-saving defaults. For a port requiring multiple distribution files, simply set DISTFILES explicitly. If only a subset of DISTFILES are actual extractable archives, then set them up in EXTRACT_ONLY, which will override the DISTFILES list when it comes to extraction, and the rest will be just left in DISTDIR for later use. <makevar>PKGNAME</makevar> If DISTNAME does not conform to our guidelines for a good package name, you should set the PKGNAME variable to something better. See the abovementioned guidelines for more details. <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the ftp site or the CD-ROM. Please take a look at the existing categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See the categories section for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. If you port truly belongs to something that is different from all the existing ones, you can even create a new category name. In that case, please send mail to the &a.ports; to propose a new category. There is no error checking for category names. make package will happily create a new directory if you mistype the category name, so be careful! <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the ftp/http-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems, and we are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there! If the original tarball is part of one of the following popular archives: X-contrib, GNU, Perl CPAN, TeX CTAN, or Linux Sunsite, you refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB, MASTER_SITE_GNU, MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN, MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN, and MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE. Simply set MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path with in the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by ftp or http, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WKRSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, from the pre-patch target, apply the patch either by running the patch command from there, or copying the patch file into the PATCHDIR directory and calling it patch-xx. Note the tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :) For detailed description of the responsibility of maintainers, refer to MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are five variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behaviour of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is an argument given to ldconfig -r | grep -wF. There shall be no reqular expressions in this variable. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the user's search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${PREFIX}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in your search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in a normal user's search path, you should use the full pathname. The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. “build” here means everything from extracting to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above four categories, or your port requires to have the source of the other port extracted in addition to having them installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Common dependency variables Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF=yes if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT=yes if your port uses the latest qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD has perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.) Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; is is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. To depend on another port unconditionally, it is customary to use the string nonexistent as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to the to get to the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= /nonexistent:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the JPEG port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behaviour you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to be always build (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, I recommend you write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF=yes. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET. Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. <command>ldconfig</command> If your port installs a shared library, add a post-install target to your Makefile that runs ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) to register it into the shared library cache. Also, add a matching @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair to your pkg/PLIST file so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and deinstallation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. These lines should immediately follow the line for the shared library itself, as in: lib/libtvl80.so.1 @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m %D/lib @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R Never, ever, ever add a line that says ldconfig without any arguments to your Makefile or pkg/PLIST. This will reset the shared library cache to the contents of /usr/lib only, and will royally screw up the user's machine ("Help, xinit does not run anymore after I install this port!"). Anybody who does this will be shot and cut in 65,536 pieces by a rusty knife and have is liver chopped out by a bunch of crows and will eternally rot to death in the deepest bowels of hell (not necessarily in that order…) ELF support Since FreeBSD is moving to ELF shortly after 3.0-RELEASE, we need to convert many ports that build shared libraries to support ELF. Complicating this task is that a 3.0 system can run as both ELF and a.out, and we wish to unofficially support the 2.2 as long as possible. Below are the guidelines on how to convert a.out only ports to support both a.out and ELF compilation. Some part of this list is only applicable during the conversion, but will be left here for awhile for reference in case you have come across some old port you wish to upgrade. Moving a.out libraries out of the way A.out libraries should be moved out of /usr/local/lib and similar to an aout subdirectory. (If you do not move them out of the way, ELF ports will happily overwrite a.out libraries.) The move-aout-libs target in the 3.0-CURRENT src/Makefile (called from aout-to-elf) will do this for you. It will only move a.out libs so it is safe to call it on a system with both ELF and a.out libs in the standard directories. Format The ports tree will build packages in the format the machine is in. This means a.out for 2.2 and a.out or ELF for 3.0 depending on what `objformat` returns. Also, once users move a.out libraries to a subdirectory, building a.out libraries will be unsupported. (I.e., it may still work if you know what you are doing, but you are on your own.) If a port only works for a.out, set BROKEN_ELF to a string describing the reason why. Such ports will be skipped during a build on an ELF system. <makevar>PORTOBJFORMAT</makevar> bsd.port.mk will set PORTOBJFORMAT to aout or elf and export it in the environments CONFIGURE_ENV, SCRIPTS_ENV and MAKE_ENV. (It's always going to be aout in 2.2-STABLE). It is also passed to PLIST_SUB as PORTOBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT}. (See comment on ldconfig lines below.) The variable is set using this line in bsd.port.mk: PORTOBJFORMAT!= test -x /usr/bin/objformat && /usr/bin/objformat || echo aout Ports' make processes should use this variable to decide what to do. However, if the port's configure script already automatically detects an ELF system, it is not necessary to refer to PORTOBJFORMAT. Building shared libraries The following are differences in handling shared libraries for a.out and ELF. Shared library versions An ELF shared library should be called libfoo.so.M where M is the single version number, and an a.out library should be called libfoo.so.M.N where M is the major version and N is the the minor version number. Do not mix those; never install an ELF shared library called libfoo.so.N.M or an a.out shared library (or symlink) called libfoo.so.N. Linker command lines Assuming cc -shared is used rather than ld directly, the only difference is that you need to add on the command line for ELF. You need to install a symlink from libfoo.so to libfoo.so.N to make ELF linkers happy. Since it should be listed in PLIST too, and it won't hurt in the a.out case (some ports even require the link for dynamic loading), you should just make this link regardless of the setting of PORTOBJFORMAT. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> All port Makefiles are edited to remove minor numbers from LIB_DEPENDS, and also to have the regexp support removed. (E.g., foo\\.1\\.\\(33|40\\) becomes foo.2.) They will be matched using grep -wF. <filename>PLIST</filename> PLIST should contain the short (ELF) shlib names if the a.out minor number is zero, and the long (a.out) names otherwise. bsd.port.mk will automatically add .0 to the end of short shlib lines if PORTOBJFORMAT equals aout, and will delete the minor number from long shlib names if PORTOBJFORMAT equals elf. In cases where you really need to install shlibs with two versions on an ELF system or those with one version on an a.out system (for instance, ports that install compatibility libraries for other operating systems), define the variable NO_FILTER_SHLIBS. This will turn off the editing of PLIST mentioned in the previous paragraph. <literal>ldconfig</literal> The ldconfig line in Makefiles should read: ${SETENV} OBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT} ${LDCONFIG} -m .... In PLIST it should read; @exec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -m ... @unexec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -R This is to ensure that the correct ldconfig will be called depending on the format of the package, not the default format of the system. <makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier forusers to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefiles, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAME so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PKGNAME= ja-xdvi${RESOLUTION}-17 : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile; RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include ${MASTERDIR}/Makefile (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the refulat set of subdirectories like PATCHDIR and PKGDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions First, please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9.0?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. However, if there is a port which is a different version of the same software already in the tree, the situation is much more complex. In short, the FreeBSD implementation does not allow the user to specify to the linker which version of shared library to link against (the linker will always pick the highest numbered version). This means, if there is a libfoo.so.3.2 and libfoo.so.4.0 in the system, there is no way to tell the linker to link a particular application to libfoo.so.3.2. It is essentially completely overshadowed in terms of compilation-time linkage. In this case, the only solution is to rename the base part of the shared library. For instance, change libfoo.so.4.0 to libfoo4.so.1.0 so both version 3.2 and 4.0 can be linked from other ports. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg/PLIST (this means you must not list manpages in the PLIST—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the PLIST. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some Perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may-not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>REQUIRES_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source to use this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window system, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory is new to XFree86 release 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files The new version of texinfo (included in 2.2.2-RELEASE and onwards) contains a utility called install-info to add and delete entries to the dir file. If your port installs any info documents, please follow this instructions so your port/package will correctly update the user's PREFIX/info/dir file. (Sorry for the length of this section, but is it imperative to weave all the info files together. If done correctly, it will produce a beautiful listing, so please bear with me! First, this is what you (as a porter) need to know &prompt.user; install-info --help install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]] Install INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. Options: --delete Delete existing entries in INFO-FILE; don't insert any new entries. : --entry=TEXT Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry. : --section=SEC Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory. : This program will not actually install info files; it merely inserts or deletes entries in the dir file. Here's a seven-step procedure to convert ports to use install-info. I will use editors/emacs as an example. Look at the texinfo sources and make a patch to insert @dircategory and @direntry statements to files that do not have them. This is part of my patch: --- ./man/vip.texi.org Fri Jun 16 15:31:11 1995 +++ ./man/vip.texi Tue May 20 01:28:33 1997 @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ @setfilename ../info/vip @settitle VIP +@dircategory The Emacs editor and associated tools +@direntry +* VIP: (vip). A VI-emulation for Emacs. +@end direntry @iftex @finalout : The format should be self-explanatory. Many authors leave a dir file in the source tree that contains all the entries you need, so look around before you try to write your own. Also, make sure you look into related ports and make the section names and entry indentations consistent (we recommend that all entry text start at the 4th tab stop). Note that you can put only one info entry per file because of a bug in install-info --delete that deletes only the first entry if you specify multiple entries in the @direntry section. You can give the dir entries to install-info as arguments ( and ) instead of patching the texinfo sources. I do not think this is a good idea for ports because you need to duplicate the same information in three places (Makefile and @exec/@unexec of PLIST; see below). However, if you have a Japanese (or other multibyte encoding) info files, you will have to use the extra arguments to install-info because makeinfo cannot handle those texinfo sources. (See Makefile and PLIST of japanese/skk for examples on how to do this). Go back to the port directory and do a make clean; make and verify that the info files are regenerated from the texinfo sources. Since the texinfo sources are newer than the info files, they should be rebuilt when you type make; but many Makefiles do not include correct dependencies for info files. In emacs' case, I had to patch the main Makefile.in so it will descend into the man subdirectory to rebuild the info pages. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:15:28 1997 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ # Subdirectories to make recursively. `lisp' is not included # because the compiled lisp files are part of the distribution # and you cannot remake them without installing Emacs first. -SUBDIR = lib-src src +SUBDIR = lib-src src man # The makefiles of the directories in $SUBDIR. SUBDIR_MAKEFILES = lib-src/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile oldXMenu/Makefile lwlib/Makefile --- ./man/Makefile.in.org Thu Jun 27 15:27:19 1996 +++ ./man/Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:29:52 1997 @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ${srcdir}/gnu1.texi \ ${srcdir}/glossary.texi +all: info info: $(INFO_TARGETS) dvi: $(DVI_TARGETS) The second hunk was necessary because the default target in the man subdir is called info, while the main Makefile wants to call all. I also deleted the installation of the info info file because we already have one with the same name in /usr/share/info (that patch is not shown here). If there is a place in the Makefile that is installing the dir file, delete it. Your port may not be doing it. Also, remove any commands that are otherwise mucking around with the dir file. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Mon Apr 14 23:38:07 1997 @@ -368,14 +368,8 @@ if [ `(cd ${srcdir}/info && /bin/pwd)` != `(cd ${infodir} && /bin/pwd)` ]; \ then \ (cd ${infodir}; \ - if [ -f dir ]; then \ - if [ ! -f dir.old ]; then mv -f dir dir.old; \ - else mv -f dir dir.bak; fi; \ - fi; \ cd ${srcdir}/info ; \ - (cd $${thisdir}; ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/dir ${infodir}/dir); \ - (cd $${thisdir}; chmod a+r ${infodir}/dir); \ for f in ccmode* cl* dired-x* ediff* emacs* forms* gnus* info* message* mh-e* sc* vip*; do \ (cd $${thisdir}; \ ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/$$f ${infodir}/$$f; \ chmod a+r ${infodir}/$$f); \ (This step is only necessary if you are modifying an existing port.) Take a look at pkg/PLIST and delete anything that is trying to patch up info/dir. They may be in pkg/INSTALL or some other file, so search extensively. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/04/15 06:32:12 @@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ man/man1/emacs.1.gz man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz -@unexec cp %D/info/dir %D/info/dir.bak -info/dir -@unexec cp %D/info/dir.bak %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 info/cl-2 Add a post-install target to the Makefile to create a dir file if it is not there. Also, call install-info with the installed info files. Index: Makefile =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/Makefile,v retrieving revision 1.26 diff -u -r1.26 Makefile --- Makefile 1996/11/19 13:14:40 1.26 +++ Makefile 1997/05/20 10:25:09 1.28 @@ -20,5 +20,11 @@ post-install: .for file in emacs-19.34 emacsclient etags ctags b2m strip ${PREFIX}/bin/${file} .endfor + if [ ! -f ${PREFIX}/info/dir ]; then \ + ${SED} -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > ${PREFIX}/info/dir; \ + fi +.for info in emacs vip viper forms gnus mh-e cl sc dired-x ediff ccmode + install-info ${PREFIX}/info/${info} ${PREFIX}/info/dir +.endfor .include <bsd.port.mk> Do not use anything other than /usr/share/info/dir and the above command to create a new info file. In fact, I would add the first three lines of the above patch to bsd.port.mk if you (the porter) would not have to do it in PLIST by yourself anyway. Edit PLIST and add equivalent @exec statements and also @unexec for pkg_delete. You do not need to delete info/dir with @unexec. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/05/20 10:25:12 1.17 @@ -16,7 +14,15 @@ man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 @@ -87,6 +94,18 @@ info/viper-3 info/viper-4 +@exec [ -f %D/info/dir ] || sed -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > %D/info/dir +@exec install-info %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@exec install-info %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/cvtmail libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/digest-doc The @unexec install-info --delete commands have to be listed before the info files themselves so they can read the files. Also, the @exec install-info commands have to be after the info files and the @exec command that creates the the dir file. Test and admire your work. :). Check the dir file before and after each step. The <filename>pkg/</filename> subdirectory There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg/ subdirectory that come in handy sometimes. <filename>MESSAGE</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg/MESSAGE. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a pkg_add or to display licensing information. The pkg/MESSAGE file does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>INSTALL</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with pkg_add you can do this via the pkg/INSTALL script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by pkg_add. The first time will as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile. <filename>REQ</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg/REQ “requirements” script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed. Changing <filename>PLIST</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their PLIST depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the PLIST of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 2.2.7). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%%' will be substituted with VALUE in the PLIST. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in PLIST. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the PLIST. This substitution (as well as addition of any man pages) will be done between the do-install and post-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before do-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Changing the names of files in the <filename>pkg</filename> subdirectory All the filenames in the pkg subdirectory are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg subdirectory among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly in to the pkg subdirectory. Here is a list of variable names and their default values. Variable Default value COMMENT ${PKGDIR}/DESCR DESCR ${PKGDIR}/DESCR PLIST ${PKGDIR}/PLIST PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGINSTALL PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGDEINSTALL PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/REQ PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Licensing Problems Some software packages have restrictive licenses or can be in violation to the law (PKP's patent on public key crypto, ITAR (export of crypto software) to name just two of them). What we can do with them varies a lot, depending on the exact wordings of the respective licenses. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable of violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via ftp or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. There are two variables you can set in the Makefile to handle the situations that arise frequently: If the port has a “do not sell for profit” type of license, set the variable NO_CDROM to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such ports will not go into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile and package will still be available via ftp. If the resulting package needs to be built uniquely for each site, or the resulting binary package cannot be distributed due to licensing; set the variable NO_PACKAGE to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such packages will not go on the ftp site, nor into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile will still be included on both however. If the port has legal restrictions on who can use it (e.g., crypto stuff) or has a “no commercial use” license, set the variable RESTRICTED to be the string describing the reason why. For such ports, the distfiles/packages will not be available even from our ftp sites. The GNU General Public License (GPL), both version 1 and 2, should not be a problem for ports. If you are a committer, make sure you update the ports/LEGAL file too. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, first make sure you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the ftp mirror sites. You may also use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in . The next step is to send a mail to the maintainer, if one is listed in the port's Makefile. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version). If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is not any such person to begin with, please make the upgrade and send the recursive diff (either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers appear to prefer unified diff more) of the new and old ports directories to us (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original as in our tree is superedit.bak, then send us the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. The best way to send us the diff is by including it to &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to CVS when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in as is in the PR. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! <anchor id="porting-dads">Do's and Dont's Here is a list of common do's and dont's that you encounter during the porting process.You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Strip Binaries Do strip binaries. If the original source already strips the binaries, fine; otherwise you should add a post-install rule to to it yourself. Here is an example; post-install: strip ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. They are: INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see compiling ports from CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modigy some file in PKGDIR, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WKRDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of UNIX it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to FreeBSD 1.x systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in <sys/param.h>. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeleyisms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions will bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or 3.x system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENTs 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after semctl(2) change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before mount(2) change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after mount(2) change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after semctl(2) change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-STABLE 320001 4.0-CURRENT after 3/4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning dladdr(3) 400003 4.0-CURRENT after newbus 400004 4.0-CURRENT after suser(9) API change 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct spacinfo pointer 400009 Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as “2.2.5-STABLE” after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference. In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. it usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the pre.mk/post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system, same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (aout or elf LOCALBASE The base of the “local” tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the “X11” tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk; # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PKGNAME minus the version part. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent to the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR}${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv .endif Do not forget to add them to pkg/PLIST too! (Do not worry about NOPORTDOCS here; there is currently no way for the packages to read variables from /etc/make.conf.) Also you can use the pkg/MESSAGE file to display messages upon installation. See the using pkg/MESSAGE section for details. MESSAGE does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST). <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (PKGNAME without the version part should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. Package information Do include package information, i.e. COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, in pkg. Note that these files are not used only for packaging anymore, and are mandatory now, even if NO_PACKAGE is set. RCS strings Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Recursive diff Using the recurse () option to diff to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF=yes and take the diffsof configure.in. Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. (The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local), unless USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, in which case it will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6).) Not hard-coding /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read PREFIX, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly require it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${PREFIX}/bin/less\" or -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" if this is an X port, instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole `/usr/local' tree somewhere else. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not bode well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See man &man.hier.7; for details, the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET “news”. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are deinstalled. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmals @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause pkg_delete to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg/INSTALL script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 99 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 99. majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/nonexistent wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:70:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh ircd:*:72:72:IRCd hybrid:/nonexistent:/nonexistent alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent msql:*:87:87:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg/PLIST. That will cause pkg_delete to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. Miscellanea The files pkg/DESCR, pkg/COMMENT, and pkg/PLIST should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :) A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the version required header should updated when upgrading a port.] # Version required: pl18 [things like "1.5alpha" are fine here too] [this is the date when the first version of this Makefile was created. Never change this when doing an update of the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] -# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> +# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $Id$ [ ^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - DISTNAME is always first, followed by PKGNAME (if necessary), CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. After those, one of EXTRACT_SUFX or DISTFILES can be specified too.] DISTNAME= xdvi PKGNAME= xdvi-pl18 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) who a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have - your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.ORG".] -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG + your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only PLIST missing. Create an empty PLIST. &prompt.root; touch PLIST Next, create a new set of directories which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.local.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > OLD-DIRS If your port honours PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > pkg/PLIST You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * -type d) | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm#' >> pkg/PLIST Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand. I lied when I said this was all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the ldconfig section. Package Names The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already lots and lots of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. If your DISTNAME does not look like that, set PKGNAME to something in that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. The name part should be all lowercases, except for a really large package (with lots of programs in it). Things like XFree86 (yes there really is a port of it, check it out) and ImageMagick fall into this category. Otherwise, convert the name (or at least the first letter) to lowercase. If the capital letters are important to the name (for example, with one-letter names like R or V) you may use capital letters at your discretion. There is a tradition of naming Perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The version string should be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. The only exception is the string pl (meaning `patchlevel'), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert a DISTNAME into a suitable PKGNAME: Distribution Name Package Name Reason mule-2.2.2. mule-2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.1.2 XFree86-3.1.2 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 emiclock-1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs gmod1.4 gmod-1.4 Need a hyphen before version numbers xmris.4.0.2 xmris-4.0.2 Need a hyphen before version numbers rdist-1.3alpha rdist-1.3a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 es-0.9b1 No strings like beta allowed v3.3beta021.src tiff-3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm tvtwm-pl11 Version string always required piewm piewm-1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 xvgr-2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja-gawk-2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 psutils-letter-1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts pkfonts300-1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yy.mm.dd) as the version. Categories As you already know, ports are classified in several categories. But for this to wor, it is important that porters and users understand what each category and how we deicde what to put in each category. Current list of categories First, this is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the pkg/COMMENT file in that subdirectory (e.g., archivers/pkg/COMMENT). Category Description afterstep* Ports to support AfterStep window manager archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong to anywhere else, they should not be in this category. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. games Games. german German language support. graphics Graphics utilities. irc Internet Chat Relay utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Java languge support. kde* Ports that form the K Desktop Environment (kde). korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities—basically things that does not belong to anywhere else. This is the only category that should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! net Miscellaneous networking software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the 3Com Palm(tm) series. perl5* Ports that require perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software written in python. russian Russian language support. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl75* Ports that use tcl version 7.5 to run. tcl76* Ports that use tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use tcl version 8.1 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print/. tk41* Ports that use tk version 4.1 to run. tk42* Ports that use tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use tk version 8.1 to run. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belong here too. x11 The X window system and friends. This category is only for software that directly support the window system. Do not put regular X applications here. If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in appropriate categories. Also, many of them go into other x11-* categories (see below). x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this usse. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories win over less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you do not need to list net when the port belongs to either of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your send-pr submission so we can discuss it before import it. (If you are a committer, send a note &a.ports; so we can discuss it first—too often new ports are imported to a wrong category only to be moved right away.) Changes to this document and the ports system If you maintain a lot of ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there. You can always find more detailed information on the latest changes by looking at the + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk"> the bsd.port.mk CVS log. That is It, Folks! Boy, this sure was a long tutorial, wasn't it? Thanks for following us to here, really. Well, now that you know how to do a port, let us go at it and convert everything in the world into ports! That is the easiest way to start contributing to the FreeBSD Project! :) diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/sgml/authors.ent b/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/sgml/authors.ent index bc15cc25ad..43fd766942 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/sgml/authors.ent +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/sgml/authors.ent @@ -1,387 +1,387 @@ abial@FreeBSD.org"> ache@FreeBSD.org"> adam@FreeBSD.org"> alc@FreeBSD.org"> alex@FreeBSD.org"> amurai@FreeBSD.org"> andreas@FreeBSD.org"> archie@FreeBSD.org"> asami@FreeBSD.org"> ats@FreeBSD.org"> awebster@pubnix.net"> bde@FreeBSD.org"> billf@FreeBSD.org"> brandon@FreeBSD.org"> brian@FreeBSD.org"> cawimm@FreeBSD.org"> cg@FreeBSD.org"> charnier@FreeBSD.org"> chuckr@glue.umd.edu"> chuckr@FreeBSD.org"> cpiazza@FreeBSD.org"> cracauer@FreeBSD.org"> csgr@FreeBSD.org"> cwt@FreeBSD.org"> danny@FreeBSD.org"> darrenr@FreeBSD.org"> davidn@blaze.net.au"> dbaker@FreeBSD.org"> dburr@FreeBSD.org"> dcs@FreeBSD.org"> deischen@FreeBSD.org"> des@FreeBSD.org"> dfr@FreeBSD.org"> dg@FreeBSD.org"> dick@FreeBSD.org"> dillon@FreeBSD.org"> dima@FreeBSD.org"> dirk@FreeBSD.org"> Dirk.vanGulik@jrc.it"> dt@FreeBSD.org"> dufault@FreeBSD.org"> dwhite@FreeBSD.org"> dyson@FreeBSD.org"> eivind@FreeBSD.org"> ejc@FreeBSD.org"> erich@FreeBSD.org"> faq@FreeBSD.org"> fenner@FreeBSD.org"> flathill@FreeBSD.org"> foxfair@FreeBSD.org"> fsmp@FreeBSD.org"> gallatin@FreeBSD.org"> gclarkii@FreeBSD.org"> gehenna@FreeBSD.org"> gena@NetVision.net.il"> ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu"> gibbs@FreeBSD.org"> gj@FreeBSD.org"> gpalmer@FreeBSD.org"> graichen@FreeBSD.org"> green@FreeBSD.org"> grog@FreeBSD.org"> gryphon@healer.com"> guido@FreeBSD.org"> hanai@FreeBSD.org"> handy@sxt4.physics.montana.edu"> helbig@FreeBSD.org"> hm@FreeBSD.org"> hoek@FreeBSD.org"> hosokawa@FreeBSD.org"> hsu@FreeBSD.org"> imp@FreeBSD.org"> itojun@itojun.org"> iwasaki@FreeBSD.org"> jasone@FreeBSD.org"> jb@cimlogic.com.au"> jdp@FreeBSD.org"> jehamby@lightside.com"> jfieber@FreeBSD.org"> jfitz@FreeBSD.org"> jgreco@FreeBSD.org"> jhay@FreeBSD.org"> jhs@FreeBSD.org"> jkh@FreeBSD.org"> jkoshy@FreeBSD.org"> jlemon@FreeBSD.org"> john@starfire.MN.ORG"> jlrobin@FreeBSD.org"> jmacd@FreeBSD.org"> jmb@FreeBSD.org"> jmg@FreeBSD.org"> jmz@FreeBSD.org"> joerg@FreeBSD.org"> john@FreeBSD.org"> jraynard@FreeBSD.org"> jseger@FreeBSD.org"> julian@FreeBSD.org"> jvh@FreeBSD.org"> karl@FreeBSD.org"> kato@FreeBSD.org"> kelly@plutotech.com"> ken@FreeBSD.org"> kjc@FreeBSD.org"> kris@FreeBSD.org"> kuriyama@FreeBSD.org"> lars@FreeBSD.org"> lile@FreeBSD.org"> ljo@FreeBSD.org"> luoqi@FreeBSD.org"> marcel@FreeBSD.org"> markm@FreeBSD.org"> martin@FreeBSD.org"> max@FreeBSD.org"> mark@vmunix.com"> mbarkah@FreeBSD.org"> mckay@FreeBSD.org"> mckusick@FreeBSD.org"> md@bsc.no"> winter@jurai.net"> mharo@FreeBSD.org"> mjacob@FreeBSD.org"> mks@FreeBSD.org"> motoyuki@FreeBSD.org"> mph@FreeBSD.org"> mpp@FreeBSD.org"> msmith@FreeBSD.org"> nate@FreeBSD.org"> nectar@FreeBSD.org"> newton@FreeBSD.org"> n_hibma@FreeBSD.org"> nik@FreeBSD.org"> nsayer@FreeBSD.org"> nsj@FreeBSD.org"> nyan@FreeBSD.org"> obrien@FreeBSD.org"> olah@FreeBSD.org"> opsys@open-systems.net"> paul@FreeBSD.org"> pb@fasterix.freenix.org"> pds@FreeBSD.org"> peter@FreeBSD.org"> phk@FreeBSD.org"> pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au"> proven@FreeBSD.org"> pst@FreeBSD.org"> rgrimes@FreeBSD.org"> rhuff@cybercom.net"> ricardag@ag.com.br"> rich@FreeBSD.org"> rnordier@FreeBSD.org"> roberto@FreeBSD.org"> rse@FreeBSD.org"> ru@FreeBSD.org"> sada@FreeBSD.org"> scrappy@FreeBSD.org"> se@FreeBSD.org"> sef@FreeBSD.org"> sheldonh@FreeBSD.org"> shige@FreeBSD.org"> simokawa@FreeBSD.org"> smace@FreeBSD.org"> smpatel@FreeBSD.org"> sos@FreeBSD.org"> stark@FreeBSD.org"> stb@FreeBSD.org"> steve@FreeBSD.org"> swallace@FreeBSD.org"> tanimura@FreeBSD.org"> taoka@FreeBSD.org"> tedm@FreeBSD.org"> tegge@FreeBSD.org"> tg@FreeBSD.org"> thepish@FreeBSD.org"> -tom@freebsd.org"> +tom@FreeBSD.org"> torstenb@FreeBSD.org"> truckman@FreeBSD.org"> ugen@FreeBSD.org"> uhclem@FreeBSD.org"> ulf@FreeBSD.org"> vanilla@FreeBSD.org"> wes@FreeBSD.org"> whiteside@acm.org"> wilko@yedi.iaf.nl"> wlloyd@mpd.ca"> wollman@FreeBSD.org"> wosch@FreeBSD.org"> wpaul@FreeBSD.org"> yokota@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml index a5ed9584f2..8f3ecfdc06 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml @@ -1,934 +1,934 @@ Advanced Networking Gateways and Routes Contributed by &a.gryphon;. 6 October 1995. For one machine to be able to find another, there must be a mechanism in place to describe how to get from one to the other. This is called Routing. A “route” is a defined pair of addresses: a “destination” and a “gateway”. The pair indicates that if you are trying to get to this destination, send along through this gateway. There are three types of destinations: individual hosts, subnets, and “default”. The “default route” is used if none of the other routes apply. We will talk a little bit more about default routes later on. There are also three types of gateways: individual hosts, interfaces (also called “links”), and ethernet hardware addresses. An example To illustrate different aspects of routing, we will use the following example which is the output of the command netstat -r: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default outside-gw UGSc 37 418 ppp0 localhost localhost UH 0 181 lo0 test0 0:e0:b5:36:cf:4f UHLW 5 63288 ed0 77 10.20.30.255 link#1 UHLW 1 2421 foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 host1 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 3 4601 lo0 host2 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 0 5 lo0 => host2.foobar.com link#1 UC 0 0 224 link#1 UC 0 0 The first two lines specify the default route (which we will cover in the next section) and the localhost route. The interface (Netif column) that it specifies to use for localhost is lo0, also known as the loopback device. This says to keep all traffic for this destination internal, rather than sending it out over the LAN, since it will only end up back where it started anyway. The next thing that stands out are the 0:e0:... addresses. These are ethernet hardware addresses. FreeBSD will automatically identify any hosts (test0 in the example) on the local ethernet and add a route for that host, directly to it over the ethernet interface, ed0. There is also a timeout (Expire column) associated with this type of route, which is used if we fail to hear from the host in a specific amount of time. In this case the route will be automatically deleted. These hosts are identified using a mechanism known as RIP (Routing Information Protocol), which figures out routes to local hosts based upon a shortest path determination. FreeBSD will also add subnet routes for the local subnet (10.20.30.255 is the broadcast address for the subnet 10.20.30, and foobar.com is the domain name associated with that subnet). The designation link#1 refers to the first ethernet card in the machine. You will notice no additional interface is specified for those. Both of these groups (local network hosts and local subnets) have their routes automatically configured by a daemon called routed. If this is not run, then only routes which are statically defined (ie. entered explicitly) will exist. The host1 line refers to our host, which it knows by ethernet address. Since we are the sending host, FreeBSD knows to use the loopback interface (lo0) rather than sending it out over the ethernet interface. The two host2 lines are an example of what happens when we use an ifconfig alias (see the section of ethernet for reasons why we would do this). The => symbol after the lo0 interface says that not only are we using the loopback (since this is address also refers to the local host), but specifically it is an alias. Such routes only show up on the host that supports the alias; all other hosts on the local network will simply have a link#1 line for such. The final line (destination subnet 224) deals with MultiCasting, which will be covered in a another section. The other column that we should talk about are the Flags. Each route has different attributes that are described in the column. Below is a short table of some of these flags and their meanings: U Up: The route is active. H Host: The route destination is a single host. G Gateway: Send anything for this destination on to this remote system, which will figure out from there where to send it. S Static: This route was configured manually, not automatically generated by the system. C Clone: Generates a new route based upon this route for machines we connect to. This type of route is normally used for local networks. W WasCloned: Indicated a route that was auto-configured based upon a local area network (Clone) route. L Link: Route involves references to ethernet hardware. Default routes When the local system needs to make a connection to remote host, it checks the routing table to determine if a known path exists. If the remote host falls into a subnet that we know how to reach (Cloned routes), then the system checks to see if it can connect along that interface. If all known paths fail, the system has one last option: the “default” route. This route is a special type of gateway route (usually the only one present in the system), and is always marked with a c in the flags field. For hosts on a local area network, this gateway is set to whatever machine has a direct connection to the outside world (whether via PPP link, or your hardware device attached to a dedicated data line). If you are configuring the default route for a machine which itself is functioning as the gateway to the outside world, then the default route will be the gateway machine at your Internet Service Provider's (ISP) site. Let us look at an example of default routes. This is a common configuration: [Local2] <--ether--> [Local1] <--PPP--> [ISP-Serv] <--ether--> [T1-GW] The hosts Local1 and Local2 are at your site, with the formed being your PPP connection to your ISP's Terminal Server. Your ISP has a local network at their site, which has, among other things, the server where you connect and a hardware device (T1-GW) attached to the ISP's Internet feed. The default routes for each of your machines will be: host default gateway interface Local2 Local1 ethernet Local1 T1-GW PPP A common question is “Why (or how) would we set the T1-GW to be the default gateway for Local1, rather than the ISP server it is connected to?”. Remember, since the PPP interface is using an address on the ISP's local network for your side of the connection, routes for any other machines on the ISP's local network will be automatically generated. Hence, you will already know how to reach the T1-GW machine, so there is no need for the intermediate step of sending traffic to the ISP server. As a final note, it is common to use the address ...1 as the gateway address for your local network. So (using the same example), if your local class-C address space was 10.20.30 and your ISP was using 10.9.9 then the default routes would be: Local2 (10.20.30.2) --> Local1 (10.20.30.1) Local1 (10.20.30.1, 10.9.9.30) --> T1-GW (10.9.9.1) Dual homed hosts There is one other type of configuration that we should cover, and that is a host that sits on two different networks. Technically, any machine functioning as a gateway (in the example above, using a PPP connection) counts as a dual-homed host. But the term is really only used to refer to a machine that sits on two local-area networks. In one case, the machine as two ethernet cards, each having an address on the separate subnets. Alternately, the machine may only have one ethernet card, and be using ifconfig aliasing. The former is used if two physically separate ethernet networks are in use, the latter if there is one physical network segment, but two logically separate subnets. Either way, routing tables are set up so that each subnet knows that this machine is the defined gateway (inbound route) to the other subnet. This configuration, with the machine acting as a Bridge between the two subnets, is often used when we need to implement packet filtering or firewall security in either or both directions. Routing propagation We have already talked about how we define our routes to the outside world, but not about how the outside world finds us. We already know that routing tables can be set up so that all traffic for a particular address space (in our examples, a class-C subnet) can be sent to a particular host on that network, which will forward the packets inbound. When you get an address space assigned to your site, your service provider will set up their routing tables so that all traffic for your subnet will be sent down your PPP link to your site. But how do sites across the country know to send to your ISP? There is a system (much like the distributed DNS information) that keeps track of all assigned address-spaces, and defines their point of connection to the Internet Backbone. The “Backbone” are the main trunk lines that carry Internet traffic across the country, and around the world. Each backbone machine has a copy of a master set of tables, which direct traffic for a particular network to a specific backbone carrier, and from there down the chain of service providers until it reaches your network. It is the task of your service provider to advertise to the backbone sites that they are the point of connection (and thus the path inward) for your site. This is known as route propagation. Troubleshooting Sometimes, there is a problem with routing propagation, and some sites are unable to connect to you. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out where a routing is breaking down is the &man.traceroute.8; command. It is equally useful if you cannot seem to make a connection to a remote machine (i.e. &man.ping.8; fails). The &man.traceroute.8; command is run with the name of the remote host you are trying to connect to. It will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack of connection. For more information, see the manual page for &man.traceroute.8;. NFS Contributed by &a.jlind;. Certain Ethernet adapters for ISA PC systems have limitations which can lead to serious network problems, particularly with NFS. This difficulty is not specific to FreeBSD, but FreeBSD systems are affected by it. The problem nearly always occurs when (FreeBSD) PC systems are networked with high-performance workstations, such as those made by Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The NFS mount will work fine, and some operations may succeed, but suddenly the server will seem to become unresponsive to the client, even though requests to and from other systems continue to be processed. This happens to the client system, whether the client is the FreeBSD system or the workstation. On many systems, there is no way to shut down the client gracefully once this problem has manifested itself. The only solution is often to reset the client, because the NFS situation cannot be resolved. Though the “correct” solution is to get a higher performance and capacity Ethernet adapter for the FreeBSD system, there is a simple workaround that will allow satisfactory operation. If the FreeBSD system is the server, include the option on the mount from the client. If the FreeBSD system is the client, then mount the NFS file system with the option . These options may be specified using the fourth field of the fstab entry on the client for automatic mounts, or by using the parameter of the mount command for manual mounts. It should be noted that there is a different problem, sometimes mistaken for this one, when the NFS servers and clients are on different networks. If that is the case, make certain that your routers are routing the necessary UDP information, or you will not get anywhere, no matter what else you are doing. In the following examples, fastws is the host (interface) name of a high-performance workstation, and freebox is the host (interface) name of a FreeBSD system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter. Also, /sharedfs will be the exported NFS filesystem (see man exports), and /project will be the mount point on the client for the exported file system. In all cases, note that additional options, such as or and may be desirable in your application. Examples for the FreeBSD system (freebox) as the client: in /etc/fstab on freebox: fastws:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-r=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on freebox: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -r=1024 fastws:/sharedfs /project Examples for the FreeBSD system as the server: in /etc/fstab on fastws: freebox:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-w=1024 0 0 As a manual mount command on fastws: &prompt.root; mount -t nfs -o -w=1024 freebox:/sharedfs /project Nearly any 16-bit Ethernet adapter will allow operation without the above restrictions on the read or write size. For anyone who cares, here is what happens when the failure occurs, which also explains why it is unrecoverable. NFS typically works with a “block” size of 8k (though it may do fragments of smaller sizes). Since the maximum Ethernet packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS “block” gets split into multiple Ethernet packets, even though it is still a single unit to the upper-level code, and must be received, assembled, and acknowledged as a unit. The high-performance workstations can pump out the packets which comprise the NFS unit one right after the other, just as close together as the standard allows. On the smaller, lower capacity cards, the later packets overrun the earlier packets of the same unit before they can be transferred to the host and the unit as a whole cannot be reconstructed or acknowledged. As a result, the workstation will time out and try again, but it will try again with the entire 8K unit, and the process will be repeated, ad infinitum. By keeping the unit size below the Ethernet packet size limitation, we ensure that any complete Ethernet packet received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding the deadlock situation. Overruns may still occur when a high-performance workstations is slamming data out to a PC system, but with the better cards, such overruns are not guaranteed on NFS “units”. When an overrun occurs, the units affected will be retransmitted, and there will be a fair chance that they will be received, assembled, and acknowledged. Diskless Operation Contributed by &a.martin;. netboot.com/netboot.rom allow you to boot your FreeBSD machine over the network and run FreeBSD without having a disk on your client. Under 2.0 it is now possible to have local swap. Swapping over NFS is also still supported. Supported Ethernet cards include: Western Digital/SMC 8003, 8013, 8216 and compatibles; NE1000/NE2000 and compatibles (requires recompile) Setup Instructions Find a machine that will be your server. This machine will require enough disk space to hold the FreeBSD 2.0 binaries and have bootp, tftp and NFS services available. Tested machines: HP9000/8xx running HP-UX 9.04 or later (pre 9.04 doesn't work) Sun/Solaris 2.3. (you may need to get bootp) Set up a bootp server to provide the client with IP, gateway, netmask. diskless:\ :ht=ether:\ :ha=0000c01f848a:\ :sm=255.255.255.0:\ :hn:\ :ds=192.1.2.3:\ :ip=192.1.2.4:\ :gw=192.1.2.5:\ :vm=rfc1048: Set up a TFTP server (on same machine as bootp server) to provide booting information to client. The name of this file is cfg.X.X.X.X (or /tftpboot/cfg.X.X.X.X, it will try both) where X.X.X.X is the IP address of the client. The contents of this file can be any valid netboot commands. Under 2.0, netboot has the following commands: help print help list ip print/set client's IP address server print/set bootp/tftp server address netmask print/set netmask hostname name print/set hostname kernel print/set kernel name rootfs print/set root filesystem swapfs print/set swap filesystem swapsize set diskless swapsize in Kbytes diskboot boot from disk autoboot continue boot process trans | turn transceiver on|off flags set boot flags A typical completely diskless cfg file might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient swapfs 192.1.2.3:/swapfs swapsize 20000 hostname myclient.mydomain A cfg file for a machine with local swap might contain: rootfs 192.1.2.3:/rootfs/myclient hostname myclient.mydomain Ensure that your NFS server has exported the root (and swap if applicable) filesystems to your client, and that the client has root access to these filesystems A typical /etc/exports file on FreeBSD might look like: /rootfs/myclient -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain /swapfs -maproot=0:0 myclient.mydomain And on HP-UX: /rootfs/myclient -root=myclient.mydomain /swapfs -root=myclient.mydomain If you are swapping over NFS (completely diskless configuration) create a swap file for your client using dd. If your swapfs command has the arguments /swapfs and the size 20000 as in the example above, the swapfile for myclient will be called /swapfs/swap.X.X.X.X where X.X.X.X is the client's IP addr, eg: &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 bs=1k count=20000 Also, the client's swap space might contain sensitive information once swapping starts, so make sure to restrict read and write access to this file to prevent unauthorized access: &prompt.root; chmod 0600 /swapfs/swap.192.1.2.4 Unpack the root filesystem in the directory the client will use for its root filesystem (/rootfs/myclient in the example above). On HP-UX systems: The server should be running HP-UX 9.04 or later for HP9000/800 series machines. Prior versions do not allow the creation of device files over NFS. When extracting /dev in /rootfs/myclient, beware that some systems (HPUX) will not create device files that FreeBSD is happy with. You may have to go to single user mode on the first bootup (press control-c during the bootup phase), cd /dev and do a sh ./MAKEDEV all from the client to fix this. Run netboot.com on the client or make an EPROM from the netboot.rom file Using Shared <filename>/</filename> and <filename>/usr</filename> filesystems At present there isn't an officially sanctioned way of doing this, although I have been using a shared /usr filesystem and individual / filesystems for each client. If anyone has any suggestions on how to do this cleanly, please let me and/or the &a.core; know. Compiling netboot for specific setups Netboot can be compiled to support NE1000/2000 cards by changing the configuration in /sys/i386/boot/netboot/Makefile. See the comments at the top of this file. ISDN Last modified by &a.wlloyd;. A good resource for information on ISDN technology and hardware is Dan Kegel's ISDN Page. A quick simple roadmap to ISDN follows: If you live in Europe I suggest you investigate the ISDN card section. If you are planning to use ISDN primarily to connect to the Internet with an Internet Provider on a dialup non-dedicated basis, I suggest you look into Terminal Adapters. This will give you the most flexibility, with the fewest problems, if you change providers. If you are connecting two lans together, or connecting to the Internet with a dedicated ISDN connection, I suggest you consider the stand alone router/bridge option. Cost is a significant factor in determining what solution you will choose. The following options are listed from least expensive to most expensive. ISDN Cards Contributed by &a.hm;. This section is really only relevant to ISDN users in countries where the DSS1/Q.931 ISDN standard is supported. Some growing number of PC ISDN cards are supported under FreeBSD 2.2.x and up by the isdn4bsd driver package. It is still under development but the reports show that it is successfully used all over Europe. The latest isdn4bsd version is available from ftp://isdn4bsd@ftp.consol.de/pub/, the main isdn4bsd ftp site (you have to log in as user isdn4bsd , give your mail address as the password and change to the pub directory. Anonymous ftp as user ftp or anonymous will not give the desired result). Isdn4bsd allows you to connect to other ISDN routers using either IP over raw HDLC or by using synchronous PPP. A telephone answering machine application is also available. Many ISDN PC cards are supported, mostly the ones with a Siemens ISDN chipset (ISAC/HSCX), support for other chipsets (from Motorola, Cologne Chip Designs) is currently under development. For an up-to-date list of supported cards, please have a look at the README file. In case you are interested in adding support for a different ISDN protocol, a currently unsupported ISDN PC card or otherwise enhancing isdn4bsd, please get in touch with hm@kts.org. A majordomo maintained mailing list is available. To join the - list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG and + list, send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org and specify: subscribe freebsd-isdn in the body of your message. ISDN Terminal Adapters Terminal adapters(TA), are to ISDN what modems are to regular phone lines. Most TA's use the standard hayes modem AT command set, and can be used as a drop in replacement for a modem. A TA will operate basically the same as a modem except connection and throughput speeds will be much faster than your old modem. You will need to configure PPP exactly the same as for a modem setup. Make sure you set your serial speed as high as possible. The main advantage of using a TA to connect to an Internet Provider is that you can do Dynamic PPP. As IP address space becomes more and more scarce, most providers are not willing to provide you with a static IP anymore. Most standalone routers are not able to accommodate dynamic IP allocation. TA's completely rely on the PPP daemon that you are running for their features and stability of connection. This allows you to upgrade easily from using a modem to ISDN on a FreeBSD machine, if you already have PPP setup. However, at the same time any problems you experienced with the PPP program and are going to persist. If you want maximum stability, use the kernel PPP option, not the user-land iijPPP. The following TA's are know to work with FreeBSD. Motorola BitSurfer and Bitsurfer Pro Adtran Most other TA's will probably work as well, TA vendors try to make sure their product can accept most of the standard modem AT command set. The real problem with external TA's is like modems you need a good serial card in your computer. You should read the serial ports section in the handbook for a detailed understanding of serial devices, and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous serial ports. A TA running off a standard PC serial port (asynchronous) limits you to 115.2Kbs, even though you have a 128Kbs connection. To fully utilize the 128Kbs that ISDN is capable of, you must move the TA to a synchronous serial card. Do not be fooled into buying an internal TA and thinking you have avoided the synchronous/asynchronous issue. Internal TA's simply have a standard PC serial port chip built into them. All this will do, is save you having to buy another serial cable, and find another empty electrical socket. A synchronous card with a TA is at least as fast as a standalone router, and with a simple 386 FreeBSD box driving it, probably more flexible. The choice of sync/TA vs standalone router is largely a religious issue. There has been some discussion of this in the mailing lists. I suggest you search the archives for the complete discussion. Standalone ISDN Bridges/Routers ISDN bridges or routers are not at all specific to FreeBSD or any other operating system. For a more complete description of routing and bridging technology, please refer to a Networking reference book. In the context of this page, I will use router and bridge interchangeably. As the cost of low end ISDN routers/bridges comes down, it will likely become a more and more popular choice. An ISDN router is a small box that plugs directly into your local Ethernet network(or card), and manages its own connection to the other bridge/router. It has all the software to do PPP and other protocols built in. A router will allow you much faster throughput that a standard TA, since it will be using a full synchronous ISDN connection. The main problem with ISDN routers and bridges is that interoperability between manufacturers can still be a problem. If you are planning to connect to an Internet provider, I recommend that you discuss your needs with them. If you are planning to connect two lan segments together, ie: home lan to the office lan, this is the simplest lowest maintenance solution. Since you are buying the equipment for both sides of the connection you can be assured that the link will work. For example to connect a home computer or branch office network to a head office network the following setup could be used. Branch office or Home network Network is 10 Base T Ethernet. Connect router to network cable with AUI/10BT transceiver, if necessary. ---Sun workstation | ---FreeBSD box | ---Windows 95 (Do not admit to owning it) | Standalone router | ISDN BRI line If your home/branch office is only one computer you can use a twisted pair crossover cable to connect to the standalone router directly. Head office or other lan Network is Twisted Pair Ethernet. -------Novell Server | H | | ---Sun | | | U ---FreeBSD | | | ---Windows 95 | B | |___---Standalone router | ISDN BRI line One large advantage of most routers/bridges is that they allow you to have 2 separate independent PPP connections to 2 separate sites at the same time. This is not supported on most TA's, except for specific(expensive) models that have two serial ports. Do not confuse this with channel bonding, MPP etc. This can be very useful feature, for example if you have an dedicated internet ISDN connection at your office and would like to tap into it, but don't want to get another ISDN line at work. A router at the office location can manage a dedicated B channel connection (64Kbs) to the internet, as well as a use the other B channel for a separate data connection. The second B channel can be used for dialin, dialout or dynamically bond(MPP etc.) with the first B channel for more bandwidth. An Ethernet bridge will also allow you to transmit more than just IP traffic, you can also send IPX/SPX or whatever other protocols you use. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent index bc15cc25ad..43fd766942 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/authors.ent @@ -1,387 +1,387 @@ abial@FreeBSD.org"> ache@FreeBSD.org"> adam@FreeBSD.org"> alc@FreeBSD.org"> alex@FreeBSD.org"> amurai@FreeBSD.org"> andreas@FreeBSD.org"> archie@FreeBSD.org"> asami@FreeBSD.org"> ats@FreeBSD.org"> awebster@pubnix.net"> bde@FreeBSD.org"> billf@FreeBSD.org"> brandon@FreeBSD.org"> brian@FreeBSD.org"> cawimm@FreeBSD.org"> cg@FreeBSD.org"> charnier@FreeBSD.org"> chuckr@glue.umd.edu"> chuckr@FreeBSD.org"> cpiazza@FreeBSD.org"> cracauer@FreeBSD.org"> csgr@FreeBSD.org"> cwt@FreeBSD.org"> danny@FreeBSD.org"> darrenr@FreeBSD.org"> davidn@blaze.net.au"> dbaker@FreeBSD.org"> dburr@FreeBSD.org"> dcs@FreeBSD.org"> deischen@FreeBSD.org"> des@FreeBSD.org"> dfr@FreeBSD.org"> dg@FreeBSD.org"> dick@FreeBSD.org"> dillon@FreeBSD.org"> dima@FreeBSD.org"> dirk@FreeBSD.org"> Dirk.vanGulik@jrc.it"> dt@FreeBSD.org"> dufault@FreeBSD.org"> dwhite@FreeBSD.org"> dyson@FreeBSD.org"> eivind@FreeBSD.org"> ejc@FreeBSD.org"> erich@FreeBSD.org"> faq@FreeBSD.org"> fenner@FreeBSD.org"> flathill@FreeBSD.org"> foxfair@FreeBSD.org"> fsmp@FreeBSD.org"> gallatin@FreeBSD.org"> gclarkii@FreeBSD.org"> gehenna@FreeBSD.org"> gena@NetVision.net.il"> ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu"> gibbs@FreeBSD.org"> gj@FreeBSD.org"> gpalmer@FreeBSD.org"> graichen@FreeBSD.org"> green@FreeBSD.org"> grog@FreeBSD.org"> gryphon@healer.com"> guido@FreeBSD.org"> hanai@FreeBSD.org"> handy@sxt4.physics.montana.edu"> helbig@FreeBSD.org"> hm@FreeBSD.org"> hoek@FreeBSD.org"> hosokawa@FreeBSD.org"> hsu@FreeBSD.org"> imp@FreeBSD.org"> itojun@itojun.org"> iwasaki@FreeBSD.org"> jasone@FreeBSD.org"> jb@cimlogic.com.au"> jdp@FreeBSD.org"> jehamby@lightside.com"> jfieber@FreeBSD.org"> jfitz@FreeBSD.org"> jgreco@FreeBSD.org"> jhay@FreeBSD.org"> jhs@FreeBSD.org"> jkh@FreeBSD.org"> jkoshy@FreeBSD.org"> jlemon@FreeBSD.org"> john@starfire.MN.ORG"> jlrobin@FreeBSD.org"> jmacd@FreeBSD.org"> jmb@FreeBSD.org"> jmg@FreeBSD.org"> jmz@FreeBSD.org"> joerg@FreeBSD.org"> john@FreeBSD.org"> jraynard@FreeBSD.org"> jseger@FreeBSD.org"> julian@FreeBSD.org"> jvh@FreeBSD.org"> karl@FreeBSD.org"> kato@FreeBSD.org"> kelly@plutotech.com"> ken@FreeBSD.org"> kjc@FreeBSD.org"> kris@FreeBSD.org"> kuriyama@FreeBSD.org"> lars@FreeBSD.org"> lile@FreeBSD.org"> ljo@FreeBSD.org"> luoqi@FreeBSD.org"> marcel@FreeBSD.org"> markm@FreeBSD.org"> martin@FreeBSD.org"> max@FreeBSD.org"> mark@vmunix.com"> mbarkah@FreeBSD.org"> mckay@FreeBSD.org"> mckusick@FreeBSD.org"> md@bsc.no"> winter@jurai.net"> mharo@FreeBSD.org"> mjacob@FreeBSD.org"> mks@FreeBSD.org"> motoyuki@FreeBSD.org"> mph@FreeBSD.org"> mpp@FreeBSD.org"> msmith@FreeBSD.org"> nate@FreeBSD.org"> nectar@FreeBSD.org"> newton@FreeBSD.org"> n_hibma@FreeBSD.org"> nik@FreeBSD.org"> nsayer@FreeBSD.org"> nsj@FreeBSD.org"> nyan@FreeBSD.org"> obrien@FreeBSD.org"> olah@FreeBSD.org"> opsys@open-systems.net"> paul@FreeBSD.org"> pb@fasterix.freenix.org"> pds@FreeBSD.org"> peter@FreeBSD.org"> phk@FreeBSD.org"> pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au"> proven@FreeBSD.org"> pst@FreeBSD.org"> rgrimes@FreeBSD.org"> rhuff@cybercom.net"> ricardag@ag.com.br"> rich@FreeBSD.org"> rnordier@FreeBSD.org"> roberto@FreeBSD.org"> rse@FreeBSD.org"> ru@FreeBSD.org"> sada@FreeBSD.org"> scrappy@FreeBSD.org"> se@FreeBSD.org"> sef@FreeBSD.org"> sheldonh@FreeBSD.org"> shige@FreeBSD.org"> simokawa@FreeBSD.org"> smace@FreeBSD.org"> smpatel@FreeBSD.org"> sos@FreeBSD.org"> stark@FreeBSD.org"> stb@FreeBSD.org"> steve@FreeBSD.org"> swallace@FreeBSD.org"> tanimura@FreeBSD.org"> taoka@FreeBSD.org"> tedm@FreeBSD.org"> tegge@FreeBSD.org"> tg@FreeBSD.org"> thepish@FreeBSD.org"> -tom@freebsd.org"> +tom@FreeBSD.org"> torstenb@FreeBSD.org"> truckman@FreeBSD.org"> ugen@FreeBSD.org"> uhclem@FreeBSD.org"> ulf@FreeBSD.org"> vanilla@FreeBSD.org"> wes@FreeBSD.org"> whiteside@acm.org"> wilko@yedi.iaf.nl"> wlloyd@mpd.ca"> wollman@FreeBSD.org"> wosch@FreeBSD.org"> wpaul@FreeBSD.org"> yokota@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml index b11aa28161..aeabf86faf 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml @@ -1,478 +1,478 @@ Bibliography While the manual pages provide the definitive reference for individual pieces of the FreeBSD operating system, they are notorious for not illustrating how to put the pieces together to make the whole operating system run smoothly. For this, there is no substitute for a good book on UNIX system administration and a good users' manual. Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD International books & Magazines: Using FreeBSD (in Chinese). FreeBSD for PC 98'ers (in Japanese), published by SHUWA System Co, LTD. ISBN 4-87966-468-5 C3055 P2900E. FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by CUTT. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E. Complete Introduction to FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by Shoeisha Co., Ltd. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E. Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E. FreeBSD Handbook (Japanese translation), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E. FreeBSD mit Methode (in German), published by Computer und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0. FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual (in Japanese), published by Mainichi Communications Inc.. English language books & Magazines: The Complete FreeBSD, published by Walnut Creek CDROM. Users' Guides Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-075-9 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-076-7 UNIX in a Nutshell. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1990. ISBN 093717520X Mui, Linda. What You Need To Know When You Can't Find Your UNIX System Administrator. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-104-6 Ohio State University has written a UNIX Introductory Course which is available online in HTML and postscript format. - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD User's Reference Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0088-4 P3800E. Administrators' Guides Albitz, Paul and Liu, Cricket. DNS and BIND, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-236-0 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-080-5 Costales, Brian, et al. Sendmail, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-222-0 Frisch, Æleen. Essential System Administration, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-127-5 Hunt, Craig. TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-937175-82-X Nemeth, Evi. UNIX System Administration Handbook. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0131510517 Stern, Hal Managing NFS and NIS O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-937175-75-7 - Jpman Project, Japan + Jpman Project, Japan FreeBSD Users Group. FreeBSD System Administrator's Manual (Japanese translation). Mainichi Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN4-8399-0109-0 P3300E. Programmers' Guides Asente, Paul. X Window System Toolkit. Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-051-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-078-3 Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-079-1 Harbison, Samuel P. and Steele, Guy L. Jr. C: A Reference Manual. 4rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1995. ISBN 0-13-326224-3 Kernighan, Brian and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Programming Language.. PTR Prentice Hall, 1988. ISBN 0-13-110362-9 Lehey, Greg. Porting UNIX Software. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-126-7 Plauger, P. J. The Standard C Library. Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-131509-9 Stevens, W. Richard. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1992 ISBN 0-201-56317-7 Stevens, W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming. 2nd Ed, PTR Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN 0-13-490012-X Wells, Bill. “Writing Serial Drivers for UNIX”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. 19(15), December 1994. pp68-71, 97-99. Operating System Internals Andleigh, Prabhat K. UNIX System Architecture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-13-949843-5 Jolitz, William. “Porting UNIX to the 386”. Dr. Dobb's Journal. January 1991-July 1992. Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and John Quarterman The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1 Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System: Answer Book. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-54629-9 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and John Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63346-9 Schimmel, Curt. Unix Systems for Modern Architectures. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1994. ISBN 0-201-63338-8 Stevens, W. Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP and the UNIX Domain Protocols. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-63495-3 Vahalia, Uresh. UNIX Internals -- The New Frontiers. Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN 0-13-101908-2 Wright, Gary R. and W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63354-X Security Reference Cheswick, William R. and Steven M. Bellovin. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63357-4 Garfinkel, Simson and Gene Spafford. Practical UNIX Security. 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1996. ISBN 1-56592-148-8 Garfinkel, Simson. PGP Pretty Good Privacy O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-098-8 Hardware Reference Anderson, Don and Tom Shanley. Pentium Processor System Architecture. 2nd Ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40992-5 Ferraro, Richard F. Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62490-7 Intel Corporation publishes documentation on their CPUs, chipsets and standards on their developer web site, usually as PDF files. Shanley, Tom. 80486 System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40994-1 Shanley, Tom. ISA System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40996-8 Shanley, Tom. PCI System Architecture. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40993-3 Van Gilluwe, Frank. The Undocumented PC. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1994. ISBN 0-201-62277-7 UNIX History Lion, John Lion's Commentary on UNIX, 6th Ed. With Source Code. ITP Media Group, 1996. ISBN 1573980137 Raymond, Eric S. The New Hacker's Dictonary, 3rd edition. MIT Press, 1996. ISBN 0-262-68092-0. Also known as the Jargon File Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-201-54777-5 Simon Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann. The UNIX-HATERS Handbook. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56884-203-1 Don Libes, Sandy Ressler Life with UNIX — special edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989. ISBN 0-13-536657-7 The BSD family tree. 1997. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree or local on a FreeBSD-current machine. The BSD Release Announcements collection. 1997. http://www.de.FreeBSD.ORG/de/ftp/releases/ + URL="http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/">http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/ Networked Computer Science Technical Reports Library. http://www.ncstrl.org/ Old BSD releases from the Computer Systems Research group (CSRG). http://www.mckusick.com/csrg/: The 4CD set covers all BSD versions from 1BSD to 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite2 (but not 2.11BSD, unfortunately). As well, the last disk holds the final sources plus the SCCS files. Magazines and Journals The C/C++ Users Journal. R&D Publications Inc. ISSN 1075-2838 Sys Admin — The Journal for UNIX System Administrators Miller Freeman, Inc., ISSN 1061-2688 diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml index cfff571210..e8432b2364 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,129 +1,129 @@ %man; %bookinfo; %chapters; %authors; %mailing-lists; %newsgroups; ]> FreeBSD Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project February 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 The FreeBSD Documentation Project &bookinfo.legalnotice; Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD Release &rel.current;. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the &a.doc;. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. + URL="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">FreeBSD World Wide Web server. It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc">FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. You may also want to - Search the + Search the Handbook. Getting Started &chap.introduction; &chap.install; &chap.basics; &chap.ports System Administration &chap.kernelconfig; &chap.security; &chap.printing; &chap.disks; &chap.backups; &chap.quotas; &chap.x11; &chap.hw; &chap.l10n; Network Communications &chap.serialcomms; &chap.ppp-and-slip; &chap.advanced-networking; &chap.mail; Advanced topics &chap.cutting-edge; &chap.contrib; &chap.policies; &chap.kernelopts; &chap.kerneldebug; &chap.linuxemu; &chap.internals; Appendices &chap.mirrors; &chap.bibliography; &chap.eresources; &chap.staff; &chap.pgpkeys; diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml index e47079d905..71a6956f69 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/contrib/chapter.sgml @@ -1,5765 +1,5765 @@ Contributing to FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. So you want to contribute something to FreeBSD? That is great! We can always use the help, and FreeBSD is one of those systems that relies on the contributions of its user base in order to survive. Your contributions are not only appreciated, they are vital to FreeBSD's continued growth! Contrary to what some people might also have you believe, you do not need to be a hot-shot programmer or a close personal friend of the FreeBSD core team in order to have your contributions accepted. The FreeBSD Project's development is done by a large and growing number of international contributors whose ages and areas of technical expertise vary greatly, and there is always more work to be done than there are people available to do it. Since the FreeBSD project is responsible for an entire operating system environment (and its installation) rather than just a kernel or a few scattered utilities, our TODO list also spans a very wide range of tasks, from documentation, beta testing and presentation to highly specialized types of kernel development. No matter what your skill level, there is almost certainly something you can do to help the project! Commercial entities engaged in FreeBSD-related enterprises are also encouraged to contact us. Need a special extension to make your product work? You will find us receptive to your requests, given that they are not too outlandish. Working on a value-added product? Please let us know! We may be able to work cooperatively on some aspect of it. The free software world is challenging a lot of existing assumptions about how software is developed, sold, and maintained throughout its life cycle, and we urge you to at least give it a second look. What Is Needed The following list of tasks and sub-projects represents something of an amalgam of the various core team TODO lists and user requests we have collected over the last couple of months. Where possible, tasks have been ranked by degree of urgency. If you are interested in working on one of the tasks you see here, send mail to the coordinator listed by clicking on their names. If no coordinator has been appointed, maybe you would like to volunteer? High priority tasks The following tasks are considered to be urgent, usually because they represent something that is badly broken or sorely needed: 3-stage boot issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Do WinNT compatible drive tagging so that the 3rd stage can provide an accurate mapping of BIOS geometries for disks. Filesystem problems. Overall coordination: &a.fs; Fix the MSDOS file system. Clean up and document the nullfs filesystem code. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Fix the union file system. Coordinator: &a.dg; Implement Int13 vm86 disk driver. Coordinator: &a.hackers; New bus architecture. Coordinator: &a.newbus; Port existing ISA drivers to new architecture. Move all interrupt-management code to appropriate parts of the bus drivers. Port PCI subsystem to new architecture. Coordinator: &a.dfr; Figure out the right way to handle removable devices and then use that as a substrate on which PC-Card and CardBus support can be implemented. Resolve the probe/attach priority issue once and for all. Move any remaining buses over to the new architecture. Kernel issues. Overall coordination: &a.hackers; Add more pro-active security infrastructure. Overall coordination: &a.security; Build something like Tripwire(TM) into the kernel, with a remote and local part. There are a number of cryptographic issues to getting this right; contact the coordinator for details. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make the entire kernel use suser() instead of comparing to 0. It is presently using about half of each. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Split securelevels into different parts, to allow an administrator to throw away those privileges he can throw away. Setting the overall securelevel needs to have the same effect as now, obviously. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Make it possible to upload a list of “allowed program” to BPF, and then block BPF from accepting other programs. This would allow BPF to be used e.g. for DHCP, without allowing an attacker to start snooping the local network. Update the security checker script. We should at least grab all the checks from the other BSD derivatives, and add checks that a system with securelevel increased also have reasonable flags on the relevant parts. Coordinator: &a.eivind; Add authorization infrastructure to the kernel, to allow different authorization policies. Part of this could be done by modifying suser(). Coordinatory: &a.eivind; Add code to the NFS layer so that you cannot chdir("..") out of an NFS partition. E.g., /usr is a UFS partition with /usr/src NFS exported. Now it is possible to use the NFS filehandle for /usr/src to get access to /usr. Medium priority tasks The following tasks need to be done, but not with any particular urgency: Full KLD based driver support/Configuration Manager. Write a configuration manager (in the 3rd stage boot?) that probes your hardware in a sane manner, keeps only the KLDs required for your hardware, etc. PCMCIA/PCCARD. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; Documentation! Reliable operation of the pcic driver (needs testing). Recognizer and handler for sio.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ed.c (mostly done). Recognizer and handler for ep.c (mostly done). User-mode recognizer and handler (partially done). Advanced Power Management. Coordinators: &a.msmith; and &a.phk; APM sub-driver (mostly done). IDE/ATA disk sub-driver (partially done). syscons/pcvt sub-driver. Integration with the PCMCIA/PCCARD drivers (suspend/resume). Low priority tasks The following tasks are purely cosmetic or represent such an investment of work that it is not likely that anyone will get them done anytime soon: The first N items are from Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org NetWare Server (protected mode ODI driver) loader and subservices to allow the use of ODI card drivers supplied with network cards. The same thing for NDIS drivers and NetWare SCSI drivers. An "upgrade system" option that works on Linux boxes instead of just previous rev FreeBSD boxes. Symmetric Multiprocessing with kernel preemption (requires kernel preemption). A concerted effort at support for portable computers. This is somewhat handled by changing PCMCIA bridging rules and power management event handling. But there are things like detecting internal vs. external display and picking a different screen resolution based on that fact, not spinning down the disk if the machine is in dock, and allowing dock-based cards to disappear without affecting the machines ability to boot (same issue for PCMCIA). Smaller tasks Most of the tasks listed in the previous sections require either a considerable investment of time or an in-depth knowledge of the FreeBSD kernel (or both). However, there are also many useful tasks which are suitable for "weekend hackers", or people without programming skills. If you run FreeBSD-current and have a good Internet connection, there is a machine current.FreeBSD.org which builds a full release once a day — every now and again, try and install the latest release from it and report any failures in the process. Read the freebsd-bugs mailing list. There might be a problem you can comment constructively on or with patches you can test. Or you could even try to fix one of the problems yourself. Read through the FAQ and Handbook periodically. If anything is badly explained, out of date or even just completely wrong, let us know. Even better, send us a fix (SGML is not difficult to learn, but there is no objection to ASCII submissions). Help translate FreeBSD documentation into your native language (if not already available) — just send an email to &a.doc; asking if anyone is working on it. Note that you are not committing yourself to translating every single FreeBSD document by doing this — in fact, the documentation most in need of translation is the installation instructions. Read the freebsd-questions mailing list and &ng.misc occasionally (or even regularly). It can be very satisfying to share your expertise and help people solve their problems; sometimes you may even learn something new yourself! These forums can also be a source of ideas for things to work on. If you know of any bugfixes which have been successfully applied to -current but have not been merged into -stable after a decent interval (normally a couple of weeks), send the committer a polite reminder. Move contributed software to src/contrib in the source tree. Make sure code in src/contrib is up to date. Look for year 2000 bugs (and fix any you find!) Build the source tree (or just part of it) with extra warnings enabled and clean up the warnings. Fix warnings for ports which do deprecated things like using gets() or including malloc.h. If you have contributed any ports, send your patches back to the original author (this will make your life easier when they bring out the next version) Suggest further tasks for this list! How to Contribute Contributions to the system generally fall into one or more of the following 6 categories: Bug reports and general commentary An idea or suggestion of general technical interest should be mailed to the &a.hackers;. Likewise, people with an interest in such things (and a tolerance for a high volume of mail!) may subscribe to the hackers mailing list by sending mail to &a.majordomo;. See mailing lists for more information about this and other mailing lists. If you find a bug or are submitting a specific change, please report it using the &man.send-pr.1; program or its WEB-based equivalent. Try to fill-in each field of the bug report. Unless they exceed 65KB, include any patches directly in the report. When including patches, do not use cut-and-paste because cut-and-paste turns tabs into spaces and makes them unusable. Consider compressing patches and using &man.uuencode.1; if they exceed 20KB. Upload very large submissions to ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/">ftp.FreeBSD.org:/pub/FreeBSD/incoming/. After filing a report, you should receive confirmation along with a tracking number. Keep this tracking number so that you can update us with details about the problem by sending mail to - bug-followup@FreeBSD.ORG. Use the number as the + bug-followup@FreeBSD.org. Use the number as the message subject, e.g. "Re: kern/3377". Additional information for any bug report should be submitted this way. If you do not receive confirmation in a timely fashion (3 days to a week, depending on your email connection) or are, for some reason, unable to use the &man.send-pr.1; command, then you may ask someone to file it for you by sending mail to the &a.bugs;. Changes to the documentation Changes to the documentation are overseen by the &a.doc;. Send submissions and changes (even small ones are welcome!) using send-pr as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Changes to existing source code An addition or change to the existing source code is a somewhat trickier affair and depends a lot on how far out of date you are with the current state of the core FreeBSD development. There is a special on-going release of FreeBSD known as “FreeBSD-current” which is made available in a variety of ways for the convenience of developers working actively on the system. See Staying current with FreeBSD for more information about getting and using FreeBSD-current. Working from older sources unfortunately means that your changes may sometimes be too obsolete or too divergent for easy re-integration into FreeBSD. Chances of this can be minimized somewhat by subscribing to the &a.announce; and the &a.current; lists, where discussions on the current state of the system take place. Assuming that you can manage to secure fairly up-to-date sources to base your changes on, the next step is to produce a set of diffs to send to the FreeBSD maintainers. This is done with the &man.diff.1; command, with the “context diff” form being preferred. For example: &prompt.user; diff -c oldfile newfile or &prompt.user; diff -c -r olddir newdir would generate such a set of context diffs for the given source file or directory hierarchy. See the man page for &man.diff.1; for more details. Once you have a set of diffs (which you may test with the &man.patch.1; command), you should submit them for inclusion with FreeBSD. Use the &man.send-pr.1; program as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Do not just send the diffs to the &a.hackers; or they will get lost! We greatly appreciate your submission (this is a volunteer project!); because we are busy, we may not be able to address it immediately, but it will remain in the pr database until we do. If you feel it appropriate (e.g. you have added, deleted, or renamed files), bundle your changes into a tar file and run the &man.uuencode.1; program on it. Shar archives are also welcome. If your change is of a potentially sensitive nature, e.g. you are unsure of copyright issues governing its further distribution or you are simply not ready to release it without a tighter review first, then you should send it to &a.core; directly rather than submitting it with &man.send-pr.1;. The core mailing list reaches a much smaller group of people who do much of the day-to-day work on FreeBSD. Note that this group is also very busy and so you should only send mail to them where it is truly necessary. Please refer to man 9 intro and man 9 style for some information on coding style. We would appreciate it if you were at least aware of this information before submitting code. New code or major value-added packages In the rare case of a significant contribution of a large body work, or the addition of an important new feature to FreeBSD, it becomes almost always necessary to either send changes as uuencode'd tar files or upload them to our ftp site ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming. When working with large amounts of code, the touchy subject of copyrights also invariably comes up. Acceptable copyrights for code included in FreeBSD are: The BSD copyright. This copyright is most preferred due to its “no strings attached” nature and general attractiveness to commercial enterprises. Far from discouraging such commercial use, the FreeBSD Project actively encourages such participation by commercial interests who might eventually be inclined to invest something of their own into FreeBSD. The GNU Public License, or “GPL”. This license is not quite as popular with us due to the amount of extra effort demanded of anyone using the code for commercial purposes, but given the sheer quantity of GPL'd code we currently require (compiler, assembler, text formatter, etc) it would be silly to refuse additional contributions under this license. Code under the GPL also goes into a different part of the tree, that being /sys/gnu or /usr/src/gnu, and is therefore easily identifiable to anyone for whom the GPL presents a problem. Contributions coming under any other type of copyright must be carefully reviewed before their inclusion into FreeBSD will be considered. Contributions for which particularly restrictive commercial copyrights apply are generally rejected, though the authors are always encouraged to make such changes available through their own channels. To place a “BSD-style” copyright on your work, include the following text at the very beginning of every source code file you wish to protect, replacing the text between the %% with the appropriate information. Copyright (c) %%proper_years_here%% %%your_name_here%%, %%your_state%% %%your_zip%%. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY %%your_name_here%% ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL %%your_name_here%% BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. $Id$ For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in /usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright. Money, Hardware or Internet access We are always very happy to accept donations to further the cause of the FreeBSD Project and, in a volunteer effort like ours, a little can go a long way! Donations of hardware are also very important to expanding our list of supported peripherals since we generally lack the funds to buy such items ourselves. <anchor id="donations">Donating funds While the FreeBSD Project is not a 501(c)(3) (charitable) corporation and hence cannot offer special tax incentives for any donations made, any such donations will be gratefully accepted on behalf of the project by FreeBSD, Inc. FreeBSD, Inc. was founded in early 1995 by &a.jkh; and &a.dg; with the goal of furthering the aims of the FreeBSD Project and giving it a minimal corporate presence. Any and all funds donated (as well as any profits that may eventually be realized by FreeBSD, Inc.) will be used exclusively to further the project's goals. Please make any checks payable to FreeBSD, Inc., sent in care of the following address:
FreeBSD, Inc. c/o Jordan Hubbard 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520
(currently using the Walnut Creek CDROM address until a PO box can be opened) Wire transfers may also be sent directly to:
Bank Of America Concord Main Office P.O. Box 37176 San Francisco CA, 94137-5176 Routing #: 121-000-358 Account #: 01411-07441 (FreeBSD, Inc.)
Any correspondence related to donations should be sent to &a.jkh, either via email or to the FreeBSD, Inc. postal address given above. If you do not wish to be listed in our donors section, please specify this when making your donation. Thanks! Donating hardware Donations of hardware in any of the 3 following categories are also gladly accepted by the FreeBSD Project: General purpose hardware such as disk drives, memory or complete systems should be sent to the FreeBSD, Inc. address listed in the donating funds section. Hardware for which ongoing compliance testing is desired. We are currently trying to put together a testing lab of all components that FreeBSD supports so that proper regression testing can be done with each new release. We are still lacking many important pieces (network cards, motherboards, etc) and if you would like to make such a donation, please contact &a.dg; for information on which items are still required. Hardware currently unsupported by FreeBSD for which you would like to see such support added. Please contact the &a.core; before sending such items as we will need to find a developer willing to take on the task before we can accept delivery of new hardware. Donating Internet access We can always use new mirror sites for FTP, WWW or cvsup. If you would like to be such a mirror, please contact the FreeBSD project administrators - admin@FreeBSD.ORG for more information. + admin@FreeBSD.org for more information. Donors Gallery The FreeBSD Project is indebted to the following donors and would like to publically thank them here! Contributors to the central server project: The following individuals and businesses made it possible for the FreeBSD Project to build a new central server machine to eventually replace freefall.FreeBSD.org by donating the following items: &a.mbarkah and his employer, Hemisphere Online, donated a Pentium Pro (P6) 200Mhz CPU ASA Computers donated a Tyan 1662 motherboard. Joe McGuckin joe@via.net of ViaNet Communications donated a Kingston ethernet controller. Jack O'Neill jack@diamond.xtalwind.net donated an NCR 53C875 SCSI controller card. Ulf Zimmermann ulf@Alameda.net of Alameda Networks donated 128MB of memory, a 4 Gb disk drive and the case. Direct funding: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed direct funding to the project: Annelise Anderson ANDRSN@HOOVER.STANFORD.EDU &a.dillon Epilogue Technology Corporation &a.sef Don Scott Wilde Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@masternet.it Josef C. Grosch joeg@truenorth.org Robert T. Morris &a.chuckr Kenneth P. Stox ken@stox.sa.enteract.com of Imaginary Landscape, LLC. Dmitry S. Kohmanyuk dk@dog.farm.org Laser5 of Japan (a portion of the profits from sales of their various FreeBSD CD-ROMs. Fuki Shuppan Publishing Co. donated a portion of their profits from Hajimete no FreeBSD (FreeBSD, Getting started) to the FreeBSD and XFree86 projects. ASCII Corp. donated a portion of their profits from several FreeBSD-related books to the FreeBSD project. Yokogawa Electric Corp has generously donated significant funding to the FreeBSD project. BuffNET Pacific Solutions Siemens AG via Andre Albsmeier Chris Silva Hardware contributors: The following individuals and businesses have generously contributed hardware for testing and device driver development/support: Walnut Creek CDROM for providing the Pentium P5-90 and 486/DX2-66 EISA/VL systems that are being used for our development work, to say nothing of the network access and other donations of hardware resources. TRW Financial Systems, Inc. provided 130 PCs, three 68 GB fileservers, twelve Ethernets, two routers and an ATM switch for debugging the diskless code. Dermot McDonnell donated the Toshiba XM3401B CDROM drive currently used in freefall. &a.chuck; contributed his floppy tape streamer for experimental work. Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM, and &a.wilko;, provided Wangtek and Archive QIC-02 tape drives in order to improve the wt driver. Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de contributed a 2.88 MB floppy drive to the project. This will hopefully increase the pressure for rewriting the floppy disk driver. ;-) Tekram Technologies sent one each of their DC-390, DC-390U and DC-390F FAST and ULTRA SCSI host adapter cards for regression testing of the NCR and AMD drivers with their cards. They are also to be applauded for making driver sources for free operating systems available from their FTP server ftp://ftp.tekram.com/scsi/FreeBSD. Larry M. Augustin contributed not only a Symbios Sym8751S SCSI card, but also a set of data books, including one about the forthcoming Sym53c895 chip with Ultra-2 and LVD support, and the latest programming manual with information on how to safely use the advanced features of the latest Symbios SCSI chips. Thanks a lot! Christoph Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org donated an FX120 12 speed Mitsumi CDROM drive for IDE CDROM driver development. Special contributors: Walnut Creek CDROM has donated almost more than we can say (see the history document for more details). In particular, we would like to thank them for the original hardware used for freefall.FreeBSD.ORG, our primary + role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org, our primary development machine, and for thud.FreeBSD.ORG, a testing and build + role="fqdn">thud.FreeBSD.org, a testing and build box. We are also indebted to them for funding various contributors over the years and providing us with unrestricted use of their T1 connection to the Internet. The interface business GmbH, Dresden has been patiently supporting &a.joerg; who has often preferred FreeBSD work over paywork, and used to fall back to their (quite expensive) EUnet Internet connection whenever his private connection became too slow or flakey to work with it... Berkeley Software Design, Inc. has contributed their DOS emulator code to the remaining BSD world, which is used in the doscmd command. Core Team Alumni The following people were members of the FreeBSD core team during the periods indicated. We thank them for their past efforts in the service of the FreeBSD project. In rough chronological order: &a.guido (1995 - 1999) &a.dyson (1993 - 1998) &a.nate (1992 - 1996) &a.rgrimes (1992 - 1995) Andreas Schulz (1992 - 1995) &a.csgr (1993 - 1995) &a.paul (1992 - 1995) &a.smace (1993 - 1994) Andrew Moore (1993 - 1994) Christoph Robitschko (1993 - 1994) J. T. Conklin (1992 - 1993) Derived Software Contributors This software was originally derived from William F. Jolitz's 386BSD release 0.1, though almost none of the original 386BSD specific code remains. This software has been essentially re-implemented from the 4.4BSD-Lite release provided by the Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley and associated academic contributors. There are also portions of NetBSD and OpenBSD that have been integrated into FreeBSD as well, and we would therefore like to thank all the contributors to NetBSD and OpenBSD for their work. Additional FreeBSD Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): ABURAYA Ryushirou rewsirow@ff.iij4u.or.jp AMAGAI Yoshiji amagai@nue.org Aaron Bornstein aaronb@j51.com Aaron Smith aaron@mutex.org Achim Patzner ap@noses.com Ada T Lim ada@bsd.org Adam Baran badam@mw.mil.pl Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adam McDougall mcdouga9@egr.msu.edu Adrian Colley aecolley@ois.ie Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu Adrian Steinmann ast@marabu.ch Adam Strohl troll@digitalspark.net Adrian T. Filipi-Martin atf3r@agate.cs.virginia.edu Ajit Thyagarajan unknown Akio Morita amorita@meadow.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp Akira SAWADA unknown Akira Watanabe akira@myaw.ei.meisei-u.ac.jp Akito Fujita fujita@zoo.ncl.omron.co.jp Alain Kalker A.C.P.M.Kalker@student.utwente.nl Alan Bawden alan@curry.epilogue.com Alec Wolman wolman@cs.washington.edu Aled Morris aledm@routers.co.uk Alex garbanzo@hooked.net Alex D. Chen dhchen@Canvas.dorm7.nccu.edu.tw Alex G. Bulushev bag@demos.su Alex Le Heux alexlh@funk.org Alex Perel veers@disturbed.net Alexander B. Povolotsky tarkhil@mgt.msk.ru Alexander Leidinger netchild@wurzelausix.CS.Uni-SB.DE Alexander Langer alex@cichlids.com Alexandre Snarskii snar@paranoia.ru Alfred Perlstein bright@rush.net Alistair G. Crooks agc@uts.amdahl.com Allan Saddi asaddi@philosophysw.com Allen Campbell allenc@verinet.com Amakawa Shuhei amakawa@hoh.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Amancio Hasty hasty@star-gate.com Amir Farah amir@comtrol.com Amy Baron amee@beer.org Anatoly A. Orehovsky tolik@mpeks.tomsk.su Anatoly Vorobey mellon@pobox.com Anders Nordby nickerne@nome.no Anders Thulin Anders.X.Thulin@telia.se Andras Olah olah@cs.utwente.nl Andre Albsmeier Andre.Albsmeier@mchp.siemens.de Andre Oppermann andre@pipeline.ch Andreas Haakh ah@alman.robin.de Andreas Kohout shanee@rabbit.augusta.de Andreas Lohr andreas@marvin.RoBIN.de Andreas Schulz unknown Andreas Wetzel mickey@deadline.snafu.de Andreas Wrede andreas@planix.com Andres Vega Garcia unknown Andrew Atrens atreand@statcan.ca Andrew Boothman andrew@cream.org Andrew Gillham gillham@andrews.edu Andrew Gordon andrew.gordon@net-tel.co.uk Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew J. Korty ajk@purdue.edu Andrew L. Moore alm@mclink.com Andrew McRae amcrae@cisco.com Andrew Stevenson andrew@ugh.net.au Andrew Timonin tim@pool1.convey.ru Andrew V. Stesin stesin@elvisti.kiev.ua Andrew Webster awebster@dataradio.com Andrey Zakhvatov andy@icc.surw.chel.su Andy Farkas andyf@speednet.com.au Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com Andy Whitcroft andy@sarc.city.ac.uk Angelo Turetta ATuretta@stylo.it Anthony C. Chavez magus@xmission.com Anthony Yee-Hang Chan yeehang@netcom.com Anton Berezin tobez@plab.ku.dk Antti Kaipila anttik@iki.fi Are Bryne are.bryne@communique.no Ari Suutari ari@suutari.iki.fi Arjan de Vet devet@IAEhv.nl Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Assar Westerlund assar@sics.se Atsushi Furuta furuta@sra.co.jp Atsushi Murai amurai@spec.co.jp Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Bierbauch pivrnec@vszbr.cz Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Ben Hutchinson benhutch@xfiles.org.uk Ben Jackson unknown Ben Smithurst ben@scientia.demon.co.uk Ben Walter bwalter@itachi.swcp.com Benjamin Lewis bhlewis@gte.net Bernd Rosauer br@schiele-ct.de Bill Kish kish@osf.org Bill Trost trost@cloud.rain.com Blaz Zupan blaz@amis.net Bob Van Valzah Bob@whitebarn.com Bob Willcox bob@luke.pmr.com Boris Staeblow balu@dva.in-berlin.de Boyd R. Faulkner faulkner@asgard.bga.com Brad Karp karp@eecs.harvard.edu Bradley Dunn bradley@dunn.org Brandon Fosdick bfoz@glue.umd.edu Brandon Gillespie brandon@roguetrader.com &a.wlloyd Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Boyd Faulkner faulkner@mpd.tandem.com Brent J. Nordquist bjn@visi.com Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Brett Taylor brett@peloton.physics.montana.edu Brian Campbell brianc@pobox.com Brian Clapper bmc@willscreek.com Brian Cully shmit@kublai.com Brian Handy handy@lambic.space.lockheed.com Brian Litzinger brian@MediaCity.com Brian McGovern bmcgover@cisco.com Brian Moore ziff@houdini.eecs.umich.edu Brian R. Haug haug@conterra.com Brian Tao taob@risc.org Brion Moss brion@queeg.com Bruce A. Mah bmah@ca.sandia.gov Bruce Albrecht bruce@zuhause.mn.org Bruce Gingery bgingery@gtcs.com Bruce J. Keeler loodvrij@gridpoint.com Bruce Murphy packrat@iinet.net.au Bruce Walter walter@fortean.com Carey Jones mcj@acquiesce.org Carl Fongheiser cmf@netins.net Carl Mascott cmascott@world.std.com Casper casper@acc.am Castor Fu castor@geocast.com Cejka Rudolf cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz Chain Lee chain@110.net Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Charles Henrich henrich@msu.edu Charles Mott cmott@srv.net Charles Owens owensc@enc.edu Chet Ramey chet@odin.INS.CWRU.Edu Chia-liang Kao clkao@CirX.ORG Chiharu Shibata chi@bd.mbn.or.jp Chip Norkus unknown Choi Jun Ho junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr Chris Costello chris@calldei.com Chris Csanady cc@tarsier.ca.sandia.gov Chris Dabrowski chris@vader.org Chris Dillon cdillon@wolves.k12.mo.us Chris Shenton cshenton@angst.it.hq.nasa.gov Chris Stenton jacs@gnome.co.uk Chris Timmons skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christian Gusenbauer cg@fimp01.fim.uni-linz.ac.at Christian Haury Christian.Haury@sagem.fr Christian Weisgerber naddy@bigeye.rhein-neckar.de Christoph P. Kukulies kuku@FreeBSD.org Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Christoph Weber-Fahr wefa@callcenter.systemhaus.net Christopher G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Christopher T. Johnson cjohnson@neunacht.netgsi.com Chrisy Luke chrisy@flix.net Chuck Hein chein@cisco.com Clive Lin clive@CiRX.ORG Colman Reilly careilly@tcd.ie Conrad Sabatier conrads@neosoft.com Coranth Gryphon gryphon@healer.com Cornelis van der Laan nils@guru.ims.uni-stuttgart.de Cove Schneider cove@brazil.nbn.com Craig Leres leres@ee.lbl.gov Craig Loomis unknown Craig Metz cmetz@inner.net Craig Spannring cts@internetcds.com Craig Struble cstruble@vt.edu Cristian Ferretti cfs@riemann.mat.puc.cl Curt Mayer curt@toad.com Cy Schubert cschuber@uumail.gov.bc.ca DI. Christian Gusenbauer cg@scotty.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at Dai Ishijima ishijima@tri.pref.osaka.jp Damian Hamill damian@cablenet.net Dan Cross tenser@spitfire.ecsel.psu.edu Dan Lukes dan@obluda.cz Dan Nelson dnelson@emsphone.com Dan Walters hannibal@cyberstation.net Daniel M. Eischen deischen@iworks.InterWorks.org Daniel O'Connor doconnor@gsoft.com.au Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Daniel Rock rock@cs.uni-sb.de Danny Egen unknown Danny J. Zerkel dzerkel@phofarm.com Darren Reed avalon@coombs.anu.edu.au Dave Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu Dave Andersen angio@aros.net Dave Blizzard dblizzar@sprynet.com Dave Bodenstab imdave@synet.net Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Chapeskie dchapes@ddm.on.ca Dave Cornejo dave@dogwood.com Dave Edmondson davided@sco.com Dave Glowacki dglo@ssec.wisc.edu Dave Marquardt marquard@austin.ibm.com Dave Tweten tweten@FreeBSD.org David A. Adkins adkin003@tc.umn.edu David A. Bader dbader@umiacs.umd.edu David Borman dab@bsdi.com David Dawes dawes@XFree86.org David Filo filo@yahoo.com David Holland dholland@eecs.harvard.edu David Holloway daveh@gwythaint.tamis.com David Horwitt dhorwitt@ucsd.edu David Hovemeyer daveho@infocom.com David Jones dej@qpoint.torfree.net David Kelly dkelly@tomcat1.tbe.com David Kulp dkulp@neomorphic.com David L. Nugent davidn@blaze.net.au David Leonard d@scry.dstc.edu.au David Malone dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie David Muir Sharnoff muir@idiom.com David S. Miller davem@jenolan.rutgers.edu David Wolfskill dhw@whistle.com Dean Gaudet dgaudet@arctic.org Dean Huxley dean@fsa.ca Denis Fortin unknown Dennis Glatting dennis.glatting@software-munitions.com Denton Gentry denny1@home.com Derek Inksetter derek@saidev.com Dima Sivachenko dima@Chg.RU Dirk Keunecke dk@panda.rhein-main.de Dirk Nehrling nerle@pdv.de Dmitry Khrustalev dima@xyzzy.machaon.ru Dmitry Kohmanyuk dk@farm.org Dom Mitchell dom@myrddin.demon.co.uk Dominik Brettnacher domi@saargate.de Don Croyle croyle@gelemna.ft-wayne.in.us &a.whiteside; Don Morrison dmorrisn@u.washington.edu Don Yuniskis dgy@rtd.com Donald Maddox dmaddox@conterra.com Doug Barton studded@dal.net Douglas Ambrisko ambrisko@whistle.com Douglas Carmichael dcarmich@mcs.com Douglas Crosher dtc@scrooge.ee.swin.oz.au Drew Derbyshire ahd@kew.com Duncan Barclay dmlb@ragnet.demon.co.uk Dustin Sallings dustin@spy.net Eckart "Isegrim" Hofmann Isegrim@Wunder-Nett.org Ed Gold vegold01@starbase.spd.louisville.edu Ed Hudson elh@p5.spnet.com Edward Wang edward@edcom.com Edwin Groothus edwin@nwm.wan.philips.com Eiji-usagi-MATSUmoto usagi@clave.gr.jp ELISA Font Project Elmar Bartel bartel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Eric A. Griff eagriff@global2000.net Eric Blood eblood@cs.unr.edu Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Eric J. Schwertfeger eric@cybernut.com Eric L. Hernes erich@lodgenet.com Eric P. Scott eps@sirius.com Eric Sprinkle eric@ennovatenetworks.com Erich Stefan Boleyn erich@uruk.org Erik E. Rantapaa rantapaa@math.umn.edu Erik H. Moe ehm@cris.com Ernst Winter ewinter@lobo.muc.de Espen Skoglund espensk@stud.cs.uit.no> Eugene M. Kim astralblue@usa.net Eugene Radchenko genie@qsar.chem.msu.su Evan Champion evanc@synapse.net Faried Nawaz fn@Hungry.COM Flemming Jacobsen fj@tfs.com Fong-Ching Liaw fong@juniper.net Francis M J Hsieh mjshieh@life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Bartels knarf@camelot.de Frank Chen Hsiung Chan frankch@waru.life.nthu.edu.tw Frank Durda IV uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org Frank MacLachlan fpm@n2.net Frank Nobis fn@Radio-do.de Frank Volf volf@oasis.IAEhv.nl Frank ten Wolde franky@pinewood.nl Frank van der Linden frank@fwi.uva.nl Fred Cawthorne fcawth@jjarray.umn.edu Fred Gilham gilham@csl.sri.com Fred Templin templin@erg.sri.com Frederick Earl Gray fgray@rice.edu FUJIMOTO Kensaku fujimoto@oscar.elec.waseda.ac.jp FUJISHIMA Satsuki k5@respo.or.jp FURUSAWA Kazuhisa furusawa@com.cs.osakafu-u.ac.jp Gabor Kincses gabor@acm.org Gabor Zahemszky zgabor@CoDe.hu G. Adam Stanislavadam@whizkidtech.net Garance A Drosehn gad@eclipse.its.rpi.edu Gareth McCaughan gjm11@dpmms.cam.ac.uk Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Gary J. garyj@rks32.pcs.dec.com Gary Kline kline@thought.org Gaspar Chilingarov nightmar@lemming.acc.am Gea-Suan Lin gsl@tpts4.seed.net.tw Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Georg Wagner georg.wagner@ubs.com Gerard Roudier groudier@club-internet.fr Gianmarco Giovannelli gmarco@giovannelli.it Gil Kloepfer Jr. gil@limbic.ssdl.com Gilad Rom rom_glsa@ein-hashofet.co.il Ginga Kawaguti ginga@amalthea.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Giles Lean giles@nemeton.com.au Glen Foster gfoster@gfoster.com Glenn Johnson gljohns@bellsouth.net Godmar Back gback@facility.cs.utah.edu Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Gord Matzigkeit gord@enci.ucalgary.ca Gordon Greeff gvg@uunet.co.za Graham Wheeler gram@cdsec.com Greg A. Woods woods@zeus.leitch.com Greg Ansley gja@ansley.com Greg Troxel gdt@ir.bbn.com Greg Ungerer gerg@stallion.oz.au Gregory Bond gnb@itga.com.au Gregory D. Moncreaff moncrg@bt340707.res.ray.com Guy Harris guy@netapp.com Guy Helmer ghelmer@cs.iastate.edu HAMADA Naoki hamada@astec.co.jp HONDA Yasuhiro honda@kashio.info.mie-u.ac.jp HOSOBUCHI Noriyuki hoso@buchi.tama.or.jp Hannu Savolainen hannu@voxware.pp.fi Hans Huebner hans@artcom.de Hans Petter Bieker zerium@webindex.no Hans Zuidam hans@brandinnovators.com Harlan Stenn Harlan.Stenn@pfcs.com Harold Barker hbarker@dsms.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Heikki Suonsivu hsu@cs.hut.fi Heiko W. Rupp unknown Helmut F. Wirth hfwirth@ping.at Henrik Vestergaard Draboel hvd@terry.ping.dk Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Hideaki Ohmon ohmon@tom.sfc.keio.ac.jp Hidekazu Kuroki hidekazu@cs.titech.ac.jp Hideki Yamamoto hyama@acm.org Hideyuki Suzuki hideyuki@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hirayama Issei iss@mail.wbs.ne.jp Hiroaki Sakai sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Hiroharu Tamaru tamaru@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Hironori Ikura hikura@kaisei.org Hiroshi Nishikawa nis@pluto.dti.ne.jp Hiroya Tsubakimoto unknown Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Holm Tiffe holm@geophysik.tu-freiberg.de Horance Chou horance@freedom.ie.cycu.edu.tw Horihiro Kumagai kuma@jp.FreeBSD.org HOTARU-YA hotaru@tail.net Hr.Ladavac lada@ws2301.gud.siemens.co.at Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.ORG Hugh F. Mahon hugh@nsmdserv.cnd.hp.com Hugh Mahon h_mahon@fc.hp.com Hung-Chi Chu hcchu@r350.ee.ntu.edu.tw IMAI Takeshi take-i@ceres.dti.ne.jp IMAMURA Tomoaki tomoak-i@is.aist-nara.ac.jp Ian Dowse iedowse@maths.tcd.ie Ian Holland ianh@tortuga.com.au Ian Struble ian@broken.net Ian Vaudrey i.vaudrey@bigfoot.com Igor Khasilev igor@jabber.paco.odessa.ua Igor Roshchin str@giganda.komkon.org Igor Sviridov siac@ua.net Igor Vinokurov igor@zynaps.ru Ikuo Nakagawa ikuo@isl.intec.co.jp Ilya V. Komarov mur@lynx.ru Issei Suzuki issei@jp.FreeBSD.org Itsuro Saito saito@miv.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp J. Bryant jbryant@argus.flash.net J. David Lowe lowe@saturn5.com J. Han hjh@best.com J. Hawk jhawk@MIT.EDU J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com J.T. Jang keith@email.gcn.net.tw Jack jack@zeus.xtalwind.net Jacob Bohn Lorensen jacob@jblhome.ping.mk Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com Jake Burkholder jake@checker.org Jake Hamby jehamby@lightside.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James D. Stewart jds@c4systm.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James Raynard fhackers@jraynard.demon.co.uk James T. Liu jtliu@phlebas.rockefeller.edu James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu Jan Conard charly@fachschaften.tu-muenchen.de Jan Koum jkb@FreeBSD.org Janick Taillandier Janick.Taillandier@ratp.fr Janusz Kokot janek@gaja.ipan.lublin.pl Jarle Greipsland jarle@idt.unit.no Jason Garman init@risen.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Jason Wright jason@OpenBSD.org Jason Young doogie@forbidden-donut.anet-stl.com Javier Martin Rueda jmrueda@diatel.upm.es Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jaye Mathisen mrcpu@cdsnet.net Jeff Bartig jeffb@doit.wisc.edu Jeff Forys jeff@forys.cranbury.nj.us Jeff Kletsky Jeff@Wagsky.com Jeffrey Evans evans@scnc.k12.mi.us Jeffrey Wheat jeff@cetlink.net Jens Schweikhardt schweikh@noc.dfn.d Jeremy Allison jallison@whistle.com Jeremy Chatfield jdc@xinside.com Jeremy Lea reg@shale.csir.co.za Jeremy Prior unknown Jeroen Ruigrok/Asmodai asmodai@wxs.nl Jesse Rosenstock jmr@ugcs.caltech.edu Jian-Da Li jdli@csie.nctu.edu.tw Jim Babb babb@FreeBSD.org Jim Binkley jrb@cs.pdx.edu Jim Carroll jim@carroll.com Jim Flowers jflowers@ezo.net Jim Leppek jleppek@harris.com Jim Lowe james@cs.uwm.edu Jim Mattson jmattson@sonic.net Jim Mercer jim@komodo.reptiles.org Jim Mock jim@phrantic.phear.net Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jimbo Bahooli griffin@blackhole.iceworld.org Jin Guojun jin@george.lbl.gov Joachim Kuebart unknown Joao Carlos Mendes Luis jonny@jonny.eng.br Jochen Pohl jpo.drs@sni.de Joe "Marcus" Clarke marcus@miami.edu Joe Abley jabley@clear.co.nz Joe Jih-Shian Lu jslu@dns.ntu.edu.tw Joe Orthoefer j_orthoefer@tia.net Joe Traister traister@mojozone.org Joel Faedi Joel.Faedi@esial.u-nancy.fr Joel Ray Holveck joelh@gnu.org Joel Sutton sutton@aardvark.apana.org.au Johan Granlund johan@granlund.nu Johan Karlsson k@numeri.campus.luth.se Johan Larsson johan@moon.campus.luth.se Johann Tonsing jtonsing@mikom.csir.co.za Johannes Helander unknown Johannes Stille unknown John Baldwin jobaldwi@vt.edu John Beckett jbeckett@southern.edu John Beukema jbeukema@hk.super.net John Brezak unknown John Capo jc@irbs.com John F. Woods jfw@jfwhome.funhouse.com John Goerzen jgoerzen@alexanderwohl.complete.org John Hay jhay@mikom.csir.co.za John Heidemann johnh@isi.edu John Hood cgull@owl.org John Kohl unknown John Lind john@starfire.mn.org John Mackin john@physiol.su.oz.au John P johnp@lodgenet.com John Perry perry@vishnu.alias.net John Preisler john@vapornet.com John Rochester jr@cs.mun.ca John Sadler john_sadler@alum.mit.edu John Saunders john@pacer.nlc.net.au John W. DeBoskey jwd@unx.sas.com John Wehle john@feith.com John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jon Morgan morgan@terminus.trailblazer.com Jonathan H N Chin jc254@newton.cam.ac.uk Jonathan Hanna jh@pc-21490.bc.rogers.wave.ca Jorge Goncalves j@bug.fe.up.pt Jorge M. Goncalves ee96199@tom.fe.up.pt Jos Backus jbackus@plex.nl Jose M. Alcaide jose@we.lc.ehu.es Jose Marques jose@nobody.org Josef Grosch jgrosch@superior.mooseriver.com Josef Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Joseph Stein joes@wstein.com Josh Gilliam josh@quick.net Josh Tiefenbach josh@ican.net Juergen Lock nox@jelal.hb.north.de Juha Inkari inkari@cc.hut.fi Jukka A. Ukkonen jua@iki.fi Julian Assange proff@suburbia.net Julian Coleman j.d.coleman@ncl.ac.uk &a.jhs Julian Jenkins kaveman@magna.com.au Junichi Satoh junichi@jp.FreeBSD.org Junji SAKAI sakai@jp.FreeBSD.org Junya WATANABE junya-w@remus.dti.ne.jp K.Higashino a00303@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp KUNISHIMA Takeo kunishi@c.oka-pu.ac.jp Kai Vorma vode@snakemail.hut.fi Kaleb S. Keithley kaleb@ics.com Kaneda Hiloshi vanitas@ma3.seikyou.ne.jp Kapil Chowksey kchowksey@hss.hns.com Karl Denninger karl@mcs.com Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com Kato Takenori kato@eclogite.eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp Kawanobe Koh kawanobe@st.rim.or.jp Kazuhiko Kiriyama kiri@kiri.toba-cmt.ac.jp Kazuo Horikawa horikawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Kees Jan Koster kjk1@ukc.ac.uk Keith Bostic bostic@bostic.com Keith E. Walker unknown Keith Moore unknown Keith Sklower unknown Ken Hornstein unknown Ken Key key@cs.utk.edu Ken Mayer kmayer@freegate.com Kenji Saito marukun@mx2.nisiq.net Kenji Tomita tommyk@da2.so-net.or.jp Kenneth Furge kenneth.furge@us.endress.com Kenneth Monville desmo@bandwidth.org Kenneth R. Westerback krw@tcn.net Kenneth Stailey kstailey@gnu.ai.mit.edu Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kent Vander Velden graphix@iastate.edu Kentaro Inagaki JBD01226@niftyserve.ne.jp Kevin Bracey kbracey@art.acorn.co.uk Kevin Day toasty@dragondata.com Kevin Lahey kml@nas.nasa.gov Kevin Lokevlo@hello.com.tw Kevin Street street@iname.com Kevin Van Maren vanmaren@fast.cs.utah.edu Kiroh HARADA kiroh@kh.rim.or.jp Klaus Klein kleink@layla.inka.de Klaus-J. Wolf Yanestra@t-online.de Koichi Sato copan@ppp.fastnet.or.jp Kostya Lukin lukin@okbmei.msk.su Kouichi Hirabayashi kh@mogami-wire.co.jp Kurt D. Zeilenga Kurt@Boolean.NET Kurt Olsen kurto@tiny.mcs.usu.edu L. Jonas Olsson ljo@ljo-slip.DIALIN.CWRU.Edu Lars Köller Lars.Koeller@Uni-Bielefeld.DE Larry Altneu larry@ALR.COM Laurence Lopez lopez@mv.mv.com Lee Cremeans lcremean@tidalwave.net Liang Tai-hwa avatar@www.mmlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw Lon Willett lon%softt.uucp@math.utah.edu Louis A. Mamakos louie@TransSys.COM Louis Mamakos loiue@TransSys.com Lucas James Lucas.James@ldjpc.apana.org.au Lyndon Nerenberg lyndon@orthanc.com M.C. Wong unknown MANTANI Nobutaka nobutaka@nobutaka.com MIHIRA Sanpei Yoshiro sanpei@sanpei.org - MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + MITA Yoshio mita@jp.FreeBSD.org MITSUNAGA Noriaki mitchy@er.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp MOROHOSHI Akihiko moro@race.u-tokyo.ac.jp Magnus Enbom dot@tinto.campus.luth.se Mahesh Neelakanta mahesh@gcomm.com Makoto MATSUSHITA matusita@jp.FreeBSD.org Makoto WATANABE watanabe@zlab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp Malte Lance malte.lance@gmx.net Manu Iyengar iyengar@grunthos.pscwa.psca.com Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Marc Ramirez mrami@mramirez.sy.yale.edu Marc Slemko marcs@znep.com Marc van Kempen wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl Marc van Woerkom van.woerkom@netcologne.de Marcel Moolenaar marcel@scc.nl Mario Sergio Fujikawa Ferreira lioux@gns.com.br Mark Andrews unknown Mark Cammidge mark@gmtunx.ee.uct.ac.za Mark Diekhans markd@grizzly.com Mark Huizer xaa@stack.nl Mark J. Taylor mtaylor@cybernet.com Mark Krentel krentel@rice.edu Mark Mayo markm@vmunix.com Mark Thompson thompson@tgsoft.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu Mark Treacy unknown Mark Valentine mark@linus.demon.co.uk Martin Birgmeier Martin Ibert mib@ppe.bb-data.de Martin Kammerhofer dada@sbox.tu-graz.ac.at Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Martti Kuparinen martti.kuparinen@ericsson.com Masachika ISHIZUKA ishizuka@isis.min.ntt.jp Mas.TAKEMURA unknown Masafumi NAKANE max@wide.ad.jp Masahiro Sekiguchi seki@sysrap.cs.fujitsu.co.jp Masanobu Saitoh msaitoh@spa.is.uec.ac.jp Masanori Kanaoka kana@saijo.mke.mei.co.jp Masanori Kiriake seiken@ARGV.AC Masatoshi TAMURA tamrin@shinzan.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp Mats Lofkvist mal@algonet.se Matt Bartley mbartley@lear35.cytex.com Matt Thomas matt@3am-software.com Matt White mwhite+@CMU.EDU Matthew C. Mead mmead@Glock.COM Matthew Cashdollar mattc@rfcnet.com Matthew Flatt mflatt@cs.rice.edu Matthew Fuller fullermd@futuresouth.com Matthew Stein matt@bdd.net Matthias Pfaller leo@dachau.marco.de Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Mattias Gronlund Mattias.Gronlund@sa.erisoft.se Mattias Pantzare pantzer@ludd.luth.se Maurice Castro maurice@planet.serc.rmit.edu.au Max Euston meuston@jmrodgers.com Max Khon fjoe@husky.iclub.nsu.ru Maxim Bolotin max@rsu.ru Micha Class michael_class@hpbbse.bbn.hp.com Michael Butler imb@scgt.oz.au Michael Butschky butsch@computi.erols.com Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org - Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.ORG + Michael Elbel me@FreeBSD.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Michael Hancock michaelh@cet.co.jp Michael Hohmuth hohmuth@inf.tu-dresden.de Michael Perlman canuck@caam.rice.edu Michael Petry petry@netwolf.NetMasters.com Michael Reifenberger root@totum.plaut.de Michael Searle searle@longacre.demon.co.uk Michal Listos mcl@Amnesiac.123.org Michio Karl Jinbo karl@marcer.nagaokaut.ac.jp Miguel Angel Sagreras msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar Mihoko Tanaka m_tonaka@pa.yokogawa.co.jp Mika Nystrom mika@cs.caltech.edu Mikael Hybsch micke@dynas.se Mikael Karpberg karpen@ocean.campus.luth.se Mike Del repenting@hotmail.com Mike Durian durian@plutotech.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Mike E. Matsnev mike@azog.cs.msu.su Mike Evans mevans@candle.com Mike Grupenhoff kashmir@umiacs.umd.edu Mike Hibler mike@marker.cs.utah.edu Mike Karels unknown Mike McGaughey mmcg@cs.monash.edu.au Mike Meyer mwm@shiva.the-park.com Mike Mitchell mitchell@ref.tfs.com Mike Murphy mrm@alpharel.com Mike Peck mike@binghamton.edu Mike Spengler mks@msc.edu Mikhail A. Sokolov mishania@demos.su Mikhail Teterin mi@aldan.ziplink.net Ming-I Hseh PA@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Mitsuru IWASAKI iwasaki@pc.jaring.my Mitsuru Yoshida mitsuru@riken.go.jp Monte Mitzelfelt monte@gonefishing.org Morgan Davis root@io.cts.com Mostyn Lewis mostyn@mrl.com Motomichi Matsuzaki mzaki@e-mail.ne.jp Motoyuki Kasahara m-kasahr@sra.co.jp Motoyuki Konno motoyuki@snipe.rim.or.jp Munechika Sumikawa sumikawa@kame.net Murray Stokely murray@cdrom.com N.G.Smith ngs@sesame.hensa.ac.uk NAGAO Tadaaki nagao@cs.titech.ac.jp NAKAJI Hiroyuki nakaji@tutrp.tut.ac.jp NAKAMURA Kazushi nkazushi@highway.or.jp NAKAMURA Motonori motonori@econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp NIIMI Satoshi sa2c@and.or.jp NOKUBI Hirotaka h-nokubi@yyy.or.jp Nadav Eiron nadav@barcode.co.il Nanbor Wang nw1@cs.wustl.edu Naofumi Honda honda@Kururu.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Narvi narvi@haldjas.folklore.ee Nathan Ahlstrom nrahlstr@winternet.com Nathan Dorfman nathan@rtfm.net Neal Fachan kneel@ishiboo.com Neil Blakey-Milner nbm@rucus.ru.ac.za Niall Smart rotel@indigo.ie Nick Barnes Nick.Barnes@pobox.com Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com Nick Hilliard nick@foobar.org &a.nsayer; Nick Williams njw@cs.city.ac.uk Nickolay N. Dudorov nnd@itfs.nsk.su Niklas Hallqvist niklas@filippa.appli.se Nisha Talagala nisha@cs.berkeley.edu No Name ZW6T-KND@j.asahi-net.or.jp No Name adrian@virginia.edu No Name alex@elvisti.kiev.ua No Name anto@netscape.net No Name bobson@egg.ics.nitch.ac.jp No Name bovynf@awe.be No Name burg@is.ge.com No Name chris@gnome.co.uk No Name colsen@usa.net No Name coredump@nervosa.com No Name dannyman@arh0300.urh.uiuc.edu No Name davids@SECNET.COM No Name derek@free.org No Name devet@adv.IAEhv.nl No Name djv@bedford.net No Name dvv@sprint.net No Name enami@ba2.so-net.or.jp No Name flash@eru.tubank.msk.su No Name flash@hway.ru No Name fn@pain.csrv.uidaho.edu No Name gclarkii@netport.neosoft.com No Name gordon@sheaky.lonestar.org No Name graaf@iae.nl No Name greg@greg.rim.or.jp No Name grossman@cygnus.com No Name gusw@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de No Name hfir@math.rochester.edu No Name hnokubi@yyy.or.jp No Name iaint@css.tuu.utas.edu.au No Name invis@visi.com No Name ishisone@sra.co.jp No Name iverson@lionheart.com No Name jpt@magic.net No Name junker@jazz.snu.ac.kr No Name k-sugyou@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp No Name kenji@reseau.toyonaka.osaka.jp No Name kfurge@worldnet.att.net No Name lh@aus.org No Name lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie No Name mrgreen@mame.mu.oz.au No Name nakagawa@jp.FreeBSD.org No Name ohki@gssm.otsuka.tsukuba.ac.jp No Name owaki@st.rim.or.jp No Name pechter@shell.monmouth.com No Name pete@pelican.pelican.com No Name pritc003@maroon.tc.umn.edu No Name risner@stdio.com No Name roman@rpd.univ.kiev.ua No Name root@ns2.redline.ru No Name root@uglabgw.ug.cs.sunysb.edu No Name stephen.ma@jtec.com.au No Name sumii@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp No Name takas-su@is.aist-nara.ac.jp No Name tamone@eig.unige.ch No Name tjevans@raleigh.ibm.com No Name tony-o@iij.ad.jp amurai@spec.co.jp No Name torii@tcd.hitachi.co.jp No Name uenami@imasy.or.jp No Name uhlar@netlab.sk No Name vode@hut.fi No Name wlloyd@mpd.ca No Name wlr@furball.wellsfargo.com No Name wmbfmk@urc.tue.nl No Name yamagata@nwgpc.kek.jp No Name ziggy@ryan.org Nobuhiro Yasutomi nobu@psrc.isac.co.jp Nobuyuki Koganemaru kogane@koganemaru.co.jp Norio Suzuki nosuzuki@e-mail.ne.jp - Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + Noritaka Ishizumi graphite@jp.FreeBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@sra.co.jp Oh Junseon hollywar@mail.holywar.net Olaf Wagner wagner@luthien.in-berlin.de Oleg Sharoiko os@rsu.ru Oliver Breuninger ob@seicom.NET Oliver Friedrichs oliver@secnet.com Oliver Fromme oliver.fromme@heim3.tu-clausthal.de Oliver Laumann net@informatik.uni-bremen.de Oliver Oberdorf oly@world.std.com Olof Johansson offe@ludd.luth.se - Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@freebsd.org.ru + Osokin Sergey aka oZZ ozz@FreeBSD.org.ru Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paco Rosich rosich@modico.eleinf.uv.es Palle Girgensohn girgen@partitur.se Parag Patel parag@cgt.com Pascal Pederiva pascal@zuo.dec.com Pasvorn Boonmark boonmark@juniper.net Patrick Gardella patrick@cre8tivegroup.com Patrick Hausen unknown Paul Antonov apg@demos.su Paul F. Werkowski unknown Paul Fox pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us Paul Koch koch@thehub.com.au Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Paul S. LaFollette, Jr. unknown Paul Saab paul@mu.org Paul Sandys myj@nyct.net Paul T. Root proot@horton.iaces.com Paul Vixie paul@vix.com Paulo Menezes paulo@isr.uc.pt Paulo Menezes pm@dee.uc.pt Pedro A M Vazquez vazquez@IQM.Unicamp.BR Pedro Giffuni giffunip@asme.org Pete Bentley pete@demon.net Peter Childs pjchilds@imforei.apana.org.au Peter Cornelius pc@inr.fzk.de Peter Haight peterh@prognet.com Peter Jeremy perer.jeremy@alcatel.com.au Peter M. Chen pmchen@eecs.umich.edu Peter Much peter@citylink.dinoex.sub.org Peter Olsson unknown Peter Philipp pjp@bsd-daemon.net Peter Stubbs PETERS@staidan.qld.edu.au Phil Maker pjm@cs.ntu.edu.au Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au Phil Taylor phil@zipmail.co.uk Philip Musumeci philip@rmit.edu.au Pierre Y. Dampure pierre.dampure@k2c.co.uk Pius Fischer pius@ienet.com Pomegranate daver@flag.blackened.net Powerdog Industries kevin.ruddy@powerdog.com R. Kym Horsell Rajesh Vaidheeswarran rv@fore.com Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Randal S. Masutani randal@comtest.com Randall Hopper rhh@ct.picker.com Randall W. Dean rwd@osf.org Randy Bush rbush@bainbridge.verio.net Reinier Bezuidenhout rbezuide@mikom.csir.co.za Remy Card Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr Ricardas Cepas rch@richard.eu.org Riccardo Veraldi veraldi@cs.unibo.it Richard Henderson richard@atheist.tamu.edu Richard Hwang rhwang@bigpanda.com Richard Kiss richard@homemail.com Richard J Kuhns rjk@watson.grauel.com Richard M. Neswold rneswold@drmemory.fnal.gov Richard Seaman, Jr. dick@tar.com Richard Stallman rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu Richard Straka straka@user1.inficad.com Richard Tobin richard@cogsci.ed.ac.uk Richard Wackerbarth rkw@Dataplex.NET Richard Winkel rich@math.missouri.edu Richard Wiwatowski rjwiwat@adelaide.on.net Rick Macklem rick@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Rick Macklin unknown Rob Austein sra@epilogue.com Rob Mallory rmallory@qualcomm.com Rob Snow rsnow@txdirect.net Robert Crowe bob@speakez.com Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Robert Eckardt roberte@MEP.Ruhr-Uni-Bochum.de Robert Sanders rsanders@mindspring.com Robert Sexton robert@kudra.com Robert Shady rls@id.net Robert Swindells swindellsr@genrad.co.uk Robert Watson robert@cyrus.watson.org Robert Withrow witr@rwwa.com Robert Yoder unknown Robin Carey robin@mailgate.dtc.rankxerox.co.uk Roger Hardiman roger@cs.strath.ac.uk Roland Jesse jesse@cs.uni-magdeburg.de Ron Bickers rbickers@intercenter.net Ron Lenk rlenk@widget.xmission.com Ronald Kuehn kuehn@rz.tu-clausthal.de Rudolf Cejka unknown Ruslan Belkin rus@home2.UA.net Ruslan Ermilov ru@ucb.crimea.ua Ruslan Shevchenko rssh@cam.grad.kiev.ua Russell L. Carter rcarter@pinyon.org Russell Vincent rv@groa.uct.ac.za Ryan Younce ryany@pobox.com Ryuichiro IMURA imura@cs.titech.ac.jp SANETO Takanori sanewo@strg.sony.co.jp SAWADA Mizuki miz@qb3.so-net.ne.jp - SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.ORG + SUGIMURA Takashi sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org SURANYI Peter suranyip@jks.is.tsukuba.ac.jp Sakai Hiroaki sakai@miya.ee.kagu.sut.ac.jp Sakari Jalovaara sja@tekla.fi Sam Hartman hartmans@mit.edu Samuel Lam skl@ScalableNetwork.com Samuele Zannoli zannoli@cs.unibo.it Sander Vesik sander@haldjas.folklore.ee Sandro Sigala ssigala@globalnet.it Sascha Blank blank@fox.uni-trier.de Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Satoh Junichi junichi@astec.co.jp Scot Elliott scot@poptart.org Scot W. Hetzel hetzels@westbend.net Scott A. Kenney saken@rmta.ml.org Scott Blachowicz scott.blachowicz@seaslug.org Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Hazen Mueller scott@zorch.sf-bay.org Scott Michel scottm@cs.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sebastian Strollo seb@erix.ericsson.se Serge A. Babkin babkin@hq.icb.chel.su Serge V. Vakulenko vak@zebub.msk.su Sergei Chechetkin csl@whale.sunbay.crimea.ua Sergei S. Laskavy laskavy@pc759.cs.msu.su Sergey Gershtein sg@mplik.ru Sergey Potapov sp@alkor.ru Sergey Shkonda serg@bcs.zp.ua Sergey V.Dorokhov svd@kbtelecom.nalnet.ru Sergio Lenzi lenzi@bsi.com.br Shaun Courtney shaun@emma.eng.uct.ac.za Shawn M. Carey smcarey@mailbox.syr.edu Shigio Yamaguchi shigio@wafu.netgate.net Shinya Esu esu@yk.rim.or.jp Shuichi Tanaka stanaka@bb.mbn.or.jp Shunsuke Akiyama akiyama@jp.FreeBSD.org Simon simon@masi.ibp.fr Simon Burge simonb@telstra.com.au Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au Simon Marlow simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk Simon Shapiro shimon@simon-shapiro.org Sin'ichiro MIYATANI siu@phaseone.co.jp Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de Soochon Radee slr@mitre.org Soren Dayton csdayton@midway.uchicago.edu Soren Dossing sauber@netcom.com Soren S. Jorvang soren@dt.dk Stefan Bethke stb@hanse.de Stefan Eggers seggers@semyam.dinoco.de Stefan Moeding s.moeding@ndh.net Stefan Petri unknown Stefan `Sec` Zehl sec@42.org Steinar Haug sthaug@nethelp.no Stephane E. Potvin sepotvin@videotron.ca Stephane Legrand stephane@lituus.fr Stephen Clawson sclawson@marker.cs.utah.edu Stephen F. Combs combssf@salem.ge.com Stephen Farrell stephen@farrell.org Stephen Hocking sysseh@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen J. Roznowski sjr@home.net Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Stephen Melvin melvin@zytek.com Steve Bauer sbauer@rock.sdsmt.edu Steve Coltrin spcoltri@io.com Steve Deering unknown Steve Gerakines steve2@genesis.tiac.net Steve Gericke steveg@comtrol.com Steve Piette steve@simon.chi.il.US Steve Schwarz schwarz@alpharel.com Steven G. Kargl kargl@troutmask.apl.washington.edu Steven H. Samorodin samorodi@NUXI.com Steven McCanne mccanne@cs.berkeley.edu Steven Plite splite@purdue.edu Steven Wallace unknown Stuart Henderson stuart@internationalschool.co.uk Sue Blake sue@welearn.com.au Sugimoto Sadahiro ixtl@komaba.utmc.or.jp Sugiura Shiro ssugiura@duo.co.jp Sujal Patel smpatel@wam.umd.edu Sune Stjerneby stjerneby@usa.net Suzuki Yoshiaki zensyo@ann.tama.kawasaki.jp Tadashi Kumano kumano@strl.nhk.or.jp Taguchi Takeshi taguchi@tohoku.iij.ad.jp Takahiro Yugawa yugawa@orleans.rim.or.jp Takanori Watanabe takawata@shidahara1.planet.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp Takashi Mega mega@minz.org Takashi Uozu j1594016@ed.kagu.sut.ac.jp Takayuki Ariga a00821@cc.hc.keio.ac.jp Takeru NAIKI naiki@bfd.es.hokudai.ac.jp Takeshi Amaike amaike@iri.co.jp Takeshi MUTOH mutoh@info.nara-k.ac.jp Takeshi Ohashi ohashi@mickey.ai.kyutech.ac.jp Takeshi WATANABE watanabe@crayon.earth.s.kobe-u.ac.jp Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@makino.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp Tatoku Ogaito tacha@tera.fukui-med.ac.jp Tatsumi HOSOKAWA hosokawa@jp.FreeBSD.org Ted Buswell tbuswell@mediaone.net Ted Faber faber@isi.edu Ted Lemon mellon@isc.org Terry Lambert terry@lambert.org Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tetsuya Furukawa tetsuya@secom-sis.co.jp Theo de Raadt deraadt@OpenBSD.org Thomas thomas@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Thomas D. Dean tomdean@ix.netcom.com Thomas David Rivers rivers@dignus.com Thomas G. McWilliams tgm@netcom.com Thomas Gellekum thomas@ghpc8.ihf.rwth-aachen.de Thomas Graichen graichen@omega.physik.fu-berlin.de Thomas König Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de Thomas Ptacek unknown Thomas Stevens tas@stevens.org Thomas Stromberg tstrombe@rtci.com Thomas Valentino Crimi tcrimi+@andrew.cmu.edu Thomas Wintergerst thomas@lemur.nord.de Þórður Ívarsson totii@est.is Tim Kientzle kientzle@netcom.com Tim Singletary tsingle@sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov Tim Wilkinson tim@sarc.city.ac.uk Timo J. Rinne tri@iki.fi Todd Miller millert@openbsd.org Tom root@majestix.cmr.no Tom tom@sdf.com Tom Gray - DCA dcasba@rain.org Tom Jobbins tom@tom.tj Tom Pusateri pusateri@juniper.net Tom Rush tarush@mindspring.com Tom Samplonius tom@misery.sdf.com Tomohiko Kurahashi kura@melchior.q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Tony Kimball alk@Think.COM Tony Li tli@jnx.com Tony Lynn wing@cc.nsysu.edu.tw Tony Maher tonym@angis.org.au Torbjorn Granlund tege@matematik.su.se Toshihiko ARAI toshi@tenchi.ne.jp Toshihiko SHIMOKAWA toshi@tea.forus.or.jp Toshihiro Kanda candy@kgc.co.jp Toshiomi Moriki Toshiomi.Moriki@ma1.seikyou.ne.jp Trefor S. trefor@flevel.co.uk Trevor Blackwell tlb@viaweb.com URATA Shuichiro s-urata@nmit.tmg.nec.co.jp Udo Schweigert ust@cert.siemens.de Ugo Paternostro paterno@dsi.unifi.it Ulf Kieber kieber@sax.de Ulli Linzen ulli@perceval.camelot.de Ustimenko Semen semen@iclub.nsu.ru Uwe Arndt arndt@mailhost.uni-koblenz.de Vadim Chekan vadim@gc.lviv.ua Vadim Kolontsov vadim@tversu.ac.ru Vadim Mikhailov mvp@braz.ru Van Jacobson van@ee.lbl.gov Vasily V. Grechishnikov bazilio@ns1.ied-vorstu.ac.ru Vasim Valejev vasim@uddias.diaspro.com Vernon J. Schryver vjs@mica.denver.sgi.com Vic Abell abe@cc.purdue.edu Ville Eerola ve@sci.fi Vincent Poy vince@venus.gaianet.net Vincenzo Capuano VCAPUANO@vmprofs.esoc.esa.de Virgil Champlin champlin@pa.dec.com Vladimir A. Jakovenko vovik@ntu-kpi.kiev.ua Vladimir Kushnir kushn@mail.kar.net Vsevolod Lobko seva@alex-ua.com W. Gerald Hicks wghicks@bellsouth.net W. Richard Stevens rstevens@noao.edu Walt Howard howard@ee.utah.edu Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wayne Scott wscott@ichips.intel.com Werner Griessl werner@btp1da.phy.uni-bayreuth.de Wes Santee wsantee@wsantee.oz.net Wietse Venema wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@apple.com Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de Wilko Bulte wilko@yedi.iaf.nl Will Andrews andrews@technologist.com Willem Jan Withagen wjw@surf.IAE.nl William Jolitz withheld William Liao william@tale.net Wojtek Pilorz wpilorz@celebris.bdk.lublin.pl Wolfgang Helbig helbig@ba-stuttgart.de Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@FreeBSD.org Wu Ching-hong woju@FreeBSD.ee.Ntu.edu.TW Yarema yds@ingress.com Yaroslav Terletsky ts@polynet.lviv.ua Yasuhito FUTATSUKI futatuki@fureai.or.jp Yasuhiro Fukama yasuf@big.or.jp Yen-Shuo Su yssu@CCCA.NCTU.edu.tw Ying-Chieh Liao ijliao@csie.NCTU.edu.tw Yixin Jin yjin@rain.cs.ucla.edu Yoshiaki Uchikawa yoshiaki@kt.rim.or.jp Yoshihiko OHTA yohta@bres.tsukuba.ac.jp Yoshihisa NAKAGAWA y-nakaga@ccs.mt.nec.co.jp Yoshikazu Goto gotoh@ae.anritsu.co.jp Yoshimasa Ohnishi ohnishi@isc.kyutech.ac.jp Yoshishige Arai ryo2@on.rim.or.jp Yuichi MATSUTAKA matutaka@osa.att.ne.jp Yujiro MIYATA miyata@bioele.nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp Yukihiro Nakai nacai@iname.com Yusuke Nawano azuki@azkey.org Yuu Yashiki s974123@cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il Yves Fonk yves@cpcoup5.tn.tudelft.nl Yves Fonk yves@dutncp8.tn.tudelft.nl Zach Heilig zach@gaffaneys.com Zahemszhky Gabor zgabor@code.hu Zhong Ming-Xun zmx@mail.CDPA.nsysu.edu.tw arci vega@sophia.inria.fr der Mouse mouse@Collatz.McRCIM.McGill.EDU frf frf@xocolatl.com Ege Rekk aagero@aage.priv.no 386BSD Patch Kit Patch Contributors (in alphabetical order by first name): Adam Glass glass@postgres.berkeley.edu Adrian Hall adrian@ibmpcug.co.uk Andrey A. Chernov ache@astral.msk.su Andrew Herbert andrew@werple.apana.org.au Andrew Moore alm@netcom.com Andy Valencia ajv@csd.mot.com jtk@netcom.com Arne Henrik Juul arnej@Lise.Unit.NO Bakul Shah bvs@bitblocks.com Barry Lustig barry@ictv.com Bob Wilcox bob@obiwan.uucp Branko Lankester Brett Lymn blymn@mulga.awadi.com.AU Charles Hannum mycroft@ai.mit.edu Chris G. Demetriou cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu Chris Torek torek@ee.lbl.gov Christoph Robitschko chmr@edvz.tu-graz.ac.at Daniel Poirot poirot@aio.jsc.nasa.gov Dave Burgess burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil Dave Rivers rivers@ponds.uucp David Dawes dawes@physics.su.OZ.AU David Greenman dg@Root.COM Eric J. Haug ejh@slustl.slu.edu Felix Gaehtgens felix@escape.vsse.in-berlin.de Frank Maclachlan fpm@crash.cts.com Gary A. Browning gab10@griffcd.amdahl.com Gary Howland gary@hotlava.com Geoff Rehmet csgr@alpha.ru.ac.za Goran Hammarback goran@astro.uu.se Guido van Rooij guido@gvr.org Guy Harris guy@auspex.com Havard Eidnes Havard.Eidnes@runit.sintef.no Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@novatel.cuc.ab.ca Holger Veit Holger.Veit@gmd.de Ishii Masahiro, R. Kym Horsell J.T. Conklin jtc@cygnus.com Jagane D Sundar jagane@netcom.com James Clark jjc@jclark.com James Jegers jimj@miller.cs.uwm.edu James W. Dolter James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu et al Jay Fenlason hack@datacube.com Jim Wilson wilson@moria.cygnus.com Jörg Lohse lohse@tech7.informatik.uni-hamburg.de Jörg Wunsch joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de John Dyson John Woods jfw@eddie.mit.edu Jordan K. Hubbard jkh@whisker.hubbard.ie Julian Elischer julian@dialix.oz.au - Julian Stacey jhs@freebsd.org + Julian Stacey jhs@FreeBSD.org Karl Dietz Karl.Dietz@triplan.com Karl Lehenbauer karl@NeoSoft.com karl@one.neosoft.com Keith Bostic bostic@toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU Ken Hughes Kent Talarico kent@shipwreck.tsoft.net Kevin Lahey kml%rokkaku.UUCP@mathcs.emory.edu kml@mosquito.cis.ufl.edu Marc Frajola marc@dev.com Mark Tinguely tinguely@plains.nodak.edu tinguely@hookie.cs.ndsu.NoDak.edu Martin Renters martin@tdc.on.ca Michael Clay mclay@weareb.org Michael Galassi nerd@percival.rain.com Mike Durkin mdurkin@tsoft.sf-bay.org Naoki Hamada nao@tom-yam.or.jp Nate Williams nate@bsd.coe.montana.edu Nick Handel nhandel@NeoSoft.com nick@madhouse.neosoft.com Pace Willisson pace@blitz.com Paul Kranenburg pk@cs.few.eur.nl Paul Mackerras paulus@cs.anu.edu.au Paul Popelka paulp@uts.amdahl.com Peter da Silva peter@NeoSoft.com Phil Sutherland philsuth@mycroft.dialix.oz.au - Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.ORG + Poul-Henning Kampphk@FreeBSD.org Ralf Friedl friedl@informatik.uni-kl.de Rick Macklem root@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca Robert D. Thrush rd@phoenix.aii.com Rodney W. Grimes rgrimes@cdrom.com Sascha Wildner swildner@channelz.GUN.de Scott Burris scott@pita.cns.ucla.edu Scott Reynolds scott@clmqt.marquette.mi.us Sean Eric Fagan sef@kithrup.com Simon J Gerraty sjg@melb.bull.oz.au sjg@zen.void.oz.au Stephen McKay syssgm@devetir.qld.gov.au Terry Lambert terry@icarus.weber.edu Terry Lee terry@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu Tor Egge Tor.Egge@idi.ntnu.no Warren Toomey wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au Wiljo Heinen wiljo@freeside.ki.open.de William Jolitz withheld Wolfgang Solfrank ws@tools.de Wolfgang Stanglmeier wolf@dentaro.GUN.de Yuval Yarom yval@cs.huji.ac.il diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml index 484daea3c9..a79fc015cf 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml @@ -1,2473 +1,2473 @@ The Cutting Edge: FreeBSD-current and FreeBSD-stable FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. For people who want to be on the cutting edge, there are several easy mechanisms for keeping your system in sync with the latest developments. Be warned: the cutting edge is not for everyone! This chapter will help you decide if you want to track the development system, or stick with one of the released versions. Staying Current with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is, quite literally, nothing more than a daily snapshot of the working sources for FreeBSD. These include work in progress, experimental changes and transitional mechanisms that may or may not be present in the next official release of the software. While many of us compile almost daily from FreeBSD-current sources, there are periods of time when the sources are literally un-compilable. These problems are generally resolved as expeditiously as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-current sources bring disaster or greatly desired functionality can literally be a matter of which part of any given 24 hour period you grabbed them in! Who needs FreeBSD-current? FreeBSD-current is made generally available for 3 primary interest groups: Members of the FreeBSD group who are actively working on some part of the source tree and for whom keeping “current” is an absolute requirement. Members of the FreeBSD group who are active testers, willing to spend time working through problems in order to ensure that FreeBSD-current remains as sane as possible. These are also people who wish to make topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD. Peripheral members of the FreeBSD (or some other) group who merely wish to keep an eye on things and use the current sources for reference purposes (e.g. for reading, not running). These people also make the occasional comment or contribute code. What is FreeBSD-current <emphasis>not</emphasis>? A fast-track to getting pre-release bits because you heard there is some cool new feature in there and you want to be the first on your block to have it. A quick way of getting bug fixes. In any way “officially supported” by us. We do our best to help people genuinely in one of the 3 “legitimate” FreeBSD-current categories, but we simply do not have the time to provide tech support for it. This is not because we are mean and nasty people who do not like helping people out (we would not even be doing FreeBSD if we were), it is literally because we cannot answer 400 messages a day and actually work on FreeBSD! I am sure that, if given the choice between having us answer lots of questions or continuing to improve FreeBSD, most of you would vote for us improving it. Using FreeBSD-current Join the &a.current; and the &a.cvsall; . This is not just a good idea, it is essential. If you are not on the FreeBSD-current mailing list, you will not see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and thus will probably end up stumbling over a lot of problems that others have already found and solved. Even more importantly, you will miss out on important bulletins which may be critical to your system's continued health. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-current subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. Grab the sources from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. You can do this in three + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. You can do this in three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron and keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-current is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current. We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. If you are grabbing the sources to run, and not just look at, then grab all of current, not just selected portions. The reason for this is that various parts of the source depend on updates elsewhere, and trying to compile just a subset is almost guaranteed to get you into trouble. Before compiling current, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.current; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Be active! If you are running FreeBSD-current, we want to know what you have to say about it, especially if you have suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are received most enthusiastically! Staying Stable with FreeBSD Contributed by &a.jkh;. What is FreeBSD-stable? FreeBSD-stable is our development branch for a more low-key and conservative set of changes intended for our next mainstream release. Changes of an experimental or untested nature do not go into this branch (see FreeBSD-current). Who needs FreeBSD-stable? If you are a commercial user or someone who puts maximum stability of their FreeBSD system before all other concerns, you should consider tracking stable. This is especially true if you have installed the most recent release (&rel.current;-RELEASE at the time of this writing) since the stable branch is effectively a bug-fix stream relative to the previous release. The stable tree endeavors, above all, to be fully compilable and stable at all times, but we do occasionally make mistakes (these are still active sources with quickly-transmitted updates, after all). We also do our best to thoroughly test fixes in current before bringing them into stable, but sometimes our tests fail to catch every case. If something breaks for you in stable, please let us know immediately! (see next section). Using FreeBSD-stable Join the &a.stable;. This will keep you informed of build-dependencies that may appear in stable or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change. The cvs-all mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify: subscribe freebsd-stable subscribe cvs-all in the body of your message. Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. If you are installing a new system and want it to be as stable as possible, you can simply grab the latest dated branch snapshot from ftp://releng3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ and install it like any other release. If you are already running a previous release of 2.2 and wish to upgrade via sources then you can easily do so from ftp.FreeBSD.ORG. This can be done in one + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org. This can be done in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron to keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type;
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-stable is always “exported” on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tar'd grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar.Z and it will get the whole directory for you as a compressed tar file. Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. Before compiling stable, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.stable; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Synchronizing Source Trees over the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. There are various ways of using an Internet (or email) connection to stay up-to-date with any given area of the FreeBSD project sources, or all areas, depending on what interests you. The primary services we offer are Anonymous CVS, CVSup, and CTM. Anonymous CVS and CVSup use the pull model of updating sources. In the case of CVSup the user (or a cron script) invokes the cvsup program, and it interacts with a cvsupd server somewhere to bring your files up to date. The updates you receive are up-to-the-minute and you get them when, and only when, you want them. You can easily restrict your updates to the specific files or directories that are of interest to you. Updates are generated on the fly by the server, according to what you have and what you want to have. Anonymous CVS is quite a bit more simplistic than CVSup in that it's just an extension to CVS which allows it to pull changes directly from a remote CVS repository. CVSup can do this far more efficiently, but Anonymous CVS is easier to use. CTM, on the other hand, does not interactively compare the sources you have with those on the master archive or otherwise pull them across.. Instead, a script which identifies changes in files since its previous run is executed several times a day on the master CTM machine, any detected changes being compressed, stamped with a sequence-number and encoded for transmission over email (in printable ASCII only). Once received, these “CTM deltas” can then be handed to the &man.ctm.rmail.1; utility which will automatically decode, verify and apply the changes to the user's copy of the sources. This process is far more efficient than CVSup, and places less strain on our server resources since it is a push rather than a pull model. There are other trade-offs, of course. If you inadvertently wipe out portions of your archive, CVSup will detect and rebuild the damaged portions for you. CTM won't do this, and if you wipe some portion of your source tree out (and don't have it backed up) then you will have to start from scratch (from the most recent CVS “base delta”) and rebuild it all with CTM or, with anoncvs, simply delete the bad bits and resync. For more information on Anonymous CVS, CTM, and CVSup, please see one of the following sections: Anonymous CVS Contributed by &a.jkh; <anchor id="anoncvs-intro">Introduction Anonymous CVS (or, as it is otherwise known, anoncvs) is a feature provided by the CVS utilities bundled with FreeBSD for synchronizing with a remote CVS repository. Among other things, it allows users of FreeBSD to perform, with no special privileges, read-only CVS operations against one of the FreeBSD project's official anoncvs servers. To use it, one simply sets the CVSROOT environment variable to point at the appropriate anoncvs server and then uses the &man.cvs.1; command to access it like any local repository. While it can also be said that the CVSup and anoncvs services both perform essentially the same function, there are various trade-offs which can influence the user's choice of synchronization methods. In a nutshell, CVSup is much more efficient in its usage of network resources and is by far the most technically sophisticated of the two, but at a price. To use CVSup, a special client must first be installed and configured before any bits can be grabbed, and then only in the fairly large chunks which CVSup calls collections. Anoncvs, by contrast, can be used to examine anything from an individual file to a specific program (like ls or grep) by referencing the CVS module name. Of course, anoncvs is also only good for read-only operations on the CVS repository, so if it's your intention to support local development in one repository shared with the FreeBSD project bits then CVSup is really your only option. <anchor id="anoncvs-usage">Using Anonymous CVS Configuring &man.cvs.1; to use an Anonymous CVS repository is a simple matter of setting the CVSROOT environment variable to point to one of the FreeBSD project's anoncvs servers. At the time of this writing, the following servers are available: USA: anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs Since CVS allows one to “check out” virtually any version of the FreeBSD sources that ever existed (or, in some cases, will exist :), you need to be familiar with the revision () flag to &man.cvs.1; and what some of the permissible values for it in the FreeBSD Project repository are. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: HEAD Symbolic name for the main line, or FreeBSD-current. Also the default when no revision is specified. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. This branch is mostly obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports collection. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports collection. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the flag. See the &man.cvs.1; man page for more details. Examples While it really is recommended that you read the manual page for &man.cvs.1; thoroughly before doing anything, here are some quick examples which essentially show how to use Anonymous CVS: Checking out something from -current (&man.ls.1;) and deleting it again: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Checking out the version of ls(1) in the 2.2-stable branch: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co -rRELENG_2_2 ls &prompt.user; cvs release -d ls Creating a list of changes (as unidiffs) to &man.ls.1; &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs rdiff -u -rRELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE -rRELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE ls Finding out what other module names can be used: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/cvs &prompt.user; cvs co modules &prompt.user; more modules/modules &prompt.user; cvs release -d modules Other Resources The following additional resources may be helpful in learning CVS: CVS Tutorial from Cal Poly. Cyclic Software, commercial maintainers of CVS. CVSWeb is the FreeBSD Project web interface for CVS. <application>CTM</application> Contributed by &a.phk;. Updated 19-October-1997. CTM is a method for keeping a remote directory tree in sync with a central one. It has been developed for usage with FreeBSD's source trees, though other people may find it useful for other purposes as time goes by. Little, if any, documentation currently exists at this time on the process of creating deltas, so talk to &a.phk; for more information should you wish to use CTM for other things. Why should I use <application>CTM</application>? CTM will give you a local copy of the FreeBSD source trees. There are a number of “flavors” of the tree available. Whether you wish to track the entire cvs tree or just one of the branches, CTM can provide you the information. If you are an active developer on FreeBSD, but have lousy or non-existent TCP/IP connectivity, or simply wish to have the changes automatically sent to you, CTM was made for you. You will need to obtain up to three deltas per day for the most active branches. However, you should consider having them sent by automatic email. The sizes of the updates are always kept as small as possible. This is typically less than 5K, with an occasional (one in ten) being 10-50K and every now and then a biggie of 100K+ or more coming around. You will also need to make yourself aware of the various caveats related to working directly from the development sources rather than a pre-packaged release. This is particularly true if you choose the “current” sources. It is recommended that you read Staying current with FreeBSD. What do I need to use <application>CTM</application>? You will need two things: The CTM program and the initial deltas to feed it (to get up to “current” levels). The CTM program has been part of FreeBSD ever since version 2.0 was released, and lives in /usr/src/usr.sbin/CTM if you have a copy of the source online. If you are running a pre-2.0 version of FreeBSD, you can fetch the current CTM sources directly from: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ctm The “deltas” you feed CTM can be had two ways, FTP or e-mail. If you have general FTP access to the Internet then the following FTP sites support access to CTM: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/CTM + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM or see section mirrors. FTP the relevant directory and fetch the README file, starting from there. If you may wish to get your deltas via email: Send email to &a.majordomo; to subscribe to one of the CTM distribution lists. “ctm-cvs-cur” supports the entire cvs tree. “ctm-src-cur” supports the head of the development branch. “ctm-src-2_2” supports the 2.2 release branch, etc. (If you do not know how to subscribe yourself using majordomo, send a message first containing the word help — it will send you back usage instructions.) When you begin receiving your CTM updates in the mail, you may use the ctm_rmail program to unpack and apply them. You can actually use the ctm_rmail program directly from a entry in /etc/aliases if you want to have the process run in a fully automated fashion. Check the ctm_rmail man page for more details. No matter what method you use to get the CTM deltas, you should subscribe to the - ctm-announce@FreeBSD.ORG mailing list. In the + ctm-announce@FreeBSD.org mailing list. In the future, this will be the only place where announcements concerning the operations of the CTM system will be posted. Send an email to &a.majordomo; with a single line of subscribe ctm-announce to get added to the list. Starting off with <application>CTM</application> for the first time Before you can start using CTM deltas, you will need to get to a starting point for the deltas produced subsequently to it. First you should determine what you already have. Everyone can start from an “empty” directory. You must use an initial “Empty&rdquo delta to start off your CTM supported tree. At some point it is intended that one of these “started” deltas be distributed on the CD for your convenience. This does not currently happen however. However, since the trees are many tens of megabytes, you should prefer to start from something already at hand. If you have a RELEASE CD, you can copy or extract an initial source from it. This will save a significant transfer of data. You can recognize these “starter” deltas by the X appended to the number (src-cur.3210XEmpty.gz for instance). The designation following the X corresponds to the origin of your initial “seed”. Empty is an empty directory. As a rule a base transition from Empty is produced every 100 deltas. By the way, they are large! 25 to 30 Megabytes of gzip'ed data is common for the XEmpty deltas. Once you've picked a base delta to start from, you will also need all deltas with higher numbers following it. Using <application>CTM</application> in your daily life To apply the deltas, simply say: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/the/stuff &prompt.root; ctm -v -v /where/you/store/your/deltas/src-xxx.* CTM understands deltas which have been put through gzip, so you do not need to gunzip them first, this saves disk space. Unless it feels very secure about the entire process, CTM will not touch your tree. To verify a delta you can also use the flag and CTM will not actually touch your tree; it will merely verify the integrity of the delta and see if it would apply cleanly to your current tree. There are other options to CTM as well, see the manual pages or look in the sources for more information. I would also be very happy if somebody could help with the “user interface” portions, as I have realized that I cannot make up my mind on what options should do what, how and when... That's really all there is to it. Every time you get a new delta, just run it through CTM to keep your sources up to date. Do not remove the deltas if they are hard to download again. You just might want to keep them around in case something bad happens. Even if you only have floppy disks, consider using fdwrite to make a copy. Keeping your local changes As a developer one would like to experiment with and change files in the source tree. CTM supports local modifications in a limited way: before checking for the presence of a file foo, it first looks for foo.ctm. If this file exists, CTM will operate on it instead of foo. This behaviour gives us a simple way to maintain local changes: simply copy the files you plan to modify to the corresponding file names with a .ctm suffix. Then you can freely hack the code, while CTM keeps the .ctm file up-to-date. Other interesting <application>CTM</application> options Finding out exactly what would be touched by an update You can determine the list of changes that CTM will make on your source repository using the option to CTM. This is useful if you would like to keep logs of the changes, pre- or post- process the modified files in any manner, or just are feeling a tad paranoid :-). Making backups before updating Sometimes you may want to backup all the files that would be changed by a CTM update. Specifying the option causes CTM to backup all files that would be touched by a given CTM delta to backup-file. Restricting the files touched by an update Sometimes you would be interested in restricting the scope of a given CTM update, or may be interested in extracting just a few files from a sequence of deltas. You can control the list of files that CTM would operate on by specifying filtering regular expressions using the and options. For example, to extract an up-to-date copy of lib/libc/Makefile from your collection of saved CTM deltas, run the commands: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/to/extract/it/ &prompt.root; ctm -e '^lib/libc/Makefile' ~ctm/src-xxx.* For every file specified in a CTM delta, the and options are applied in the order given on the command line. The file is processed by CTM only if it is marked as eligible after all the and options are applied to it. Future plans for <application>CTM</application> Tons of them: Use some kind of authentication into the CTM system, so as to allow detection of spoofed CTM updates. Clean up the options to CTM, they became confusing and counter intuitive. The bad news is that I am very busy, so any help in doing this will be most welcome. And do not forget to tell me what you want also... Miscellaneous stuff All the “DES infected” (e.g. export controlled) source is not included. You will get the “international” version only. If sufficient interest appears, we will set up a sec-cur sequence too. There is a sequence of deltas for the ports collection too, but interest has not been all that high yet. Tell me if you want an email list for that too and we will consider setting it up. Thanks! &a.bde; for his pointed pen and invaluable comments. &a.sos; for patience. Stephen McKay wrote ctm_[rs]mail, much appreciated. &a.jkh; for being so stubborn that I had to make it better. All the users I hope you like it... <application>CVSup</application> Contributed by &a.jdp;. Introduction CVSup is a software package for distributing and updating source trees from a master CVS repository on a remote server host. The FreeBSD sources are maintained in a CVS repository on a central development machine in California. With CVSup, FreeBSD users can easily keep their own source trees up to date. CVSup uses the so-called pull model of updating. Under the pull model, each client asks the server for updates, if and when they are wanted. The server waits passively for update requests from its clients. Thus all updates are instigated by the client. The server never sends unsolicited updates. Users must either run the CVSup client manually to get an update, or they must set up a cron job to run it automatically on a regular basis. The term CVSup, capitalized just so, refers to the entire software package. Its main components are the client cvsup which runs on each user's machine, and the server cvsupd which runs at each of the FreeBSD mirror sites. As you read the FreeBSD documentation and mailing lists, you may see references to sup. Sup was the predecessor of CVSup, and it served a similar purpose. CVSup is in used in much the same way as sup and, in fact, uses configuration files which are backward-compatible with sup's. Sup is no longer used in the FreeBSD project, because CVSup is both faster and more flexible. Installation The easiest way to install CVSup if you are running FreeBSD 2.2 or later is to use either the port from the FreeBSD ports collection or the corresponding binary package, depending on whether you prefer to roll your own or not. If you are running FreeBSD-2.1.6 or 2.1.7, you unfortunately cannot use the binary package versions due to the fact that they require a version of the C library that does not yet exist in FreeBSD-2.1.{6,7}. You can easily use the port, however, just as with FreeBSD 2.2. Simply unpack the tar file, cd to the cvsup subdirectory and type make install. Because CVSup is written in Modula-3, both the package and the port require that the Modula-3 runtime libraries be installed. These are available as the lang/modula-3-lib port and the lang/modula-3-lib-3.6 package. If you follow the same directions as for cvsup, these libraries will be compiled and/or installed automatically when you install the CVSup port or package. The Modula-3 libraries are rather large, and fetching and compiling them is not an instantaneous process. For that reason, a third option is provided. You can get statically linked FreeBSD executables for CVSup from the USA distribution site: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client including GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsup.nogui-bin-16.0.tar.gz (client without GUI). ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupd-bin-16.0.tar.gz (server). as well as from the many FreeBSD FTP mirror sites around the world. Most users will need only the client. These executables are entirely self-contained, and they will run on any version of FreeBSD from FreeBSD-2.1.0 to FreeBSD-current. In summary, your options for installing CVSup are: FreeBSD-2.2 or later: static binary, port, or package FreeBSD-2.1.6, 2.1.7: static binary or port FreeBSD-2.1.5 or earlier: static binary CVSup Configuration CVSup's operation is controlled by a configuration file called the supfile. Beginning with FreeBSD-2.2, there are some sample supfiles in the directory /usr/share/examples/cvsup. These examples are also available from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/share/examples/cvsup/ if you are on a pre-2.2 system. The information in a supfile answers the following questions for cvsup: Which files do you want to receive? Which versions of them do you want? Where do you want to get them from? Where do you want to put them on your own machine? Where do you want to put your status files? In the following sections, we will construct a typical supfile by answering each of these questions in turn. First, we describe the overall structure of a supfile. A supfile is a text file. Comments begin with # and extend to the end of the line. Lines that are blank and lines that contain only comments are ignored. Each remaining line describes a set of files that the user wishes to receive. The line begins with the name of a “collection”, a logical grouping of files defined by the server. The name of the collection tells the server which files you want. After the collection name come zero or more fields, separated by white space. These fields answer the questions listed above. There are two types of fields: flag fields and value fields. A flag field consists of a keyword standing alone, e.g., delete or compress. A value field also begins with a keyword, but the keyword is followed without intervening white space by = and a second word. For example, release=cvs is a value field. A supfile typically specifies more than one collection to receive. One way to structure a supfile is to specify all of the relevant fields explicitly for each collection. However, that tends to make the supfile lines quite long, and it is inconvenient because most fields are the same for all of the collections in a supfile. CVSup provides a defaulting mechanism to avoid these problems. Lines beginning with the special pseudo-collection name *default can be used to set flags and values which will be used as defaults for the subsequent collections in the supfile. A default value can be overridden for an individual collection, by specifying a different value with the collection itself. Defaults can also be changed or augmented in mid-supfile by additional *default lines. With this background, we will now proceed to construct a supfile for receiving and updating the main source tree of FreeBSD-current. Which files do you want to receive? The files available via CVSup are organized into named groups called “collections”. The collections that are available are described here. In this example, we wish to receive the entire main source tree for the FreeBSD system. There is a single large collection src-all which will give us all of that, except the export-controlled cryptography support. Let us assume for this example that we are in the USA or Canada. Then we can get the cryptography code with one additional collection, cvs-crypto. As a first step toward constructing our supfile, we simply list these collections, one per line: src-all cvs-crypto Which version(s) of them do you want? With CVSup, you can receive virtually any version of the sources that ever existed. That is possible because the cvsupd server works directly from the CVS repository, which contains all of the versions. You specify which one of them you want using the tag= and value fields. Be very careful to specify any tag= fields correctly. Some tags are valid only for certain collections of files. If you specify an incorrect or misspelled tag, CVSup will delete files which you probably do not want deleted. In particular, use only tag=. for the ports-* collections. The tag= field names a symbolic tag in the repository. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. Here are the branch tags that users might be interested in: tag=. The main line of development, also known as FreeBSD-current. The . is not punctuation; it is the name of the tag. Valid for all collections. RELENG_3 The line of development for FreeBSD-3.x, also known as FreeBSD-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.2.x, also known as 2.2-stable. Not valid for the ports collection. tag=RELENG_2_1_0 The line of development for FreeBSD-2.1.x - this branch is largely obsolete. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Here are the revision tags that users might be interested in: tag=RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-3.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.8. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.2. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.2.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_7_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.7. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_1_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6.1. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_6_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.6. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_5_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.5. Not valid for the ports-* collections. tag=RELENG_2_1_0_RELEASE FreeBSD-2.1.0. Not valid for the ports-* collections. Be very careful to type the tag name exactly as shown. CVSup cannot distinguish between valid and invalid tags. If you misspell the tag, CVSup will behave as though you had specified a valid tag which happens to refer to no files at all. It will delete your existing sources in that case. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the value field. The &man.cvsup.1; manual page explains how to do that. For our example, we wish to receive FreeBSD-current. We add this line at the beginning of our supfile: *default tag=. There is an important special case that comes into play if you specify neither a tag= field nor a date= field. In that case, you receive the actual RCS files directly from the server's CVS repository, rather than receiving a particular version. Developers generally prefer this mode of operation. By maintaining a copy of the repository itself on their systems, they gain the ability to browse the revision histories and examine past versions of files. This gain is achieved at a large cost in terms of disk space, however. Where do you want to get them from? We use the host= field to tell cvsup where to obtain its updates. Any of the CVSup mirror sites will do, though you should try to select one that is close to you in cyberspace. In this example we will use a fictional FreeBSD distribution site, cvsup666.FreeBSD.org: *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org You will need to change the host to one that actually exists before running CVSup. On any particular run of cvsup, you can override the host setting on the command line, with . Where do you want to put them on your own machine? The prefix= field tells cvsup where to put the files it receives. In this example, we will put the source files directly into our main source tree, /usr/src. The src directory is already implicit in the collections we have chosen to receive, so this is the correct specification: *default prefix=/usr Where should cvsup maintain its status files? The cvsup client maintains certain status files in what is called the “base” directory. These files help CVSup to work more efficiently, by keeping track of which updates you have already received. We will use the standard base directory, /usr/local/etc/cvsup: *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup This setting is used by default if it is not specified in the supfile, so we actually do not need the above line. If your base directory does not already exist, now would be a good time to create it. The cvsup client will refuse to run if the base directory does not exist. Miscellaneous supfile settings: There is one more line of boiler plate that normally needs to be present in the supfile: *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress release=cvs indicates that the server should get its information out of the main FreeBSD CVS repository. This is virtually always the case, but there are other possibilities which are beyond the scope of this discussion. delete gives CVSup permission to delete files. You should always specify this, so that CVSup can keep your source tree fully up to date. CVSup is careful to delete only those files for which it is responsible. Any extra files you happen to have will be left strictly alone. use-rel-suffix is ... arcane. If you really want to know about it, see the &man.cvsup.1; manual page. Otherwise, just specify it and do not worry about it. compress enables the use of gzip-style compression on the communication channel. If your network link is T1 speed or faster, you probably should not use compression. Otherwise, it helps substantially. Putting it all together: Here is the entire supfile for our example: *default tag=. *default host=cvsup666.FreeBSD.org *default prefix=/usr *default base=/usr/local/etc/cvsup *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress src-all cvs-crypto Running <application>CVSup</application> You are now ready to try an update. The command line for doing this is quite simple: &prompt.root; cvsup supfile where supfile is of course the name of the supfile you have just created. Assuming you are running under X11, cvsup will display a GUI window with some buttons to do the usual things. Press the “go” button, and watch it run. Since you are updating your actual /usr/src tree in this example, you will need to run the program as root so that cvsup has the permissions it needs to update your files. Having just created your configuration file, and having never used this program before, that might understandably make you nervous. There is an easy way to do a trial run without touching your precious files. Just create an empty directory somewhere convenient, and name it as an extra argument on the command line: &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/dest &prompt.root; cvsup supfile /var/tmp/dest The directory you specify will be used as the destination directory for all file updates. CVSup will examine your usual files in /usr/src, but it will not modify or delete any of them. Any file updates will instead land in /var/tmp/dest/usr/src. CVSup will also leave its base directory status files untouched when run this way. The new versions of those files will be written into the specified directory. As long as you have read access to /usr/src, you do not even need to be root to perform this kind of trial run. If you are not running X11 or if you just do not like GUIs, you should add a couple of options to the command line when you run cvsup: &prompt.root; cvsup -g -L 2 supfile The tells cvsup not to use its GUI. This is automatic if you are not running X11, but otherwise you have to specify it. The tells cvsup to print out the details of all the file updates it is doing. There are three levels of verbosity, from to . The default is 0, which means total silence except for error messages. There are plenty of other options available. For a brief list of them, type cvsup -H. For more detailed descriptions, see the manual page. Once you are satisfied with the way updates are working, you can arrange for regular runs of cvsup using &man.cron.8;. Obviously, you should not let cvsup use its GUI when running it from cron. <application>CVSup</application> File Collections The file collections available via CVSup are organized hierarchically. There are a few large collections, and they are divided into smaller sub-collections. Receiving a large collection is equivalent to receiving each of its sub-collections. The hierarchical relationships among collections are reflected by the use of indentation in the list below. The most commonly used collections are src-all, cvs-crypto, and ports-all. The other collections are used only by small groups of people for specialized purposes, and some mirror sites may not carry all of them. cvs-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD CVS repository, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. distrib release=cvs Files related to the distribution and mirroring of FreeBSD. doc-all release=cvs Sources for the FreeBSD handbook and other documentation. ports-all release=cvs The FreeBSD ports collection. ports-archivers release=cvs Archiving tools. ports-astro release=cvs Astronomical ports. ports-audio release=cvs Sound support. ports-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/ports. ports-benchmarks release=cvs Benchmarks. ports-biology release=cvs Biology. ports-cad release=cvs Computer aided design tools. ports-chinese release=cvs Chinese language support. ports-comms release=cvs Communication software. ports-converters release=cvs character code converters. ports-databases release=cvs Databases. ports-deskutils release=cvs Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. ports-devel release=cvs Development utilities. ports-editors release=cvs Editors. ports-emulators release=cvs Emulators for other operating systems. ports-games release=cvs Games. ports-german release=cvs German language support. ports-graphics release=cvs Graphics utilities. ports-japanese release=cvs Japanese language support. ports-korean release=cvs Korean language support. ports-lang release=cvs Programming languages. ports-mail release=cvs Mail software. ports-math release=cvs Numerical computation software. ports-mbone release=cvs MBone applications. ports-misc release=cvs Miscellaneous utilities. ports-net release=cvs Networking software. ports-news release=cvs USENET news software. ports-palm release=cvs Software support for 3Com Palm(tm) series. ports-plan9 release=cvs Various programs from Plan9. ports-print release=cvs Printing software. ports-russian release=cvs Russian language support. ports-security release=cvs Security utilities. ports-shells release=cvs Command line shells. ports-sysutils release=cvs System utilities. ports-textproc release=cvs text processing utilities (does not include desktop publishing). ports-vietnamese release=cvs Vietnamese language support. ports-www release=cvs Software related to the World Wide Web. ports-x11 release=cvs Ports to support the X window system. ports-x11-clocks release=cvs X11 clocks. ports-x11-fm release=cvs X11 file managers. ports-x11-fonts release=cvs X11 fonts and font utilities. ports-x11-toolkits release=cvs X11 toolkits. ports-x11-wm X11 window managers. src-all release=cvs The main FreeBSD sources, excluding the export-restricted cryptography code. src-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/src. src-bin release=cvs User utilities that may be needed in single-user mode (/usr/src/bin). src-contrib release=cvs Utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/contrib). src-etc release=cvs System configuration files (/usr/src/etc). src-games release=cvs Games (/usr/src/games). src-gnu release=cvs Utilities covered by the GNU Public License (/usr/src/gnu). src-include release=cvs Header files (/usr/src/include). src-kerberosIV release=cvs KerberosIV security package (/usr/src/kerberosIV). src-lib release=cvs Libraries (/usr/src/lib). src-libexec release=cvs System programs normally executed by other programs (/usr/src/libexec). src-release release=cvs Files required to produce a FreeBSD release (/usr/src/release). src-sbin release=cvs System utilities for single-user mode (/usr/src/sbin). src-share release=cvs Files that can be shared across multiple systems (/usr/src/share). src-sys release=cvs The kernel (/usr/src/sys). src-tools release=cvs Various tools for the maintenance of FreeBSD (/usr/src/tools). src-usrbin release=cvs User utilities (/usr/src/usr.bin). src-usrsbin release=cvs System utilities (/usr/src/usr.sbin). www release=cvs The sources for the World Wide Web data. cvs-crypto release=cvs The export-restricted cryptography code. src-crypto release=cvs Export-restricted utilities and libraries from outside the FreeBSD project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/crypto). src-eBones release=cvs Kerberos and DES (/usr/src/eBones). src-secure release=cvs DES (/usr/src/secure). distrib release=self The CVSup server's own configuration files. Used by CVSup mirror sites. gnats release=current The GNATS bug-tracking database. mail-archive release=current FreeBSD mailing list archive. www release=current The installed World Wide Web data. Used by WWW mirror sites. For more information For the CVSup FAQ and other information about CVSup, see The CVSup Home Page. Most FreeBSD-related discussion of CVSup takes place on the &a.hackers;. New versions of the software are announced there, as well as on the &a.announce;. Questions and bug reports should be addressed to the author of the program at cvsup-bugs@polstra.com. Using <command>make world</command> to rebuild your system Contributed by &a.nik;. Once you have synchronised your local source tree against a particular version of FreeBSD (stable, current and so on) you must then use the source tree to rebuild the system. Currently, the best source of information on how to do that is a tutorial available from http://www.nothing-going-on.demon.co.uk/FreeBSD/make-world/make-world.html. A successor to this tutorial will be integrated into the handbook. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml index ce30750488..f2ee2fc5f1 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1370 +1,1370 @@ Resources on the Internet Contributed by &a.jkh;. The rapid pace of FreeBSD progress makes print media impractical as a means of following the latest developments. Electronic resources are the best, if not often the only, way stay informed of the latest advances. Since FreeBSD is a volunteer effort, the user community itself also generally serves as a “technical support department” of sorts, with electronic mail and USENET news being the most effective way of reaching that community. The most important points of contact with the FreeBSD user community are outlined below. If you are aware of other resources not mentioned here, please send them to the &a.doc;so that they may also be included. Mailing lists Though many of the FreeBSD development members read USENET, we cannot always guarantee that we will get to your questions in a timely fashion (or at all) if you post them only to one of the comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.* groups. By addressing your questions to the appropriate mailing list you will reach both us and a concentrated FreeBSD audience, invariably assuring a better (or at least faster) response. The charters for the various lists are given at the bottom of this document. Please read the charter before joining or sending mail to any list. Most of our list subscribers now receive many hundreds of FreeBSD related messages every day, and by setting down charters and rules for proper use we are striving to keep the signal-to-noise ratio of the lists high. To do less would see the mailing lists ultimately fail as an effective communications medium for the project. Archives are kept for all of the mailing lists and can be searched - using the FreeBSD World + using the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. The keyword searchable archive offers an excellent way of finding answers to frequently asked questions and should be consulted before posting a question. List summary General lists: The following are general lists which anyone is free (and encouraged) to join: List Purpose freebsd-advocacy FreeBSD Evangelism freebsd-announce Important events and project milestones freebsd-bugs Bug reports freebsd-chat Non-technical items related to the FreeBSD community freebsd-current Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-current freebsd-isp Issues for Internet Service Providers using FreeBSD freebsd-jobs FreeBSD employment and consulting opportunities freebsd-newbies New FreeBSD users activities and discussions freebsd-policy FreeBSD Core team policy decisions. Low volume, and read-only freebsd-questions User questions and technical support freebsd-stable Discussion concerning the use of FreeBSD-stable Technical lists: The following lists are for technical discussion. You should read the charter for each list carefully before joining or sending mail to one as there are firm guidelines for their use and content. List Purpose freebsd-afs Porting AFS to FreeBSD freebsd-alpha Porting FreeBSD to the Alpha freebsd-doc Creating FreeBSD related documents freebsd-database Discussing database use and development under FreeBSD freebsd-emulation Emulation of other systems such as Linux/DOS/Windows freebsd-fs Filesystems freebsd-hackers General technical discussion freebsd-hardware General discussion of hardware for running FreeBSD freebsd-ipfw Technical discussion concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code freebsd-isdn ISDN developers freebsd-java Java developers and people porting JDKs to FreeBSD freebsd-mobile Discussions about mobile computing freebsd-mozilla Porting mozilla to FreeBSD freebsd-net Networking discussion and TCP/IP/source code freebsd-platforms Concerning ports to non-Intel architecture platforms freebsd-ports Discussion of the ports collection freebsd-scsi The SCSI subsystem freebsd-security Security issues freebsd-small Using FreeBSD in embedded applications freebsd-smp Design discussions for [A]Symmetric MultiProcessing freebsd-sparc Porting FreeBSD to Sparc systems freebsd-tokenring Support Token Ring in FreeBSD Limited lists: The following lists require - approval from core@FreeBSD.ORG to join, though anyone + approval from core@FreeBSD.org to join, though anyone is free to send messages to them which fall within the scope of their charters. It is also a good idea establish a presence in the technical lists before asking to join one of these limited lists. List Purpose freebsd-admin Administrative issues freebsd-arch Architecture and design discussions freebsd-core FreeBSD core team freebsd-hubs People running mirror sites (infrastructural support) freebsd-install Installation development freebsd-security-notifications Security notifications freebsd-user-groups User group coordination CVS lists: The following lists are for people interested in seeing the log messages for changes to various areas of the source tree. They are Read-Only lists and should not have mail sent to them. List Source area Area Description (source for) cvs-all /usr/src All changes to the tree (superset) How to subscribe All mailing lists live on FreeBSD.ORG, so to post to a given list you + role="fqdn">FreeBSD.org, so to post to a given list you simply mail to - <listname@FreeBSD.ORG>. It will then + <listname@FreeBSD.org>. It will then be redistributed to mailing list members world-wide. To subscribe to a list, send mail to &a.majordomo; and include subscribe <listname> [<optional address>] in the body of your message. For example, to subscribe yourself to freebsd-announce, you'd do: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce ^D If you want to subscribe yourself under a different name, or submit a subscription request for a local mailing list (this is more efficient if you have several interested parties at one site, and highly appreciated by us!), you would do something like: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org subscribe freebsd-announce local-announce@somesite.com ^D Finally, it is also possible to unsubscribe yourself from a list, get a list of other list members or see the list of mailing lists again by sending other types of control messages to majordomo. For a complete list of available commands, do this: - &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG + &prompt.user; mail majordomo@FreeBSD.org help ^D Again, we would like to request that you keep discussion in the technical mailing lists on a technical track. If you are only interested in the “high points” then it is suggested that you join freebsd-announce, which is intended only for infrequent traffic. List charters AllFreeBSD mailing lists have certain basic rules which must be adhered to by anyone using them. Failure to comply with these guidelines will result in two (2) written warnings from the FreeBSD Postmaster postmaster@FreeBSD.org, after which, on a third offense, the poster will removed from all FreeBSD mailing lists and filtered from further posting to them. We regret that such rules and measures are necessary at all, but today's Internet is a pretty harsh environment, it would seem, and many fail to appreciate just how fragile some of its mechanisms are. Rules of the road: The topic of any posting should adhere to the basic charter of the list it is posted to, e.g. if the list is about technical issues then your posting should contain technical discussion. Ongoing irrelevant chatter or flaming only detracts from the value of the mailing list for everyone on it and will not be tolerated. For free-form discussion on no particular topic, the freebsd-chat freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org mailing list is freely available and should be used instead. No posting should be made to more than 2 mailing lists, and only to 2 when a clear and obvious need to post to both lists exists. For most lists, there is already a great deal of subscriber overlap and except for the most esoteric mixes (say "-stable & -scsi"), there really is no reason to post to more than one list at a time. If a message is sent to you in such a way that multiple mailing lists appear on the Cc line then the cc line should also be trimmed before sending it out again. You are still responsible for your own cross-postings, no matter who the originator might have been. Personal attacks and profanity (in the context of an argument) are not allowed, and that includes users and developers alike. Gross breaches of netiquette, like excerpting or reposting private mail when permission to do so was not and would not be forthcoming, are frowned upon but not specifically enforced. However, there are also very few cases where such content would fit within the charter of a list and it would therefore probably rate a warning (or ban) on that basis alone. Advertising of non-FreeBSD related products or services is strictly prohibited and will result in an immediate ban if it is clear that the offender is advertising by spam. Individual list charters: FREEBSD-AFS Andrew File System This list is for discussion on porting and using AFS from CMU/Transarc FREEBSD-ADMIN Administrative issues This list is purely for discussion of FreeBSD.org related issues and to report problems or abuse of project resources. It is a closed list, though anyone may report a problem (with our systems!) to it. FREEBSD-ANNOUNCE Important events / milestones This is the mailing list for people interested only in occasional announcements of significant FreeBSD events. This includes announcements about snapshots and other releases. It contains announcements of new FreeBSD capabilities. It may contain calls for volunteers etc. This is a low volume, strictly moderated mailing list. FREEBSD-ARCH Architecture and design discussions This is a moderated list for discussion of FreeBSD architecture. Messages will mostly be kept technical in nature, with (rare) exceptions for other messages the moderator deems need to reach all the subscribers of the list. Examples of suitable topics; How to re-vamp the build system to have several customized builds running at the same time. What needs to be fixed with VFS to make Heidemann layers work. How do we change the device driver interface to be able to use the ame drivers cleanly on many buses and architectures? How do I write a network driver? The moderator reserves the right to do minor editing (spell-checking, grammar correction, trimming) of messages that are posted to the list. The volume of the list will be kept low, which may involve having to delay topics until an active discussion has been resolved. FREEBSD-BUGS Bug reports This is the mailing list for reporting bugs in FreeBSD Whenever possible, bugs should be submitted using the &man.send-pr.1; command or the WEB interface to it. FREEBSD-CHAT Non technical items related to the FreeBSD community This list contains the overflow from the other lists about non-technical, social information. It includes discussion about whether Jordan looks like a toon ferret or not, whether or not to type in capitals, who is drinking too much coffee, where the best beer is brewed, who is brewing beer in their basement, and so on. Occasional announcements of important events (such as upcoming parties, weddings, births, new jobs, etc) can be made to the technical lists, but the follow ups should be directed to this -chat list. FREEBSD-CORE FreeBSD core team This is an internal mailing list for use by the core members. Messages can be sent to it when a serious FreeBSD-related matter requires arbitration or high-level scrutiny. FREEBSD-CURRENT Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-current. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -current that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -current. Anyone running “current” must subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-CURRENT-DIGEST Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-current This is the digest version of the freebsd-current mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-current bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-DOC Documentation project This mailing list is for the discussion of issues and projects related to the creation of documenation for FreeBSD. The members of this mailing list are collectively referred to as “The FreeBSD Documentation Project”. It is an open list; feel free to join and contribute! FREEBSD-FS Filesystems Discussions concerning FreeBSD filesystems. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-IPFW IP Firewall This is the forum for technical discussions concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code in FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-ISDN ISDN Communications This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of ISDN support for FreeBSD. FREEBSD-JAVA Java Development This is the mailing list for people discussing the development of significant Java applications for FreeBSD and the porting and maintenance of JDKs. FREEBSD-HACKERS Technical discussions This is a forum for technical discussions related to FreeBSD. This is the primary technical mailing list. It is for individuals actively working on FreeBSD, to bring up problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals interested in following the technical discussion are also welcome. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-HACKERS-DIGEST Technical discussions This is the digest version of the freebsd-hackers mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-hackers bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. This list is Read-Only and should not be posted to. FREEBSD-HARDWARE General discussion of FreeBSD hardware General discussion about the types of hardware that FreeBSD runs on, various problems and suggestions concerning what to buy or avoid. FREEBSD-INSTALL Installation discussion This mailing list is for discussing FreeBSD installation development for the future releases and is closed. FREEBSD-ISP Issues for Internet Service Providers This mailing list is for discussing topics relevant to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) using FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-NEWBIES Newbies activities discussion We cover any of the activities of newbies that are not already dealt with elsewhere, including: independent learning and problem solving techniques, finding and using resources and asking for help elsewhere, how to use mailing lists and which lists to use, general chat, making mistakes, boasting, sharing ideas, stories, moral (but not technical) support, and taking an active part in the FreeBSD community. We take our problems and support questions to freebsd-questions, and use freebsd-newbies to meet others who are doing the same things that we do as newbies. FREEBSD-PLATFORMS Porting to Non-Intel platforms Cross-platform FreeBSD issues, general discussion and proposals for non-Intel FreeBSD ports. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-POLICY Core team policy decisions This is a low volume, read-only mailing list for FreeBSD Core Team Policy decisions. FREEBSD-PORTS Discussion of “ports” Discussions concerning FreeBSD's “ports collection” (/usr/ports), proposed ports, modifications to ports collection infrastructure and general coordination efforts. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS User questions This is the mailing list for questions about FreeBSD. You should not send “how to” questions to the technical lists unless you consider the question to be pretty technical. FREEBSD-QUESTIONS-DIGEST User questions This is the digest version of the freebsd-questions mailing list. The digest consists of all messages sent to freebsd-questions bundled together and mailed out as a single message. The average digest size is about 40kB. FREEBSD-SCSI SCSI subsystem This is the mailing list for people working on the scsi subsystem for FreeBSD. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY Security issues FreeBSD computer security issues (DES, Kerberos, known security holes and fixes, etc). This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-SECURITY-NOTIFICATIONS Security Notifications Notifications of FreeBSD security problems and fixes. This is not a discussion list. The discussion list is FreeBSD-security. FREEBSD-SMALL This list discusses topics related to unusually small and embedded FreeBSD installations. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-STABLE Discussions about the use of FreeBSD-stable This is the mailing list for users of freebsd-stable. It includes warnings about new features coming out in -stable that will affect the users, and instructions on steps that must be taken to remain -stable. Anyone running “stable” should subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical content is expected. FREEBSD-USER-GROUPS User Group Coordination List This is the mailing list for the coordinators from each of the local area Users Groups to discuss matters with each other and a designated individual from the Core Team. This mail list should be limited to meeting synopsis and coordination of projects that span User Groups. It is a closed list. Usenet newsgroups In addition to two FreeBSD specific newsgroups, there are many others in which FreeBSD is discussed or are otherwise relevant to FreeBSD users. Keyword searchable archives are available for some of these newsgroups from courtesy of Warren Toomey wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au. BSD specific newsgroups comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc Other Unix newsgroups of interest comp.unix comp.unix.questions comp.unix.admin comp.unix.programmer comp.unix.shell comp.unix.user-friendly comp.security.unix comp.sources.unix comp.unix.advocacy comp.unix.misc comp.bugs.4bsd comp.bugs.4bsd.ucb-fixes comp.unix.bsd X Window System comp.windows.x.i386unix comp.windows.x comp.windows.x.apps comp.windows.x.announce comp.windows.x.intrinsics comp.windows.x.motif comp.windows.x.pex comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine World Wide Web servers http://www.FreeBSD.ORG/ + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ — Central Server. http://www.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/1. http://www2.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/2. http://www3.au.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD/ — Australia/3. http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/1. + url="http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/1. http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Brazil/2. + url="http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www2.br.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/2. http://www3.br.FreeBSD.org/ — Brazil/3. http://www.bg.FreeBSD.org/ — Bulgaria. http://www.ca.FreeBSD.org/ — Canada/1. http://FreeBSD.kawartha.com/ — Canada/2. http://www.dk.FreeBSD.org/ — Denmark. http://www.ee.FreeBSD.org/ — Estonia. http://www.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/1. http://www2.fi.FreeBSD.org/ — Finland/2. http://www.fr.FreeBSD.org/ — France. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/1. http://www1.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/2. http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/ — Germany/3. http://www.hu.FreeBSD.org/ — Hungary. http://www.is.FreeBSD.org/ — Iceland. http://www.ie.FreeBSD.org/ — Ireland. http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Japan. + url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Japan. http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/ — Korea. http://rama.asiapac.net/freebsd/ — Malaysia. http://www.nl.FreeBSD.org/ — Netherlands. http://www.no.FreeBSD.org/ — Norway. http://www.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/1. http://www2.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/2. http://www3.pt.FreeBSD.org/ — Portugal/3. http://www.ro.FreeBSD.org/ — Romania. http://www.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/1. http://www2.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/2. http://www3.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/3. http://www4.ru.FreeBSD.org/ — Russia/4. http://www.sk.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovak Republic. http://www.si.FreeBSD.org/ — Slovenia. http://www.es.FreeBSD.org/ — Spain. http://www.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/1. http://www2.za.FreeBSD.org/ — South Africa/2. http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.freebsd.org/ — Sweden. + url="http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/">http://www.se.FreeBSD.org/www.FreeBSD.org/ — Sweden. http://www.tr.FreeBSD.org/ — Turkey. http://www.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/1. http://www2.ua.FreeBSD.org/ — Ukraine/2. http://www.uk.FreeBSD.org/ — United Kingdom. http://freebsd.advansys.net/ — USA/Indiana. http://www6.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Oregon. http://www2.FreeBSD.org/ — USA/Texas. Email Addresses The following user groups provide FreeBSD related email addresses for their members. The listed administrator reserves the right to revoke the address if it is abused in any way. Domain Facilities User Group Administrator ukug.uk.FreeBSD.org Forwarding only freebsd-users@uk.FreeBSD.org Josef L. Karthauser joe@uk.FreeBSD.org Shell Accounts The following user groups provide shell accounts for people who are actively supporting the FreeBSD project. The listed administrator reserves the right to cancel the account if it is abused in any way. Host Access Facilities Administrator storm.uk.FreeBSD.org ssh only Read-only cvs, personal webspace, email &a.brian diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml index a6df6724f4..dd4f0a4930 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1307 +1,1307 @@ Installing FreeBSD So, you would like to try out FreeBSD on your system? This section is a quick-start guide for what you need to do. FreeBSD can be installed from a variety of media including CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape, an MS-DOS partition and, if you have a network connection, via anonymous ftp or NFS. Regardless of the installation media you choose, you can get started by creating the installation disks as described below. Booting your computer into the FreeBSD installer, even if you are not planning on installing FreeBSD right away, will provide important information about compatibility between FreeBSD and your hardware which may, in turn, dictate which installation options are even possible. It can also provide early clues to any compatibility problems which could prevent FreeBSD running on your system at all. If you plan on installing via anonymous FTP then the installation floppies are all you need to download and create—the installation program itself will handle any further required downloading directly (using an ethernet connection, a modem and ppp dialip #, etc). For more information on obtaining the latest FreeBSD distributions, please see Obtaining FreeBSD in the Appendix. So, to get the show on the road, follow these steps: Review the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is supported by FreeBSD. It may be helpful to make a list of any special cards you have installed, such as SCSI controllers, Ethernet adapters or sound cards. This list should include relevant configuration parameters such as interrupts (IRQ) and IO port addresses. If you are installing FreeBSD from CDROM media then you have several different installation options: If the CD has been mastered with El Torrito boot support and your system supports direct booting from CDROM (and many older systems do not), simply insert the CD into the drive and boot directly from it. If you are running DOS and have the proper drivers to access your CD, run the install.bat script provided on the CD. This will attempt to boot into the FreeBSD installation straight from DOS. You must do this from actual DOS and not a Windows DOS box. If you also want to install FreeBSD from your DOS partition (perhaps because your CDROM drive is completely unsupported by FreeBSD) then run the setup program first to copy the appropriate files from the CD to your DOS partition, afterwards running install. If either of the two proceeding methods work then you can simply skip the rest of this section, otherwise your final option is to create a set of boot floppies from the floppies\kern.flp and floppies\mfsroot.flp images—proceed to step 4 for instructions on how to do this. If you do not have a CDROM distribution then simply read the installation + url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE/floppies/README.TXT">installation boot image information to find out what files you need to download first. Make the installation boot disks from the image files: If you are using MS-DOS then download fdimage.exe + URL="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/fdimage.exe">fdimage.exe or get it from tools\fdimage.exe on the CDROM and then run it like so: E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp a: The fdimage program will format the A: drive and then copy the kern.flp image onto it (assuming that you are at the top level of a FreeBSD distribution and the floppy images live in the floppies subdirectory, as is typically the case). If you are using a UNIX system to create the floppy images: &prompt.root; dd if=kern.flp of=disk_device disk_device is the /dev entry for the floppy drive. On FreeBSD systems, this is /dev/rfd0 for the A: drive and /dev/rfd1 for the B: drive. With the kern.flp in the A: drive, reboot your computer. The next request you should get is for the mfsroot.flp floppy, after which the installation will proceed normally. If you do not type anything at the boot prompt which appears during this process, FreeBSD will automatically boot with its default configuration after a delay of about five seconds. As FreeBSD boots, it probes your computer to determine what hardware is installed. The results of this probing is displayed on the screen. When the booting process is finished, The main FreeBSD installation menu will be displayed. If something goes wrong… Due to limitations of the PC architecture, it is impossible for probing to be 100 percent reliable. In the event that your hardware is incorrectly identified, or that the probing causes your computer to lock up, first check the supported configurations section of this installation guide to be sure that your hardware is indeed supported by FreeBSD. If your hardware is supported, reset the computer and when the visual kernel configuration choice is presented, take it. This puts FreeBSD into a configuration mode where you can supply hints about your hardware. The FreeBSD kernel on the installation disk is configured assuming that most hardware devices are in their factory default configuration in terms of IRQs, IO addresses and DMA channels. If your hardware has been reconfigured, you will most likely need to use the configuration editor to tell FreeBSD where things are. It is also possible that a probe for a device not present will cause a later probe for another device that is present to fail. In that case, the probes for the conflicting driver(s) should be disabled. Do not disable any device you will need during installation, such as your screen (sc0). If the installation wedges or fails mysteriously after leaving the configuration editor, you have probably removed or changed something that you should not have. Simply reboot and try again. In the configuration mode, you can: List the device drivers installed in the kernel. Disable device drivers for hardware not present in your system. Change the IRQ, DRQ, and IO port addresses used by a device driver. After adjusting the kernel to match how you have your hardware configured, type Q to continue booting with the new settings. After FreeBSD has been installed, changes made in the configuration mode will be permanent so you do not have to reconfigure every time you boot. Even so, it is likely that you will want to build a custom kernel to optimize the performance of your system. See Kernel configuration for more information on creating custom kernels. Supported Configurations FreeBSD currently runs on a wide variety of ISA, VLB, EISA and PCI bus based PC's, ranging from 386sx to Pentium class machines (though the 386sx is not recommended). Support for generic IDE or ESDI drive configurations, various SCSI controller, network and serial cards is also provided. A minimum of four megabytes of RAM is required to run FreeBSD. To run the X Window System, eight megabytes of RAM is the recommended minimum. Following is a list of all disk controllers and Ethernet cards currently known to work with FreeBSD. Other configurations may very well work, and we have simply not received any indication of this. Disk Controllers WD1003 (any generic MFM/RLL) WD1007 (any generic IDE/ESDI) IDE ATA Adaptec 1535 ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 154x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec 174x series EISA SCSI controller in standard and enhanced mode. Adaptec 274X/284X/2920C/2930U2/294x/2950/3940/3950 (Narrow/Wide/Twin) series EISA/VLB/PCI SCSI controllers. Adaptec AIC7850, AIC7860, AIC7880, AIC789x, on-board SCSI controllers. AdvanSys SCSI controllers (all models). BusLogic MultiMaster controllers: BusLogic/Mylex "Flashpoint" adapters are NOT yet supported. BusLogic MultiMaster "W" Series Host Adapters: BT-948 BT-958 BT-958D BusLogic MultiMaster "C" Series Host Adapters: BT-946C BT-956C BT-956CD BT-445C BT-747C BT-757C BT-757CD BT-545C BT-540CF BusLogic MultiMaster "S" Series Host Adapters: BT-445S BT-747S BT-747D BT-757S BT-757D BT-545S BT-542D BT-742A BT-542B BusLogic MultiMaster "A" Series Host Adapters: BT-742A BT-542B AMI FastDisk controllers that are true BusLogic MultiMaster clones are also supported. DPT SmartCACHE Plus, SmartCACHE III, SmartRAID III, SmartCACHE IV and SmartRAID IV SCSI/RAID controllers are supported. The DPT SmartRAID/CACHE V is not yet supported. Compaq Intelligent Disk Array Controllers: IDA, IDA-2, IAES, SMART, SMART-2/E, Smart-2/P, SMART-2SL, Smart Array 3200, Smart Array 3100ES and Smart Array 221. SymBios (formerly NCR) 53C810, 53C810a, 53C815, 53C820, 53C825a, 53C860, 53C875, 53C875j, 53C885, 53C895 and 53C896 PCI SCSI controllers: ASUS SC-200 Data Technology DTC3130 (all variants) Diamond FirePort (all) NCR cards (all) Symbios cards (all) Tekram DC390W, 390U and 390F Tyan S1365 QLogic 1020, 1040, 1040B, 1080, 1240 and 2100 SCSI and Fibre Channel Adapters DTC 3290 EISA SCSI controller in 1542 emulation mode. With all supported SCSI controllers, full support is provided for SCSI-I & SCSI-II peripherals, including hard disks, optical disks, tape drives (including DAT and 8mm Exabyte), medium changers, processor target devices and CDROM drives. WORM devices that support CDROM commands are supported for read-only access by the CDROM driver. WORM/CD-R/CD-RW writing support is provided by cdrecord, which is in the ports tree. The following CD-ROM type systems are supported at this time: SoundBlaster SCSI and ProAudio Spectrum SCSI (cd) Mitsumi (all models) proprietary interface (mcd) Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative) CR-562/CR-563 proprietary interface (matcd) Sony proprietary interface (scd) ATAPI IDE interface (wcd) The following drivers were supported under the old SCSI subsystem, but are NOT YET supported under the new CAM SCSI subsystem: Tekram DC390 and DC390T controllers (maybe other cards based on the AMD 53c974 as well). NCR5380/NCR53400 ("ProAudio Spectrum") SCSI controller. UltraStor 14F, 24F and 34F SCSI controllers. Seagate ST01/02 SCSI controllers. Future Domain 8xx/950 series SCSI controllers. WD7000 SCSI controller. Adaptec 1510 series ISA SCSI controllers (not for bootable devices) Adaptec 152x series ISA SCSI controllers Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards, which includes the AHA-152x and SoundBlaster SCSI cards. Ethernet cards Allied-Telesis AT1700 and RE2000 cards SMC Elite 16 WD8013 Ethernet interface, and most other WD8003E, WD8003EBT, WD8003W, WD8013W, WD8003S, WD8003SBT and WD8013EBT based clones. SMC Elite Ultra and 9432TX based cards are also supported. DEC EtherWORKS III NICs (DE203, DE204, and DE205) DEC EtherWORKS II NICs (DE200, DE201, DE202, and DE422) DEC DC21040/DC21041/DC21140 based NICs: ASUS PCI-L101-TB Accton ENI1203 Cogent EM960PCI Compex CPXPCI/32C D-Link DE-530 DEC DE435 DEC DE450 Danpex EN-9400P3 JCIS Condor JC1260 Kingston KNE100TX Linksys EtherPCI Mylex LNP101 SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) SMC EtherPower (2) Zynx ZX314 Zynx ZX342 DEC FDDI (DEFPA/DEFEA) NICs Fujitsu FMV-181 and FMV-182 Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A Intel EtherExpress Intel EtherExpress Pro/100B 100Mbit. Isolan AT 4141-0 (16 bit) Isolink 4110 (8 bit) Lucent WaveLAN wireless networking interface. Novell NE1000, NE2000, and NE2100 ethernet interface. 3Com 3C501 cards 3Com 3C503 Etherlink II 3Com 3c505 Etherlink/+ 3Com 3C507 Etherlink 16/TP 3Com 3C509, 3C579, 3C589 (PCMCIA) Etherlink III 3Com 3C590, 3C595 Etherlink III 3Com 3C90x cards. HP PC Lan Plus (27247B and 27252A) Toshiba ethernet cards PCMCIA ethernet cards from IBM and National Semiconductor are also supported. FreeBSD does not currently support PnP (plug-n-play) features present on some ethernet cards. If your card has PnP and is giving you problems, try disabling its PnP features. Miscellaneous devices AST 4 port serial card using shared IRQ. ARNET 8 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA IOAT66 6 port serial card using shared IRQ. BOCA 2016 16 port serial card using shared IRQ. Cyclades Cyclom-y Serial Board. STB 4 port card using shared IRQ. SDL Communications Riscom/8 Serial Board. SDL Communications RISCom/N2 and N2pci sync serial cards. Digiboard Sync/570i high-speed sync serial card. Decision-Computer Intl. “Eight-Serial” 8 port serial cards using shared IRQ. Adlib, SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, ProAudioSpectrum, Gravis UltraSound, Gravis UltraSound MAX and Roland MPU-401 sound cards. Matrox Meteor video frame grabber. Creative Labs Video spigot frame grabber. Omnimedia Talisman frame grabber. Brooktree BT848 chip based frame grabbers. X-10 power controllers. PC joystick and speaker. FreeBSD does not currently support IBM's microchannel (MCA) bus. Preparing for the Installation There are a number of different methods by which FreeBSD can be installed. The following describes what preparation needs to be done for each type. Before installing from CDROM If your CDROM is of an unsupported type, then please skip to MS-DOS Preparation. There is not a lot of preparatory work that needs to be done to successfully install from one of Walnut Creek's FreeBSD CDROMs (other CDROM distributions may work as well, though we cannot say for certain as we have no hand or say in how they are created). You can either boot into the CD installation directly from DOS using Walnut Creek's supplied install.bat batch file or you can make boot floppies with the makeflp.bat command. For the easiest interface of all (from DOS), type view. This will bring up a DOS menu utility that leads you through all the available options. If you are creating the boot floppies from a UNIX machine, see the beginning of this guide for examples of how to create the boot floppies. Once you have booted from DOS or floppy, you should then be able to select CDROM as the media type in the Media menu and load the entire distribution from CDROM. No other types of installation media should be required. After your system is fully installed and you have rebooted from the hard disk, you can mount the CDROM at any time by typing: mount /cdrom Before removing the CD again, also note that it is necessary to first type: umount /cdrom. Do not just remove it from the drive! Before invoking the installation, be sure that the CDROM is in the drive so that the install probe can find it. This is also true if you wish the CDROM to be added to the default system configuration automatically during the install (whether or not you actually use it as the installation media). Finally, if you would like people to be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM in your machine, you will find it quite easy. After the machine is fully installed, you simply need to add the following line to the password file (using the vipw command): ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent Anyone with network connectivity to your machine (and permission to log into it) can now chose a Media type of FTP and type in: ftp://your machine after picking “Other” in the ftp sites menu. Before installing from Floppy If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware or simply because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the install. You will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB or 1.2MB floppies as it takes to hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you are preparing these floppies under DOS, then THESE floppies must be formatted using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you are using Windows, use the Windows File Manager format command. Do not trust Factory Preformatted floppies! Format them again yourself, just to make sure. Many problems reported by our users in the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted media, which is why I am taking such special care to mention it here! If you are creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you do not need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the disklabel and newfs commands to put a UFS filesystem on them instead, as the following sequence of commands (for a 3.5" 1.44MB floppy disk) illustrates: &prompt.root; fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440 &prompt.root; disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3 &prompt.root; newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0 Use fd0.1200 and floppy5 for 5.25" 1.2MB disks. Then you can mount and write to them like any other file system. After you have formatted the floppies, you will need to copy the files onto them. The distribution files are split into chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as will fit on each one, until you have got all the distributions you want packed up in this fashion. Each distribution should go into a subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, and so on. Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select “Floppy” and you will be prompted for the rest. Before installing from a MS-DOS partition To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition, copy the files from the distribution into a directory called c:\freebsd. The directory tree structure of the CDROM must be partially reproduced within this directory so we suggest using the DOS xcopy command. For example, to prepare for a minimal installation of FreeBSD: C:\> md c:\freebsd C:\> xcopy /s e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ C:\> xcopy /s e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ Assuming that C: is where you have free space and E: is where your CDROM is mounted. For as many DISTS you wish to install from MS-DOS (and you have free space for), install each one under c:\freebsd — the BIN dist is only the minimal requirement. Before installing from QIC/SCSI Tape Installing from tape is probably the easiest method, short of an on-line install using FTP or a CDROM install. The installation program expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto the tape, so after getting all of the files for distribution you are interested in, simply tar them onto the tape with a command like: &prompt.root; cd /freebsd/distdir &prompt.root; tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2 When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you will be allowed to choose) to accommodate the full contents of the tape you have created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape. When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive before booting from the boot floppy. The installation probe may otherwise fail to find it. Before installing over a network You can do network installations over 3 types of communications links: Serial port SLIP or PPP Parallel port PLIP (laplink cable) Ethernet A standard ethernet controller (includes some PCMCIA). SLIP support is rather primitive, and limited primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running between a laptop computer and another computer. The link should be hard-wired as the SLIP installation does not currently offer a dialing capability; that facility is provided with the PPP utility, which should be used in preference to SLIP whenever possible. If you are using a modem, then PPP is almost certainly your only choice. Make sure that you have your service provider's information handy as you will need to know it fairly soon in the installation process. You will need to know how to dial your ISP using the “AT commands” specific to your modem, as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal emulator. If you are using PAP or CHAP, you will need to type the necessary set authname and set authkey commands before typing term. Refer to the user-ppp handbook and FAQ entries for further information. If you have problems, logging can be directed to the screen using the command set log local .... If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0R or later) machine is available, you might also consider installing over a “laplink” parallel port cable. The data rate over the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. Finally, for the fastest possible network installation, an ethernet adaptor is always a good choice! FreeBSD supports most common PC ethernet cards, a table of supported cards (and their required settings) is provided in Supported Hardware. If you are using one of the supported PCMCIA ethernet cards, also be sure that it is plugged in before the laptop is powered on! FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support hot insertion of PCMCIA cards during installation. You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the netmask value for your address class, and the name of your machine. Your system administrator can tell you which values to use for your particular network setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address, you will also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you are using PPP, it is your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you do not know the answers to all or most of these questions, then you should really probably talk to your system administrator first before trying this type of installation. Once you have a network link of some sort working, the installation can continue over NFS or FTP. Preparing for NFS installation NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution files you want onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it. If this server supports only “privileged port” access (as is generally the default for Sun workstations), you will need to set this option in the Options menu before installation can proceed. If you have a poor quality ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag. In order for NFS installation to work, the server must support subdir mounts, e.g., if your FreeBSD &rel.current; distribution directory lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD Then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of /usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or /usr/archive/stuff. In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file, this is controlled by the option. Other NFS servers may have different conventions. If you are getting Permission Denied messages from the server then it is likely that you do not have this enabled properly. Preparing for FTP Installation FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD &rel.current;. A full menu of reasonable choices from almost anywhere in the world is provided by the FTP site menu. If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by selecting the “Other” choice in that menu. A URL can also be a direct IP address, so the following would work in the absence of a name server: ftp://165.113.121.81/pub/FreeBSD/&rel.current;-RELEASE There are two FTP installation modes you can use: FTP Active For all FTP transfers, use “Active” mode. This will not work through firewalls, but will often work with older ftp servers that do not support passive mode. If your connection hangs with passive mode (the default), try active! FTP Passive For all FTP transfers, use “Passive” mode. This allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow incoming connections on random port addresses. Active and passive modes are not the same as a “proxy” connection, where a proxy FTP server is listening and forwarding FTP requests! For a proxy FTP server, you should usually give name of the server you really want as a part of the username, after an @-sign. The proxy server then 'fakes' the real server. An example: Say you want to install from ftp.FreeBSD.org, using the proxy FTP server foo.bar.com, listening on port 1234. In this case, you go to the options menu, set the FTP username to ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org, and the password to your e-mail address. As your installation media, you specify FTP (or passive FTP, if the proxy support it), and the URL ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD /pub/FreeBSD from ftp.FreeBSD.org is proxied under foo.bar.com, allowing you to install from that machine (which fetch the files from ftp.FreeBSD.org as your installation requests them). Installing FreeBSD Once you have taken note of the appropriate preinstallation steps, you should be able to install FreeBSD without any further trouble. Should this not be true, then you may wish to go back and re-read the relevant preparation section above for the installation media type you are trying to use, perhaps there is a helpful hint there that you missed the first time? If you are having hardware trouble, or FreeBSD refuses to boot at all, read the Hardware Guide provided on the boot floppy for a list of possible solutions. The FreeBSD boot floppies contain all the on-line documentation you should need to be able to navigate through an installation and if it does not then we would like to know what you found most confusing. Send your comments to the &a.doc;. It is the objective of the FreeBSD installation program (sysinstall) to be self-documenting enough that painful “step-by-step” guides are no longer necessary. It may take us a little while to reach that objective, but that is the objective! Meanwhile, you may also find the following “typical installation sequence” to be helpful: Boot the kern.flp floppy and, when asked, remove it and insert the mfsroot.flp floppy and hit return. After a boot sequence which can take anywhere from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on your hardware, you should be presented with a menu of initial choices. If the kern.flp floppy does not boot at all, or the boot hangs at some stage, go read the Q&A section of the Hardware Guide for possible causes. Press F1. You should see some basic usage instructions on the menu system and general navigation. If you have not used this menu system before then please read this thoroughly! Select the Options item and set any special preferences you may have. Select a Novice, Custom or Express install, depending on whether or not you would like the installation to help you through a typical installation, give you a high degree of control over each step of the installation or simply whizz through it (using reasonable defaults when possible) as fast as possible. If you have never used FreeBSD before then the Novice installation method is most recommended. The final configuration menu choice allows you to further configure your FreeBSD installation by giving you menu-driven access to various system defaults. Some items, like networking, may be especially important if you did a CDROM/Tape/Floppy installation and have not yet configured your network interfaces (assuming you have any). Properly configuring such interfaces here will allow FreeBSD to come up on the network when you first reboot from the hard disk. MS-DOS User's Questions and Answers Many FreeBSD users wish to install FreeBSD on PCs inhabited by MS-DOS. Here are some commonly asked questions about installing FreeBSD on such systems. Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete everything first? If your machine is already running MS-DOS and has little or no free space available for FreeBSD's installation, all is not lost! You may find the FIPS utility, provided in the tools directory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful. FIPS allows you to split an existing MS-DOS partition into two pieces, preserving the original partition and allowing you to install onto the second free piece. You first defragment your MS-DOS partition, using the DOS 6.xx DEFRAG utility or the Norton Disk tools, then run FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the information it needs. Afterwards, you can reboot and install FreeBSD on the new free slice. See the Distributions menu for an estimation of how much free space you will need for the kind of installation you want. Can I use compressed MS-DOS filesystems from FreeBSD? No. If you are using a utility such as Stacker(tm) or DoubleSpace(tm), FreeBSD will only be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem you leave uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up as one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). Do not remove that file! You will probably regret it greatly! It is probably better to create another uncompressed MS-DOS primary partition and use this for communications between MS-DOS and FreeBSD. Can I mount my MS-DOS extended partitions? Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end of the other “slices” in FreeBSD, e.g. your D: drive might be /dev/da0s5, your E: drive /dev/da0s6, and so on. This example assumes, of course, that your extended partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute wd for da appropriately. You otherwise mount extended partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.: &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml index b23aeb0078..8c7df7d362 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml @@ -1,567 +1,567 @@ Electronic Mail Contributed by &a.wlloyd;. Electronic Mail configuration is the subject of many System Administration books. If you plan on doing anything beyond setting up one mailhost for your network, you need industrial strength help. Some parts of E-Mail configuration are controlled in the Domain Name System (DNS). If you are going to run your own own DNS server check out /etc/namedb and man -k named for more information. Basic Information These are the major programs involved in an E-Mail exchange. A “mailhost” is a server that is responsible for delivering and receiving all email for your host, and possibly your network. User program This is a program like elm, pine, mail, or something more sophisticated like a WWW browser. This program will simply pass off all e-mail transactions to the local “mailhost” , either by calling sendmail or delivering it over TCP. Mailhost Server Daemon Usually this program is sendmail or smail running in the background. Turn it off or change the command line options in /etc/rc.conf (or, prior to FreeBSD 2.2.2, /etc/sysconfig). It is best to leave it on, unless you have a specific reason to want it off. Example: You are building a Firewall. You should be aware that sendmail is a potential weak link in a secure site. Some versions of sendmail have known security problems. sendmail does two jobs. It looks after delivering and receiving mail. If sendmail needs to deliver mail off your site it will look up in the DNS to determine the actual host that will receive mail for the destination. If it is acting as a delivery agent sendmail will take the message from the local queue and deliver it across the Internet to another sendmail on the receivers computer. DNS — Name Service The Domain Name System and its daemon named, contain the database mapping hostname to IP address, and hostname to mailhost. The IP address is specified in an A record. The MX record specifies the mailhost that will receive mail for you. If you do not have a MX record mail for your hostname, the mail will be delivered to your host directly. Unless you are running your own DNS server, you will not be able to change any information in the DNS yourself. If you are using an Internet Provider, speak to them. POP Servers This program gets the mail from your mailbox and gives it to your browser. If you want to run a POP server on your computer, you will need to do 2 things. Get pop software from the Ports collection that can be found in /usr/ports or packages collection. This handbook section has a complete reference on the Ports system. Modify /etc/inetd.conf to load the POP server. The pop program will have instructions with it. Read them. Configuration Basic As your FreeBSD system comes “out of the box”[TM], you should be able to send E-mail to external hosts as long as you have /etc/resolv.conf setup or are running a name server. If you want to have mail for your host delivered to your specific host,there are two methods: Run a name server (man -k named) and have your own domain smallminingco.com Get mail delivered to the current DNS name for your host. Ie: dorm6.ahouse.school.edu No matter what option you choose, to have mail delivered directly to your host, you must be a full Internet host. You must have a permanent IP address. IE: NO dynamic PPP. If you are behind a firewall, the firewall must be passing on smtp traffic to you. From /etc/services: smtp 25/tcp mail #Simple Mail Transfer If you want to receive mail at your host itself, you must make sure that the DNS MX entry points to your host address, or there is no MX entry for your DNS name. Try this: &prompt.root; hostname -newbsdbox.freebsd.org -&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org -newbsdbox.freebsd.org has address 204.216.27.xx +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +&prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org +newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx If that is all that comes out for your machine, mail directory to - root@newbsdbox.freebsd.org will work no + root@newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org will work no problems. If instead, you have this: - &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.freebsd.org + &prompt.root; host newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by freefall.FreeBSD.org All mail sent to your host directly will end up on freefall, under the same username. This information is setup in your domain name server. This should be the same host that is listed as your primary nameserver in /etc/resolv.conf The DNS record that carries mail routing information is the Mail eXchange entry. If no MX entry exists, mail will be delivered directly to the host by way of the Address record. The MX entry for freefall.FreeBSD.org at one time. freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com freefall HINFO Pentium FreeBSD freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com freefall A 204.216.27.xx freefall CNAME www.FreeBSD.org freefall has many MX entries. The lowest MX number gets the mail in the end. The others will queue mail temporarily, if freefall is busy or down. Alternate MX sites should have separate connections to the Internet, to be most useful. An Internet Provider or other friendly site can provide this service. dig, nslookup, and host are your friends. Mail for your Domain (Network). To setup up a network mailhost, you need to direct the mail from arriving at all the workstations. In other words, you want to hijack all mail for *.smallminingco.com and divert it to one machine, your “mailhost”. The network users on their workstations will most likely pick up their mail over POP or telnet. A user account with the same username should exist on both machines. Please use adduser to do this as required. If you set the shell to /nonexistent the user will not be allowed to login. The mailhost that you will be using must be designated the Mail eXchange for each workstation. This must be arranged in DNS (ie BIND, named). Please refer to a Networking book for in-depth information. You basically need to add these lines in your DNS server. pc24.smallminingco.com A xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ; Workstation ip MX 10 smtp.smallminingco.com ; Your mailhost You cannot do this yourself unless you are running a DNS server. If you do not want to run a DNS server, get somebody else like your Internet Provider to do it. This will redirect mail for the workstation to the Mail eXchange host. It does not matter what machine the A record points to, the mail will be sent to the MX host. This feature is used to implement Virtual E-Mail Hosting. Example I have a customer with domain foo.bar and I want all mail for foo.bar to be sent to my machine smtp.smalliap.com. You must make an entry in your DNS server like: foo.bar MX 10 smtp.smalliap.com ; your mailhost The A record is not needed if you only want E-Mail for the domain. IE: Don't expect ping foo.bar to work unless an Address record for foo.bar exists as well. On the mailhost that actually accepts mail for final delivery to a mailbox, sendmail must be told what hosts it will be accepting mail for. Add pc24.smallminingco.com to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)), or add a Cw myhost.smalliap.com line to /etc/sendmail.cf If you plan on doing anything serious with sendmail you should install the sendmail source. The source has plenty of documentation with it. You will find information on getting sendmail source from the UUCP information. Setting up UUCP. Stolen from the FAQ. The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install another sendmail configuration file. Tweaking /etc/sendmail.cf manually is considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new approach of generating config files via some m4 preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf. If you did not install your system with full sources, the sendmail config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you have your CD-ROM mounted, do: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src &prompt.root; tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa Do not panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The file README in the cf directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration. For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the mailertable feature. This constitutes a database that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon. First, you have to create your .mc file. The directory /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf is the home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples. Assuming you have named your file foo.mc, all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid sendmail.cf is: &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf &prompt.root; make foo.cf If you don't have a /usr/obj hiearchy, then: &prompt.root; cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf Otherwise: &prompt.root; cp /usr/obj/`pwd`/foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf A typical .mc file might look like: include(`../m4/cf.m4') VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(nodns) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable) define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP The nodns and nocanonify features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The UUCP_RELAY clause is needed for bizarre reasons, do not ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there. Once you have this, you need this file called /etc/mailertable. A typical example of this gender again: # # makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus .interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus .heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbor in order to “shortcut” the delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a uucp-neighbor!recipient override of the default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the uucp-dom: keyword must be valid UUCP neighbors, as you can verify using the command uuname. As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of the mailertable. You always have to execute this command each time you change your mailertable. Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail routing would work, remember the option to sendmail. It starts sendmail in “address test mode”; simply enter 0, followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave this mode by typing Control-D. &prompt.user; sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 0 foo@interface-business.de rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de … rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo < @ interface-business . de FAQ Migration from FAQ. Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site? You will probably find that the host is actually in a different domain; for example, if you are in foo.bar.edu and you wish to reach a host called mumble in the bar.edu domain, you will have to refer to it by the fully-qualified domain name, mumble.bar.edu, instead of just mumble. Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers. However the current version of BIND that ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-fully qualified domain names other than the domain you are in. So an unqualified host mumble must either be found as mumble.foo.bar.edu, or it will be searched for in the root domain. This is different from the previous behavior, where the search continued across mumble.bar.edu, and mumble.edu. Have a look at RFC 1535 for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security hole. As a good workaround, you can place the line search foo.bar.edu bar.edu instead of the previous domain foo.bar.edu into your /etc/resolv.conf. However, make sure that the search order does not go beyond the “boundary between local and public administration”, as RFC 1535 calls it. Sendmail says <errorname>mail loops back to myself</errorname> This is answered in the sendmail FAQ as follows: * I am getting "Local configuration error" messages, such as: 553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself 554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error How can I solve this problem? You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net) by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add "Cw domain.net" to /etc/sendmail.cf. The sendmail FAQ is in /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail and is recommended reading if you want to do any “tweaking” of your mail setup. How can I do E-Mail with a dialup PPP host? You want to connect a FreeBSD box on a lan, to the Internet. The FreeBSD box will be a mail gateway for the lan. The PPP connection is non-dedicated. There are at least two way to do this. The other is to use UUCP. The key is to get a Internet site to provide secondary MX services for your domain. For example: bigco.com. MX 10 bigco.com. MX 20 smalliap.com. Only one host should be specified as the final recipient ( add Cw bigco.com in /etc/sendmail.cf on bigco.com). When the senders sendmail is trying to deliver the mail it will try to connect to you over the modem link. It will most likely time out because you are not online. sendmail will automatically deliver it to the secondary MX site, ie your Internet provider. The secondary MX site will try every (sendmail_flags = "-bd -q15m" in /etc/rc.conf ) 15 minutes to connect to your host to deliver the mail to the primary MX site. You might want to use something like this as a login script. #!/bin/sh # Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppbigco ( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) & /usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppbigco If you are going to create a separate login script for a user you could use sendmail -qRbigco.com instead in the script above. This will force all mail in your queue for bigco.com to be processed immediately. A further refinement of the situation is as follows. Message stolen from the freebsd-isp mailing list. > we provide the secondary mx for a customer. The customer connects to > our services several times a day automatically to get the mails to > his primary mx (We do not call his site when a mail for his domains > arrived). Our sendmail sends the mailqueue every 30 minutes. At the > moment he has to stay 30 minutes online to be sure that all mail is > gone to the primary mx. > > Is there a command that would initiate sendmail to send all the mails > now? The user has not root-privileges on our machine of course. In the 'privacy flags' section of sendmail.cf, there is a definition Opgoaway,restrictqrun Remove restrictqrun to allow non-root users to start the queue processing. You might also like to rearrange the MXs. We are the 1st MX for our customers like this, and we have defined: # If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating # local config error. OwTrue That way a remote site will deliver straight to you, without trying the customer connection. You then send to your customer. Only works for "hosts", so you need to get your customer to name their mail machine "customer.com" as well as "hostname.customer.com" in the DNS. Just put an A record in the DNS for "customer.com". diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent index 3e9e85fe41..4a59f66dfe 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mailing-lists.ent @@ -1,104 +1,104 @@ freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-advocacy@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-announce@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-bugs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-chat@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-core@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-core@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-current@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-current@FreeBSD.org"> cvs-all@FreeBSD.ORG"> + cvs-all@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-database@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-database@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-fs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hackers@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-hardware@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isdn@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-isp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-java@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-java@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mobile@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-mozilla@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-multimedia@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-net@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-net@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-newbies@FreeBSD.org"> new-bus-arch@bostonradio.org"> freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-ports@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-scsi@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-security-notifications@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-small@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-small@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-smp@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-stable@FreeBSD.org"> freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.ORG"> + freebsd-tokenring@FreeBSD.org"> -majordomo@FreeBSD.ORG"> +majordomo@FreeBSD.org"> diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml index 0952b0819d..9c5cba7e52 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1457 +1,1457 @@ Obtaining FreeBSD CD-ROM Publishers FreeBSD is available on CD-ROM from Walnut Creek CDROM:
Walnut Creek CDROM 4041 Pike Lane, Suite F Concord CA, 94520 USA Phone: +1 925 674-0783 Fax: +1 925 674-0821 Email: info@cdrom.com WWW: http://www.cdrom.com/
FTP Sites The official sources for FreeBSD are available via anonymous FTP from:
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD.
The FreeBSD mirror sites database is more accurate than the mirror listing in the handbook, as it gets its information form the DNS rather than relying on static lists of hosts. Additionally, FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain FreeBSD via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, Ukraine, USA. Argentina In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ar.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ar.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Australia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@au.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.au.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Canada In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ca.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ca.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Czech Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@cz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.cz.FreeBSD.org Contact: calda@dzungle.ms.mff.cuni.cz ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/OS/FreeBSD Contact: jj@sunsite.mff.cuni.cz. Denmark In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@dk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.dk.freeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD Estonia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ee.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ee.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fi.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fi.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD France In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.fr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Germany In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@de.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp7.de.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hk.super.net/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftp-admin@HK.Super.NET. Ireland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ie.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ie.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Israel In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@il.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.il.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Japan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@jp.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.jp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Korea In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@kr.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Netherlands In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD New Zealand In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@nz.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.nz.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Poland In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pl.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pl.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Portugal In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@pt.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.pt.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Russia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@ru.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.ru.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Saudi Arabia In case of problems, please contact ftpadmin@isu.net.sa ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/mirrors/ftp.freebsd.org South Africa In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@za.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.za.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovak Republic In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@sk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.sk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Slovenia In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@si.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.si.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Spain In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@es.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.es.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Sweden In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@se.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.se.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Taiwan In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@tw.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Thailand ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/FreeBSD Contact: ftpadmin@ftp.nectec.or.th. Ukraine ftp://ftp.ua.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Contact: freebsd-mnt@lucky.net. UK In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@uk.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.uk.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD USA In case of problems, please contact the hostmaster hostmaster@FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp3.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp5.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp6.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD The latest versions of export-restricted code for FreeBSD (2.0C or later) (eBones and secure) are being made available at the following locations. If you are outside the U.S. or Canada, please get secure (DES) and eBones (Kerberos) from one of the following foreign distribution sites: South Africa Hostmaster hostmaster@internat.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD ftp://ftp2.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Brazil Hostmaster hostmaster@br.FreeBSD.org for this domain. ftp://ftp.br.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD Finland ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt Contact: count@nic.funet.fi. CTM Sites CTM/FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain CTM via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. In case of problems, please contact &a.phk;. California, Bay Area, official source ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CTM Germany, Trier ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/unix/systems/BSD/FreeBSD/CTM South Africa, backup server for old deltas ftp://ftp.internat.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM Taiwan/R.O.C, Chiayi ftp://ctm.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm2.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CTM ftp://ctm3.tw.FreeBSD.org/pub/freebsd/CTM If you did not find a mirror near to you or the mirror is incomplete, try FTP search at http://ftpsearch.ntnu.no/ftpsearch. FTP search is a great free archie server in Trondheim, Norway. CVSup Sites CVSup servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites: Argentina cvsup.ar.FreeBSD.org (maintainer msagre@cactus.fi.uba.ar) Australia cvsup.au.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dawes@physics.usyd.edu.au) Brazil cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@cvsup.br.FreeBSD.org) Canada cvsup.ca.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dan@jaded.net) Czech Republic cvsup.cz.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cejkar@dcse.fee.vutbr.cz) Denmark cvsup.dk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesper@skriver.dk) Estonia cvsup.ee.FreeBSD.org (maintainer taavi@uninet.ee) Finland cvsup.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) cvsip2.fi.FreeBSD.org (maintainer count@key.sms.fi) France cvsup.fr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer hostmaster@fr.FreeBSD.org) Germany cvsup.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wosch@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer petzi@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.de.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ag@leo.org) Iceland cvsup.is.FreeBSD.org (maintainer adam@veda.is) Japan cvsup.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer simokawa@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp) cvsup2.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer max@FreeBSD.org) cvsup3.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer shige@cin.nihon-u.ac.jp) cvsup4.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup-admin@ftp.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp) cvsup5.jp.FreeBSD.org (maintainer cvsup@imasy.or.jp) Korea cvsup.kr.FreeBSD.org (maintainer - cjh@kr.freebsd.org) + cjh@kr.FreeBSD.org) Netherlands cvsup.nl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer xaa@xaa.iae.nl) Norway cvsup.no.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Tor.Egge@idt.ntnu.no) Poland cvsup.pl.FreeBSD.org (maintainer Mariusz@kam.pl) Russia cvsup.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer mishania@demos.su) cvsup2.ru.FreeBSD.org (maintainer dv@dv.ru) Spain cvsup.es.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jesusr@FreeBSD.org) Sweden cvsup.se.FreeBSD.org (maintainer pantzer@ludd.luth.se) Slovak Republic cvsup.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) cvsup2.sk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer tps@tps.sk) South Africa cvsup.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) cvsup2.za.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) Taiwan cvsup.tw.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdli@freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw) Ukraine cvsup2.ua.FreeBSD.org (maintainer freebsd-mnt@lucky.net) United Kingdom cvsup.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer joe@pavilion.net) cvsup2.uk.FreeBSD.org (maintainer brian@FreeBSD.org) USA cvsup1.FreeBSD.org (maintainer skynyrd@opus.cts.cwu.edu), Washington state cvsup2.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), California cvsup3.FreeBSD.org (maintainer wollman@FreeBSD.org), Massachusetts cvsup5.FreeBSD.org (maintainer ck@adsu.bellsouth.com), Georgia cvsup6.FreeBSD.org (maintainer jdp@FreeBSD.org), Florida The export-restricted code for FreeBSD (eBones and secure) is available via CVSup at the following international repository. Please use this site to get the export-restricted code, if you are outside the USA or Canada. South Africa cvsup.internat.FreeBSD.org (maintainer markm@FreeBSD.org) The following CVSup site is especially designed for CTM users. Unlike the other CVSup mirrors, it is kept up-to-date by CTM. That means if you CVSup cvs-all with release=cvs from this site, you get a version of the repository (including the inevitable .ctm_status file) which is suitable for being updated using the CTM cvs-cur deltas. This allows users who track the entire cvs-all tree to go from CVSup to CTM without having to rebuild their repository from scratch using a fresh CTM base delta. This special feature only works for the cvs-all distribution with cvs as the release tag. CVSupping any other distribution and/or release will get you the specified distribution, but it will not be suitable for CTM updating. Because the current version of CTM does not preserve the timestamps of files, the timestamps at this mirror site are not the same as those at other mirror sites. Switching between this site and other sites is not recommended. It will work correctly, but will be somewhat inefficient. Germany ctm.FreeBSD.org (maintainer blank@fox.uni-trier.de) AFS Sites AFS servers for FreeBSD are running at the following sites; Sweden The path to the files are: /afs/stacken.kth.se/ftp/pub/FreeBSD stacken.kth.se # Stacken Computer Club, KTH, Sweden 130.237.234.43 #hot.stacken.kth.se 130.237.237.230 #fishburger.stacken.kth.se 130.237.234.3 #milko.stacken.kth.se Maintainer ftp@stacken.kth.se diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml index 984b27dd97..53e2f8a6d6 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml @@ -1,624 +1,624 @@ PGP keys In case you need to verify a signature or send encrypted email to one of the officers or core team members a number of keys are provided here for your convenience. Officers FreeBSD Security Officer <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email> -FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@freebsd.org> +FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 41 08 4E BB DB 41 60 71 F9 E5 0E 98 73 AF 3F 11 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3i mQCNAzF7MY4AAAEEAK7qBgPuBejER5HQbQlsOldk3ZVWXlRj54raz3IbuAUrDrQL h3g57T9QY++f3Mot2LAf5lDJbsMfWrtwPrPwCCFRYQd6XH778a+l4ju5axyjrt/L Ciw9RrOC+WaPv3lIdLuqYge2QRC1LvKACIPNbIcgbnLeRGLovFUuHi5z0oilAAUR tDdGcmVlQlNEIFNlY3VyaXR5IE9mZmljZXIgPHNlY3VyaXR5LW9mZmljZXJAZnJl ZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQMX6yrOJgpPLZnQjrAQHyowQA1Nv2AY8vJIrdp2ttV6RU tZBYnI7gTO3sFC2bhIHsCvfVU3JphfqWQ7AnTXcD2yPjGcchUfc/EcL1tSlqW4y7 PMP4GHZp9vHog1NAsgLC9Y1P/1cOeuhZ0pDpZZ5zxTo6TQcCBjQA6KhiBFP4TJql 3olFfPBh3B/Tu3dqmEbSWpuJAJUDBRAxez3C9RVb+45ULV0BAak8A/9JIG/jRJaz QbKom6wMw852C/Z0qBLJy7KdN30099zMjQYeC9PnlkZ0USjQ4TSpC8UerYv6IfhV nNY6gyF2Hx4CbEFlopnfA1c4yxtXKti1kSN6wBy/ki3SmqtfDhPQ4Q31p63cSe5A 3aoHcjvWuqPLpW4ba2uHVKGP3g7SSt6AOYkAlQMFEDF8mz0ff6kIA1j8vQEBmZcD /REaUPDRx6qr1XRQlMs6pfgNKEwnKmcUzQLCvKBnYYGmD5ydPLxCPSFnPcPthaUb 5zVgMTjfjS2fkEiRrua4duGRgqN4xY7VRAsIQeMSITBOZeBZZf2oa9Ntidr5PumS 9uQ9bvdfWMpsemk2MaRG9BSoy5Wvy8VxROYYUwpT8Cf2iQCVAwUQMXsyqWtaZ42B sqd5AQHKjAQAvolI30Nyu3IyTfNeCb/DvOe9tlOn/o+VUDNJiE/PuBe1s2Y94a/P BfcohpKC2kza3NiW6lLTp00OWQsuu0QAPc02vYOyseZWy4y3Phnw60pWzLcFdemT 0GiYS5Xm1o9nAhPFciybn9j1q8UadIlIq0wbqWgdInBT8YI/l4f5sf6JAJUDBRAx ezKXVS4eLnPSiKUBAc5OBACIXTlKqQC3B53qt7bNMV46m81fuw1PhKaJEI033mCD ovzyEFFQeOyRXeu25Jg9Bq0Sn37ynISucHSmt2tUD5W0+p1MUGyTqnfqejMUWBzO v4Xhp6a8RtDdUMBOTtro16iulGiRrCKxzVgEl4i+9Z0ZiE6BWlg5AetoF5n3mGk1 lw== =ipyA -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.imp; Warner Losh <imp@village.org> - aka <imp@freebsd.org> + aka <imp@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = D4 31 FD B9 F7 90 17 E8 37 C5 E7 7F CF A6 C1 B9 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzDzTiAAAAEEAK8D7KWEbVFUrmlqhUEnAvphNIqHEbqqT8s+c5f5c2uHtlcH V4mV2TlUaDSVBN4+/D70oHmZc4IgiQwMPCWRrSezg9z/MaKlWhaslc8YT6Xc1q+o EP/fAdKUrq49H0QQbkQk6Ks5wKW6v9AOvdmsS6ZJEcet6d9G4dxynu/2qPVhAAUR tCBNLiBXYXJuZXIgTG9zaCA8aW1wQHZpbGxhZ2Uub3JnPokAlQMFEDM/SK1VLh4u c9KIpQEBFPsD/1n0YuuUPvD4CismZ9bx9M84y5sxLolgFEfP9Ux196ZSeaPpkA0g C9YX/IyIy5VHh3372SDWN5iVSDYPwtCmZziwIV2YxzPtZw0nUu82P/Fn8ynlCSWB 5povLZmgrWijTJdnUWI0ApVBUTQoiW5MyrNN51H3HLWXGoXMgQFZXKWYiQCVAwUQ MzmhkfUVW/uOVC1dAQG3+AP/T1HL/5EYF0ij0yQmNTzt1cLt0b1e3N3zN/wPFFWs BfrQ+nsv1zw7cEgxLtktk73wBGM9jUIdJu8phgLtl5a0m9UjBq5oxrJaNJr6UTxN a+sFkapTLT1g84UFUO/+8qRB12v+hZr2WeXMYjHAFUT18mp3xwjW9DUV+2fW1Wag YDKJAJUDBRAzOYK1s1pi61mfMj0BARBbA/930CHswOF0HIr+4YYUs1ejDnZ2J3zn icTZhl9uAfEQq++Xor1x476j67Z9fESxyHltUxCmwxsJ1uOJRwzjyEoMlyFrIN4C dE0C8g8BF+sRTt7VLURLERvlBvFrVZueXSnXvmMoWFnqpSpt3EmN6TNaLe8Cm87a k6EvQy0dpnkPKokAlQMFEDD9Lorccp7v9qj1YQEBrRUD/3N4cCMWjzsIFp2Vh9y+ RzUrblyF84tJyA7Rr1p+A7dxf7je3Zx5QMEXosWL1WGnS5vC9YH2WZwv6sCU61gU rSy9z8KHlBEHh+Z6fdRMrjd9byPf+n3cktT0NhS23oXB1ZhNZcB2KKhVPlNctMqO 3gTYx+Nlo6xqjR+J2NnBYU8p =7fQV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Core Team members &a.asami; Satoshi Asami <asami@cs.berkeley.edu> - aka <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> + aka <asami@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzPVyoQAAAEEAL7W+kipxB171Z4SVyyL9skaA7hG3eRsSOWk7lfvfUBLtPog f3OKwrApoc/jwLf4+Qpdzv5DLEt/6Hd/clskhJ+q1gMNHyZ5ABmUxrTRRNvJMTrb 3fPU3oZj7sL/MyiFaT1zF8EaMP/iS2ZtcFsbYOqGeA8E/58uk4NA0SoeCNiJAAUR tCVTYXRvc2hpIEFzYW1pIDxhc2FtaUBjcy5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHU+iQCVAwUQM/AT +EqGN2HYnOMZAQF11QP/eSXb2FuTb1yX5yoo1Im8YnIk1SEgCGbyEbOMMBznVNDy 5g2TAD0ofLxPxy5Vodjg8rf+lfMVtO5amUH6aNcORXRncE83T10JmeM6JEp0T6jw zOHKz8jRzygYLBayGsNIJ4BGxa4LeaGxJpO1ZEvRlNkPH/YEXK5oQmq9/DlrtYOJ AEUDBRAz42JT8ng6GBbVvu0BAU8nAYCsJ8PiJpRUGlrz6rxjX8hqM1v3vqFHLcG+ G52nVMBSy+RZBgzsYIPwI5EZtWAKb22JAJUDBRAz4QBWdbtuOHaj97EBAaQPA/46 +NLUp+Wubl90JoonoXocwAg88tvAUVSzsxPXj0lvypAiSI2AJKsmn+5PuQ+/IoQy lywRsxiQ5GD7C72SZ1yw2WI9DWFeAi+qa4b8n9fcLYrnHpyCY+zxEpu4pam8FJ7H JocEUZz5HRoKKOLHErzXDiuTkkm72b1glmCqAQvnB4kAlQMFEDPZ3gyDQNEqHgjY iQEBFfUEALu2C0uo+1Z7C5+xshWRYY5xNCzK20O6bANVJ+CO2fih96KhwsMof3lw fDso5HJSwgFd8WT/sR+Wwzz6BAE5UtgsQq5GcsdYQuGI1yIlCYUpDp5sgswNm+OA bX5a+r4F/ZJqrqT1J56Mer0VVsNfe5nIRsjd/rnFAFVfjcQtaQmjiQCVAwUQM9uV mcdm8Q+/vPRJAQELHgP9GqNiMpLQlZig17fDnCJ73P0e5t/hRLFehZDlmEI2TK7j Yeqbw078nZgyyuljZ7YsbstRIsWVCxobX5eH1kX+hIxuUqCAkCsWUY4abG89kHJr XGQn6X1CX7xbZ+b6b9jLK+bJKFcLSfyqR3M2eCyscSiZYkWKQ5l3FYvbUzkeb6K0 IVNhdG9zaGkgQXNhbWkgPGFzYW1pQEZyZWVCU0QuT1JHPg== =39SC -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jmb; Jonathan M. Bresler <jmb@FreeBSD.org> f16 Fingerprint16 = 31 57 41 56 06 C1 40 13 C5 1C E3 E5 DC 62 0E FB -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzG2GToAAAEEANI6+4SJAAgBpl53XcfEr1M9wZyBqC0tzpie7Zm4vhv3hO8s o5BizSbcJheQimQiZAY4OnlrCpPxijMFSaihshs/VMAz1qbisUYAMqwGEO/T4QIB nWNo0Q/qOniLMxUrxS1RpeW5vbghErHBKUX9GVhxbiVfbwc4wAHbXdKX5jjdAAUR tCVKb25hdGhhbiBNLiBCcmVzbGVyIDxqbWJARnJlZUJTRC5PUkc+iQCVAwUQNbtI gAHbXdKX5jjdAQHamQP+OQr10QRknamIPmuHmFYJZ0jU9XPIvTTMuOiUYLcXlTdn GyTUuzhbEywgtOldW2V5iA8platXThtqC68NsnN/xQfHA5xmFXVbayNKn8H5stDY 2s/4+CZ06mmJfqYmONF1RCbUk/M84rVT3Gn2tydsxFh4Pm32lf4WREZWRiLqmw+J AJUDBRA0DfF99RVb+45ULV0BAcZ0BACCydiSUG1VR0a5DBcHdtin2iZMPsJUPRqJ tWvP6VeI8OFpNWQ4LW6ETAvn35HxV2kCcQMyht1kMD+KEJz7r8Vb94TS7KtZnNvk 2D1XUx8Locj6xel5c/Lnzlnnp7Bp1XbJj2u/NzCaZQ0eYBdP/k7RLYBYHQQln5x7 BOuiRJNVU4kAlQMFEDQLcShVLh4uc9KIpQEBJv4D/3mDrD0MM9EYOVuyXik3UGVI 8quYNA9ErVcLdt10NjYc16VI2HOnYVgPRag3Wt7W8wlXShpokfC/vCNt7f5JgRf8 h2a1/MjQxtlD+4/Js8k7GLa53oLon6YQYk32IEKexoLPwIRO4L2BHWa3GzHJJSP2 aTR/Ep90/pLdAOu/oJDUiQCVAwUQMqyL0LNaYutZnzI9AQF25QP9GFXhBrz2tiWz 2+0gWbpcGNnyZbfsVjF6ojGDdmsjJMyWCGw49XR/vPKYIJY9EYo4t49GIajRkISQ NNiIz22fBAjT2uY9YlvnTJ9NJleMfHr4dybo7oEKYMWWijQzGjqf2m8wf9OaaofE KwBX6nxcRbKsxm/BVLKczGYl3XtjkcuJAJUDBRA1ol5TZWCprDT5+dUBATzXA/9h /ZUuhoRKTWViaistGJfWi26FB/Km5nDQBr/Erw3XksQCMwTLyEugg6dahQ1u9Y5E 5tKPxbB69eF+7JXVHE/z3zizR6VL3sdRx74TPacPsdhZRjChEQc0htLLYAPkJrFP VAzAlSlm7qd+MXf8fJovQs6xPtZJXukQukPNlhqZ94kAPwMFEDSH/kF4tXKgazlt bxECfk4AoO+VaFVfguUkWX10pPSSfvPyPKqiAJ4xn8RSIe1ttmnqkkDMhLh00mKj lLQuSm9uYXRoYW4gTS4gQnJlc2xlciA8Sm9uYXRoYW4uQnJlc2xlckBVU2kubmV0 PokAlQMFEDXbdSkB213Sl+Y43QEBV/4D/RLJNTrtAqJ1ATxXWv9g8Cr3/YF0GTmx 5dIrJOpBup7eSSmiM/BL9Is4YMsoVbXCI/8TqA67TMICvq35PZU4wboQB8DqBAr+ gQ8578M7Ekw1OAF6JXY6AF2P8k7hMcVBcVOACELPT/NyPNByG5QRDoNmlsokJaWU /2ls4QSBZZlb =zbCw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ache; Andrey A. Chernov <ache@FreeBSD.org> aka <ache@nagual.pp.ru> Key fingerprint = 33 03 9F 48 33 7B 4A 15 63 48 88 0A C4 97 FD 49 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAiqUMGQAAAEEAPGhcD6A2Buey5LYz0sphDLpVgOZc/bb9UHAbaGKUAGXmafs Dcb2HnsuYGgX/zrQXuCi/wIGtXcZWB97APtKOhFsZnPinDR5n/dde/mw9FnuhwqD m+rKSL1HlN0z/Msa5y7g16760wHhSR6NoBSEG5wQAHIMMq7Q0uJgpPLZnQjrAAUT tCVBbmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucHAucnU+iQCVAwUQM2Ez u+JgpPLZnQjrAQEyugP8DPnS8ixJ5OeuYgPFQf5sy6l+LrB6hyaS+lgsUPahWjNY cnaDmfda/q/BV5d4+y5rlQe/pjnYG7/yQuAR3jhlXz8XDrqlBOnW9AtYjDt5rMfJ aGFTGXAPGZ6k6zQZE0/YurT8ia3qjvuZm3Fw4NJrHRx7ETHRvVJDvxA6Ggsvmr20 JEFuZHJleSBBLiBDaGVybm92IDxhY2hlQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDR5uVbi YKTy2Z0I6wEBLgED/2mn+hw4/3peLx0Sb9LNx//NfCCkVefSf2G9Qwhx6dvwbX7h mFca97h7BQN4GubU1Z5Ffs6TeamSBrotBYGmOCwvJ6S9WigF9YHQIQ3B4LEjskAt pcjU583y42zM11kkvEuQU2Gde61daIylJyOxsgpjSWpkxq50fgY2kLMfgl/ftCZB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuaWV0enNjaGUubmV0PokAlQMFEDR5svDi YKTy2Z0I6wEBOTQD/0OTCAXIjuak363mjERvzSkVsNtIH9hA1l0w6Z95+iH0fHrW xXKT0vBZE0y0Em+S3cotLL0bMmVE3F3D3GyxhBVmgzjyx0NYNoiQjYdi+6g/PV30 Cn4vOO6hBBpSyI6vY6qGNqcsawuRtHNvK/53MpOfKwSlICEBYQimcZhkci+EtCJB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucnU+iQCVAwUQMcm5HeJgpPLZ nQjrAQHwvQP9GdmAf1gdcuayHEgNkc11macPH11cwWjYjzA2YoecFMGV7iqKK8QY rr1MjbGXf8DAG8Ubfm0QbI8Lj8iG3NgqIru0c72UuHGSn/APfGGG0AtPX5UK/k7B gI0Ca2po6NA5nrSp8tDsdEz/4gyea84RXl2prtTf5Jj07hflbRstGXK0MkFuZHJl eSBBLiBDaGVybm92LCBCbGFjayBNYWdlIDxhY2hlQGFzdHJhbC5tc2suc3U+iQCV AwUQMCsAo5/rGryoL8h3AQHq1QQAidyNFqA9hvrmMcjpY7csJVFlGvj574Wj4GPa o3pZeuQaMBmsWqaXLYnWU/Aldb6kTz6+nRcQX50zFH0THSPfApwEW7yybSTI5apJ mWT3qhKN2vmLNg2yNzhqLTzHLD1lH3i1pfQq8WevrNfjLUco5S/VuekTma/osnzC Cw7fQzCJAJUDBRAwKvwoa1pnjYGyp3kBARihBACoXr3qfG65hFCyKJISmjOvaoGr anxUIkeDS0yQdTHzhQ+dwB1OhhK15E0Nwr0MKajLMm90n6+Zdb5y/FIjpPriu8dI rlHrWZlewa88eEDM+Q/NxT1iYg+HaKDAE171jmLpSpCL0MiJtO0i36L3ekVD7Hv8 vffOZHPSHirIzJOZTYkAlQMFEDAau6zFLUdtDb+QbQEBQX8D/AxwkYeFaYxZYMFO DHIvSk23hAsjCmUA2Uil1FeWAusb+o8xRfPDc7TnosrIifJqbF5+fcHCG5VSTGlh Bhd18YWUeabf/h9O2BsQX55yWRuB2x3diJ1xI/VVdG+rxlMCmE4ZR1Tl9x+Mtun9 KqKVpB39VlkCBYQ3hlgNt/TJUY4riQCVAwUQMBHMmyJRltlmbQBRAQFQkwP/YC3a hs3ZMMoriOlt3ZxGNUUPTF7rIER3j+c7mqGG46dEnDB5sUrkzacpoLX5sj1tGR3b vz9a4vmk1Av3KFNNvrZZ3/BZFGpq3mCTiAC9zsyNYQ8L0AfGIUO5goCIjqwOTNQI AOpNsJ5S+nMAkQB4YmmNlI6GTb3D18zfhPZ6uciJAJUCBRAwD0sl4uW74fteFRkB AWsAA/9NYqBRBKbmltQDpyK4+jBAYjkXBJmARFXKJYTlnTgOHMpZqoVyW96xnaa5 MzxEiu7ZWm5oL10QDIp1krkBP2KcmvfSMMHb5aGCCQc2/P8NlfXAuHtNGzYiI0UA Iwi8ih/S1liVfvnqF9uV3d3koE7VsQ9OA4Qo0ZL2ggW+/gEaYIkAlQMFEDAOz6qx /IyHe3rl4QEBIvYD/jIr8Xqo/2I5gncghSeFR01n0vELFIvaF4cHofGzyzBpYsfA +6pgFI1IM+LUF3kbUkAY/2uSf9U5ECcaMCTWCwVgJVO+oG075SHEM4buhrzutZiM 1dTyTaepaPpTyRMUUx9ZMMYJs7sbqLId1eDwrJxUPhrBNvf/w2W2sYHSY8cdiQCV AwUQMAzqgHcdkq6JcsfBAQGTxwQAtgeLFi2rhSOdllpDXUwz+SS6bEjFTWgRsWFM y9QnOcqryw7LyuFmWein4jasjY033JsODfWQPiPVNA3UEnXVg9+n8AvNMPO8JkRv Cn1eNg0VaJy9J368uArio93agd2Yf/R5r+QEuPjIssVk8hdcy/luEhSiXWf6bLMV HEA0J+OJAJUDBRAwDUi+4mCk8tmdCOsBAatBBACHB+qtW880seRCDZLjl/bT1b14 5po60U7u6a3PEBkY0NA72tWDQuRPF/Cn/0+VdFNxQUsgkrbwaJWOoi0KQsvlOm3R rsxKbn9uvEKLxExyKH3pxp76kvz/lEWwEeKvBK+84Pb1lzpG3W7u2XDfi3VQPTi3 5SZMAHc6C0Ct/mjNlYkAlQMFEDAMrPD7wj+NsTMUOQEBJckD/ik4WsZzm2qOx9Fw erGq7Zwchc+Jq1YeN5PxpzqSf4AG7+7dFIn+oe6X2FcIzgbYY+IfmgJIHEVjDHH5 +uAXyb6l4iKc89eQawO3t88pfHLJWbTzmnvgz2cMrxt94HRvgkHfvcpGEgbyldq6 EB33OunazFcfZFRIcXk1sfyLDvYE =1ahV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jkh; Jordan K. Hubbard <jkh@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 3C F2 27 7E 4A 6C 09 0A 4B C9 47 CD 4F 4D 0B 20 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzFjX0IAAAEEAML+nm9/kDNPp43ZUZGjYkm2QLtoC1Wxr8JulZXqk7qmhYcQ jvX+fyoriJ6/7ZlnLe2oG5j9tZOnRLPvMaz0g9CpW6Dz3nkXrNPkmOFV9B8D94Mk tyFeRJFqnkCuqBj6D+H8FtBwEeeTecSh2tJ0bZZTXnAMhxeOdvUVW/uOVC1dAAUR tCNKb3JkYW4gSy4gSHViYmFyZCA8amtoQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokBFQMFEDXCTXQM j46yp4IfPQEBwO8IAIN0J09AXBf86dFUTFGcAMrEQqOF5IL+KGorAjzuYxERhKfD ZV7jA+sCQqxkWfcVcE20kVyVYqzZIkio9a5zXP6TwA247JkPt54S1PmMDYHNlRIY laXlNoji+4q3HP2DfHqXRT2859rYpm/fG/v6pWkos5voPKcZ2OFEp9W+Ap88oqw+ 5rx4VetZNJq1Epmis4INj6XqNqj85+MOOIYE+f445ohDM6B/Mxazd6cHFGGIR+az VjZ6lCDMLjzhB5+FqfrDLYuMjqkMTR5z9DL+psUvPlCkYbQ11NEWtEmiIWjUcNJN GCxGzv5bXk0XPu3ADwbPkFE2usW1cSM7AQFiwuyJAJUDBRAxe+Q9a1pnjYGyp3kB AV7XA/oCSL/Cc2USpQ2ckwkGpyvIkYBPszIcabSNJAzm2hsU9Qa6WOPxD8olDddB uJNiW/gznPC4NsQ0N8Zr4IqRX/TTDVf04WhLmd8AN9SOrVv2q0BKgU6fLuk979tJ utrewH6PR2qBOjAaR0FJNk4pcYAHeT+e7KaKy96YFvWKIyDvc4kAlQMFEDF8ldof f6kIA1j8vQEBDH4D/0Zm0oNlpXrAE1EOFrmp43HURHbij8n0Gra1w9sbfo4PV+/H U8ojTdWLy6r0+prH7NODCkgtIQNpqLuqM8PF2pPtUJj9HwTmSqfaT/LMztfPA6PQ csyT7xxdXl0+4xTDl1avGSJfYsI8XCAy85cTs+PQwuyzugE/iykJO1Bnj/paiQCV AwUQMXvlBvUVW/uOVC1dAQF2fQP/RfYC6RrpFTZHjo2qsUHSRk0vmsYfwG5NHP5y oQBMsaQJeSckN4n2JOgR4T75U4vS62aFxgPLJP3lOHkU2Vc7xhAuBvsbGr5RP8c5 LvPOeUEyz6ZArp1KUHrtcM2iK1FBOmY4dOYphWyWMkDgYExabqlrAq7FKZftpq/C BiMRuaw= =C/Jw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.phk; Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = A3 F3 88 28 2F 9B 99 A2 49 F4 E2 FA 5A 78 8B 3E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzAdpMIAAAEEALHDgrFUwhZtb7PbXg3upELoDVEUPFRwnmpJH1rRqyROUGcI ooVe7u+FQlIs5OsXK8ECs/5Wpe2UrZSzHvjwBYOND5H42YtI5UULZLRCo5bFfTVA K9Rpo5icfTsYihrzU2nmnycwFMk+jYXyT/ZDYWDP/BM9iLjj0x9/qQgDWPy9AAUR tCNQb3VsLUhlbm5pbmcgS2FtcCA8cGhrQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDQQ0aZ1 u244dqP3sQEBu4ID/jXFFeJgs2MdTDNOZM/FbfDhI4qxAbYUsqS3+Ra16yd8Wd/A jV+IHJE2NomFWl8UrUjCGinXiwzPgK1OfFJrS9Og1wQLvAl0X84BA8MTP9BQr4w7 6I/RbksgUSrVCIO8MJwlydjSPocWGBeXlVjbZxXzyuJk7H+TG+zuI5BuBcNIiQCV AwUQMwYr2rNaYutZnzI9AQHiIQP/XxtBWFXaBRgVLEhRNpS07YdU+LsZGlLOZehN 9L4UnJFHQQPNOpMey2gF7Y95aBOw5/1xS5vlQpwmRFCntWsm/gqdzK6rulfr1r5A y94LO5TAC6ucNu396Y4vo1TyD1STnRC466KlvmtQtAtFGgXlORWLL9URLzcRFd1h D0yXd9aJAJUDBRAxfo19a1pnjYGyp3kBAQqyA/4v64vP3l1F0Sadn6ias761hkz/ SMdTuLzILmofSCC4o4KWMjiWJHs2Soo41QlZi1+xMHzV32JKiwFlGtPHqL+EHyXy Q4H3vmf9/1KF+0XCaMtgI0wWUMziPSTJK8xXbRRmMDK/0F4TnVVaUhnmf+h5K7O6 XdmejDTa0X/NWcicmIkAlQMFEDF8lef1FVv7jlQtXQEBcnwD/0ro1PpUtlkLmreD tsGTkNa7MFLegrYRvDDrHOwPZH152W2jPUncY+eArQJakeHiTDmJNpFagLZglhE0 bqJyca+UwCXX+6upAclWHEBMg2byiWMMqyPVEEnpUoHM1sIkgdNWlfQAmipRBfYh 2LyCgWvR8CbtwPYIFvUmGgB3MR87iQCVAwUQMUseXB9/qQgDWPy9AQGPkwP/WEDy El2Gkvua9COtMAifot2vTwuvWWpNopIEx0Ivey4aVbRLD90gGCJw8OGDEtqFPcNV 8aIiy3fYVKXGZZjvCKd7zRfhNmQn0eLDcymq2OX3aPrMc2rRlkT4Jx425ukR1gsO qiQAgw91aWhY8dlw/EKzk8ojm52x4VgXaBACMjaJAJUDBRAxOUOg72G56RHVjtUB AbL4A/9HOn5Qa0lq9tKI/HkSdc5fGQD/66VdCBAb292RbB7CS/EM07MdbcqRRYIa 0+0gwQ3OdsWPdCVgH5RIhp/WiC+UPkR1cY8N9Mg2kTwJfZZfNqN+BgWlgRMPN27C OhYNl8Q33Nl9CpBLrZWABF44jPeT0EvvTzP/5ZQ7T75EsYKYiYkAlQMFEDDmryQA 8tkJ67sbQQEBPdsEALCj6v1OBuJLLJTlxmmrkqAZPVzt5QdeO3Eqa2tcPWcU0nqP vHYMzZcZ7oFg58NZsWrhSQQDIB5e+K65Q/h6dC7W/aDskZd64jxtEznX2kt0/MOr 8OdsDis1K2f9KQftrAx81KmVwW4Tqtzl7NWTDXt44fMOtibCwVq8v2DFkTJy =JKbP -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.rich; Rich Murphey <rich@FreeBSD.org> fingerprint = AF A0 60 C4 84 D6 0C 73 D1 EF C0 E9 9D 21 DB E4 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAy97V+MAAAEEALiNM3FCwm3qrCe81E20UOSlNclOWfZHNAyOyj1ahHeINvo1 FBF2Gd5Lbj0y8SLMno5yJ6P4F4r+x3jwHZrzAIwMs/lxDXRtB0VeVWnlj6a3Rezs wbfaTeSVyh5JohEcKdoYiMG5wjATOwK/NAwIPthB1RzRjnEeer3HI3ZYNEOpAAUR tCRSaWNoIE11cnBoZXkgPHJpY2hAbGFtcHJleS51dG1iLmVkdT6JAJUDBRAve15W vccjdlg0Q6kBAZTZBACcNd/LiVnMFURPrO4pVRn1sVQeokVX7izeWQ7siE31Iy7g Sb97WRLEYDi686osaGfsuKNA87Rm+q5F+jxeUV4w4szoqp60gGvCbD0KCB2hWraP /2s2qdVAxhfcoTin/Qp1ZWvXxFF7imGA/IjYIfB42VkaRYu6BwLEm3YAGfGcSw== =QoiM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jdp; John D. 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Guido van Rooij <guido@gvr.win.tue.nl> Fingerprint = 16 79 09 F3 C0 E4 28 A7 32 62 FA F6 60 31 C0 ED -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzGeO84AAAEEAKKAY91Na//DXwlUusr9GVESSlVwVP6DyH1wcZXhfN1fyZHq SwhMCEdHYoojQds+VqD1iiZQvv1RLByBgj622PDAPN4+Z49HjGs7YbZsUNuQqPPU wRPpP6ty69x1hPKq1sQIB5MS4radpCM+4wbZbhxv7l4rP3RWUbNaYutZnzI9AAUR tCZHdWlkbyB2YW4gUm9vaWogPGd1aWRvQGd2ci53aW4udHVlLm5sPokAlQMFEDMG Hcgff6kIA1j8vQEBbYgD/jm9xHuUuY+iXDkOzpCXBYACYEZDV913MjtyBAmaVqYo Rh5HFimkGXe+rCo78Aau0hc57fFMTsJqnuWEqVt3GRq28hSK1FOZ7ni9/XibHcmN rt2yugl3hYpClijo4nrDL1NxibbamkGW/vFGcljS0jqXz6NDVbGx5Oo7HBByxByz iQCVAwUQMhmtVjt/x7zOdmsfAQFuVQQApsVUTigT5YWjQA9Nd5Z0+a/oVtZpyw5Z OljLJP3vqJdMa6TidhfcatjHbFTve5x1dmjFgMX/MQTd8zf/+Xccy/PX4+lnKNpP eSf1Y4aK+E8KHmBGd6GzX6CIboyGYLS9e3kGnN06F2AQtaLyJFgQ71wRaGuyKmQG FwTn7jiKb1aJAJUDBRAyEOLXPt3iN6QQUSEBATwQA/9jqu0Nbk154+Pn+9mJX/YT fYR2UqK/5FKCqgL5Nt/Deg2re0zMD1f8F9Dj6vuAAxq8hnOkIHKlWolMjkRKkzJi mSPEWl3AuHJ31k948J8it4f8kq/o44usIA2KKVMlI63Q/rmNdfWCyiYQEVGcRbTm GTdZIHYCOgV5dOo4ebFqgYkAlQMFEDIE1nMEJn15jgpJ0QEBW6kEAKqN8XSgzTqf CrxFXT07MlHhfdbKUTNUoboxCGCLNW05vf1A8F5fdE5i14LiwkldWIzPxWD+Sa3L fNPCfCZTaCiyGcLyTzVfBHA18MBAOOX6JiTpdcm22jLGUWBf/aJK3yz/nfbWntd/ LRHysIdVp29lP5BF+J9/Lzbb/9LxP1taiQCVAwUQMgRXZ44CzbsJWQz9AQFf7gP/ Qa2FS5S6RYKG3rYanWADVe/ikFV2lxuM1azlWbsmljXvKVWGe6cV693nS5lGGAjx lbd2ADwXjlkNhv45HLWFm9PEveO9Jjr6tMuXVt8N2pxiX+1PLUN9CtphTIU7Yfjn s6ryZZfwGHSfIxNGi5ua2SoXhg0svaYnxHxXmOtH24iJAJUDBRAyAkpV8qaAEa3W TBkBARfQBAC+S3kbulEAN3SI7/A+A/dtl9DfZezT9C4SRBGsl2clQFMGIXmMQ/7v 7lLXrKQ7U2zVbgNfU8smw5h2vBIL6f1PyexSmc3mz9JY4er8KeZpcf6H0rSkHl+i d7TF0GvuTdNPFO8hc9En+GG6QHOqbkB4NRZ6cwtfwUMhk2FHXBnjF4kAlQMFEDH5 FFukUJAsCdPmTQEBe74EAMBsxDnbD9cuI5MfF/QeTNEG4BIVUZtAkDme4Eg7zvsP d3DeJKCGeNjiCWYrRTCGwaCWzMQk+/+MOmdkI6Oml+AIurJLoHceHS9jP1izdP7f N2jkdeJSBsixunbQWtUElSgOQQ4iF5kqwBhxtOfEP/L9QsoydRMR1yB6WPD75H7V iQCVAwUQMZ9YNGtaZ42Bsqd5AQH0PAQAhpVlAc3ZM/KOTywBSh8zWKVlSk3q/zGn k7hJmFThnlhH1723+WmXE8aAPJi+VXOWJUFQgwELJ6R8jSU2qvk2m1VWyYSqRKvc VRQMqT2wjss0GE1Ngg7tMrkRHT0il7E2xxIb8vMrIwmdkbTfYqBUhhGnsWPHZHq7 MoA1/b+rK7CJAJUDBRAxnvXh3IDyptUyfLkBAYTDA/4mEKlIP/EUX2Zmxgrd/JQB hqcQlkTrBAaDOnOqe/4oewMKR7yaMpztYhJs97i03Vu3fgoLhDspE55ooEeHj0r4 cOdiWfYDsjSFUYSPNVhW4OSruMA3c29ynMqNHD7hpr3rcCPUi7J2RncocOcCjjK2 BQb/9IAUNeK4C9gPxMEZLokAlQMFEDGeO86zWmLrWZ8yPQEBEEID/2fPEUrSX3Yk j5TJPFZ9MNX0lEo7AHYjnJgEbNI4pYm6C3PnMlsYfCSQDHuXmRQHAOWSdwOLvCkN F8eDaF3M6u0urgeVJ+KVUnTz2+LZoZs12XSZKCte0HxjbvPpWMTTrYyimGezH79C mgDVjsHaYOx3EXF0nnDmtXurGioEmW1J =mSvM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.peter; Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> aka <peter@spinner.dialix.com> aka <peter@haywire.dialix.com> aka <peter@perth.dialix.oz.au> Key fingerprint = 47 05 04 CA 4C EE F8 93 F6 DB 02 92 6D F5 58 8A -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAy9/FJwAAAEEALxs9dE9tFd0Ru1TXdq301KfEoe5uYKKuldHRBOacG2Wny6/ W3Ill57hOi2+xmq5X/mHkapywxvy4cyLdt31i4GEKDvxpDvEzAYcy2n9dIup/eg2 kEhRBX9G5k/LKM4NQsRIieaIEGGgCZRm0lINqw495aZYrPpO4EqGN2HYnOMZAAUT tCVQZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBoYXl3aXJlLmRpYWxpeC5jb20+iQCVAwUQMwWT cXW7bjh2o/exAQEFkQP+LIx5zKlYp1uR24xGApMFNrNtjh+iDIWnxxb2M2Kb6x4G 9z6OmbUCoDTGrX9SSL2Usm2RD0BZfyv9D9QRWC2TSOPkPRqQgIycc11vgbLolJJN eixqsxlFeKLGEx9eRQCCbo3dQIUjc2yaOe484QamhsK1nL5xpoNWI1P9zIOpDiGJ AJUDBRAxsRPqSoY3Ydic4xkBAbWLA/9q1Fdnnk4unpGQsG31Qbtr4AzaQD5m/JHI 4gRmSmbj6luJMgNG3fpO06Gd/Z7uxyCJB8pTst2a8C/ljOYZxWT+5uSzkQXeMi5c YcI1sZbUpkHtmqPW623hr1PB3ZLA1TIcTbQW+NzJsxQ1Pc6XG9fGkT9WXQW3Xhet AP+juVTAhLQlUGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAcGVydGguZGlhbGl4Lm96LmF1PokA lQMFEDGxFCFKhjdh2JzjGQEB6XkD/2HOwfuFrnQUtdwFPUkgtEqNeSr64jQ3Maz8 xgEtbaw/ym1PbhbCk311UWQq4+izZE2xktHTFClJfaMnxVIfboPyuiSF99KHiWnf /Gspet0S7m/+RXIwZi1qSqvAanxMiA7kKgFSCmchzas8TQcyyXHtn/gl9v0khJkb /fv3R20btB5QZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBGcmVlQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRAxsRJd SoY3Ydic4xkBAZJUA/4i/NWHz5LIH/R4IF/3V3LleFyMFr5EPFY0/4mcv2v+ju9g brOEM/xd4LlPrx1XqPeZ74JQ6K9mHR64RhKR7ZJJ9A+12yr5dVqihe911KyLKab9 4qZUHYi36WQu2VtLGnw/t8Jg44fQSzbBF5q9iTzcfNOYhRkSD3BdDrC3llywO7Ql UGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAc3Bpbm5lci5kaWFsaXguY29tPokAlQMFEDGxEi1K hjdh2JzjGQEBdA4EAKmNFlj8RF9HQsoI3UabnvYqAWN5wCwEB4u+Zf8zq6OHic23 TzoK1SPlmSdBE1dXXQGS6aiDkLT+xOdeewNs7nfUIcH/DBjSuklAOJzKliXPQW7E kuKNwy4eq5bl+j3HB27i+WBXhn6OaNNQY674LGaR41EGq44Wo5ATcIicig/z =gv+h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joerg; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/76A3F7B1 1996/04/27 Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de> Key fingerprint = DC 47 E6 E4 FF A6 E9 8F 93 21 E0 7D F9 12 D6 4E Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@interface-business.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@uriah.heep.sax.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@interface-business.de> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzGCFeAAAAEEAKmRBU2Nvc7nZy1Ouid61HunA/5hF4O91cXm71/KPaT7dskz q5sFXvPJPpawwvqHPHfEbAK42ZaywyFp59L1GaYj87Pda+PlAYRJyY2DJl5/7JPe ziq+7B8MdvbX6D526sdmcR+jPXPbHznASjkx9DPmK+7TgFujyXW7bjh2o/exAAUR tC1Kb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpvZXJnX3d1bnNjaEB1cmlhaC5oZWVwLnNheC5kZT6J AJUDBRA0FFkBs1pi61mfMj0BAfDCA/oCfkjrhvRwRCpSL8klJ1YDoUJdmw+v4nJc pw3OpYXbwKOPLClsE7K3KCQscHel7auf91nrekAwbrXv9Clp0TegYeAQNjw5vZ9f L6UZ5l3fH8E2GGA7+kqgNWs1KxAnG5GdUvJ9viyrWm8dqWRGo+loDWlZ12L2OgAD fp7jVZTI1okAlQMFEDQPrLoff6kIA1j8vQEB2XQEAK/+SsQPCT/X4RB/PBbxUr28 GpGJMn3AafAaA3plYw3nb4ONbqEw9tJtofAn4UeGraiWw8nHYR2DAzoAjR6OzuX3 TtUV+57BIzrTPHcNkb6h8fPuHU+dFzR+LNoPaGJsFeov6w+Ug6qS9wa5FGDAgaRo LHSyBxcRVoCbOEaS5S5EiQCVAwUQM5BktWVgqaw0+fnVAQGKPwP+OiWho3Zm2GKp lEjiZ5zx3y8upzb+r1Qutb08jr2Ewja04hLg0fCrt6Ad3DoVqxe4POghIpmHM4O4 tcW92THQil70CLzfCxtfUc6eDzoP3krD1/Gwpm2hGrmYA9b/ez9+r2vKBbnUhPmC glx5pf1IzHU9R2XyQz9Xu7FI2baOSZqJAJUDBRAyCIWZdbtuOHaj97EBAVMzA/41 VIph36l+yO9WGKkEB+NYbYOz2W/kyi74kXLvLdTXcRYFaCSZORSsQKPGNMrPZUoL oAKxE25AoCgl5towqr/sCcu0A0MMvJddUvlQ2T+ylSpGmWchqoXCN7FdGyxrZ5zz xzLIvtcio6kaHd76XxyJpltCASupdD53nEtxnu8sRrQxSm9lcmcgV3Vuc2NoIDxq b2VyZ193dW5zY2hAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokAlQMFEDIIhfR1u244 dqP3sQEBWoID/RhBm+qtW+hu2fqAj9d8CVgEKJugrxZIpXuCKFvO+bCgQtogt9EX +TJh4s8UUdcFkyEIu8CT2C3Rrr1grvckfxvrTgzSzvtYyv1072X3GkVY+SlUMBMA rdl1qNW23oT7Q558ajnsaL065XJ5m7HacgTTikiofYG8i1s7TrsEeq6PtCJKb2Vy ZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAdXJpYWguaGVlcC5zYXguZGU+iQCVAwUQMaS91D4gHQUlG9CZ AQGYOwQAhPpiobK3d/fz+jWrbQgjkoO+j39glYGXb22+6iuEprFRs/ufKYtjljNT NK3B4DWSkyIPawcuO4Lotijp6jke2bsjFSSashGWcsJlpnwsv7EeFItT3oWTTTQQ ItPbtNyLW6M6xB+jLGtaAvJqfOlzgO9BLfHuA2LY+WvbVW447SWJAJUDBRAxqWRs dbtuOHaj97EBAXDBA/49rzZB5akkTSbt/gNd38OJgC+H8N5da25vV9dD3KoAvXfW fw7OxIsxvQ/Ab+rJmukrrWxPdsC+1WU1+1rGa4PvJp/VJRDes2awGrn+iO7/cQoS IVziC27JpcbvjLvLVcBIiy1yT/RvJ+87a3jPRHt3VFGcpFh4KykxxSNiyGygl4kA lQMFEDGCUB31FVv7jlQtXQEB5KgD/iIJZe5lFkPr2B/Cr7BKMVBot1/JSu05NsHg JZ3uK15w4mVtNPZcFi/dKbn+qRM6LKDFe/GF0HZD/ZD1FJt8yQjzF2w340B+F2GG EOwnClqZDtEAqnIBzM/ECQQqH+6Bi8gpkFZrFgg5eON7ikqmusDnOlYStM/CBfgp SbR8kDmFtCZKb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokA lQMFEDHioSdlYKmsNPn51QEByz8D/10uMrwP7MdaXnptd1XNFhpaAPYTVAOcaKlY OGI/LLR9PiU3FbqXO+7INhaxFjBxa0Tw/p4au5Lq1+Mx81edHniJZNS8tz3I3goi jIC3+jn2gnVAWnK5UZUTUVUn/JLVk/oSaIJNIMMDaw4J9xPVVkb+Fh1A+XqtPsVa YESrNp0+iQCVAwUQMwXkzcdm8Q+/vPRJAQEA4QQAgNNX1HFgXrMetDb+w6yEGQDk JCDAY9b6mA2HNeKLQAhsoZl4HwA1+iuQaCgo3lyFC+1Sf097OUTs74z5X1vCedqV oFw9CxI3xuctt3pJCbbN68flOlnq0WdYouWWGlFwLlh5PEy//VtwX9lqgsizlhzi t+fX6BT4BgKi5baDhrWJAJUDBRAyCKveD9eCJxX4hUkBAebMA/9mRPy6K6i7TX2R jUKSl2p5oYrXPk12Zsw4ijuktslxzQhOCyMSCGK2UEC4UM9MXp1H1JZQxN/DcfnM 7VaUt+Ve0wZ6DC9gBSHJ1hKVxHe5XTj26mIr4rcXNy2XEDMK9QsnBxIAZnBVTjSO LdhqqSMp3ULLOpBlRL2RYrqi27IXr4kAlQMFEDGpbnd1u244dqP3sQEBJnQD/RVS Azgf4uorv3fpbosI0LE3LUufAYGBSJNJnskeKyudZkNkI5zGGDwVneH/cSkKT4OR ooeqcTBxKeMaMuXPVl30QahgNwWjfuTvl5OZ8orsQGGWIn5FhqYXsKkjEGxIOBOf vvlVQ0UbcR0N2+5F6Mb5GqrXZpIesn7jFJpkQKPU =97h7 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Developers &a.wosch; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/2B7181AD 1997/08/09 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = CA 16 91 D9 75 33 F1 07 1B F0 B4 9F 3E 95 B6 09 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzPs+aEAAAEEAJqqMm2I9CxWMuHDvuVO/uh0QT0az5ByOktwYLxGXQmqPG1G Q3hVuHWYs5Vfm/ARU9CRcVHFyqGQ3LepoRhDHk+JcASHan7ptdFsz7xk1iNNEoe0 vE2rns38HIbiyQ/2OZd4XsyhFOFtExNoBuyDyNoe3HbHVBQT7TmN/mkrcYGtAAUR tCVXb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hARnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnH AzmN/mkrcYGtAQF5vgP/SLOiI4AwuPHGwUFkwWPRtRzYSySXqwaPCop5mVak27wk pCxGdzoJO2UgcE812Jt92Qas91yTT0gsSvOVNATaf0TM3KnKg5ZXT1QIzYevWtuv 2ovAG4au3lwiFPDJstnNAPcgLF3OPni5RCUqBjpZFhb/8YDfWYsMcyn4IEaJKre0 JFdvbGZyYW0gU2NobmVpZGVyIDxzY2huZWlkZXJAemliLmRlPokAlQMFEDcZxu85 jf5pK3GBrQEBCRgD/jPj1Ogx4O769soiguL1XEHcxhqtrpKZkKwxmDLRa0kJFwLp bBJ3Qz3vwaB7n5gQU0JiL1B2M7IxVeHbiIV5pKp7FD248sm+HZvBg6aSnCg2JPUh sHd1tK5X4SB5cjFt3Cj0LIN9/c9EUxm3SoML9bovmze60DckErrRNOuTk1IntCJX b2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hAYXBmZWwuZGU+iQEVAwUQNmfWXAjJLLJO sC7dAQEASAgAnE4g2fwMmFkQy17ATivljEaDZN/m0GdXHctdZ8CaPrWk/9/PTNK+ U6xCewqIKVwtqxVBMU1VpXUhWXfANWCB7a07D+2GrlB9JwO5NMFJ6g0WI/GCUXjC xb3NTkNsvppL8Rdgc8wc4f23GG4CXVggdTD2oUjUH5Bl7afgOT4xLPAqePhS7hFB UnMsbA94OfxPtHe5oqyaXt6cXH/SgphRhzPPZq0yjg0Ef+zfHVamvZ6Xl2aLZmSv Cc/rb0ShYDYi39ly9OPPiBPGbSVw2Gg804qx3XAKiTFkLsbYQnRt7WuCPsOVjFkf CbQS31TaclOyzenZdCAezubGIcrJAKZjMIkAlQMFEDPs+aE5jf5pK3GBrQEBlIAD /3CRq6P0m1fi9fbPxnptuipnoFB/m3yF6IdhM8kSe4XlXcm7tS60gxQKZgBO3bDA 5QANcHdl41Vg95yBAZepPie6iQeAAoylRrONeIy6XShjx3S0WKmA4+C8kBTL+vwa UqF9YJ1qesZQtsXlkWp/Z7N12RkueVAVQ7wRPwfnz6E3tC5Xb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5l aWRlciA8d29zY2hAcGFua2UuZGUuZnJlZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnEqTmN/mkr cYGtAQFnpQP9EpRZdG6oYN7d5abvIMN82Z9x71a4QBER+R62mU47wqdRG2b6jMMh 3k07b2oiprVuPhRw/GEPPQevb6RRT6SD9CPYAGfK3MDE8ZkMj4d+7cZDRJQ35sxv gAzQwuA9l7kS0mt5jFRPcEg5/KpuyehRLckjx8jpEM7cEJDHXhBIuVg= =3V1R -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.brian; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/666A7421 1997/04/30 Brian Somers <brian@awfulhak.org> Key fingerprint = 2D 91 BD C2 94 2C 46 8F 8F 09 C4 FC AD 12 3B 21 Brian Somers <brian@uk.FreeBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzNmogUAAAEEALdsjVsV2dzO8UU4EEo7z3nYuvB2Q6YJ8sBUYjB8/vfR5oZ9 7aEQjgY5//pXvS30rHUB9ghk4kIFSljzeMudE0K2zH5n2sxpLbBKWZRDLS7xnrDC I3j9CNKwQBzMPs0fUT46gp96nf1X8wPiJXkDUEia/c0bRbXlLw7tvOdmanQhAAUR tCFCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQGF3ZnVsaGFrLm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3Fjs4H3+p CANY/L0BAZOxBACTZ1zPdaJzEdT4AfrebQbaU4ytEeodnVXZIkc8Il+LDlDOUAIe k5PgnHTRM4yiwcZuYQrCDRFgdOofcFfRo0PD7mGFzd22qPGmbvHiDBCYCyhlkPXW IDeoA1cX77JlU1NFdy0dZwuX7csaMlpjCkOPc7+856mr6pQi48zj7yZtrYkAlQMF EDcUqZ2dZ0EADG4SFQEBEm0EAL2bBNc4vpxPrg3ATdZ/PekpL6lYj3s9pBf8f7eY LXq438A/ywiWkrL74gXxcZ2Ey9AHZW+rbJPzUbrfMAgP3uWobeSvDyKRo1wtKnTY Hy+OEIbBIHDmIUuK3L7KupBf7WAI46Q7fnyz0txvtRruDjvfoyl9/TSRfIKcaw2a INh7iQCVAwUQNwyWpmdKPfFUsXG5AQEIrAQAmukv2u9ihcnO2Zaak265I+gYozu+ biAngdXNfhTGMeExFzdzQ8Qe7EJugMpIDEkJq2goY35sGitD+ogSVWECjcVbHIAP M2u9axFGlK7fDOmmkH2ZWDMtwx2I5dZps3q2g9mY2O9Az5Yokp7GW7viSpWXHTRH xOsuY6aze71U7RWJAHUDBRA3DAEvDuwDH3697LEBAWRHAv9XXkub6mir/DCxzKI2 AE3tek40lRfU6Iukjl/uzT9GXcL3uEjIewiPTwN+k4IL+qcCEdv8WZgv/tO45r59 IZQsicNaSAsKX/6Cxha6Hosg1jw4rjdyz13rgYRi/nreq5mJAJUDBRA2r0CM9p+f Pnxlu7UBAYObA/40s5SwEpXTrePO78AoUFEa5Z4bgyxkpT7BVbq6m/oQtK509Xe2 M2y0XTLkd86oXpjyKzGzWq8T6ZTKNdF9+5LhS2ylJytdPq1AjDk2BocffWX4+pXn RPiC6XcNdYGiQL8OTHvZESYQDiHeMfwA8WdMzFK1R80nJMwANYXjJJrLzYkAlQMF EDNt51zvs7EFZlNtbQEBW0UD/jZB6UDdEFdhS0hxgahv5CxaQDWQbIEpAY9JL1yg d1RWMKUFGXdRkWZmHEA4NvtwFFeam/HZm4yuGf8yldMyo84loTcVib7lKh4CumGx FT5Pxeh/F8u9EeQzclRFSMhVl0BA2/HEGyjw0kbkprI/RD3pXD7ewTAUrj2O3XhE InLgiQCVAwUQM3O9vWyr6JZzEUkFAQF9nAP9Hco0V/3Kl70N5ryPVgh41nUTd7Td 6fUjx8yPoSZLX8vVZ8XMyd8ULFmzsmA+2QG4HcKo/x/4s50O3o8c+o1qSYj0Tp+K 4Z8lneMVlgBNdrRcq4ijEgk0qGqSlsXyLElkVPEXAADBVgzf6yqvipDwXNVzl6e3 GPLE8U2TAnBFZX6JAJUDBRAzZqIFDu2852ZqdCEBATsuBACI3ofP7N3xuHSc7pWL NsnFYVEc9utBaclcagxjLLzwPKzMBcLjNGyGXIZQNB0d4//UMUJcMS7vwZ8MIton VubbnJVHuQvENloRRARtarF+LC7OLMCORrGtbt0FtYgvBaqtgXlNcKXD6hRT+ghR bi3q34akA7Xw8tiFIxdVgSusALQjQnJpYW4gU29tZXJzIDxicmlhbkB1ay5GcmVl QlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3FLWcnWdBAAxuEhUBAcYYBACos9nKETuaH+z2h0Ws+IIY mN9FEm8wpPUcQmX5GFhfBUQ+rJbflzv0jJ/f2ac9qJHgIIAlJ3pMkfMpU8UYHEuo VCe4ZTU5sr4ZdBaF9kpm2OriFgZwIv4QAi7dCMu9ZwGRtZ3+z3DQsVSagucjZTIe yTUR6K+7E3YXANQjOdqFZYkAlQMFEDcUpeQO7bznZmp0IQEB4HED/Ru3NjwWO1gl xEiLTzRpU31Rh1Izw1lhVMVJkLAGBw9ieSkjvdIkuhqV1i+W4wKBClT0UOE28Kjp WbBKPFIASRYzN4ySwpprsG5H45EFQosovYG/HPcMzXU2GMj0iwVTxnMq7I8oH588 ExHqfEN2ARD3ngmB2499ruyGl26pW/BftCBCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQE9w ZW5CU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDcUtW6dZ0EADG4SFQEBQwsD/j9B/lkltIdnQdjOqR/b dOBgJCtUf905y6kD+k4kbxeT1YAaA65KJ2o/Zj+i+69F2+BUJ/3kYB7prKwut2h0 ek1ZtncGxoAsQdFJ5JSeMkwUZ5qtGeCmVPb59+KPq3nU6p3RI8Bn77FzK//Qy+IW /WFVJbf/6NCNCbyRiRjPbGl/iQCVAwUQNxSlyA7tvOdmanQhAQFzMAP/dvtsj3yB C+seiy6fB/nS+NnKBoff3Ekv57FsZraGt4z9n4sW61eywaiRzuKlhHqrDE17STKa fBOaV1Ntl7js7og5IFPWNlVh1cK+spDmd655D8pyshziDF6fSAsqGfTn35xl23Xj O20MMK44j4I5V6rEyUDBDrmX49J56OFkfwa0IEJyaWFuIFNvbWVycyA8YnJpYW5A RnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxS1Y51nQQAMbhIVAQHPBQP+IMUlE4DtEvSZFtG4 YK9usfHSkStIafh/F/JzSsqdceLZgwcuifbemw79Rhvqhp0Cyp7kuI2kHO3a19kZ 3ZXlDl3VDg41SV/Z5LzNw9vaZKuF/vtGaktOjac5E5aznWGIA5czwsRgydEOcd8O VPMUMrdNWRI6XROtnbZaRSwmD8aJAJUDBRA3FKWuDu2852ZqdCEBAWVJA/4x3Mje QKV+KQoO6mOyoIcD4GK1DjWDvNHGujJbFGBmARjr/PCm2cq42cPzBxnfRhCfyEvN aesNB0NjLjRU/m7ziyVn92flAzHqqmU36aEdqooXUY2T3vOYzo+bM7VtInarG1iU qw1G19GgXUwUkPvy9+dNIM/aYoI/e0Iv3P9uug== =R3k0 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml index 76f8f4f2d6..83cf490b8a 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/policies/chapter.sgml @@ -1,391 +1,391 @@ Source Tree Guidelines and Policies Contributed by &a.phk;. This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the “official” method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the “official” versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. “Spelling fixes” are explicitly included here under the “cosmetic” category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The Tcl embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it “works out”. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that “official” patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. -obrien@freebsd.org - 30 March 1997 +obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 Encumbered files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the “micro” revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest “minor” revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml index 48f3214119..e4fe0a0efd 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml @@ -1,4660 +1,4660 @@ Installing Applications: The Ports collection Contributed by &a.jraynard;. The FreeBSD Ports collection allows you to compile and install a very wide range of applications with a minimum of effort. For all the hype about open standards, getting a program to work on different versions of Unix in the real world can be a tedious and tricky business, as anyone who has tried it will know. You may be lucky enough to find that the program you want will compile cleanly on your system, install itself in all the right places and run flawlessly “out of the box”, but this is unfortunately rather rare. With most programs, you will find yourself doing a fair bit of head-scratching, and there are quite a few programs that will result in premature greying, or even chronic alopecia... Some software distributions have attacked this problem by providing configuration scripts. Some of these are very clever, but they have an unfortunate tendency to triumphantly announce that your system is something you have never heard of and then ask you lots of questions that sound like a final exam in system-level Unix programming (Does your system's gethitlist function return a const pointer to a fromboz or a pointer to a const fromboz? Do you have Foonix style unacceptable exception handling? And if not, why not?). Fortunately, with the Ports collection, all the hard work involved has already been done, and you can just type make install and get a working program. Why Have a Ports Collection? The base FreeBSD system comes with a very wide range of tools and system utilities, but a lot of popular programs are not in the base system, for good reasons:- Programs that some people cannot live without and other people cannot stand, such as a certain Lisp-based editor. Programs which are too specialised to put in the base system (CAD, databases). Programs which fall into the “I must have a look at that when I get a spare minute” category, rather than system-critical ones (some languages, perhaps). Programs that are far too much fun to be supplied with a serious operating system like FreeBSD ;-) However many programs you put in the base system, people will always want more, and a line has to be drawn somewhere (otherwise FreeBSD distributions would become absolutely enormous). Obviously it would be unreasonable to expect everyone to port their favourite programs by hand (not to mention a tremendous amount of duplicated work), so the FreeBSD Project came up with an ingenious way of using standard tools that would automate the process. Incidentally, this is an excellent illustration of how “the Unix way” works in practice by combining a set of simple but very flexible tools into something very powerful. How Does the Ports Collection Work? Programs are typically distributed on the Internet as a tarball consisting of a Makefile and the source code for the program and usually some instructions (which are unfortunately not always as instructive as they could be), with perhaps a configuration script. The standard scenario is that you FTP down the tarball, extract it somewhere, glance through the instructions, make any changes that seem necessary, run the configure script to set things up and use the standard make program to compile and install the program from the source. FreeBSD ports still use the tarball mechanism, but use a skeleton to hold the "knowledge" of how to get the program working on FreeBSD, rather than expecting the user to be able to work it out. They also supply their own customised Makefile, so that almost every port can be built in the same way. If you look at a port skeleton (either on your FreeBSD system or the FTP site) and expect to find all sorts of pointy-headed rocket science lurking there, you may be disappointed by the one or two rather unexciting-looking files and directories you find there. (We will discuss in a minute how to go about Getting a port). “How on earth can this do anything?” I hear you cry. “There is no source code there!” Fear not, gentle reader, all will become clear (hopefully). Let us see what happens if we try and install a port. I have chosen ElectricFence, a useful tool for developers, as the skeleton is more straightforward than most. If you are trying this at home, you will need to be root. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence &prompt.root; make install >> Checksum OK for ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz. ===> Extracting for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Patching for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Configuring for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Building for ElectricFence-2.0.5 [lots of compiler output...] ===> Installing for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Warning: your umask is "0002". If this is not desired, set it to an appropriate value and install this port again by ``make reinstall''. install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.a /usr/local/lib install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.3 /usr/local/man/man3 ===> Compressing manual pages for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Registering installation for ElectricFence-2.0.5 To avoid confusing the issue, I have completely removed the build output. If you tried this yourself, you may well have got something like this at the start:- &prompt.root; make install >> ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/. The make program has noticed that you did not have a local copy of the source code and tried to FTP it down so it could get the job done. I already had the source handy in my example, so it did not need to fetch it. Let's go through this and see what the make program was doing. Locate the source code tarball. If it is not available locally, try to grab it from an FTP site. Run a checksum test on the tarball to make sure it has not been tampered with, accidentally truncated, downloaded in ASCII mode, struck by neutrinos while in transit, etc. Extract the tarball into a temporary work directory. Apply any patches needed to get the source to compile and run under FreeBSD. Run any configuration script required by the build process and correctly answer any questions it asks. (Finally!) Compile the code. Install the program executable and other supporting files, man pages, etc. under the /usr/local hierarchy (unless this is an X11 program, then it will be under /usr/X11R6), where they will not get mixed up with system programs. This also makes sure that all the ports you install will go in the same place, instead of being flung all over your system. Register the installation in a database. This means that, if you do not like the program, you can cleanly remove all traces of it from your system. Scroll up to the make output and see if you can match these steps to it. And if you were not impressed before, you should be by now! Getting a FreeBSD Port There are two ways of getting hold of the FreeBSD port for a program. One requires a FreeBSD CDROM, the other involves using an Internet Connection. Compiling ports from CDROM Assuming that your FreeBSD CDROM is in the drive and mounted on /cdrom (and the mount point must be /cdrom), you should then be able to build ports just as you normally do and the port collection's built in search path should find the tarballs in /cdrom/ports/distfiles/ (if they exist there) rather than downloading them over the net. Another way of doing this, if you want to just use the port skeletons on the CDROM, is to set these variables in /etc/make.conf: PORTSDIR= /cdrom/ports DISTDIR= /tmp/distfiles WRKDIRPREFIX= /tmp Substitute /tmp for any place you have enough free space. Then, just cd to the appropriate subdirectory under /cdrom/ports and type make install as usual. WRKDIRPREFIX will cause the port to be build under /tmp/cdrom/ports; for instance, games/oneko will be built under /tmp/cdrom/ports/games/oneko. There are some ports for which we cannot provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you will need to look at the section on Compiling ports using an Internet connection. Compiling ports from the Internet If you do not have a CDROM, or you want to make sure you get the very latest version of the port you want, you will need to download the skeleton for the port. Now this might sound like rather a fiddly job full of pitfalls, but it is actually very easy. First, if you are running a release version of FreeBSD, make sure you get the appropriate “upgrade kit” for your release from the ports web page. These packages include files that have been updated since the release that you may need to compile new ports. The key to the skeletons is that the FreeBSD FTP server can create on-the-fly tarballs for you. Here is how it works, with the gnats program in the databases directory as an example (the bits in square brackets are comments. Do not type them in if you are trying this yourself!):- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; mkdir databases &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports/databases ftp> get gnats.tar [tars up the gnats skeleton for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf gnats.tar [extract the gnats skeleton] &prompt.root; cd gnats &prompt.root; make install [build and install gnats] What happened here? We connected to the FTP server in the usual way and went to its databases sub-directory. When we gave it the command get gnats.tar, the FTP server tarred up the gnats directory for us. We then extracted the gnats skeleton and went into the gnats directory to build the port. As we explained earlier, the make process noticed we did not have a copy of the source locally, so it fetched one before extracting, patching and building it. Let us try something more ambitious now. Instead of getting a single port skeleton, we will get a whole sub-directory, for example all the database skeletons in the ports collection. It looks almost the same:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports ftp> get databases.tar [tars up the databases directory for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf databases.tar [extract all the database skeletons] &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; make install [build and install all the database ports] With half a dozen straightforward commands, we have now got a set of database programs on our FreeBSD machine! All we did that was different from getting a single port skeleton and building it was that we got a whole directory at once, and compiled everything in it at once. Pretty impressive, no? If you expect to be installing many ports, it is probably worth downloading all the ports directories. Skeletons A team of compulsive hackers who have forgotten to eat in a frantic attempt to make a deadline? Something unpleasant lurking in the FreeBSD attic? No, a skeleton here is a minimal framework that supplies everything needed to make the ports magic work. <filename>Makefile</filename> The most important component of a skeleton is the Makefile. This contains various statements that specify how the port should be compiled and installed. Here is the Makefile for ElectricFence:- # New ports collection makefile for: Electric Fence # Version required: 2.0.5 # Date created: 13 November 1997 # Whom: jraynard # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= ElectricFence-2.0.5 CATEGORIES= devel MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= devel/lang/c -MAINTAINER= jraynard@freebsd.org +MAINTAINER= jraynard@FreeBSD.org MAN3= libefence.3 do-install: ${INSTALL_DATA} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.a ${PREFIX}/lib ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.3 ${PREFIX}/man/man3 .include <bsd.port.mk> The lines beginning with a "#" sign are comments for the benefit of human readers (as in most Unix script files). DISTNAME specifies the name of the tarball, but without the extension. CATEGORIES states what kind of program this is. In this case, a utility for developers. See the categories section of this handbook for a complete list. MASTER_SITES is the URL(s) of the master FTP site, which is used to retrieve the tarball if it is not available on the local system. This is a site which is regarded as reputable, and is normally the one from which the program is officially distributed (in so far as any software is "officially" distributed on the Internet). MAINTAINER is the email address of the person who is responsible for updating the skeleton if, for example a new version of the program comes out. Skipping over the next few lines for a minute, the line .include <bsd.port.mk> says that the other statements and commands needed for this port are in a standard file called bsd.port.mk. As these are the same for all ports, there is no point in duplicating them all over the place, so they are kept in a single standard file. This is probably not the place to go into a detailed examination of how Makefiles work; suffice it to say that the line starting with MAN3 ensures that the ElectricFence man page is compressed after installation, to help conserve your precious disk space. The original port did not provide an install target, so the three lines from do-install ensure that the files produced by this port are placed in the correct destination. The <filename>files</filename> directory The file containing the checksum for the port is called md5, after the MD5 algorithm used for ports checksums. It lives in a directory with the slightly confusing name of files. This directory can also contain other miscellaneous files that are required by the port and do not belong anywhere else. The <filename>patches</filename> directory This directory contains the patches needed to make everything work properly under FreeBSD. The <filename>pkg</filename> directory This program contains three quite useful files:- COMMENT — a one-line description of the program. DESCR — a more detailed description. PLIST — a list of all the files that will be created when the program is installed. What to do when a port does not work. Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details on how ports work can be found in Porting applications. Gripe. This is done by e-mail only! Send such e-mail to the maintainer of the port, first. Type make maintainer or read the Makefile to find the maintainer's email address. Remember to include the name/version of the port (copy the $Id: line from the Makefile), and the output leading up-to the error, inclusive. If you do not get a satisfactory response, you can try filing a bug report with send-pr. Forget it. This is the easiest for most — very few of the programs in ports can be classified as essential! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The “master” package collection is on FreeBSD's FTP server in the packages directory, though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source and a lot faster besides! Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install a package file on your system. Some Questions and Answers Q. I thought this was going to be a discussion about modems??! A. Ah. You must be thinking of the serial ports on the back of your computer. We are using “port” here to mean the result of “porting” a program from one version of Unix to another. (It is an unfortunate bad habit of computer people to use the same word to refer to several completely different things). Q. I thought you were supposed to use packages to install extra programs? A. Yes, that is usually the quickest and easiest way of doing it. Q. So why bother with ports then? A. Several reasons:- The licensing conditions on some software distributions require that they be distributed as source code, not binaries. Some people do not trust binary distributions. At least with source code you can (in theory) read through it and look for potential problems yourself. If you have some local patches, you will need the source to add them yourself. You might have opinions on how a program should be compiled that differ from the person who did the package — some people have strong views on what optimisation setting should be used, whether to build debug versions and then strip them or not, etc. etc. Some people like having code around, so they can read it if they get bored, hack around with it, borrow from it (licence terms permitting, of course!) and so on. If you ain't got the source, it ain't software! ;-) Q. What is a patch? A. A patch is a small (usually) file that specifies how to go from one version of a file to another. It contains text that says, in effect, things like “delete line 23”, “add these two lines after line 468” or “change line 197 to this”. Also known as a “diff”, since it is generated by a program of that name. Q. What is all this about tarballs? A. It is a file ending in .tar or .tar.gz (with variations like .tar.Z, or even .tgz if you are trying to squeeze the names into a DOS filesystem). Basically, it is a directory tree that has been archived into a single file (.tar) and optionally compressed (.gz). This technique was originally used for Tape ARchives (hence the name tar), but it is a widely used way of distributing program source code around the Internet. You can see what files are in them, or even extract them yourself, by using the standard Unix tar program, which comes with the base FreeBSD system, like this:- &prompt.user; tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar tvf foobar.tar &prompt.user; tar xvf foobar.tar Q. And a checksum? A. It is a number generated by adding up all the data in the file you want to check. If any of the characters change, the checksum will no longer be equal to the total, so a simple comparison will allow you to spot the difference. (In practice, it is done in a more complicated way to spot problems like position-swapping, which will not show up with a simplistic addition). Q. I did what you said for compiling ports from a CDROM and it worked great until I tried to install the kermit port:- &prompt.root; make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. Why can it not be found? Have I got a dud CDROM? A. The licensing terms for kermit do not allow us to put the tarball for it on the CDROM, so you will have to fetch it by hand — sorry! The reason why you got all those error messages was because you were not connected to the Internet at the time. Once you have downloaded it from any of the sites above, you can re-start the process (try and choose the nearest site to you, though, to save your time and the Internet's bandwidth). Q. I did that, but when I tried to put it into /usr/ports/distfiles I got some error about not having permission. A. The ports mechanism looks for the tarball in /usr/ports/distfiles, but you will not be able to copy anything there because it is sym-linked to the CDROM, which is read-only. You can tell it to look somewhere else by doing &prompt.root; make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install Q. Does the ports scheme only work if you have everything in /usr/ports? My system administrator says I must put everything under /u/people/guests/wurzburger, but it does not seem to work. A. You can use the PORTSDIR and PREFIX variables to tell the ports mechanism to use different directories. For instance, &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install will compile the port in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports and install everything under /usr/local. &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install will compile it in /usr/ports and install it in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local. And of course &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install will combine the two (it is too long to fit on the page if I write it in full, but I am sure you get the idea). If you do not fancy typing all that in every time you install a port (and to be honest, who would?), it is a good idea to put these variables into your environment. Q. I do not have a FreeBSD CDROM, but I would like to have all the tarballs handy on my system so I do not have to wait for a download every time I install a port. Is there an easy way to get them all at once? A. To get every single tarball for the ports collection, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch For all the tarballs for a single ports directory, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory &prompt.root; make fetch and for just one port — well, I think you have guessed already. Q. I know it is probably faster to fetch the tarballs from one of the FreeBSD mirror sites close by. Is there any way to tell the port to fetch them from servers other than ones listed in the MASTER_SITES? A. Yes. If you know, for example, ftp.FreeBSD.ORG is much closer than sites + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org is much closer than sites listed in MASTER_SITES, do as following example. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory -&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch +&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch Q. I want to know what files make is going to need before it tries to pull them down. A. make fetch-list will display a list of the files needed for a port. Q. Is there any way to stop the port from compiling? I want to do some hacking on the source before I install it, but it is a bit tiresome having to watch it and hit control-C every time. A. Doing make extract will stop it after it has fetched and extracted the source code. Q. I am trying to make my own port and I want to be able to stop it compiling until I have had a chance to see if my patches worked properly. Is there something like make extract, but for patches? A. Yep, make patch is what you want. You will probably find the PATCH_DEBUG option useful as well. And by the way, thank you for your efforts! Q. I have heard that some compiler options can cause bugs. Is this true? How can I make sure that I compile ports with the right settings? A. Yes, with version 2.6.3 of gcc (the version shipped with FreeBSD 2.1.0 and 2.1.5), the option could result in buggy code unless you used the option as well. (Most of the ports do not use ). You should be able to specify the compiler options used by something like &prompt.root; make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install or by editing /etc/make.conf, but unfortunately not all ports respect this. The surest way is to do make configure, then go into the source directory and inspect the Makefiles by hand, but this can get tedious if the source has lots of sub-directories, each with their own Makefiles. Q. There are so many ports it is hard to find the one I want. Is there a list anywhere of what ports are available? A. Look in the INDEX file in /usr/ports. If you would like to search the ports collection for a keyword, you can do that too. For example, you can find ports relevant to the LISP programming language using: &prompt.user; cd /usr/ports &prompt.user; make search key=lisp Q. I went to install the foo port but the system suddenly stopped compiling it and starting compiling the bar port. What is going on? A. The foo port needs something that is supplied with bar — for instance, if foo uses graphics, bar might have a library with useful graphics processing routines. Or bar might be a tool that is needed to compile the foo port. Q. I installed the grizzle program from the ports and frankly it is a complete waste of disk space. I want to delete it but I do not know where it put all the files. Any clues? A. No problem, just do &prompt.root; pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 Alternatively, you can do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle &prompt.root; make deinstall Q. Hang on a minute, you have to know the version number to use that command. You do not seriously expect me to remember that, do you?? A. Not at all, you can find it out by doing &prompt.root; pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shoot 'em up arcade game. Q. Talking of disk space, the ports directory seems to be taking up an awful lot of room. Is it safe to go in there and delete things? A. Yes, if you have installed the program and are fairly certain you will not need the source again, there is no point in keeping it hanging around. The best way to do this is &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean which will go through all the ports subdirectories and delete everything except the skeletons for each port. Q. I tried that and it still left all those tarballs or whatever you called them in the distfiles directory. Can I delete those as well? A. Yes, if you are sure you have finished with them, those can go as well. Q. I like having lots and lots of programs to play with. Is there any way of installing all the ports in one go? A. Just do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make install Q. OK, I tried that, but I thought it would take a very long time so I went to bed and left it to get on with it. When I looked at the computer this morning, it had only done three and a half ports. Did something go wrong? A. No, the problem is that some of the ports need to ask you questions that we cannot answer for you (eg “Do you want to print on A4 or US letter sized paper?”) and they need to have someone on hand to answer them. Q. I really do not want to spend all day staring at the monitor. Any better ideas? A. OK, do this before you go to bed/work/the local park:- &prompt.root cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DBATCH install This will install every port that does not require user input. Then, when you come back, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install to finish the job. Q. At work, we are using frobble, which is in your ports collection, but we have altered it quite a bit to get it to do what we need. Is there any way of making our own packages, so we can distribute it more easily around our sites? A. No problem, assuming you know how to make patches for your changes:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble &prompt.root; make extract &prompt.root; cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] &prompt.root; cd ../.. &prompt.root; make package Q. This ports stuff is really clever. I am desperate to find out how you did it. What is the secret? A. Nothing secret about it at all, just look at the bsd.ports.mk and bsd.ports.subdir.mk files in your makefiles directory. Readers with an aversion to intricate shell-scripts are advised not to follow this link...) Making a port yourself Contributed by &a.jkh;, &a.gpalmer;, &a.asami;, &a.obrien;, and &a.hoek;. 28 August 1996. So, now you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the overridable variables (VAR) are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of bsd.port.mk. This file users a non-standard tab setting. Emacs and Vim should recognise the setting on loading the file. Both vi and ex can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not enough, but we will see. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Version required: 1.1b # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= oneko-1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $Id$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are three description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, and reside in the pkg subdirectory. <filename>COMMENT</filename> This is the one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital, and end without a period. Here is an example: A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen <filename>DESCR</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>PLIST</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the “packing list” because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; man page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installtion, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file files/md5. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want it to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. PLIST does not contain anything not installed by your port PLIST contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages, After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that is works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, your may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the Do's and Dont's section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;. If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request. (Do not mark the report confidential!) One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. In the past, we asked you to upload new port submissions in our ftp site (ftp.FreeBSD.org). This is no longer recommended as read access is turned off on that incoming/ directory of that site due to the large amount of pirated software showing up there. We will look at your port, get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of “Additional FreeBSD contributors” on the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory, and you may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main ftp site at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/, where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patches are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the patches subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The “main” targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever touch extract! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. If you cannot find a ftp/http site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable ftp or http server that you control (e.g., your home page). Make sure you set MASTER_SITES to reflect your choice. If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile (if you are a FreeBSD committer, you can just put it in your public_html/ directory on freefall), we can “house” it ourselves by putting it on ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/ as the last resort. Please refer to this location as MASTER_SITE_LOCAL. Send mail to the &a.ports;if you are not sure what to do. If your port's distfile changes all the time for no good reason, consider putting the distfile in your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. This will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our ftp site. Also, if there isonly one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as “plug-and-play” as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive diff for later feeding to patch. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-xx where xx denotes the sequence in which the patches will be applied — these are done in alphabetical order, thus aa first, ab second and so on. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches should be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-aa and patch-ab both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Configuring Include any additional customization commands to your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this as Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure or install, then set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow “overnight builds” to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CD-ROMs and ftp. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. <makevar>DISTNAME</makevar> You should set DISTNAME to be the base name of your port. The default rules expect the distribution file list (DISTFILES) to be named DISTNAMEEXTRACT_SUFX which, if it is a normal tarball, is going to be something like foozolix-1.0.tar.gz for a setting of DISTNAME=foozolix-1.0. The default rules also expect the tarball(s) to extract into a subdirectory called work/DISTNAME, e.g. work/foozolix-1.0/. All this behavior can be overridden, of course; it simply represents the most common time-saving defaults. For a port requiring multiple distribution files, simply set DISTFILES explicitly. If only a subset of DISTFILES are actual extractable archives, then set them up in EXTRACT_ONLY, which will override the DISTFILES list when it comes to extraction, and the rest will be just left in DISTDIR for later use. <makevar>PKGNAME</makevar> If DISTNAME does not conform to our guidelines for a good package name, you should set the PKGNAME variable to something better. See the abovementioned guidelines for more details. <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the ftp site or the CD-ROM. Please take a look at the existing categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See the categories section for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. If you port truly belongs to something that is different from all the existing ones, you can even create a new category name. In that case, please send mail to the &a.ports; to propose a new category. There is no error checking for category names. make package will happily create a new directory if you mistype the category name, so be careful! <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the ftp/http-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems, and we are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there! If the original tarball is part of one of the following popular archives: X-contrib, GNU, Perl CPAN, TeX CTAN, or Linux Sunsite, you refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB, MASTER_SITE_GNU, MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN, MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN, and MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE. Simply set MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path with in the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by ftp or http, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WKRSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, from the pre-patch target, apply the patch either by running the patch command from there, or copying the patch file into the PATCHDIR directory and calling it patch-xx. Note the tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :) For detailed description of the responsibility of maintainers, refer to MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are five variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behaviour of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is an argument given to ldconfig -r | grep -wF. There shall be no reqular expressions in this variable. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the user's search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${PREFIX}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in your search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in a normal user's search path, you should use the full pathname. The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. “build” here means everything from extracting to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above four categories, or your port requires to have the source of the other port extracted in addition to having them installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Common dependency variables Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF=yes if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT=yes if your port uses the latest qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD has perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.) Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; is is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. To depend on another port unconditionally, it is customary to use the string nonexistent as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to the to get to the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= /nonexistent:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the JPEG port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behaviour you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to be always build (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, I recommend you write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF=yes. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET. Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. <command>ldconfig</command> If your port installs a shared library, add a post-install target to your Makefile that runs ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) to register it into the shared library cache. Also, add a matching @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair to your pkg/PLIST file so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and deinstallation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. These lines should immediately follow the line for the shared library itself, as in: lib/libtvl80.so.1 @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m %D/lib @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R Never, ever, ever add a line that says ldconfig without any arguments to your Makefile or pkg/PLIST. This will reset the shared library cache to the contents of /usr/lib only, and will royally screw up the user's machine ("Help, xinit does not run anymore after I install this port!"). Anybody who does this will be shot and cut in 65,536 pieces by a rusty knife and have is liver chopped out by a bunch of crows and will eternally rot to death in the deepest bowels of hell (not necessarily in that order…) ELF support Since FreeBSD is moving to ELF shortly after 3.0-RELEASE, we need to convert many ports that build shared libraries to support ELF. Complicating this task is that a 3.0 system can run as both ELF and a.out, and we wish to unofficially support the 2.2 as long as possible. Below are the guidelines on how to convert a.out only ports to support both a.out and ELF compilation. Some part of this list is only applicable during the conversion, but will be left here for awhile for reference in case you have come across some old port you wish to upgrade. Moving a.out libraries out of the way A.out libraries should be moved out of /usr/local/lib and similar to an aout subdirectory. (If you do not move them out of the way, ELF ports will happily overwrite a.out libraries.) The move-aout-libs target in the 3.0-CURRENT src/Makefile (called from aout-to-elf) will do this for you. It will only move a.out libs so it is safe to call it on a system with both ELF and a.out libs in the standard directories. Format The ports tree will build packages in the format the machine is in. This means a.out for 2.2 and a.out or ELF for 3.0 depending on what `objformat` returns. Also, once users move a.out libraries to a subdirectory, building a.out libraries will be unsupported. (I.e., it may still work if you know what you are doing, but you are on your own.) If a port only works for a.out, set BROKEN_ELF to a string describing the reason why. Such ports will be skipped during a build on an ELF system. <makevar>PORTOBJFORMAT</makevar> bsd.port.mk will set PORTOBJFORMAT to aout or elf and export it in the environments CONFIGURE_ENV, SCRIPTS_ENV and MAKE_ENV. (It's always going to be aout in 2.2-STABLE). It is also passed to PLIST_SUB as PORTOBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT}. (See comment on ldconfig lines below.) The variable is set using this line in bsd.port.mk: PORTOBJFORMAT!= test -x /usr/bin/objformat && /usr/bin/objformat || echo aout Ports' make processes should use this variable to decide what to do. However, if the port's configure script already automatically detects an ELF system, it is not necessary to refer to PORTOBJFORMAT. Building shared libraries The following are differences in handling shared libraries for a.out and ELF. Shared library versions An ELF shared library should be called libfoo.so.M where M is the single version number, and an a.out library should be called libfoo.so.M.N where M is the major version and N is the the minor version number. Do not mix those; never install an ELF shared library called libfoo.so.N.M or an a.out shared library (or symlink) called libfoo.so.N. Linker command lines Assuming cc -shared is used rather than ld directly, the only difference is that you need to add on the command line for ELF. You need to install a symlink from libfoo.so to libfoo.so.N to make ELF linkers happy. Since it should be listed in PLIST too, and it won't hurt in the a.out case (some ports even require the link for dynamic loading), you should just make this link regardless of the setting of PORTOBJFORMAT. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> All port Makefiles are edited to remove minor numbers from LIB_DEPENDS, and also to have the regexp support removed. (E.g., foo\\.1\\.\\(33|40\\) becomes foo.2.) They will be matched using grep -wF. <filename>PLIST</filename> PLIST should contain the short (ELF) shlib names if the a.out minor number is zero, and the long (a.out) names otherwise. bsd.port.mk will automatically add .0 to the end of short shlib lines if PORTOBJFORMAT equals aout, and will delete the minor number from long shlib names if PORTOBJFORMAT equals elf. In cases where you really need to install shlibs with two versions on an ELF system or those with one version on an a.out system (for instance, ports that install compatibility libraries for other operating systems), define the variable NO_FILTER_SHLIBS. This will turn off the editing of PLIST mentioned in the previous paragraph. <literal>ldconfig</literal> The ldconfig line in Makefiles should read: ${SETENV} OBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT} ${LDCONFIG} -m .... In PLIST it should read; @exec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -m ... @unexec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -R This is to ensure that the correct ldconfig will be called depending on the format of the package, not the default format of the system. <makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier forusers to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefiles, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAME so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PKGNAME= ja-xdvi${RESOLUTION}-17 : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile; RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include ${MASTERDIR}/Makefile (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the refulat set of subdirectories like PATCHDIR and PKGDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions First, please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9.0?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. However, if there is a port which is a different version of the same software already in the tree, the situation is much more complex. In short, the FreeBSD implementation does not allow the user to specify to the linker which version of shared library to link against (the linker will always pick the highest numbered version). This means, if there is a libfoo.so.3.2 and libfoo.so.4.0 in the system, there is no way to tell the linker to link a particular application to libfoo.so.3.2. It is essentially completely overshadowed in terms of compilation-time linkage. In this case, the only solution is to rename the base part of the shared library. For instance, change libfoo.so.4.0 to libfoo4.so.1.0 so both version 3.2 and 4.0 can be linked from other ports. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg/PLIST (this means you must not list manpages in the PLIST—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the PLIST. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some Perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may-not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>REQUIRES_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source to use this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window system, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory is new to XFree86 release 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files The new version of texinfo (included in 2.2.2-RELEASE and onwards) contains a utility called install-info to add and delete entries to the dir file. If your port installs any info documents, please follow this instructions so your port/package will correctly update the user's PREFIX/info/dir file. (Sorry for the length of this section, but is it imperative to weave all the info files together. If done correctly, it will produce a beautiful listing, so please bear with me! First, this is what you (as a porter) need to know &prompt.user; install-info --help install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]] Install INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. Options: --delete Delete existing entries in INFO-FILE; don't insert any new entries. : --entry=TEXT Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry. : --section=SEC Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory. : This program will not actually install info files; it merely inserts or deletes entries in the dir file. Here's a seven-step procedure to convert ports to use install-info. I will use editors/emacs as an example. Look at the texinfo sources and make a patch to insert @dircategory and @direntry statements to files that do not have them. This is part of my patch: --- ./man/vip.texi.org Fri Jun 16 15:31:11 1995 +++ ./man/vip.texi Tue May 20 01:28:33 1997 @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ @setfilename ../info/vip @settitle VIP +@dircategory The Emacs editor and associated tools +@direntry +* VIP: (vip). A VI-emulation for Emacs. +@end direntry @iftex @finalout : The format should be self-explanatory. Many authors leave a dir file in the source tree that contains all the entries you need, so look around before you try to write your own. Also, make sure you look into related ports and make the section names and entry indentations consistent (we recommend that all entry text start at the 4th tab stop). Note that you can put only one info entry per file because of a bug in install-info --delete that deletes only the first entry if you specify multiple entries in the @direntry section. You can give the dir entries to install-info as arguments ( and ) instead of patching the texinfo sources. I do not think this is a good idea for ports because you need to duplicate the same information in three places (Makefile and @exec/@unexec of PLIST; see below). However, if you have a Japanese (or other multibyte encoding) info files, you will have to use the extra arguments to install-info because makeinfo cannot handle those texinfo sources. (See Makefile and PLIST of japanese/skk for examples on how to do this). Go back to the port directory and do a make clean; make and verify that the info files are regenerated from the texinfo sources. Since the texinfo sources are newer than the info files, they should be rebuilt when you type make; but many Makefiles do not include correct dependencies for info files. In emacs' case, I had to patch the main Makefile.in so it will descend into the man subdirectory to rebuild the info pages. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:15:28 1997 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ # Subdirectories to make recursively. `lisp' is not included # because the compiled lisp files are part of the distribution # and you cannot remake them without installing Emacs first. -SUBDIR = lib-src src +SUBDIR = lib-src src man # The makefiles of the directories in $SUBDIR. SUBDIR_MAKEFILES = lib-src/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile oldXMenu/Makefile lwlib/Makefile --- ./man/Makefile.in.org Thu Jun 27 15:27:19 1996 +++ ./man/Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:29:52 1997 @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ${srcdir}/gnu1.texi \ ${srcdir}/glossary.texi +all: info info: $(INFO_TARGETS) dvi: $(DVI_TARGETS) The second hunk was necessary because the default target in the man subdir is called info, while the main Makefile wants to call all. I also deleted the installation of the info info file because we already have one with the same name in /usr/share/info (that patch is not shown here). If there is a place in the Makefile that is installing the dir file, delete it. Your port may not be doing it. Also, remove any commands that are otherwise mucking around with the dir file. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Mon Apr 14 23:38:07 1997 @@ -368,14 +368,8 @@ if [ `(cd ${srcdir}/info && /bin/pwd)` != `(cd ${infodir} && /bin/pwd)` ]; \ then \ (cd ${infodir}; \ - if [ -f dir ]; then \ - if [ ! -f dir.old ]; then mv -f dir dir.old; \ - else mv -f dir dir.bak; fi; \ - fi; \ cd ${srcdir}/info ; \ - (cd $${thisdir}; ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/dir ${infodir}/dir); \ - (cd $${thisdir}; chmod a+r ${infodir}/dir); \ for f in ccmode* cl* dired-x* ediff* emacs* forms* gnus* info* message* mh-e* sc* vip*; do \ (cd $${thisdir}; \ ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/$$f ${infodir}/$$f; \ chmod a+r ${infodir}/$$f); \ (This step is only necessary if you are modifying an existing port.) Take a look at pkg/PLIST and delete anything that is trying to patch up info/dir. They may be in pkg/INSTALL or some other file, so search extensively. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/04/15 06:32:12 @@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ man/man1/emacs.1.gz man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz -@unexec cp %D/info/dir %D/info/dir.bak -info/dir -@unexec cp %D/info/dir.bak %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 info/cl-2 Add a post-install target to the Makefile to create a dir file if it is not there. Also, call install-info with the installed info files. Index: Makefile =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/Makefile,v retrieving revision 1.26 diff -u -r1.26 Makefile --- Makefile 1996/11/19 13:14:40 1.26 +++ Makefile 1997/05/20 10:25:09 1.28 @@ -20,5 +20,11 @@ post-install: .for file in emacs-19.34 emacsclient etags ctags b2m strip ${PREFIX}/bin/${file} .endfor + if [ ! -f ${PREFIX}/info/dir ]; then \ + ${SED} -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > ${PREFIX}/info/dir; \ + fi +.for info in emacs vip viper forms gnus mh-e cl sc dired-x ediff ccmode + install-info ${PREFIX}/info/${info} ${PREFIX}/info/dir +.endfor .include <bsd.port.mk> Do not use anything other than /usr/share/info/dir and the above command to create a new info file. In fact, I would add the first three lines of the above patch to bsd.port.mk if you (the porter) would not have to do it in PLIST by yourself anyway. Edit PLIST and add equivalent @exec statements and also @unexec for pkg_delete. You do not need to delete info/dir with @unexec. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/05/20 10:25:12 1.17 @@ -16,7 +14,15 @@ man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 @@ -87,6 +94,18 @@ info/viper-3 info/viper-4 +@exec [ -f %D/info/dir ] || sed -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > %D/info/dir +@exec install-info %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@exec install-info %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/cvtmail libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/digest-doc The @unexec install-info --delete commands have to be listed before the info files themselves so they can read the files. Also, the @exec install-info commands have to be after the info files and the @exec command that creates the the dir file. Test and admire your work. :). Check the dir file before and after each step. The <filename>pkg/</filename> subdirectory There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg/ subdirectory that come in handy sometimes. <filename>MESSAGE</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg/MESSAGE. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a pkg_add or to display licensing information. The pkg/MESSAGE file does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>INSTALL</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with pkg_add you can do this via the pkg/INSTALL script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by pkg_add. The first time will as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile. <filename>REQ</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg/REQ “requirements” script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed. Changing <filename>PLIST</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their PLIST depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the PLIST of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 2.2.7). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%%' will be substituted with VALUE in the PLIST. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in PLIST. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the PLIST. This substitution (as well as addition of any man pages) will be done between the do-install and post-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before do-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Changing the names of files in the <filename>pkg</filename> subdirectory All the filenames in the pkg subdirectory are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg subdirectory among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly in to the pkg subdirectory. Here is a list of variable names and their default values. Variable Default value COMMENT ${PKGDIR}/DESCR DESCR ${PKGDIR}/DESCR PLIST ${PKGDIR}/PLIST PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGINSTALL PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGDEINSTALL PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/REQ PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Licensing Problems Some software packages have restrictive licenses or can be in violation to the law (PKP's patent on public key crypto, ITAR (export of crypto software) to name just two of them). What we can do with them varies a lot, depending on the exact wordings of the respective licenses. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable of violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via ftp or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. There are two variables you can set in the Makefile to handle the situations that arise frequently: If the port has a “do not sell for profit” type of license, set the variable NO_CDROM to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such ports will not go into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile and package will still be available via ftp. If the resulting package needs to be built uniquely for each site, or the resulting binary package cannot be distributed due to licensing; set the variable NO_PACKAGE to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such packages will not go on the ftp site, nor into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile will still be included on both however. If the port has legal restrictions on who can use it (e.g., crypto stuff) or has a “no commercial use” license, set the variable RESTRICTED to be the string describing the reason why. For such ports, the distfiles/packages will not be available even from our ftp sites. The GNU General Public License (GPL), both version 1 and 2, should not be a problem for ports. If you are a committer, make sure you update the ports/LEGAL file too. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, first make sure you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the ftp mirror sites. You may also use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in . The next step is to send a mail to the maintainer, if one is listed in the port's Makefile. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version). If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is not any such person to begin with, please make the upgrade and send the recursive diff (either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers appear to prefer unified diff more) of the new and old ports directories to us (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original as in our tree is superedit.bak, then send us the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. The best way to send us the diff is by including it to &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to CVS when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in as is in the PR. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! <anchor id="porting-dads">Do's and Dont's Here is a list of common do's and dont's that you encounter during the porting process.You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Strip Binaries Do strip binaries. If the original source already strips the binaries, fine; otherwise you should add a post-install rule to to it yourself. Here is an example; post-install: strip ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. They are: INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see compiling ports from CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modigy some file in PKGDIR, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WKRDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of UNIX it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to FreeBSD 1.x systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in <sys/param.h>. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeleyisms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions will bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or 3.x system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENTs 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after semctl(2) change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before mount(2) change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after mount(2) change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after semctl(2) change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-STABLE 320001 4.0-CURRENT after 3/4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning dladdr(3) 400003 4.0-CURRENT after newbus 400004 4.0-CURRENT after suser(9) API change 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct spacinfo pointer 400009 Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as “2.2.5-STABLE” after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference. In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. it usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the pre.mk/post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system, same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (aout or elf LOCALBASE The base of the “local” tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the “X11” tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk; # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PKGNAME minus the version part. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent to the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR}${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv .endif Do not forget to add them to pkg/PLIST too! (Do not worry about NOPORTDOCS here; there is currently no way for the packages to read variables from /etc/make.conf.) Also you can use the pkg/MESSAGE file to display messages upon installation. See the using pkg/MESSAGE section for details. MESSAGE does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST). <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (PKGNAME without the version part should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. Package information Do include package information, i.e. COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, in pkg. Note that these files are not used only for packaging anymore, and are mandatory now, even if NO_PACKAGE is set. RCS strings Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Recursive diff Using the recurse () option to diff to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF=yes and take the diffsof configure.in. Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. (The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local), unless USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, in which case it will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6).) Not hard-coding /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read PREFIX, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly require it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${PREFIX}/bin/less\" or -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" if this is an X port, instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole `/usr/local' tree somewhere else. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not bode well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See man &man.hier.7; for details, the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET “news”. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are deinstalled. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmals @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause pkg_delete to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg/INSTALL script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 99 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 99. majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/nonexistent wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:70:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh ircd:*:72:72:IRCd hybrid:/nonexistent:/nonexistent alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent msql:*:87:87:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg/PLIST. That will cause pkg_delete to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. Miscellanea The files pkg/DESCR, pkg/COMMENT, and pkg/PLIST should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :) A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the version required header should updated when upgrading a port.] # Version required: pl18 [things like "1.5alpha" are fine here too] [this is the date when the first version of this Makefile was created. Never change this when doing an update of the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] -# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> +# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $Id$ [ ^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - DISTNAME is always first, followed by PKGNAME (if necessary), CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. After those, one of EXTRACT_SUFX or DISTFILES can be specified too.] DISTNAME= xdvi PKGNAME= xdvi-pl18 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) who a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have - your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.ORG".] -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG + your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only PLIST missing. Create an empty PLIST. &prompt.root; touch PLIST Next, create a new set of directories which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.local.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > OLD-DIRS If your port honours PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > pkg/PLIST You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * -type d) | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm#' >> pkg/PLIST Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand. I lied when I said this was all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the ldconfig section. Package Names The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already lots and lots of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. If your DISTNAME does not look like that, set PKGNAME to something in that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. The name part should be all lowercases, except for a really large package (with lots of programs in it). Things like XFree86 (yes there really is a port of it, check it out) and ImageMagick fall into this category. Otherwise, convert the name (or at least the first letter) to lowercase. If the capital letters are important to the name (for example, with one-letter names like R or V) you may use capital letters at your discretion. There is a tradition of naming Perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The version string should be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. The only exception is the string pl (meaning `patchlevel'), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert a DISTNAME into a suitable PKGNAME: Distribution Name Package Name Reason mule-2.2.2. mule-2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.1.2 XFree86-3.1.2 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 emiclock-1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs gmod1.4 gmod-1.4 Need a hyphen before version numbers xmris.4.0.2 xmris-4.0.2 Need a hyphen before version numbers rdist-1.3alpha rdist-1.3a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 es-0.9b1 No strings like beta allowed v3.3beta021.src tiff-3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm tvtwm-pl11 Version string always required piewm piewm-1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 xvgr-2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja-gawk-2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 psutils-letter-1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts pkfonts300-1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yy.mm.dd) as the version. Categories As you already know, ports are classified in several categories. But for this to wor, it is important that porters and users understand what each category and how we deicde what to put in each category. Current list of categories First, this is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the pkg/COMMENT file in that subdirectory (e.g., archivers/pkg/COMMENT). Category Description afterstep* Ports to support AfterStep window manager archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong to anywhere else, they should not be in this category. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. games Games. german German language support. graphics Graphics utilities. irc Internet Chat Relay utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Java languge support. kde* Ports that form the K Desktop Environment (kde). korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities—basically things that does not belong to anywhere else. This is the only category that should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! net Miscellaneous networking software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the 3Com Palm(tm) series. perl5* Ports that require perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software written in python. russian Russian language support. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl75* Ports that use tcl version 7.5 to run. tcl76* Ports that use tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use tcl version 8.1 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print/. tk41* Ports that use tk version 4.1 to run. tk42* Ports that use tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use tk version 8.1 to run. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belong here too. x11 The X window system and friends. This category is only for software that directly support the window system. Do not put regular X applications here. If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in appropriate categories. Also, many of them go into other x11-* categories (see below). x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this usse. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories win over less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you do not need to list net when the port belongs to either of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your send-pr submission so we can discuss it before import it. (If you are a committer, send a note &a.ports; so we can discuss it first—too often new ports are imported to a wrong category only to be moved right away.) Changes to this document and the ports system If you maintain a lot of ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there. You can always find more detailed information on the latest changes by looking at the + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk"> the bsd.port.mk CVS log. That is It, Folks! Boy, this sure was a long tutorial, wasn't it? Thanks for following us to here, really. Well, now that you know how to do a port, let us go at it and convert everything in the world into ports! That is the easiest way to start contributing to the FreeBSD Project! :) diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml index 6761767edb..98d9b59fc7 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,4660 +1,4660 @@ Installing Applications: The Ports collection Contributed by &a.jraynard;. The FreeBSD Ports collection allows you to compile and install a very wide range of applications with a minimum of effort. For all the hype about open standards, getting a program to work on different versions of Unix in the real world can be a tedious and tricky business, as anyone who has tried it will know. You may be lucky enough to find that the program you want will compile cleanly on your system, install itself in all the right places and run flawlessly “out of the box”, but this is unfortunately rather rare. With most programs, you will find yourself doing a fair bit of head-scratching, and there are quite a few programs that will result in premature greying, or even chronic alopecia... Some software distributions have attacked this problem by providing configuration scripts. Some of these are very clever, but they have an unfortunate tendency to triumphantly announce that your system is something you have never heard of and then ask you lots of questions that sound like a final exam in system-level Unix programming (Does your system's gethitlist function return a const pointer to a fromboz or a pointer to a const fromboz? Do you have Foonix style unacceptable exception handling? And if not, why not?). Fortunately, with the Ports collection, all the hard work involved has already been done, and you can just type make install and get a working program. Why Have a Ports Collection? The base FreeBSD system comes with a very wide range of tools and system utilities, but a lot of popular programs are not in the base system, for good reasons:- Programs that some people cannot live without and other people cannot stand, such as a certain Lisp-based editor. Programs which are too specialised to put in the base system (CAD, databases). Programs which fall into the “I must have a look at that when I get a spare minute” category, rather than system-critical ones (some languages, perhaps). Programs that are far too much fun to be supplied with a serious operating system like FreeBSD ;-) However many programs you put in the base system, people will always want more, and a line has to be drawn somewhere (otherwise FreeBSD distributions would become absolutely enormous). Obviously it would be unreasonable to expect everyone to port their favourite programs by hand (not to mention a tremendous amount of duplicated work), so the FreeBSD Project came up with an ingenious way of using standard tools that would automate the process. Incidentally, this is an excellent illustration of how “the Unix way” works in practice by combining a set of simple but very flexible tools into something very powerful. How Does the Ports Collection Work? Programs are typically distributed on the Internet as a tarball consisting of a Makefile and the source code for the program and usually some instructions (which are unfortunately not always as instructive as they could be), with perhaps a configuration script. The standard scenario is that you FTP down the tarball, extract it somewhere, glance through the instructions, make any changes that seem necessary, run the configure script to set things up and use the standard make program to compile and install the program from the source. FreeBSD ports still use the tarball mechanism, but use a skeleton to hold the "knowledge" of how to get the program working on FreeBSD, rather than expecting the user to be able to work it out. They also supply their own customised Makefile, so that almost every port can be built in the same way. If you look at a port skeleton (either on your FreeBSD system or the FTP site) and expect to find all sorts of pointy-headed rocket science lurking there, you may be disappointed by the one or two rather unexciting-looking files and directories you find there. (We will discuss in a minute how to go about Getting a port). “How on earth can this do anything?” I hear you cry. “There is no source code there!” Fear not, gentle reader, all will become clear (hopefully). Let us see what happens if we try and install a port. I have chosen ElectricFence, a useful tool for developers, as the skeleton is more straightforward than most. If you are trying this at home, you will need to be root. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence &prompt.root; make install >> Checksum OK for ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz. ===> Extracting for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Patching for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Configuring for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Building for ElectricFence-2.0.5 [lots of compiler output...] ===> Installing for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Warning: your umask is "0002". If this is not desired, set it to an appropriate value and install this port again by ``make reinstall''. install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.a /usr/local/lib install -c -o root -g wheel -m 444 /usr/ports/devel/ElectricFence/work/ElectricFence-2.0.5/libefence.3 /usr/local/man/man3 ===> Compressing manual pages for ElectricFence-2.0.5 ===> Registering installation for ElectricFence-2.0.5 To avoid confusing the issue, I have completely removed the build output. If you tried this yourself, you may well have got something like this at the start:- &prompt.root; make install >> ElectricFence-2.0.5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/. The make program has noticed that you did not have a local copy of the source code and tried to FTP it down so it could get the job done. I already had the source handy in my example, so it did not need to fetch it. Let's go through this and see what the make program was doing. Locate the source code tarball. If it is not available locally, try to grab it from an FTP site. Run a checksum test on the tarball to make sure it has not been tampered with, accidentally truncated, downloaded in ASCII mode, struck by neutrinos while in transit, etc. Extract the tarball into a temporary work directory. Apply any patches needed to get the source to compile and run under FreeBSD. Run any configuration script required by the build process and correctly answer any questions it asks. (Finally!) Compile the code. Install the program executable and other supporting files, man pages, etc. under the /usr/local hierarchy (unless this is an X11 program, then it will be under /usr/X11R6), where they will not get mixed up with system programs. This also makes sure that all the ports you install will go in the same place, instead of being flung all over your system. Register the installation in a database. This means that, if you do not like the program, you can cleanly remove all traces of it from your system. Scroll up to the make output and see if you can match these steps to it. And if you were not impressed before, you should be by now! Getting a FreeBSD Port There are two ways of getting hold of the FreeBSD port for a program. One requires a FreeBSD CDROM, the other involves using an Internet Connection. Compiling ports from CDROM Assuming that your FreeBSD CDROM is in the drive and mounted on /cdrom (and the mount point must be /cdrom), you should then be able to build ports just as you normally do and the port collection's built in search path should find the tarballs in /cdrom/ports/distfiles/ (if they exist there) rather than downloading them over the net. Another way of doing this, if you want to just use the port skeletons on the CDROM, is to set these variables in /etc/make.conf: PORTSDIR= /cdrom/ports DISTDIR= /tmp/distfiles WRKDIRPREFIX= /tmp Substitute /tmp for any place you have enough free space. Then, just cd to the appropriate subdirectory under /cdrom/ports and type make install as usual. WRKDIRPREFIX will cause the port to be build under /tmp/cdrom/ports; for instance, games/oneko will be built under /tmp/cdrom/ports/games/oneko. There are some ports for which we cannot provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you will need to look at the section on Compiling ports using an Internet connection. Compiling ports from the Internet If you do not have a CDROM, or you want to make sure you get the very latest version of the port you want, you will need to download the skeleton for the port. Now this might sound like rather a fiddly job full of pitfalls, but it is actually very easy. First, if you are running a release version of FreeBSD, make sure you get the appropriate “upgrade kit” for your release from the ports web page. These packages include files that have been updated since the release that you may need to compile new ports. The key to the skeletons is that the FreeBSD FTP server can create on-the-fly tarballs for you. Here is how it works, with the gnats program in the databases directory as an example (the bits in square brackets are comments. Do not type them in if you are trying this yourself!):- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; mkdir databases &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports/databases ftp> get gnats.tar [tars up the gnats skeleton for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf gnats.tar [extract the gnats skeleton] &prompt.root; cd gnats &prompt.root; make install [build and install gnats] What happened here? We connected to the FTP server in the usual way and went to its databases sub-directory. When we gave it the command get gnats.tar, the FTP server tarred up the gnats directory for us. We then extracted the gnats skeleton and went into the gnats directory to build the port. As we explained earlier, the make process noticed we did not have a copy of the source locally, so it fetched one before extracting, patching and building it. Let us try something more ambitious now. Instead of getting a single port skeleton, we will get a whole sub-directory, for example all the database skeletons in the ports collection. It looks almost the same:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; ftp ftp.FreeBSD.org [log in as `ftp' and give your email address when asked for a password. Remember to use binary (also known as image) mode!] ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/ports ftp> get databases.tar [tars up the databases directory for us] ftp> quit &prompt.root; tar xf databases.tar [extract all the database skeletons] &prompt.root; cd databases &prompt.root; make install [build and install all the database ports] With half a dozen straightforward commands, we have now got a set of database programs on our FreeBSD machine! All we did that was different from getting a single port skeleton and building it was that we got a whole directory at once, and compiled everything in it at once. Pretty impressive, no? If you expect to be installing many ports, it is probably worth downloading all the ports directories. Skeletons A team of compulsive hackers who have forgotten to eat in a frantic attempt to make a deadline? Something unpleasant lurking in the FreeBSD attic? No, a skeleton here is a minimal framework that supplies everything needed to make the ports magic work. <filename>Makefile</filename> The most important component of a skeleton is the Makefile. This contains various statements that specify how the port should be compiled and installed. Here is the Makefile for ElectricFence:- # New ports collection makefile for: Electric Fence # Version required: 2.0.5 # Date created: 13 November 1997 # Whom: jraynard # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= ElectricFence-2.0.5 CATEGORIES= devel MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= devel/lang/c -MAINTAINER= jraynard@freebsd.org +MAINTAINER= jraynard@FreeBSD.org MAN3= libefence.3 do-install: ${INSTALL_DATA} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.a ${PREFIX}/lib ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/libefence.3 ${PREFIX}/man/man3 .include <bsd.port.mk> The lines beginning with a "#" sign are comments for the benefit of human readers (as in most Unix script files). DISTNAME specifies the name of the tarball, but without the extension. CATEGORIES states what kind of program this is. In this case, a utility for developers. See the categories section of this handbook for a complete list. MASTER_SITES is the URL(s) of the master FTP site, which is used to retrieve the tarball if it is not available on the local system. This is a site which is regarded as reputable, and is normally the one from which the program is officially distributed (in so far as any software is "officially" distributed on the Internet). MAINTAINER is the email address of the person who is responsible for updating the skeleton if, for example a new version of the program comes out. Skipping over the next few lines for a minute, the line .include <bsd.port.mk> says that the other statements and commands needed for this port are in a standard file called bsd.port.mk. As these are the same for all ports, there is no point in duplicating them all over the place, so they are kept in a single standard file. This is probably not the place to go into a detailed examination of how Makefiles work; suffice it to say that the line starting with MAN3 ensures that the ElectricFence man page is compressed after installation, to help conserve your precious disk space. The original port did not provide an install target, so the three lines from do-install ensure that the files produced by this port are placed in the correct destination. The <filename>files</filename> directory The file containing the checksum for the port is called md5, after the MD5 algorithm used for ports checksums. It lives in a directory with the slightly confusing name of files. This directory can also contain other miscellaneous files that are required by the port and do not belong anywhere else. The <filename>patches</filename> directory This directory contains the patches needed to make everything work properly under FreeBSD. The <filename>pkg</filename> directory This program contains three quite useful files:- COMMENT — a one-line description of the program. DESCR — a more detailed description. PLIST — a list of all the files that will be created when the program is installed. What to do when a port does not work. Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details on how ports work can be found in Porting applications. Gripe. This is done by e-mail only! Send such e-mail to the maintainer of the port, first. Type make maintainer or read the Makefile to find the maintainer's email address. Remember to include the name/version of the port (copy the $Id: line from the Makefile), and the output leading up-to the error, inclusive. If you do not get a satisfactory response, you can try filing a bug report with send-pr. Forget it. This is the easiest for most — very few of the programs in ports can be classified as essential! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The “master” package collection is on FreeBSD's FTP server in the packages directory, though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source and a lot faster besides! Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install a package file on your system. Some Questions and Answers Q. I thought this was going to be a discussion about modems??! A. Ah. You must be thinking of the serial ports on the back of your computer. We are using “port” here to mean the result of “porting” a program from one version of Unix to another. (It is an unfortunate bad habit of computer people to use the same word to refer to several completely different things). Q. I thought you were supposed to use packages to install extra programs? A. Yes, that is usually the quickest and easiest way of doing it. Q. So why bother with ports then? A. Several reasons:- The licensing conditions on some software distributions require that they be distributed as source code, not binaries. Some people do not trust binary distributions. At least with source code you can (in theory) read through it and look for potential problems yourself. If you have some local patches, you will need the source to add them yourself. You might have opinions on how a program should be compiled that differ from the person who did the package — some people have strong views on what optimisation setting should be used, whether to build debug versions and then strip them or not, etc. etc. Some people like having code around, so they can read it if they get bored, hack around with it, borrow from it (licence terms permitting, of course!) and so on. If you ain't got the source, it ain't software! ;-) Q. What is a patch? A. A patch is a small (usually) file that specifies how to go from one version of a file to another. It contains text that says, in effect, things like “delete line 23”, “add these two lines after line 468” or “change line 197 to this”. Also known as a “diff”, since it is generated by a program of that name. Q. What is all this about tarballs? A. It is a file ending in .tar or .tar.gz (with variations like .tar.Z, or even .tgz if you are trying to squeeze the names into a DOS filesystem). Basically, it is a directory tree that has been archived into a single file (.tar) and optionally compressed (.gz). This technique was originally used for Tape ARchives (hence the name tar), but it is a widely used way of distributing program source code around the Internet. You can see what files are in them, or even extract them yourself, by using the standard Unix tar program, which comes with the base FreeBSD system, like this:- &prompt.user; tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz &prompt.user; tar tvf foobar.tar &prompt.user; tar xvf foobar.tar Q. And a checksum? A. It is a number generated by adding up all the data in the file you want to check. If any of the characters change, the checksum will no longer be equal to the total, so a simple comparison will allow you to spot the difference. (In practice, it is done in a more complicated way to spot problems like position-swapping, which will not show up with a simplistic addition). Q. I did what you said for compiling ports from a CDROM and it worked great until I tried to install the kermit port:- &prompt.root; make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. Why can it not be found? Have I got a dud CDROM? A. The licensing terms for kermit do not allow us to put the tarball for it on the CDROM, so you will have to fetch it by hand — sorry! The reason why you got all those error messages was because you were not connected to the Internet at the time. Once you have downloaded it from any of the sites above, you can re-start the process (try and choose the nearest site to you, though, to save your time and the Internet's bandwidth). Q. I did that, but when I tried to put it into /usr/ports/distfiles I got some error about not having permission. A. The ports mechanism looks for the tarball in /usr/ports/distfiles, but you will not be able to copy anything there because it is sym-linked to the CDROM, which is read-only. You can tell it to look somewhere else by doing &prompt.root; make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install Q. Does the ports scheme only work if you have everything in /usr/ports? My system administrator says I must put everything under /u/people/guests/wurzburger, but it does not seem to work. A. You can use the PORTSDIR and PREFIX variables to tell the ports mechanism to use different directories. For instance, &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install will compile the port in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports and install everything under /usr/local. &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install will compile it in /usr/ports and install it in /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local. And of course &prompt.root; make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install will combine the two (it is too long to fit on the page if I write it in full, but I am sure you get the idea). If you do not fancy typing all that in every time you install a port (and to be honest, who would?), it is a good idea to put these variables into your environment. Q. I do not have a FreeBSD CDROM, but I would like to have all the tarballs handy on my system so I do not have to wait for a download every time I install a port. Is there an easy way to get them all at once? A. To get every single tarball for the ports collection, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch For all the tarballs for a single ports directory, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory &prompt.root; make fetch and for just one port — well, I think you have guessed already. Q. I know it is probably faster to fetch the tarballs from one of the FreeBSD mirror sites close by. Is there any way to tell the port to fetch them from servers other than ones listed in the MASTER_SITES? A. Yes. If you know, for example, ftp.FreeBSD.ORG is much closer than sites + role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org is much closer than sites listed in MASTER_SITES, do as following example. &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/directory -&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch +&prompt.root; make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch Q. I want to know what files make is going to need before it tries to pull them down. A. make fetch-list will display a list of the files needed for a port. Q. Is there any way to stop the port from compiling? I want to do some hacking on the source before I install it, but it is a bit tiresome having to watch it and hit control-C every time. A. Doing make extract will stop it after it has fetched and extracted the source code. Q. I am trying to make my own port and I want to be able to stop it compiling until I have had a chance to see if my patches worked properly. Is there something like make extract, but for patches? A. Yep, make patch is what you want. You will probably find the PATCH_DEBUG option useful as well. And by the way, thank you for your efforts! Q. I have heard that some compiler options can cause bugs. Is this true? How can I make sure that I compile ports with the right settings? A. Yes, with version 2.6.3 of gcc (the version shipped with FreeBSD 2.1.0 and 2.1.5), the option could result in buggy code unless you used the option as well. (Most of the ports do not use ). You should be able to specify the compiler options used by something like &prompt.root; make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install or by editing /etc/make.conf, but unfortunately not all ports respect this. The surest way is to do make configure, then go into the source directory and inspect the Makefiles by hand, but this can get tedious if the source has lots of sub-directories, each with their own Makefiles. Q. There are so many ports it is hard to find the one I want. Is there a list anywhere of what ports are available? A. Look in the INDEX file in /usr/ports. If you would like to search the ports collection for a keyword, you can do that too. For example, you can find ports relevant to the LISP programming language using: &prompt.user; cd /usr/ports &prompt.user; make search key=lisp Q. I went to install the foo port but the system suddenly stopped compiling it and starting compiling the bar port. What is going on? A. The foo port needs something that is supplied with bar — for instance, if foo uses graphics, bar might have a library with useful graphics processing routines. Or bar might be a tool that is needed to compile the foo port. Q. I installed the grizzle program from the ports and frankly it is a complete waste of disk space. I want to delete it but I do not know where it put all the files. Any clues? A. No problem, just do &prompt.root; pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 Alternatively, you can do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle &prompt.root; make deinstall Q. Hang on a minute, you have to know the version number to use that command. You do not seriously expect me to remember that, do you?? A. Not at all, you can find it out by doing &prompt.root; pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shoot 'em up arcade game. Q. Talking of disk space, the ports directory seems to be taking up an awful lot of room. Is it safe to go in there and delete things? A. Yes, if you have installed the program and are fairly certain you will not need the source again, there is no point in keeping it hanging around. The best way to do this is &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean which will go through all the ports subdirectories and delete everything except the skeletons for each port. Q. I tried that and it still left all those tarballs or whatever you called them in the distfiles directory. Can I delete those as well? A. Yes, if you are sure you have finished with them, those can go as well. Q. I like having lots and lots of programs to play with. Is there any way of installing all the ports in one go? A. Just do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make install Q. OK, I tried that, but I thought it would take a very long time so I went to bed and left it to get on with it. When I looked at the computer this morning, it had only done three and a half ports. Did something go wrong? A. No, the problem is that some of the ports need to ask you questions that we cannot answer for you (eg “Do you want to print on A4 or US letter sized paper?”) and they need to have someone on hand to answer them. Q. I really do not want to spend all day staring at the monitor. Any better ideas? A. OK, do this before you go to bed/work/the local park:- &prompt.root cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DBATCH install This will install every port that does not require user input. Then, when you come back, do &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install to finish the job. Q. At work, we are using frobble, which is in your ports collection, but we have altered it quite a bit to get it to do what we need. Is there any way of making our own packages, so we can distribute it more easily around our sites? A. No problem, assuming you know how to make patches for your changes:- &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble &prompt.root; make extract &prompt.root; cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] &prompt.root; cd ../.. &prompt.root; make package Q. This ports stuff is really clever. I am desperate to find out how you did it. What is the secret? A. Nothing secret about it at all, just look at the bsd.ports.mk and bsd.ports.subdir.mk files in your makefiles directory. Readers with an aversion to intricate shell-scripts are advised not to follow this link...) Making a port yourself Contributed by &a.jkh;, &a.gpalmer;, &a.asami;, &a.obrien;, and &a.hoek;. 28 August 1996. So, now you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the overridable variables (VAR) are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of bsd.port.mk. This file users a non-standard tab setting. Emacs and Vim should recognise the setting on loading the file. Both vi and ex can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not enough, but we will see. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Version required: 1.1b # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $Id$ # DISTNAME= oneko-1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $Id$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are three description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, and reside in the pkg subdirectory. <filename>COMMENT</filename> This is the one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital, and end without a period. Here is an example: A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen <filename>DESCR</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>PLIST</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the “packing list” because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; man page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installtion, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file files/md5. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want it to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. PLIST does not contain anything not installed by your port PLIST contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages, After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that is works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, your may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the Do's and Dont's section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;. If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request. (Do not mark the report confidential!) One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. In the past, we asked you to upload new port submissions in our ftp site (ftp.FreeBSD.org). This is no longer recommended as read access is turned off on that incoming/ directory of that site due to the large amount of pirated software showing up there. We will look at your port, get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of “Additional FreeBSD contributors” on the FreeBSD Handbook and other files. Isn't that great?!? :) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory, and you may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main ftp site at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/, where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patches are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the patches subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The “main” targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever touch extract! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. If you cannot find a ftp/http site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable ftp or http server that you control (e.g., your home page). Make sure you set MASTER_SITES to reflect your choice. If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile (if you are a FreeBSD committer, you can just put it in your public_html/ directory on freefall), we can “house” it ourselves by putting it on ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/ as the last resort. Please refer to this location as MASTER_SITE_LOCAL. Send mail to the &a.ports;if you are not sure what to do. If your port's distfile changes all the time for no good reason, consider putting the distfile in your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. This will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our ftp site. Also, if there isonly one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as “plug-and-play” as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive diff for later feeding to patch. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-xx where xx denotes the sequence in which the patches will be applied — these are done in alphabetical order, thus aa first, ab second and so on. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches should be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-aa and patch-ab both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Configuring Include any additional customization commands to your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this as Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure or install, then set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow “overnight builds” to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CD-ROMs and ftp. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. <makevar>DISTNAME</makevar> You should set DISTNAME to be the base name of your port. The default rules expect the distribution file list (DISTFILES) to be named DISTNAMEEXTRACT_SUFX which, if it is a normal tarball, is going to be something like foozolix-1.0.tar.gz for a setting of DISTNAME=foozolix-1.0. The default rules also expect the tarball(s) to extract into a subdirectory called work/DISTNAME, e.g. work/foozolix-1.0/. All this behavior can be overridden, of course; it simply represents the most common time-saving defaults. For a port requiring multiple distribution files, simply set DISTFILES explicitly. If only a subset of DISTFILES are actual extractable archives, then set them up in EXTRACT_ONLY, which will override the DISTFILES list when it comes to extraction, and the rest will be just left in DISTDIR for later use. <makevar>PKGNAME</makevar> If DISTNAME does not conform to our guidelines for a good package name, you should set the PKGNAME variable to something better. See the abovementioned guidelines for more details. <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the ftp site or the CD-ROM. Please take a look at the existing categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See the categories section for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. If you port truly belongs to something that is different from all the existing ones, you can even create a new category name. In that case, please send mail to the &a.ports; to propose a new category. There is no error checking for category names. make package will happily create a new directory if you mistype the category name, so be careful! <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the ftp/http-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems, and we are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there! If the original tarball is part of one of the following popular archives: X-contrib, GNU, Perl CPAN, TeX CTAN, or Linux Sunsite, you refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB, MASTER_SITE_GNU, MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN, MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN, and MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE. Simply set MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path with in the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by ftp or http, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WKRSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, from the pre-patch target, apply the patch either by running the patch command from there, or copying the patch file into the PATCHDIR directory and calling it patch-xx. Note the tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :) For detailed description of the responsibility of maintainers, refer to MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are five variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behaviour of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is an argument given to ldconfig -r | grep -wF. There shall be no reqular expressions in this variable. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, and dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the user's search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${PREFIX}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in your search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in a normal user's search path, you should use the full pathname. The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put in to the package so that pkg_add will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. “build” here means everything from extracting to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above four categories, or your port requires to have the source of the other port extracted in addition to having them installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Common dependency variables Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF=yes if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT=yes if your port uses the latest qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD has perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.) Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; is is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. To depend on another port unconditionally, it is customary to use the string nonexistent as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to the to get to the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= /nonexistent:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the JPEG port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behaviour you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to be always build (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, I recommend you write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF=yes. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET. Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. <command>ldconfig</command> If your port installs a shared library, add a post-install target to your Makefile that runs ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) to register it into the shared library cache. Also, add a matching @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair to your pkg/PLIST file so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and deinstallation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. These lines should immediately follow the line for the shared library itself, as in: lib/libtvl80.so.1 @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m %D/lib @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R Never, ever, ever add a line that says ldconfig without any arguments to your Makefile or pkg/PLIST. This will reset the shared library cache to the contents of /usr/lib only, and will royally screw up the user's machine ("Help, xinit does not run anymore after I install this port!"). Anybody who does this will be shot and cut in 65,536 pieces by a rusty knife and have is liver chopped out by a bunch of crows and will eternally rot to death in the deepest bowels of hell (not necessarily in that order…) ELF support Since FreeBSD is moving to ELF shortly after 3.0-RELEASE, we need to convert many ports that build shared libraries to support ELF. Complicating this task is that a 3.0 system can run as both ELF and a.out, and we wish to unofficially support the 2.2 as long as possible. Below are the guidelines on how to convert a.out only ports to support both a.out and ELF compilation. Some part of this list is only applicable during the conversion, but will be left here for awhile for reference in case you have come across some old port you wish to upgrade. Moving a.out libraries out of the way A.out libraries should be moved out of /usr/local/lib and similar to an aout subdirectory. (If you do not move them out of the way, ELF ports will happily overwrite a.out libraries.) The move-aout-libs target in the 3.0-CURRENT src/Makefile (called from aout-to-elf) will do this for you. It will only move a.out libs so it is safe to call it on a system with both ELF and a.out libs in the standard directories. Format The ports tree will build packages in the format the machine is in. This means a.out for 2.2 and a.out or ELF for 3.0 depending on what `objformat` returns. Also, once users move a.out libraries to a subdirectory, building a.out libraries will be unsupported. (I.e., it may still work if you know what you are doing, but you are on your own.) If a port only works for a.out, set BROKEN_ELF to a string describing the reason why. Such ports will be skipped during a build on an ELF system. <makevar>PORTOBJFORMAT</makevar> bsd.port.mk will set PORTOBJFORMAT to aout or elf and export it in the environments CONFIGURE_ENV, SCRIPTS_ENV and MAKE_ENV. (It's always going to be aout in 2.2-STABLE). It is also passed to PLIST_SUB as PORTOBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT}. (See comment on ldconfig lines below.) The variable is set using this line in bsd.port.mk: PORTOBJFORMAT!= test -x /usr/bin/objformat && /usr/bin/objformat || echo aout Ports' make processes should use this variable to decide what to do. However, if the port's configure script already automatically detects an ELF system, it is not necessary to refer to PORTOBJFORMAT. Building shared libraries The following are differences in handling shared libraries for a.out and ELF. Shared library versions An ELF shared library should be called libfoo.so.M where M is the single version number, and an a.out library should be called libfoo.so.M.N where M is the major version and N is the the minor version number. Do not mix those; never install an ELF shared library called libfoo.so.N.M or an a.out shared library (or symlink) called libfoo.so.N. Linker command lines Assuming cc -shared is used rather than ld directly, the only difference is that you need to add on the command line for ELF. You need to install a symlink from libfoo.so to libfoo.so.N to make ELF linkers happy. Since it should be listed in PLIST too, and it won't hurt in the a.out case (some ports even require the link for dynamic loading), you should just make this link regardless of the setting of PORTOBJFORMAT. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> All port Makefiles are edited to remove minor numbers from LIB_DEPENDS, and also to have the regexp support removed. (E.g., foo\\.1\\.\\(33|40\\) becomes foo.2.) They will be matched using grep -wF. <filename>PLIST</filename> PLIST should contain the short (ELF) shlib names if the a.out minor number is zero, and the long (a.out) names otherwise. bsd.port.mk will automatically add .0 to the end of short shlib lines if PORTOBJFORMAT equals aout, and will delete the minor number from long shlib names if PORTOBJFORMAT equals elf. In cases where you really need to install shlibs with two versions on an ELF system or those with one version on an a.out system (for instance, ports that install compatibility libraries for other operating systems), define the variable NO_FILTER_SHLIBS. This will turn off the editing of PLIST mentioned in the previous paragraph. <literal>ldconfig</literal> The ldconfig line in Makefiles should read: ${SETENV} OBJFORMAT=${PORTOBJFORMAT} ${LDCONFIG} -m .... In PLIST it should read; @exec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -m ... @unexec /usr/bin/env OBJFORMAT=%%PORTOBJFORMAT%% /sbin/ldconfig -R This is to ensure that the correct ldconfig will be called depending on the format of the package, not the default format of the system. <makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier forusers to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefiles, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAME so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PKGNAME= ja-xdvi${RESOLUTION}-17 : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile; RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include ${MASTERDIR}/Makefile (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the refulat set of subdirectories like PATCHDIR and PKGDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions First, please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9.0?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. However, if there is a port which is a different version of the same software already in the tree, the situation is much more complex. In short, the FreeBSD implementation does not allow the user to specify to the linker which version of shared library to link against (the linker will always pick the highest numbered version). This means, if there is a libfoo.so.3.2 and libfoo.so.4.0 in the system, there is no way to tell the linker to link a particular application to libfoo.so.3.2. It is essentially completely overshadowed in terms of compilation-time linkage. In this case, the only solution is to rename the base part of the shared library. For instance, change libfoo.so.4.0 to libfoo4.so.1.0 so both version 3.2 and 4.0 can be linked from other ports. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg/PLIST (this means you must not list manpages in the PLIST—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the PLIST. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some Perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may-not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>REQUIRES_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source to use this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window system, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory is new to XFree86 release 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files The new version of texinfo (included in 2.2.2-RELEASE and onwards) contains a utility called install-info to add and delete entries to the dir file. If your port installs any info documents, please follow this instructions so your port/package will correctly update the user's PREFIX/info/dir file. (Sorry for the length of this section, but is it imperative to weave all the info files together. If done correctly, it will produce a beautiful listing, so please bear with me! First, this is what you (as a porter) need to know &prompt.user; install-info --help install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]] Install INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. Options: --delete Delete existing entries in INFO-FILE; don't insert any new entries. : --entry=TEXT Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry. : --section=SEC Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory. : This program will not actually install info files; it merely inserts or deletes entries in the dir file. Here's a seven-step procedure to convert ports to use install-info. I will use editors/emacs as an example. Look at the texinfo sources and make a patch to insert @dircategory and @direntry statements to files that do not have them. This is part of my patch: --- ./man/vip.texi.org Fri Jun 16 15:31:11 1995 +++ ./man/vip.texi Tue May 20 01:28:33 1997 @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ @setfilename ../info/vip @settitle VIP +@dircategory The Emacs editor and associated tools +@direntry +* VIP: (vip). A VI-emulation for Emacs. +@end direntry @iftex @finalout : The format should be self-explanatory. Many authors leave a dir file in the source tree that contains all the entries you need, so look around before you try to write your own. Also, make sure you look into related ports and make the section names and entry indentations consistent (we recommend that all entry text start at the 4th tab stop). Note that you can put only one info entry per file because of a bug in install-info --delete that deletes only the first entry if you specify multiple entries in the @direntry section. You can give the dir entries to install-info as arguments ( and ) instead of patching the texinfo sources. I do not think this is a good idea for ports because you need to duplicate the same information in three places (Makefile and @exec/@unexec of PLIST; see below). However, if you have a Japanese (or other multibyte encoding) info files, you will have to use the extra arguments to install-info because makeinfo cannot handle those texinfo sources. (See Makefile and PLIST of japanese/skk for examples on how to do this). Go back to the port directory and do a make clean; make and verify that the info files are regenerated from the texinfo sources. Since the texinfo sources are newer than the info files, they should be rebuilt when you type make; but many Makefiles do not include correct dependencies for info files. In emacs' case, I had to patch the main Makefile.in so it will descend into the man subdirectory to rebuild the info pages. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:15:28 1997 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ # Subdirectories to make recursively. `lisp' is not included # because the compiled lisp files are part of the distribution # and you cannot remake them without installing Emacs first. -SUBDIR = lib-src src +SUBDIR = lib-src src man # The makefiles of the directories in $SUBDIR. SUBDIR_MAKEFILES = lib-src/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile oldXMenu/Makefile lwlib/Makefile --- ./man/Makefile.in.org Thu Jun 27 15:27:19 1996 +++ ./man/Makefile.in Tue Apr 15 00:29:52 1997 @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ${srcdir}/gnu1.texi \ ${srcdir}/glossary.texi +all: info info: $(INFO_TARGETS) dvi: $(DVI_TARGETS) The second hunk was necessary because the default target in the man subdir is called info, while the main Makefile wants to call all. I also deleted the installation of the info info file because we already have one with the same name in /usr/share/info (that patch is not shown here). If there is a place in the Makefile that is installing the dir file, delete it. Your port may not be doing it. Also, remove any commands that are otherwise mucking around with the dir file. --- ./Makefile.in.org Mon Aug 19 21:12:19 1996 +++ ./Makefile.in Mon Apr 14 23:38:07 1997 @@ -368,14 +368,8 @@ if [ `(cd ${srcdir}/info && /bin/pwd)` != `(cd ${infodir} && /bin/pwd)` ]; \ then \ (cd ${infodir}; \ - if [ -f dir ]; then \ - if [ ! -f dir.old ]; then mv -f dir dir.old; \ - else mv -f dir dir.bak; fi; \ - fi; \ cd ${srcdir}/info ; \ - (cd $${thisdir}; ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/dir ${infodir}/dir); \ - (cd $${thisdir}; chmod a+r ${infodir}/dir); \ for f in ccmode* cl* dired-x* ediff* emacs* forms* gnus* info* message* mh-e* sc* vip*; do \ (cd $${thisdir}; \ ${INSTALL_DATA} ${srcdir}/info/$$f ${infodir}/$$f; \ chmod a+r ${infodir}/$$f); \ (This step is only necessary if you are modifying an existing port.) Take a look at pkg/PLIST and delete anything that is trying to patch up info/dir. They may be in pkg/INSTALL or some other file, so search extensively. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/04/15 06:32:12 @@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ man/man1/emacs.1.gz man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz -@unexec cp %D/info/dir %D/info/dir.bak -info/dir -@unexec cp %D/info/dir.bak %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 info/cl-2 Add a post-install target to the Makefile to create a dir file if it is not there. Also, call install-info with the installed info files. Index: Makefile =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/Makefile,v retrieving revision 1.26 diff -u -r1.26 Makefile --- Makefile 1996/11/19 13:14:40 1.26 +++ Makefile 1997/05/20 10:25:09 1.28 @@ -20,5 +20,11 @@ post-install: .for file in emacs-19.34 emacsclient etags ctags b2m strip ${PREFIX}/bin/${file} .endfor + if [ ! -f ${PREFIX}/info/dir ]; then \ + ${SED} -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > ${PREFIX}/info/dir; \ + fi +.for info in emacs vip viper forms gnus mh-e cl sc dired-x ediff ccmode + install-info ${PREFIX}/info/${info} ${PREFIX}/info/dir +.endfor .include <bsd.port.mk> Do not use anything other than /usr/share/info/dir and the above command to create a new info file. In fact, I would add the first three lines of the above patch to bsd.port.mk if you (the porter) would not have to do it in PLIST by yourself anyway. Edit PLIST and add equivalent @exec statements and also @unexec for pkg_delete. You do not need to delete info/dir with @unexec. Index: pkg/PLIST =================================================================== RCS file: /usr/cvs/ports/editors/emacs/pkg/PLIST,v retrieving revision 1.15 diff -u -r1.15 PLIST --- PLIST 1997/03/04 08:04:00 1.15 +++ PLIST 1997/05/20 10:25:12 1.17 @@ -16,7 +14,15 @@ man/man1/etags.1.gz man/man1/ctags.1.gz +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@unexec install-info --delete %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir info/cl info/cl-1 @@ -87,6 +94,18 @@ info/viper-3 info/viper-4 +@exec [ -f %D/info/dir ] || sed -ne '1,/Menu:/p' /usr/share/info/dir > %D/info/dir +@exec install-info %D/info/emacs %D/info/dir : +@exec install-info %D/info/ccmode %D/info/dir libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/cvtmail libexec/emacs/19.34/i386--freebsd/digest-doc The @unexec install-info --delete commands have to be listed before the info files themselves so they can read the files. Also, the @exec install-info commands have to be after the info files and the @exec command that creates the the dir file. Test and admire your work. :). Check the dir file before and after each step. The <filename>pkg/</filename> subdirectory There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg/ subdirectory that come in handy sometimes. <filename>MESSAGE</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg/MESSAGE. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a pkg_add or to display licensing information. The pkg/MESSAGE file does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>INSTALL</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with pkg_add you can do this via the pkg/INSTALL script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by pkg_add. The first time will as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as INSTALL ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile. <filename>REQ</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg/REQ “requirements” script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/deinstallation time to determine whether or not installation/deinstallation should proceed. Changing <filename>PLIST</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their PLIST depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the PLIST of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 2.2.7). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%%' will be substituted with VALUE in the PLIST. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in PLIST. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the PLIST. This substitution (as well as addition of any man pages) will be done between the do-install and post-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before do-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Changing the names of files in the <filename>pkg</filename> subdirectory All the filenames in the pkg subdirectory are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg subdirectory among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly in to the pkg subdirectory. Here is a list of variable names and their default values. Variable Default value COMMENT ${PKGDIR}/DESCR DESCR ${PKGDIR}/DESCR PLIST ${PKGDIR}/PLIST PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGINSTALL PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/PKGDEINSTALL PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/REQ PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Licensing Problems Some software packages have restrictive licenses or can be in violation to the law (PKP's patent on public key crypto, ITAR (export of crypto software) to name just two of them). What we can do with them varies a lot, depending on the exact wordings of the respective licenses. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable of violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via ftp or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. There are two variables you can set in the Makefile to handle the situations that arise frequently: If the port has a “do not sell for profit” type of license, set the variable NO_CDROM to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such ports will not go into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile and package will still be available via ftp. If the resulting package needs to be built uniquely for each site, or the resulting binary package cannot be distributed due to licensing; set the variable NO_PACKAGE to a string describing the reason why. We will make sure such packages will not go on the ftp site, nor into the CD-ROM come release time. The distfile will still be included on both however. If the port has legal restrictions on who can use it (e.g., crypto stuff) or has a “no commercial use” license, set the variable RESTRICTED to be the string describing the reason why. For such ports, the distfiles/packages will not be available even from our ftp sites. The GNU General Public License (GPL), both version 1 and 2, should not be a problem for ports. If you are a committer, make sure you update the ports/LEGAL file too. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, first make sure you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the ftp mirror sites. You may also use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in . The next step is to send a mail to the maintainer, if one is listed in the port's Makefile. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version). If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is not any such person to begin with, please make the upgrade and send the recursive diff (either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers appear to prefer unified diff more) of the new and old ports directories to us (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original as in our tree is superedit.bak, then send us the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. The best way to send us the diff is by including it to &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to CVS when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in as is in the PR. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! <anchor id="porting-dads">Do's and Dont's Here is a list of common do's and dont's that you encounter during the porting process.You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Strip Binaries Do strip binaries. If the original source already strips the binaries, fine; otherwise you should add a post-install rule to to it yourself. Here is an example; post-install: strip ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. They are: INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see compiling ports from CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modigy some file in PKGDIR, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WKRDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of UNIX it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to FreeBSD 1.x systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in <sys/param.h>. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeleyisms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions will bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or 3.x system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENTs 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after semctl(2) change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before mount(2) change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after mount(2) change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after semctl(2) change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-STABLE 320001 4.0-CURRENT after 3/4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning dladdr(3) 400003 4.0-CURRENT after newbus 400004 4.0-CURRENT after suser(9) API change 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct spacinfo pointer 400009 Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as “2.2.5-STABLE” after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference. In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. it usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the pre.mk/post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system, same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (aout or elf LOCALBASE The base of the “local” tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the “X11” tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk; # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PKGNAME minus the version part. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent to the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR}${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${PREFIX}/share/doc/xv .endif Do not forget to add them to pkg/PLIST too! (Do not worry about NOPORTDOCS here; there is currently no way for the packages to read variables from /etc/make.conf.) Also you can use the pkg/MESSAGE file to display messages upon installation. See the using pkg/MESSAGE section for details. MESSAGE does not need to be added to pkg/PLIST). <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (PKGNAME without the version part should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. Package information Do include package information, i.e. COMMENT, DESCR, and PLIST, in pkg. Note that these files are not used only for packaging anymore, and are mandatory now, even if NO_PACKAGE is set. RCS strings Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Recursive diff Using the recurse () option to diff to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF=yes and take the diffsof configure.in. Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. (The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local), unless USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, in which case it will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6).) Not hard-coding /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read PREFIX, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly require it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${PREFIX}/bin/less\" or -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" if this is an X port, instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole `/usr/local' tree somewhere else. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not bode well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See man &man.hier.7; for details, the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET “news”. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are deinstalled. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmals @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause pkg_delete to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg/INSTALL script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 99 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 99. majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/nonexistent wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:70:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh ircd:*:72:72:IRCd hybrid:/nonexistent:/nonexistent alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent msql:*:87:87:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg/PLIST. That will cause pkg_delete to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. Miscellanea The files pkg/DESCR, pkg/COMMENT, and pkg/PLIST should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :) A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the version required header should updated when upgrading a port.] # Version required: pl18 [things like "1.5alpha" are fine here too] [this is the date when the first version of this Makefile was created. Never change this when doing an update of the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] -# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.ORG> +# Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $Id$ [ ^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - DISTNAME is always first, followed by PKGNAME (if necessary), CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. After those, one of EXTRACT_SUFX or DISTFILES can be specified too.] DISTNAME= xdvi PKGNAME= xdvi-pl18 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) who a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have - your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.ORG".] -MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.ORG + your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] +MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only PLIST missing. Create an empty PLIST. &prompt.root; touch PLIST Next, create a new set of directories which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.local.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > OLD-DIRS If your port honours PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * \! -type d) > pkg/PLIST You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find * -type d) | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm#' >> pkg/PLIST Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand. I lied when I said this was all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the ldconfig section. Package Names The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already lots and lots of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. If your DISTNAME does not look like that, set PKGNAME to something in that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. The name part should be all lowercases, except for a really large package (with lots of programs in it). Things like XFree86 (yes there really is a port of it, check it out) and ImageMagick fall into this category. Otherwise, convert the name (or at least the first letter) to lowercase. If the capital letters are important to the name (for example, with one-letter names like R or V) you may use capital letters at your discretion. There is a tradition of naming Perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The version string should be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. The only exception is the string pl (meaning `patchlevel'), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert a DISTNAME into a suitable PKGNAME: Distribution Name Package Name Reason mule-2.2.2. mule-2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.1.2 XFree86-3.1.2 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 emiclock-1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs gmod1.4 gmod-1.4 Need a hyphen before version numbers xmris.4.0.2 xmris-4.0.2 Need a hyphen before version numbers rdist-1.3alpha rdist-1.3a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 es-0.9b1 No strings like beta allowed v3.3beta021.src tiff-3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm tvtwm-pl11 Version string always required piewm piewm-1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 xvgr-2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja-gawk-2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 psutils-letter-1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts pkfonts300-1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yy.mm.dd) as the version. Categories As you already know, ports are classified in several categories. But for this to wor, it is important that porters and users understand what each category and how we deicde what to put in each category. Current list of categories First, this is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the pkg/COMMENT file in that subdirectory (e.g., archivers/pkg/COMMENT). Category Description afterstep* Ports to support AfterStep window manager archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong to anywhere else, they should not be in this category. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. games Games. german German language support. graphics Graphics utilities. irc Internet Chat Relay utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Java languge support. kde* Ports that form the K Desktop Environment (kde). korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities—basically things that does not belong to anywhere else. This is the only category that should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! net Miscellaneous networking software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the 3Com Palm(tm) series. perl5* Ports that require perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software written in python. russian Russian language support. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl75* Ports that use tcl version 7.5 to run. tcl76* Ports that use tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use tcl version 8.1 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print/. tk41* Ports that use tk version 4.1 to run. tk42* Ports that use tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use tk version 8.1 to run. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belong here too. x11 The X window system and friends. This category is only for software that directly support the window system. Do not put regular X applications here. If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in appropriate categories. Also, many of them go into other x11-* categories (see below). x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this usse. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories win over less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you do not need to list net when the port belongs to either of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your send-pr submission so we can discuss it before import it. (If you are a committer, send a note &a.ports; so we can discuss it first—too often new ports are imported to a wrong category only to be moved right away.) Changes to this document and the ports system If you maintain a lot of ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there. You can always find more detailed information on the latest changes by looking at the + url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk"> the bsd.port.mk CVS log. That is It, Folks! Boy, this sure was a long tutorial, wasn't it? Thanks for following us to here, really. Well, now that you know how to do a port, let us go at it and convert everything in the world into ports! That is the easiest way to start contributing to the FreeBSD Project! :)