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diff --git a/zh_CN.GB2312/articles/linux-users/article.sgml b/zh_CN.GB2312/articles/linux-users/article.sgml
index b524357772..eecd7238fe 100644
--- a/zh_CN.GB2312/articles/linux-users/article.sgml
+++ b/zh_CN.GB2312/articles/linux-users/article.sgml
@@ -1,586 +1,586 @@
-7<!--
+<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
The FreeBSD Chinese (Simplified) Documentation Project
Original Revision: 1.6
-->
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
%articles.ent;
]>
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>&linux; Óû§µÄ FreeBSD ¿ìËÙÈëÃÅÏòµ¼</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<surname>Ferrell</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2008</year>
<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
</copyright>
<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
&tm-attrib.freebsd;
&tm-attrib.linux;
&tm-attrib.intel;
&tm-attrib.redhat;
&tm-attrib.unix;
&tm-attrib.general;
</legalnotice>
<abstract>
<para>±¾ÎĵµÖ¼ÔÚ¿ìËÙʹÄÇЩ¸ß¼¶ &linux;
Óû§ÊìϤFreeBSDµÄһЩ»ù´¡ÖªÊ¶¡£</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<sect1 id="intro">
<title>¼ò½é</title>
<para>±¾Îĵµ½«Í»³ö½éÉÜ &os; Óë &linux; µÄ²î±ð£¬
ÒÔʹµÃÄÇЩ &linux; ¸ß¼¶Óû§ÄÜ×Ô¼º¿ìËÙÊìϤ &os;
µÄ»ù´¡ÄÚÈÝ¡£ÕâÖ»ÊǷݼ¼ÊõÉϵĿìËÙÈëÃÅ£¬
²¢·ÇÊÇÊÔͼÃè»æÕâÁ½ÖÖ²Ù×÷ϵͳ֮¼äµÄ"ÕÜѧ"ÉϵIJîÒì¡£</para>
<para>´ËÎĵµ¼Ù¶¨ÈÏΪÄãÒѾ­°²×°ºÃÁË &os;¡£
Èç¹ûÄ㻹ûÓа²×° &os; »òÕß¶Ô &os;
µÄ°²×°¹ý³Ì·½ÃæÐèÒª°ïÖú£¬Çë²Î¿¼ &os; ÊÖ²áµÄ
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install.html">
°²×° FreeBSD</ulink>Ò»Õ¡£
</sect1>
<sect1 id="shells">
<title>Shell³ÌÐò£ºÃ»ÓÐBashÂð£¿</title>
<para>ÄÇЩ´Ó &linux; ת¹ýÀ´µÄÓû§¾­³£»á¾ªÑÈÓÚ
<application>Bash</application> ²»ÊÇ &os; µÄĬÈÏ Shell¡£
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬<application>Bash</application> ÉõÖÁûÓаüÀ¨ÔÚ
&os; µÄĬÈÏ°²×°ÖС£´úÌæµÄÊÇ£¬&os; ʹÓà &man.tcsh.1;
×÷Ϊ×Ô¼ºµÄĬÈÏ Shell£¬¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬<application>Bash</application>
ºÍÆäËûÄãϲ°®µÄ Shell ³ÌÐòÔÚ &os; µÄ
<ulink url="article.html#SOFTWARE">Packages ºÍ Ports Ì×¼þ</ulink>
Àﶼ¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½¡£</para>
<para>Èç¹ûÄã°²×°ÁËÆäËûµÄ Shell Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓà &man.chsh.1;
À´ÉèÖÃÒ»¸öÓû§µÄĬÈÏ Shell¡£Í¨³£Çé¿öÏ£¬
Ç¿ÁÒ½¨Ò鲻Ҫȥ¸ü¸Ä <username>root</username>
Óû§µÄĬÈÏ Shell¡£Ô­ÒòÊÇÕâЩ Shell
ûÓаüÀ¨ÔÚ»ù±¾ÏµÍ³ÖУ¬Õý³£Çé¿öÏÂËüÃǻᱻ°²×°µ½
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> ºÍ
<filename>/usr/bin</filename> Ŀ¼Ï¡£ÍòһijÌì
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> ºÍ
<filename>/usr/bin</filename> µÄÎļþϵͳ²»Äܱ»¹ÒÔØ£¬
ÕâÑùÇé¿öÏ <username>root</username>
½«²»ÄܽøÈë×Ô¼ºÄ¬È쵀 Shell£¬´Ó¶ø
<username>root</username> ½«²»Äܹ»µÇ¼½øÈ¥¡£
¼øÓÚÕâ¸öÔ­Òò£¬µÚ¶þ¸öϵͳ¹ÜÀíÔ±ÕÊ»§
<username>toor</username> ´´½¨Ê±Ê¹ÓõÄÊÇ·ÇĬÈϵÄ
Shell¡£ÔÚ°²È« FAQ ¿ÉÒÔ²éÔĵ½¹ØÓÚ <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/security.html#TOOR-ACCOUNT">toor ÕÊ»§</ulink>
µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="software">
<title>PackagesºÍPorts£ºÔÚ &os; ÖÐÌí¼ÓÈí¼þ</title>
<para>³ýÁ˾­µäµÄ &unix; °²×°Èí¼þµÄ·½·¨
£¨ÏÂÔØÔ´Âë°ü£¬½âѹ£¬±à¼­Ô´Â룬±àÒ룩Í⣬&os;
»¹ÌṩÁËÁíÍâÁ½ÖÖ·½·¨À´°²×°Ó¦ÓóÌÐò£ºpackages ºÍ ports¡£
Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/ports/master-index.html">͉˕</ulink>
µ½Ò»·ÝÍêÕû¿ÉÓÃµÄ ports ºÍ packages µÄÈí¼þÇåµ¥¡£</para>
<sect2 id="packages">
<title>Packages</title>
<para>Packages ÊÇÔ¤±àÒëºÃµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐò£¬ÔÚ &os;
ÖеȼÛÓÚ»ùÓÚ Debian/Ubuntu µÄϵͳÖеÄ
<filename>.deb</filename> Èí¼þ°üÒÔ¼°»ùÓÚ
Red&nbsp;Hat/Fedora µÄϵͳÖеÄ
<filename>.rpm</filename> Èí¼þ°ü¡£
PackagesʹÓà &man.pkg.add.1; À´½øÐа²×°¡£
ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁÓÃÀ´°²×°
<application>Apache 2.2</application>£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add <replaceable>/tmp/apache-2.2.6_2.tbz</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>ʹÓà <option>-r</option> ²Ù×÷½«¸æËß &man.pkg.add.1;
À´×Ô¶¯»ñÈ¡²¢°²×°Ò»¸öÈí¼þ°ü£¬ÒÔ¼°½â¾öËùÓеÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r <replaceable>apache22</replaceable></userinput>
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/Latest/apache22.tbz... Done.
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/expat-2.0.0_1.tbz... Done.
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/perl-5.8.8_1.tbz... Done.
[snip]
To run apache www server from startup, add apache22_enable="YES"
in your /etc/rc.conf. Extra options can be found in startup script.</screen>
<note>
<para>Èç¹ûÄãÕýÔËÐÐ×Å release °æ±¾µÄ &os; £¨6.2£¬6.3£¬7.0µÈ£¬
ͨ³£´Ó CD-ROM ±»°²×°µÄ£©<command>pkg_add -r</command>
»áΪÆäÏÂÔØרÃÅΪÕâЩÌض¨°æ±¾¹¹½¨ºÃµÄÈí¼þ°ü¡£
ÕâЩÈí¼þ°ü <emphasis>¿ÉÄÜ</emphasis> ²»Êǵ±Ç°×îеijÌÐò¡£
Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓà <envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> ±äÁ¿À´¸²¸ÇĬÈϵĶ¯×÷¡£
ÀýÈ磬°Ñ <envar>PACHAGESITE</envar> ÉèÖóÉ
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/"></ulink>
À´ÏÂÔØ 6.X ϵÁÐ×îеİü¡£</para>
<para>Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁÕâƪÎÄÕÂ
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/version-guide/">
Ñ¡Ôñ×îÊʺÏ×Ô¼ºµÄ &os; °æ±¾ºÅ</ulink> À´»ñÈ¡¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚ &os;
°æ±¾ºÅµÄ¶«Î÷¡£</para>
</note>
<para>ÏëÁ˽â¸ü¶àµÄ packages ÐÅÏ¢Çë²éÔÄ &os;
ÊÖ²áµÄ 4.4 С½Ú£º<ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/packages-using.html">ʹÓà Packages ϵͳ</ulink>¡£</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="ports">
<title>Ports</title>
<para>&os; µÄµÚ¶þÖÖ°²×°Ó¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ·½·¨¾ÍÊÇʹÓà Ports ÁË¡£
Ports ϵͳÊÇ &os ÉϵÄÒ»¸öÀûÓà <filename>Makefile</filename>
ºÍһЩ²¹¶¡ÎļþÀ´Ìض¨´ÓÔ´Â붨ÖÆ°²×°¸÷ÖÖÈí¼þ³ÌÐòµÄ¿ò¼Ü¡£
µ±°²×°Ò»¸ö port ʱϵͳ»á»ñÈ¡³ÌÐòÔ´Â룬
Ó¦ÓÃÈκÎËùÐèÒªµÄ²¹¶¡£¬±àÒëÔ´Â룬
²¢°²×°Ó¦ÓóÌÐò£¨²¢Õë¶ÔÒÀÀµ¹ØϵÒÔͬÑùµÄ·½Ê½°²×°½â¾ö£©¡£</para>
<para>Ports Ì×¼þ£¬³£±»³Æ×÷ ports Ê÷£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
<filename>/usr/ports</filename> ÏÂÕÒµ½¡£
¼ÙÉèPortsÌ×¼þÒѾ­ÔÚ°²×° &os; ʱ°²×°¹ýÁË¡£
Èç¹û Ports Ì×¼þ»¹Ã»Óб»°²×°¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý &man.sysinstall.8;
À´½øÐа²×°£¬»òÕßʹÓà &man.csup.1; »ò &man.portsnap.8;
À´´Ó &os; µÄ·þÎñÆ÷ÉÏÃæÀ­ÏÂÀ´¡£ÔÚÊÖ²áµÄ <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html">4.5.1 С½Ú</ulink>
¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½°²×° Ports Ì×¼þµÄÏêϸ½éÉÜ¡£</para>
<para>°²×°Ò»¸ö port ¾ÍÏñ½øÈë port
µÄĿ¼²¢¿ªÊ¼¹¹½¨¹ý³ÌÒ»Ñù¼òµ¥£¨Í¨³£Çé¿öÏ£©£¬
ÏÂÃæÊÇ´Ó Ports Ì×¼þ°²×°
<application>Apache 2.2</application> µÄÀý×Ó£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>ʹÓà ports °²×°Èí¼þµÄ×î´óºÃ´¦¾ÍÊÇÄܹ»×Ô¶¨Òå°²×°Ñ¡Ïî¡£
ÀýÈ磬´Ó ports °²×° <application>Apache 2.2</application>
ʱÄã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÉèÖà <makevar>WITH_LDAP</makevar> &man.make.1;
±äÁ¿À´ÆôÓà <application>mod_ldap</application>£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make WITH_LDAP="YES" install clean</userinput></screen>
<para>Çë²é¿´ &os; ÊÖ²áµÄ 4.5 С½Ú£¬<ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html">
ʹÓà Ports&nbsp;Collection</ulink>£¬
ÒÔ»ñÈ¡¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚPorts&nbsp;Collection µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="which">
<title>Ports»¹ÊÇpackages£¬ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃʹÓÃÄĸö£¿</title>
<para>Packages ¾ÍÊÇÔ¤±àÒëºÃµÄ ports£¬
ËùÒÔ´ÓÔ´Â루ports£©°²×°Óë´Ó¶þ½øÖÆ packages
°²×°ÕâÁ½Õß¼äȷʵÓкܴó¹ØÁª¡£Ã¿ÖÖ·½·¨¸÷ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÓŵ㣺</para>
<itemizedlist>
<title>Packages£¨¶þ½øÖÆ£©</title>
<listitem><simpara>¸ü¿ìËٵݲװ
£¨±È½Ï´óµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐò±àÒëÆðÀ´»á»¨ºÜ³¤Ê±¼ä£©¡£</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>Äã²»ÐèÒªÖªµÀÈçºÎ±àÒëÈí¼þ¡£</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>²»ÐèÒªÔÚ²Ù×÷ϵͳÉÏ°²×°±àÒëÆ÷¡£</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<itemizedlist>
<title>Ports£¨Ô´Â룩</title>
<listitem><simpara>Äܹ»¶¨ÖÆ°²×°Ñ¡Ïî¡£
£¨Packagesͨ³£¶¼ÊÇʹÓñê׼ѡÏî¹¹½¨µÄ¡£Ê¹Óà ports
ÄãÄܹ»¶¨Òå¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄÑ¡Ï
±ÈÈçÀàËƹ¹½¨¸½¼ÓµÄÄ£¿é»òÊǸü¸Ä°²×°Â·¾¶Ö®ÀàµÄ¡££©</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>Èç¹ûÄãϲ»¶µÄ»°»¹¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄ²¹¶¡¡£</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐһЩÌرðµÄÐèÇó£¬ packages
¿ÉÄܸպÃ×îÊʺÏÄãµÄÇé¿ö¡£Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª½øÒ»²½¶¨ÖÆ£¬
ports ÊÇ×îÊʺϵķ½·¨ÁË¡££¨Çë¼ÇµÃ£¬
Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª¶¨Öƶø×Ô¼ºÓÖ¸üÇãÏòÓÚʹÓà packages£¬
Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓà <command>make</command>
<maketarget>package</maketarget> ´Ó ports
¹¹½¨Ò»¸ö¶¨ÖÆµÄ package£¬È»ºó¸´ÖƵ½ÆäËûµÄ·þÎñÆ÷¡££©</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="startup">
<title>ϵͳÆô¶¯£ºÔËÐ춱ðÔÚÄÄÀ</title>
<para>&linux; ʹÓà Sysv init ³õʼ»¯ÏµÍ³£¬¶ø &os;
ʹÓõÄÊÇ´«Í³µÄ BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ &man.init.8;¡£ÔÚ BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ
&man.init.8; ÖÐûÓÐÔËÐ춱ðºÍ <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>£¬
´úÌæ¿ØÖÆÆô¶¯µÄÊÇ &man.rc.8; ʵÓóÌÐò¡£
<filename>/etc/rc</filename> ½Å±¾¶ÁÈ¡
<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> ºÍ
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÎļþÀ´¾ö¶¨Äĸö·þÎñ½«±»Æô¶¯¡£
ÌØÊâ·þÎñÔڴ˺óÓÉ´¦ÓÚ <filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> ºÍ
<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename>
ϵÄÏàÓ¦·þÎñ³õʼ»¯½Å±¾ÎļþËùÆô¶¯¡£
ÕâЩ½Å±¾ÀàËÆÓÚλÓÚ &linux; ϵͳÖеÄ
<filename>/etc/init.d/</filename> Ŀ¼ÏµĽű¾¡£</para>
<sidebar>
<para><emphasis>ΪºÎ»áÓÐÁ½¸ö·þÎñ³õʼ»¯½Å±¾µÄĿ¼ÄØ£¿</emphasis>
<filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> ϵĽű¾ÊÇÊôÓÚ
<quote>»ù±¾</quote> ϵͳһ²¿·ÖµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòËùʹÓõġ£
£¨&man.cron.8;£¬&man.sshd.8;£¬&man.syslog.3;£¬ÒÔ¼°ÆäËû¡££©
<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename>
ϵĽű¾ÊÇÓû§°²×°µÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÈç <application>Apache</application>£¬
<application>Squid</application> µÈʹÓõġ£</para>
<para><emphasis><quote>»ù±¾</quote>
ϵͳºÍÓû§°²×°µÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿</emphasis> FreeBSD
ÊÇÒ»Ì׿ª·¢³öÀ´µÄÍêÕûµÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Äںˣ¬ÏµÍ³Àà¿â£¬
»¹ÓÐʵÓÃÓ¦ÓóÌÐò£¨Èç &man.ls.1;£¬&man.cat.1;£¬&man.cp.1; µÈ£©
È«²¿±»×öΪһ¸öÕûÌåÒ»Æ𿪷¢²¢Êͳö¡£Õâ¾ÍÊDZ»ÈÏΪ¹éÊôÓÚ
<quote>»ù±¾</quote>ϵͳµÄ³ÌÐò¡£Óû§°²×°µÄ³ÌÐò²¢²»ÊÇ
<quote>»ù±¾</quote>ϵͳµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Èç
<application>Apache</application>£¬<application>X11</application>£¬
<application>Moazilla&nbsp;Firefox</application>£¬µÈµÈ¡£Õâ
ЩÓû§°²×°µÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòͨ³£ÊÇʹÓà &os; µÄ Packages ºÍ Ports
Ì×¼þ°²×°ÉÏÈ¥µÄ¡£ÎªÁ˽«ÕâЩ³ÌÐòºÍ <quote>»ù±¾</quote>
ϵͳÇø·Ö¿ªÀ´£¬Óû§°²×°µÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòͨ³£±»°²×°µ½
<filename>/usr/local/</filename>Ï¡£
Òò´ËÓû§°²×°µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÖ´ÐÐÎļþ´æÔÚÓÚ
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>Ï£¬ÅäÖÃÎļþÔÚ
<filename>/usr/local/etc</filename>Ï£¬ÒÔ´ËÀàÍÆ¡£</para>
</sidebar>
<para>·þÎñͨ¹ýÔÚ
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>£¨&man.rc.conf.5;£©
ÎļþÖÐʹÓÃÌض¨µÄ
<literal><replaceable>ServiceName</replaceable>_enable="YES"</literal>
¸ñʽ±»Æô¶¯¡£¿´Ò»ÏÂϵͳĬÈϵÄ
<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> Îļþ£¬ÕâЩĬÈÏÉ趨±»
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ÎļþÖеÄÉ趨ËùÐ޸ġ£Òò´Ë£¬
µ±°²×°¸½¼ÓÓ¦ÓóÌÐòʱ×îºÃ»Ø¹ËÏÂÎĵµÀ´¾ö¶¨µ½µ×¸ÃÈçºÎÆôÓÃÈκÎÏà¹ØµÄ·þÎñ¡£</para>
<para>ÏÂÃæµÄһС¶ÎÄÚÈÝÓÃÀ´ÔÚ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
ÖÐÆôÓà &man.sshd.8; ºÍ <application>Apache 2.2</application>¡£
»¹Ö¸¶¨ÁË <application>Apache</application> Ó¦¸Ãͨ¹ý
SSL ·½Ê½Æô¶¯¡£</para>
<programlisting># enable SSHD
sshd_enable="YES"
# enable Apache with SSL
apache22_enable="YES"
apache22_flags="-DSSL"</programlisting>
<para>Ò»µ©·þÎñÒѾ­ÔÚ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
ÖÐÆôÓ㬷þÎñ½«Äܹ»´ÓÃüÁîÐÐÆô¶¯£¨²»ÐèÒªÖØÐÂÆô¶¯ÏµÍ³£©£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> start</userinput></screen>
<para>Èç¹û·þÎñ»¹Ã»Óб»ÆôÓ㬿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ
<option>forcestart</option> À´´ÓÃüÁîÐÐÆô¶¯£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> forcestart</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="network">
<title>ÍøÂçÅäÖÃ</title>
<sect2 id="interfaces">
<title>ÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú</title>
<para>´úÌæ &linux; ÖÐËùʹÓõıêʶÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚËù³£ÓõÄ
<emphasis>ethX</emphasis> ¸ñʽµÄÊÇ£¬&os;
ʹÓÃÇý¶¯Ãû×Öºó¸úÒ»¸öÊý×ÖÀ´±êʶ¡£ÏÂÃæ
&man.ifconfig.8; µÄÊä³öÏÔʾÁËÁ½¸ö &intel;&nbsp;Pro&nbsp;1000
µÄÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú£¨em0 ºÍ em1£©£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ifconfig</userinput>
em0: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; mtu 1500
options=b&lt;RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU&gt;
inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:70:b2
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX &lt;full-duplex&gt;)
status: active
em1: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; mtu 1500
options=b&lt;RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU&gt;
inet 192.168.10.222 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:03:2b
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX &lt;full-duplex&gt;)
status: active</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="ipaddress">
<title>IPÅäÖÃ</title>
<para>Ò»¸ö IP µØÖ·¿ÉÒÔʹÓà &man.ifconfig.8;
À´Ö¸¶¨µ½Ò»¸öÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú¡£Í¨³££¬Òª±£³ÖÖØÆôºóÒÀÈ»Äܹ»Ê¹ÓõÄ
IP ÅäÖÃÐÅÏ¢ÐèÒª°üº¬ÔÚ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
ÖС£ÏÂÁÐÀý×ÓÖ¸¶¨ÁËÖ÷»úÃû£¬IP µØÖ·£¬ÒÔ¼°Ä¬ÈÏÍø¹Ø£º</para>
<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"
defaultrouter="10.10.10.1"</programlisting>
<para>ʹÓÃÏÂÃæÄÚÈÝÀ´ÎªÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚÅäÖÃDHCP£º</para>
<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
ifconfig_em0="DHCP"</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="firewall">
<title>·À»ðǽ</title>
<para>Ïñ &linux; ÖÐµÄ <application>IPTABLES</application>
Ò»Ñù£¬ &os; Ò²ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öÄں˼¶µÄ·À»ðǽ£»
ʵ¼ÊÉÏ &os; ÌṩÁËÈý¸ö·À»ðǽ£º</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html">IPFIREWALL</ulink></simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipf.html">IPFILTER</ulink></simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-pf.html">PF</ulink></simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para><application>IPFIREWALL</application> »òÊÇ
<application>IPFW</application>£¨¹ÜÀí
<application>IPFW</application> ¹æÔòµÄ &man.ipfw.8; ÃüÁ
ÊÇ &os; ¿ª·¢Õß¿ª·¢²¢Î¬³ÖµÄ¡£
<application>IPFW</application> Äܹ»Óë &man.dummynet.4;
ÅäºÏʹÓÃÀ´ÌṩÁ÷Á¿Í¼Ðι¦ÄÜÒÔ¼°Ä£ÄⲻͬÍøÂçÁ¬½ÓÀàÐ͵ŦÄÜ¡£</para>
<para>ÔÊÐí <application>SSH</application>
½øÈëµÄ <application>IPFW</application> ¹æÔòÑùÀýÈçÏ£º</para>
<programlisting>ipfw add allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $ext_if</programlisting>
<para><application>IPFILTER</application> ÊÇ
Darren&nbsp;Reed Ëù¿ª·¢µÄ·À»ðǽ³ÌÐò¡£²»ÊÇרÃÅÕë¶Ô
&os; µÄ£¬ËüÒѾ­±»ÒÆÖ²µ½ NetBSD£¬OpenBSD£¬SunOS£¬HP/UX£¬
»¹ÓÐSolarisµÈһЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳ֮ÉÏ¡£</para>
<para>ÔÊÐí <application>SSH</application>
½øÈëµÄ <application>IPFILTER</application>
ÃüÁîÑùÀýÈçÏ£º</para>
<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port = 22</programlisting>
<para>×îºóÒ»ÖÖ·À»ðǽ³ÌÐò£¬<application>PF</application>£¬
ÊÇ OpenBSD ÏîÄ¿Ëù¿ª·¢µÄ¡£<application>PF</application>
ÊDZ»×÷Ϊ <application>IPFILTER</application>
µÄÒ»¸öÌæ´úÆ·¶ø±»´´½¨³öµÄ¡£¾ÍÕâµã¶øÑÔ£¬
<application>PF</application> µÄÓï·¨Óë
<application>IPFILTER</application> µÄ·Ç³£ÏàËÆ¡£
<application>PF</application> ¿ÉÒÔÓë &man.altq.4;
ÅäºÏÀ´Ìṩ QoS µÄÌØÐÔ¡£</para>
<para>ÔÊÐí <application>SSH</application>
½øÈëµÄ <application>PF</application>
ÃüÁîÑùÀýÈçÏ£º</para>
<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 22</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="updates">
<title>Éý¼¶ &os;</title>
<para>¹²ÓÐÈýÖÖ·½·¨À´Éý¼¶ &os; ϵͳ£º
Ô´Â룬¶þ½øÖƸüУ¬»¹Óа²×°¹âÅÌ¡£</para>
<para>´ÓÔ´ÂëÉý¼¶ÊÇ×ÔÓµÄÉý¼¶·½·¨£¬µ«ÊÇÌṩÁË×î°ôµÄ×ÜÌåÁé»îÐÔ¡£
Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì°üº¬ÁËʹÓà &os; <application>CVS</application>
£¨²¢Ðа汾ϵͳ£©À´Í¬²½Ò»¸ö±¾µØµÄ &os; Ô´´úÂë¡£
Ò»µ©±¾µØÔ´ÂëÒѾ­¸üе½µ±Ç°×îÐÂÄã±ã¿ÉÒÔ¹¹½¨Ð°汾µÄÄÚºËÒÔ¼°Ó¦ÓóÌÐò¡£
¹ØÓÚÔ´Âë¸üеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¿É¼ûÓÚ &os; ÊÖ²á
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge.html">
µÚ 23 ÕÂ</ulink>¡£</para>
<para>¶þ½øÖƸüÐÂÀàËÆÓÚʹÓà <command>yum</command> »ò
<command>apt-get</command> ¸üР&linux; ϵͳ¡£
&man.freebsd-update.8; ÃüÁî»á»ñȡеĸüв¢°²×°ËüÃÇ¡£
ÕâЩ¸üпÉÒÔͨ¹ý &man.cron.8; ʹÓóÌÐòÀ´µ÷¶È¡£</para>
<note>
<para>Èç¹ûÄãʹÓà &man.cron.8; À´Ô¤¶¨¸üУ¬
ÇëÈ·ÐÅÔÚÄãµÄ &man.crontab.1; ÖÐʹÓÃÁË
<command>freebsd-update cron</command>
À´¿ØÖÆ´óÊýÄ¿µÄ»úÆ÷ͬʱ»ñÈ¡¸üС£</para>
<programlisting>0 3 * * * root /usr/sbin/freebsd-update cron</programlisting>
</note>
<para>×îºóÒ»ÖÖ¸üеķ½·¨£¬´Ó°²×°¹âÅÌÀ´Éý¼¶£¬ÊǸöÖ±½ÓµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£
´Ó°²×°¹âÅÌÆô¶¯²¢Ñ¡Ôñ¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÀ´¸üС£</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="procfs">
<title>procfs£ºÒÑÊǹýȥʽµ«ÈÔδ±»ÒÅÍü</title>
<para>&linux; ÖУ¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»áͨ¹ý¿´Ò»¿´
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</filename>
À´È·¶¨ IP ת·¢ÊÇ·ñ±»ÆôÓá£ÔÚ &os; ÖÐÄãÓ¦¸ÃʹÓà &man.sysctl.8;
À´²é¿´ÕâºÍÆäËû·½ÃæµÄϵͳÉèÖã¬ÔÚµ±Ç°µÄ &os; °æ±¾ÖÐ
&man.procfs.5; ÒѾ­²»ÔÞ³ÉʹÓÃÁË¡££¨ËäÈ»
<command>sysctl</command>ÔÚ &os; ҲͬÑù¿ÉÓᣣ©</para>
<para>ÔÚ IP ת·¢ÑùÀýÖУ¬ÄãÓ¦¸ÃʹÓÃÏÂÁÐÄÚÈÝÀ´È·¶¨ &os;
ϵͳÖÐÊÇ·ñÒѾ­¿ªÆôÁË IP ת·¢£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding</userinput>
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0</screen>
<para><option>-a</option> ±êÖ¾ÓÃÀ´ÁгöËùÓеÄϵͳÉèÖãº</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl -a</userinput>
kern.ostype: FreeBSD
kern.osrelease: 6.2-RELEASE-p9
kern.osrevision: 199506
kern.version: FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p9 #0: Thu Nov 29 04:07:33 UTC 2007
root@i386-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC
kern.maxvnodes: 17517
kern.maxproc: 1988
kern.maxfiles: 3976
kern.argmax: 262144
kern.securelevel: -1
kern.hostname: server1
kern.hostid: 0
kern.clockrate: { hz = 1000, tick = 1000, profhz = 666, stathz = 133 }
kern.posix1version: 200112
...</screen>
<note>
<para>ijЩ <command>sysctl</command> µÄ²ÎÊýÊÇÖ»¶ÁµÄ¡£</para>
</note>
<para>ÐèÒª procfs µÄÇé¿öÊÇ£¬ÔËÐÐһЩ½ÏÀϵÄÈí¼þ£¬Ê¹ÓÃ
&man.truss.1; À´¸ú×ÙϵͳÐźţ¬ÒÔ¼°
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/linuxemu.html">&linux; ¶þ½øÖƼæÈÝ</ulink>.
£¨¾¡¹Ü£¬&linux; ¶þ½øÖƼæÈÝÐÔʹÓÃÆä±¾ÉíµÄ procfs£¬&man.linprocfs.5;¡££©
Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª¹ÒÔØ procfs Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ÖмÓÈëÈçÏÂÄÚÈÝ£º</para>
<screen>proc /proc procfs rw,noauto 0 0</screen>
<note>
<para><option>noauto</option> »á·ÀÖ¹
<filename>/proc</filename> ÔÚÆô¶¯Ê±±»×Ô¶¯¹ÒÔØ¡£</para>
</note>
<para>È»ºóʹÓÃÈçÏÂÃüÁî¹ÒÔØ procfs£º</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /proc</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="commands">
<title>³£ÓÃÃüÁî</title>
<sect2 id="packageCommands">
<title>Èí¼þ°ü¹ÜÀí</title>
<para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>&linux; ÃüÁî (Red&nbsp;Hat/Debian)</entry>
<entry>&os; µÈ¼ÛÃüÁî</entry>
<entry>Ä¿µÄ</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><command>yum install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_add -r <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry>´ÓÔ¶³Ì²Ö¿â°²×° <replaceable>package</replaceable></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>rpm -ivh <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>dpkg -i <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_add -v <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
<entry>°²×° package</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>rpm -qa</command> / <command>dpkg -l</command></entry>
<entry><command>pkg_info</command></entry>
<entry>ÁгöÒÑ°²×°µÄÈí¼þ°ü</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="systemCommands">
<title>ϵͳ¹ÜÀí</title>
<para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>&linux; ÃüÁî</entry>
<entry>&os; µÈ¼ÛÃüÁî</entry>
<entry>Ä¿µÄ</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><command>lspci</command></entry>
<entry><command>pciconf</command></entry>
<entry>Áгö PCI É豸</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>lsmod</command></entry>
<entry><command>kldstat</command></entry>
<entry>ÁгöÒÑÔØÈëµÄÄÚºËÄ£¿é</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>modprobe</command></entry>
<entry><command>kldload</command> / <command>kldunload</command></entry>
<entry>ÔØÈë/жÔØÄÚºËÄ£¿é</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>strace</command></entry>
<entry><command>truss</command></entry>
<entry>¸ú×Ùϵͳµ÷ÓÃ</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="conclusion">
<title>×ܽá</title>
<para>·Ç³£Ï£ÍûÕâƪÎĵµÄܹ»¸øÓèÄã×ã¹»µÄ°ïÖúÀ´¿ªÊ¼ÄãµÄ
&os; ֮·¡£Îñ±ØÒªÔÙÈ¥¿´Ò»Ï <ulink
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html">&os;&nbsp;ÊÖ²á</ulink>
ËùÌáµ½µÄµ«²¢Ã»Óб»°üº¬ÔÚ±¾ÎĵµÖеÄÄÇЩ¸üÉîÈë¹ã·ºµÄÖ÷Ìâ¡£</para>
</sect1>
</article>

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