security/sudo-rs: Update 0.2.13 => 0.2.14

While here, drop backported patch since it's in release now.

Changelog:
https://github.com/trifectatechfoundation/sudo-rs/releases/tag/v0.2.14

PR: 296257
Reported by: Valdemar Erk <valdemar@erk.dev>
Approved by: Marc Schoolderman <marc@trifectatech.org> (maintainer)
Approved by: osa, vvd (Mentors, implicit)
MFH: 2026Q2

(cherry picked from commit 8f257dd15ba1d1848342acfb436a95a7c501db00)